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class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cohesion (linguistics)</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Cohesion_(linguistics)" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Cohesion_(linguistics)" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cohesion+%28linguistics%29" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Cohesion_(linguistics)&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p><b>Cohesion</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammatical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexical</a> linking within a text or <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentence</a> that holds a text together and gives it meaning. It is related to the broader concept of <a href="/wiki/Coherence_(linguistics)" title="Coherence (linguistics)">coherence</a>. </p><p>There are two main types of cohesion: </p> <ul><li><b>grammatical cohesion</b>: based on structural content</li> <li><b>lexical cohesion</b>: based on lexical content and background knowledge.</li></ul> <p>A cohesive text is created in many different ways. In <i>Cohesion in English</i>, <a href="/wiki/M.A.K._Halliday" class="mw-redirect" title="M.A.K. Halliday">M.A.K. Halliday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruqaiya_Hasan" title="Ruqaiya Hasan">Ruqaiya Hasan</a> identify five general categories of cohesive devices that create coherence in texts: reference, <a href="/wiki/Ellipsis_(narrative_device)" title="Ellipsis (narrative device)">ellipsis</a>, substitution, lexical cohesion and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical conjunction">conjunction</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Referencing"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Referencing</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Ellipsis"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Ellipsis</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Substitution"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Substitution</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Lexical_Cohesion"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Lexical Cohesion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Referencing">Referencing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cohesion_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Referencing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>There are two referential devices that can create cohesion: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)" title="Anaphora (linguistics)">Anaphoric</a> reference occurs when the writer refers back to someone or something that has been previously identified, to avoid repetition. Some examples: replacing "the taxi driver" with the pronoun "he" or "two girls" with "they". Another example can be found in <a href="/wiki/Formulaic_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Formulaic sequence">formulaic sequences</a> such as "as stated previously" or "the aforementioned".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataphora" title="Cataphora">Cataphoric</a> reference is the opposite of anaphora: a reference forward as opposed to backward in the discourse. Something is introduced in the abstract before it is identified. For example: "Here he comes, our award-winning host... it's John Doe!" Cataphoric references can also be found in written text.</li></ul> <p>There is one more referential device, which cannot create cohesion: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exophora" title="Exophora">Exophoric</a> reference is used to describe generics or abstracts without ever identifying them (in contrast to anaphora and cataphora, which do identify the entity and thus are forms of <a href="/wiki/Endophora" title="Endophora">endophora</a>): e.g. rather than introduce a concept, the writer refers to it by a generic word such as "everything". The prefix "exo" means "outside", and the persons or events referred to in this manner are never identified by the writer. Halliday and Hasan considered exophoric reference as not cohesive, since it does not tie two elements together into in text.</li></ul> <p>A homophoric reference is a generic phrase that obtains a specific meaning through knowledge of its context. For example, the meaning of the phrase "the Queen" may be determined by the country in which it is spoken. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Ellipsis">Ellipsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cohesion_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ellipsis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ellipsis_(linguistics)" title="Ellipsis (linguistics)">Ellipsis</a> is another cohesive device. It happens when, after a more specific mention, words are omitted when the phrase must be repeated. </p><p>A simple conversational example: </p> <ul><li>A: Where are you going?</li> <li>B: To dance.</li></ul> <p>The full form of B's reply would be: "I am going to dance". </p><p>A simple written example: <i>The younger child was very outgoing, the older much more reserved.</i> </p><p>The omitted words from the second clause are "child" and "was". </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Substitution">Substitution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cohesion_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Substitution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>A word is not omitted, as in ellipsis, but is substituted for another, more general word. For example, "Which <b>ice-cream</b> would you like?" – "I would like the pink <b>one</b>," where "one" is used instead of repeating "ice-cream." </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Lexical_Cohesion">Lexical Cohesion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cohesion_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lexical Cohesion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Lexical cohesion refers to the way related words are chosen to link elements of a text. There are two forms: repetition and <a href="/wiki/Collocation" title="Collocation">collocation</a>. Repetition uses the same word, or synonyms, antonyms, etc. For example, "Which dress are you going to wear?" – "I will wear my green frock," uses the synonyms "dress" and "frock" for lexical cohesion. Collocation uses related words that typically go together or tend to repeat the same meaning. An example is the phrase "once upon a time". This is lexical cohesion. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cohesion_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coherence_(linguistics)" title="Coherence (linguistics)">Coherence (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M.A.K._Halliday" class="mw-redirect" title="M.A.K. Halliday">M.A.K. Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_functional_linguistics" title="Systemic functional linguistics">Systemic functional linguistics</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cohesion_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Halliday, M.A.K; and Ruqayia Hasan (1976): <i>Cohesion in English</i>. London: Longman.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hoey_(linguist)" title="Michael Hoey (linguist)">Hoey, Michael</a> (1991): <i>Patterns of Lexis in Text</i>. Oxford: OUP.</li> <li>Kunz, K. & Steiner, E. <i>Towards a comparison of cohesion in English and German — concepts, systemic contrasts and a corpus architecture for investigating contrasts and contact</i>, in: Taboada, Maite, Suárez, Susana Doval and González Álvarez, Elsa. Forthcoming. Contrastive Discourse Analysis. Functional and Corpus Perspectives. London: Equinox.</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cohesion_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090418002153/http://www.philhist.uni-augsburg.de/lehrstuehle/anglistik/sprachwissenschaft/bibliography/">A Bibliography of Coherence and Cohesion by Wolfram Bublitz at Universität Augsburg</a> </p>    </section></div> 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edited on 10 December 2024, at 01:26</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%85_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="التحام (لغويات) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التحام (لغويات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohesi%C3%B3n_testual" title="Cohesión testual – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cohesión testual" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohesi%C3%B3_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Cohesió lingüística – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cohesió lingüística" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh%C3%A4sion_(Linguistik)" title="Kohäsion (Linguistik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kohäsion (Linguistik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksti_sidusus" title="Teksti sidusus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teksti sidusus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohesi%C3%B3n_textual" title="Cohesión textual – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cohesión textual" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohesi%C3%B3n" title="Cohesión – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cohesión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E9%BB%91%E5%AE%A3" title="可黑宣 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="可黑宣" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%91%EA%B2%B0%EC%84%B1" title="응결성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="응결성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohesi_(linguistik)" title="Kohesi (linguistik) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kohesi (linguistik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coesione_(linguistica)" title="Coesione (linguistica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Coesione (linguistica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohesie_(taalkunde)" title="Cohesie (taalkunde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cohesie (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohesjon_(lingvistikk)" title="Kohesjon (lingvistikk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kohesjon (lingvistikk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coer%C3%AAncia_e_coes%C3%A3o" title="Coerência e coesão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coerência e coesão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Когезия (лингвистика) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Когезия (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohezija_(jezikoslovje)" title="Kohezija (jezikoslovje) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kohezija (jezikoslovje)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textbindning" title="Textbindning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Textbindning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%9Fla%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1k" title="Bağlaşıklık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bağlaşıklık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Когезія (мовознавство) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Когезія (мовознавство)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%8F%A5%E5%85%A7%E8%81%9A" title="語句內聚 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="語句內聚" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%94%E6%8E%A5" title="衔接 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="衔接" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" 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