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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: Wisam K. Hussam</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Wisam K. Hussam"> <meta name="keywords" content="Wisam K. Hussam"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="Wisam K. 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Hussam"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 20</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Wisam K. Hussam</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">20</span> Efficiency Enhancement of Photovoltaic Panels Using an Optimised Air Cooled Heat Sink</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wisam%20K.%20Hussam">Wisam K. Hussam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Alfeeli"> Ali Alfeeli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gergory%20J.%20Sheard"> Gergory J. Sheard</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Solar panels that use photovoltaic (PV) cells are popular for converting solar radiation into electricity. One of the major problems impacting the performance of PV panels is the overheating caused by excessive solar radiation and high ambient temperatures, which degrades the efficiency of the PV panels remarkably. To overcome this issue, an aluminum heat sink was used to dissipate unwanted heat from PV cells. The dimensions of the heat sink were determined considering the optimal fin spacing that fulfils hot climatic conditions. In this study, the effects of cooling on the efficiency and power output of a PV panel were studied experimentally. Two PV modules were used: one without and one with a heat sink. The experiments ran for 11 hours from 6:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. where temperature readings in the rear and front of both PV modules were recorded at an interval of 15 minutes using sensors and an Arduino microprocessor. Results are recorded for both panels simultaneously for analysis, temperate comparison, and for power and efficiency calculations. A maximum increase in the solar to electrical conversion efficiency of 35% and almost 55% in the power output were achieved with the use of a heat sink, while temperatures at the front and back of the panel were reduced by 9% and 11%, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photovoltaic%20cell" title="photovoltaic cell">photovoltaic cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20convection" title=" natural convection"> natural convection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20sink" title=" heat sink"> heat sink</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficiency" title=" efficiency"> efficiency</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114166/efficiency-enhancement-of-photovoltaic-panels-using-an-optimised-air-cooled-heat-sink" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114166.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">153</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19</span> Using Log Files to Improve Work Efficiency</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salman%20Hussam">Salman Hussam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As a monitoring system to manage employees' time and employers' business, this system (logger) will monitor the employees at work and will announce them if they spend too much time on social media (even if they are using proxy it will catch them). In this way, people will spend less time at work and more time with family. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clients" title="clients">clients</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=employees" title=" employees"> employees</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=employers" title=" employers"> employers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=family" title=" family"> family</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monitoring" title=" monitoring"> monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=systems" title=" systems"> systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20media" title=" social media"> social media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time" title=" time"> time</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22800/using-log-files-to-improve-work-efficiency" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22800.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">494</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18</span> A POX Controller Module to Prepare a List of Flow Header Information Extracted from SDN Traffic</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wisam%20H.%20Muragaa">Wisam H. Muragaa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamaruzzaman%20Seman"> Kamaruzzaman Seman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Fadzli%20Marhusin"> Mohd Fadzli Marhusin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Software Defined Networking (SDN) is a paradigm designed to facilitate the way of controlling the network dynamically and with more agility. Network traffic is a set of flows, each of which contains a set of packets. In SDN, a matching process is performed on every packet coming to the network in the SDN switch. Only the headers of the new packets will be forwarded to the SDN controller. In terminology, the flow header fields are called tuples. Basically, these tuples are 5-tuple: the source and destination IP addresses, source and destination ports, and protocol number. This flow information is used to provide an overview of the network traffic. Our module is meant to extract this 5-tuple with the packets and flows numbers and show them as a list. Therefore, this list can be used as a first step in the way of detecting the DDoS attack. Thus, this module can be considered as the beginning stage of any flow-based DDoS detection method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=matching" title="matching">matching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OpenFlow%20tables" title=" OpenFlow tables"> OpenFlow tables</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=POX%20controller" title=" POX controller"> POX controller</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SDN" title=" SDN"> SDN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=table-miss" title=" table-miss"> table-miss</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82653/a-pox-controller-module-to-prepare-a-list-of-flow-header-information-extracted-from-sdn-traffic" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82653.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">199</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17</span> EMI Radiation Prediction and Final Measurement Process Optimization by Neural Network</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussam%20Elias">Hussam Elias</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ninovic%20Perez"> Ninovic Perez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Holger%20Hirsch"> Holger Hirsch</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The completion of the EMC regulations worldwide is growing steadily as the usage of electronics in our daily lives is increasing more than ever. In this paper, we introduce a novel method to perform the final phase of Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) measurement and to reduce the required test time according to the norm EN 55032 by using a developed tool and the conventional neural network(CNN). The neural network was trained using real EMC measurements, which were performed in the Semi Anechoic Chamber (SAC) by CETECOM GmbH in Essen, Germany. To implement our proposed method, we wrote software to perform the radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI) measurements and use the CNN to predict and determine the position of the turntable that meets the maximum radiation value. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conventional%20neural%20network" title="conventional neural network">conventional neural network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electromagnetic%20compatibility%20measurement" title=" electromagnetic compatibility measurement"> electromagnetic compatibility measurement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mean%20absolute%20error" title=" mean absolute error"> mean absolute error</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=position%20error" title=" position error"> position error</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143266/emi-radiation-prediction-and-final-measurement-process-optimization-by-neural-network" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143266.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">200</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16</span> Smart Cities’ Sustainable Modular Houses Architecture</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khaled%20Elbehiery">Khaled Elbehiery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussam%20Elbehiery"> Hussam Elbehiery</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Smart cities are a framework of technologies along with sustainable infrastructure to provide their citizens an improved quality of life, safer environment, affordability, and more, which in turn helps with the society's economic growth. The proposed research will focus on the primary building block of the smart city; the infrastructure of the house itself. The traditional method of building houses has been, for a long time, nothing but a costly manufacturing process, and consequently, buying a house becomes not an option for everyone anymore. The smart cities' Modular Houses are not using traditional building construction materials; the design reduces the common lengthy construction times and associated high costs. The Modular Houses are technological homes, low-cost and customizable based on a family's requirements. In addition, the Modular Houses are environmentally friendly and healthy enough to assist with the pandemic situation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20cities" title="smart cities">smart cities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modular%20houses" title=" modular houses"> modular houses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single-unit%20property" title=" single-unit property"> single-unit property</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-unit%20property" title=" multi-unit property"> multi-unit property</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobility%20features" title=" mobility features"> mobility features</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chain-supply" title=" chain-supply"> chain-supply</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=livable%20environment" title=" livable environment"> livable environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20footprint" title=" carbon footprint"> carbon footprint</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154647/smart-cities-sustainable-modular-houses-architecture" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154647.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">126</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> Groundwater Quality Assessment Using Water Quality Index and Geographical Information System Techniques: A Case Study of Busan City, South Korea</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Venkatramanan">S. Venkatramanan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Y.%20Chung"> S. Y. Chung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Selvam"> S. Selvam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20E.%20Hussam"> E. E. Hussam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Gnanachandrasamy"> G. Gnanachandrasamy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The quality of groundwater was evaluated by major ions concentration around Busan city, South Korea. The groundwater samples were collected from 40 wells. The order of abundance of major cations concentration in groundwater is Na > Ca > Mg > K, in case of anions are Cl > HCO₃ > SO₄ > NO₃ > F. Based on Piper’s diagram Ca (HCO₃)₂, CaCl₂, and NaCl are the leading groundwater types. While Gibbs diagram suggested that most of groundwater samples belong to rock-weathering zone. Hydrogeochemical condition of groundwater in this city is influenced by evaporation, ion exchange and dissolution of minerals. Water Quality Index (WQI) revealed that 86 % of the samples belong to excellent, 2 % good, 4 % poor to very poor and 8 % unsuitable categories. The results of sodium absorption ratio (SAR), Permeability Index (PI), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) and Magnesium Hazard (MH) exhibit that most of the groundwater samples are suitable for domestic and irrigation purposes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WQI%20%28Water%20Quality%20Index%29" title="WQI (Water Quality Index)">WQI (Water Quality Index)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=saturation%20index" title=" saturation index"> saturation index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=groundwater%20types" title=" groundwater types"> groundwater types</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ion%20exchange" title=" ion exchange"> ion exchange</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79048/groundwater-quality-assessment-using-water-quality-index-and-geographical-information-system-techniques-a-case-study-of-busan-city-south-korea" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79048.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">263</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> Modelling Suspended Solids Transport in Dammam (Saudi Arabia) Coastal Areas</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussam%20Alrabaiah">Hussam Alrabaiah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Some new projects (new proposed harbor, recreational projects) are considered in the eastern coasts of Dammam city, Saudi Arabia. Dredging operations would significantly alter coast hydrological and sediment transport processes. It is important that the project areas must keep flushing the fresh sea water in and out with good water quality parameters, which are currently facing increased pressure from urbanization and navigation requirements in conjunction with industrial developments. A suspended solids or sediments are expected to affect the flora and fauna in that area. Governing advection-diffusion equations are considered to understand the consequences of such projects. A numerical modeling study is developed to study the effect of dredging and, in particular, the suspended sediments concentrations (mg/L) changed in the region. The results were obtained using finite element method using an in-house or commercial software. Results show some consistency with data observed in that region. Recommendations based on results could be formulated for decision makers to protect the environment in the long term. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element" title="finite element">finite element</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=method" title=" method"> method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=suspended%20solids%20transport" title=" suspended solids transport"> suspended solids transport</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=advection-diffusion" title=" advection-diffusion"> advection-diffusion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32015/modelling-suspended-solids-transport-in-dammam-saudi-arabia-coastal-areas" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32015.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">284</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Methane Production from Biomedical Waste (Blood)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatima%20M.%20Kabbashi">Fatima M. Kabbashi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdalla%20M.%20Abdalla"> Abdalla M. Abdalla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussam%20K.%20Hamad"> Hussam K. Hamad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elias%20S.%20Hassan"> Elias S. Hassan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigates the production of renewable energy (biogas) from biomedical hazard waste (blood) and eco-friendly disposal. Biogas is produced by the bacterial anaerobic digestion of biomaterial (blood). During digestion process bacterial feeding result in breaking down chemical bonds of the biomaterial and changing its features, by the end of the digestion (biogas production) the remains become manure as known. That has led to the economic and eco-friendly disposal of hazard biomedical waste (blood). The samples (Whole blood, Red blood cells 'RBCs', Blood platelet and Fresh Frozen Plasma ‘FFP’) are collected and measured in terms of carbon to nitrogen C/N ratio and total solid, then filled in connected flasks (three flasks) using water displacement method. The results of trails showed that the platelet and FFP failed to produce flammable gas, but via a gas analyzer, it showed the presence of the following gases: CO, HC, CO₂, and NOX. Otherwise, the blood and RBCs produced flammable gases: Methane-nitrous CH₃NO (99.45%), which has a blue color flame and carbon dioxide CO₂ (0.55%), which has red/yellow color flame. Methane-nitrous is sometimes used as fuel for rockets, some aircraft and racing cars. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renewable%20energy" title="renewable energy">renewable energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biogas" title=" biogas"> biogas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomedical%20waste" title=" biomedical waste"> biomedical waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blood" title=" blood"> blood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anaerobic%20digestion" title=" anaerobic digestion"> anaerobic digestion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eco-friendly%20disposal" title=" eco-friendly disposal"> eco-friendly disposal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84424/methane-production-from-biomedical-waste-blood" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84424.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">301</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> The Benefits of a Totally Autologous Breast Reconstruction Technique Using Extended Latissimus Dorsi Flap with Lipo-Modelling: A Seven Years United Kingdom Tertiary Breast Unit Results</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wisam%20Ismail">Wisam Ismail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brendan%20Wooler"> Brendan Wooler</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Penelope%20McManus"> Penelope McManus</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: The public perception of implants has been damaged in the wake of recent negative publicity and increasingly we are finding patients wanting to avoid them. Planned lipo-modelling to enhance the volume of a Latissimus dorsi flap is a viable alternative to silicone implants and maintains a Totally Autologous Technique (TAT). Here we demonstrate that when compared to an Implant Assisted Technique (IAT), a TAT offers patients many benefits that offset the requirement of more operations initially, with reduced short and long term complications, reduced symmetrisation surgery and reduced revision rates. Methods. Data was collected prospectively over 7 years. The minimum follows up was 3 years. The technique was generally standardized in the hand of one surgeon. All flaps were extended LD flaps (ELD). Lipo-modelling was performed using standard techniques. Outcome measures were unplanned secondary procedures, complication rates, and contralateral symmetrisation surgery rates. Key Results Were: Lower complication rates in the TAT group (18.5% vs. 33.3%), despite higher radiotherapy rates (TAT=49%, IAT=36.8%), TAT was associated with lower subsequent symmetrisation rates (30.6% vs. 50.9%), IAT had a relative risk of 3.1 for subsequent unplanned procedure, Autologous patients required an average of 1.76 sessions of lipo-modelling, Conclusions: Using lipo-modelling to enable totally autologous LD reconstruction offers significant advantages over an implant assisted technique. We have shown a lower subsequent unplanned procedure rate, lower revision surgery, and less contralateral symmetrisation surgery. We anticipate that a TAT will be supported by patient satisfaction surveys and long-term patient-reported cosmetic outcome data and intended to study this. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=breast" title="breast">breast</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latissimus%20dorsi" title=" Latissimus dorsi"> Latissimus dorsi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lipomodelling" title=" lipomodelling"> lipomodelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reconstruction" title=" reconstruction"> reconstruction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65806/the-benefits-of-a-totally-autologous-breast-reconstruction-technique-using-extended-latissimus-dorsi-flap-with-lipo-modelling-a-seven-years-united-kingdom-tertiary-breast-unit-results" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65806.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">335</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Prevalence of Knee Pain and Risk Factors and Its Impact on Functional Impairment among Saudi Adolescents</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20H.Alyami">Ali H.Alyami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussam%20Darraj"> Hussam Darraj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faisal%20Hakami"> Faisal Hakami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Awaf"> Mohammed Awaf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sulaiman%20Hamdi"> Sulaiman Hamdi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nawaf%20Bakri"> Nawaf Bakri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulaziz%20Saber"> Abdulaziz Saber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khalid%20Hakami"> Khalid Hakami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Almuhanad%20Alyami"> Almuhanad Alyami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20khashab"> Mohammed khashab</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Adolescents frequently self-report pain, according to epidemiological research. The knee is one of the sites where the pain is most common. One of the main factors contributing to the number of years people spend disabled and having substantial personal, societal, and economic burdens globally are musculoskeletal disorders. Adolescents may have knee pain due to an abrupt, traumatic injury or an insidious, slowly building onset that neither the adolescent nor the parent is aware of. Objectives: The present study’s authors aimed to estimate the prevalence of knee pain in Saudi adolescents. Methods: This cross-sectional survey, carried out from June to November 2022, included 676 adolescents ages 10 to 18. Data are presented as frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare means between groups, while the chi-square test was used for the comparison of categorical variables. Statistical significance was set at P< 0.05.Result: Adolescents were invited to take part in the study. 57.5% were girls, and 42.5% were males,68.8% were 676 aged between 15 and 18. The prevalence of knee pain was considerably high among females (26%), while it was 19.2% among males. Moreover, age was a significant predictor for knee pain; also BMI was significant for knee pain. Conclusion: Our study noted a high rate of knee pain among adolescents, so we need to raise awareness about risk factors. Adolescent knee pain can be prevented with conservative methods and some minor lifestyle/activity modifications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knee%20pain" title="knee pain">knee pain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prevalence%20of%20knee%20pain" title=" prevalence of knee pain"> prevalence of knee pain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exercise%20training" title=" exercise training"> exercise training</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20activity" title=" physical activity"> physical activity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161732/prevalence-of-knee-pain-and-risk-factors-and-its-impact-on-functional-impairment-among-saudi-adolescents" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161732.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">111</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Entrepreneur Universal Education System: Future Evolution</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khaled%20Elbehiery">Khaled Elbehiery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussam%20Elbehiery"> Hussam Elbehiery</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The success of education is dependent on evolution and adaptation, while the traditional system has worked before, one type of education evolved with the digital age is virtual education that has influenced efficiency in today’s learning environments. Virtual learning has indeed proved its efficiency to overcome the drawbacks of the physical environment such as time, facilities, location, etc., but despite what it had accomplished, the educational system over all is not adequate for being a productive system yet. Earning a degree is not anymore enough to obtain a career job; it is simply missing the skills and creativity. There are always two sides of a coin; a college degree or a specialized certificate, each has its own merits, but having both can put you on a successful IT career path. For many of job-seeking individuals across world to have a clear meaningful goal for work and education and positively contribute the community, a productive correlation and cooperation among employers, universities alongside with the individual technical skills is a must for generations to come. Fortunately, the proposed research “Entrepreneur Universal Education System” is an evolution to meet the needs of both employers and students, in addition to gaining vital and real-world experience in the chosen fields is easier than ever. The new vision is to empower the education to improve organizations’ needs which means improving the world as its primary goal, adopting universal skills of effective thinking, effective action, effective relationships, preparing the students through real-world accomplishment and encouraging them to better serve their organization and their communities faster and more efficiently. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virtual%20education" title="virtual education">virtual education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=academic%20degree" title=" academic degree"> academic degree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=certificates" title=" certificates"> certificates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=internship" title=" internship"> internship</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amazon%20web%20services" title=" amazon web services"> amazon web services</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Microsoft%20Azure" title=" Microsoft Azure"> Microsoft Azure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Google%20Cloud%20Platform" title=" Google Cloud Platform"> Google Cloud Platform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20models" title=" hybrid models"> hybrid models</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131868/entrepreneur-universal-education-system-future-evolution" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131868.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">96</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> The Effect of Acute Rejection and Delayed Graft Function on Renal Transplant Fibrosis in Live Donor Renal Transplantation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wisam%20Ismail">Wisam Ismail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarah%20Hosgood"> Sarah Hosgood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20Nicholson"> Michael Nicholson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The research hypothesis is that early post-transplant allograft fibrosis will be linked to donor factors and that acute rejection and/or delayed graft function in the recipient will be independent risk factors for the development of fibrosis. This research hypothesis is to explore whether acute rejection/delay graft function has an effect on the renal transplant fibrosis within the first year post live donor kidney transplant between 1998 and 2009. Methods: The study has been designed to identify five time points of the renal transplant biopsies [0 (pre-transplant), 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months] for 300 live donor renal transplant patients over 12 years period between March 1997 – August 2009. Paraffin fixed slides were collected from Leicester General Hospital and Leicester Royal Infirmary. These were routinely sectioned at a thickness of 4 Micro millimetres for standardization. Conclusions: Fibrosis at 1 month after the transplant was found significantly associated with baseline fibrosis (p<0.001) and HTN in the transplant recipient (p<0.001). Dialysis after the transplant showed a weak association with fibrosis at 1 month (p=0.07). The negative coefficient for HTN (-0.05) suggests a reduction in fibrosis in the absence of HTN. Fibrosis at 1 month was significantly associated with fibrosis at baseline (p 0.01 and 95%CI 0.11 to 0.67). Fibrosis at 3, 6 or 12 months was not found to be associated with fibrosis at baseline (p=0.70. 0.65 and 0.50 respectively). The amount of fibrosis at 1 month is significantly associated with graft survival (p=0.01 and 95%CI 0.02 to 0.14). Rejection and severity of rejection were not found to be associated with fibrosis at 1 month. The amount of fibrosis at 1 month was significantly associated with graft survival (p=0.02) after adjusting for baseline fibrosis (p=0.01). Both baseline fibrosis and graft survival were significant predictive factors. The amount of fibrosis at 1 month was not found to be significantly associated with rejection (p=0.64) after adjusting for baseline fibrosis (p=0.01). The amount of fibrosis at 1 month was not found to be significantly associated with rejection severity (p=0.29) after adjusting for baseline fibrosis (p=0.04). Fibrosis at baseline and HTN in the recipient were found to be predictive factors of fibrosis at 1 month. (p 0.02, p <0.001 respectively). Age of the donor, their relation to the patient, the pre-op Creatinine, artery, kidney weight and warm time were not found to be significantly associated with fibrosis at 1 month. In this complex model baseline fibrosis, HTN in the recipient and cold time were found to be predictive factors of fibrosis at 1 month (p=0.01,<0.001 and 0.03 respectively). Donor age was found to be a predictive factor of fibrosis at 6 months. The above analysis was repeated for 3, 6 and 12 months. No associations were detected between fibrosis and any of the explanatory variables with the exception of the donor age which was found to be a predictive factor of fibrosis at 6 months. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fibrosis" title="fibrosis">fibrosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transplant" title=" transplant"> transplant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renal" title=" renal"> renal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rejection" title=" rejection"> rejection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69477/the-effect-of-acute-rejection-and-delayed-graft-function-on-renal-transplant-fibrosis-in-live-donor-renal-transplantation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69477.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">230</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Streptococcus anginosus Infections; Clinical and Bacteriologic Characteristics: A 6-Year Retrospective Study of Adult Patients in Qatar</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adila%20Shaukat">Adila Shaukat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussam%20Al%20Soub"> Hussam Al Soub</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muna%20Al%20Maslamani"> Muna Al Maslamani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdullatif%20Al%20Khal"> Abdullatif Al Khal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The aim of this study was to assess clinical presentation and antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus (S.) anginosus group infections in Hamad General Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in the state of Qatar, which is a multinational community. The S. anginosus group is a subgroup of viridans streptococci that consist of 3 different species: S. anginosus, S. constellatus, and S. intermedius. Although a part of the human bacteria flora, they have potential to cause suppurative infections. Method: We studied a total of 101 patients with S. anginosus group infections from January 2006 until March 2012 by reviewing medical records and identification of organisms by VITEK 2 and MALDI-TOF. Results: The most common sites of infection were skin and soft tissue, intra-abdominal, and bacteremia (28.7%, 24.8%, and 22.7%, respectively). Abscess formation was seen in approximately 30% of patients. Streptococcus constellatus was the most common isolated species (40%) followed by S. anginosus(30%) and S. intermedius(7%). In 23% of specimens, the species was unidentified. The most common type of specimen for organism isolation was blood followed by pus and tissue (50%, 22%, and 8%, respectively). Streptococcus constellatus was more frequently associated with abdominal and skin and soft tissue infections than the other 2 species, whereas S. anginosus was isolated more frequently from blood. All isolates were susceptible to penicillin, ceftriaxone, and vancomycin. Susceptibility to erythromycin and clindamycin was also good, reaching 91% and 95%, respectively. Forty percent of patients needed surgical drainage along with antibiotic therapy. Conclusions: Identification of S. anginosus group to species level is helpful in clinical practice because different species exhibit different pathogenic potentials. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abscess" title="abscess">abscess</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacterial%20infection" title=" bacterial infection"> bacterial infection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteremia" title=" bacteremia"> bacteremia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Streptococcus%20anginosus" title=" Streptococcus anginosus"> Streptococcus anginosus</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124523/streptococcus-anginosus-infections-clinical-and-bacteriologic-characteristics-a-6-year-retrospective-study-of-adult-patients-in-qatar" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124523.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">143</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> A POX Controller Module to Collect Web Traffic Statistics in SDN Environment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wisam%20H.%20Muragaa">Wisam H. Muragaa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamaruzzaman%20Seman"> Kamaruzzaman Seman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Fadzli%20Marhusin"> Mohd Fadzli Marhusin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Software Defined Networking (SDN) is a new norm of networks. It is designed to facilitate the way of managing, measuring, debugging and controlling the network dynamically, and to make it suitable for the modern applications. Generally, measurement methods can be divided into two categories: Active and passive methods. Active measurement method is employed to inject test packets into the network in order to monitor their behaviour (ping tool as an example). Meanwhile the passive measurement method is used to monitor the traffic for the purpose of deriving measurement values. The measurement methods, both active and passive, are useful for the collection of traffic statistics, and monitoring of the network traffic. Although there has been a work focusing on measuring traffic statistics in SDN environment, it was only meant for measuring packets and bytes rates for non-web traffic. In this study, a feasible method will be designed to measure the number of packets and bytes in a certain time, and facilitate obtaining statistics for both web traffic and non-web traffic. Web traffic refers to HTTP requests that use application layer; while non-web traffic refers to ICMP and TCP requests. Thus, this work is going to be more comprehensive than previous works. With a developed module on POX OpenFlow controller, information will be collected from each active flow in the OpenFlow switch, and presented on Command Line Interface (CLI) and wireshark interface. Obviously, statistics that will be displayed on CLI and on wireshark interfaces include type of protocol, number of bytes and number of packets, among others. Besides, this module will show the number of flows added to the switch whenever traffic is generated from and to hosts in the same statistics list. In order to carry out this work effectively, our Python module will send a statistics request message to the switch requesting its current ports and flows statistics in every five seconds; while the switch will reply with the required information in a message called statistics reply message. Thus, POX controller will be notified and updated with any changes could happen in the entire network in a very short time. Therefore, our aim of this study is to prepare a list for the important statistics elements that are collected from the whole network, to be used for any further researches; particularly, those that are dealing with the detection of the network attacks that cause a sudden rise in the number of packets and bytes like Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mininet" title="mininet">mininet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OpenFlow" title=" OpenFlow"> OpenFlow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=POX%20controller" title=" POX controller"> POX controller</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SDN" title=" SDN"> SDN</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58432/a-pox-controller-module-to-collect-web-traffic-statistics-in-sdn-environment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58432.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">235</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> The Nursing Rounds System: Effect of Patient's Call Light Use, Bed Sores, Fall and Satisfaction Level</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bassem%20Saleh">Bassem Saleh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussam%20Nusair"> Hussam Nusair</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nariman%20Al%20Zubadi"> Nariman Al Zubadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shams%20Al%20Shloul"> Shams Al Shloul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Usama%20Saleh"> Usama Saleh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The nursing round system (NRS) means checking patients on an hourly basis during the A (0700–2200 h) shift and once every 2 h during the B (2200–0700 h) by the assigned nursing staff. The overall goal of this prospective study is to implement an NRS in a major rehabilitation centre—Sultan Bin Abdulaziz Humanitarian City—in the Riyadh area of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The purposes of this study are to measure the effect of the NRS on: (i) the use of patient call light; (ii) the number of incidences of patients’ fall; (iii) the number of incidences of hospital-acquired bed sores; and (iv) the level of patients’ satisfaction. All patients hospitalized in the male stroke unit will be involved in this study. For the period of 8 weeks (17 December 2009–17 February 2010) All Nursing staff on the unit will record each call light and the patient’s need. Implementation of the NRS would start on 18 February 2010 and last for 8 weeks, until 18 April 2010. Data collected throughout this period will be compared with data collected during the 8 weeks period immediately preceding the implementation of the NRS (17 December 2009–17 February 2010) in order to measure the impact of the call light use. The following information were collected on all subjects involved in the study: (i) the Demographic Information Form; (ii) authors’ developed NRS Audit Form; (iii) Patient Call Light Audit Form; (iv) Patient Fall Audit Record; (v) Hospital-Acquired Bed Sores Audit Form; and (vi) hospital developed Patient Satisfaction Records. The findings suggested that a significant reduction on the use of call bell (P < 0.001), a significant reduction of fall incidence (P < 0.01) while pressure ulcer reduced by 50% before and after the implementation of NRS. In addition, the implementation of NRS increased patient satisfaction by 7/5 (P < 0.05). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=call%20light" title="call light">call light</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patient-care%20management" title=" patient-care management"> patient-care management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patient%20safety" title=" patient safety"> patient safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patient%20satisfaction" title=" patient satisfaction"> patient satisfaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rounds" title=" rounds"> rounds</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41680/the-nursing-rounds-system-effect-of-patients-call-light-use-bed-sores-fall-and-satisfaction-level" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41680.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">374</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Variations in Breast Aesthetic Reconstruction Rates between Asian and Caucasian Patients Post Mastectomy in a UK Tertiary Breast Referral Centre: A Five-Year Institutional Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wisam%20Ismail">Wisam Ismail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chole%20Wright"> Chole Wright</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elizabeth%20Baker"> Elizabeth Baker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cathy%20Tait"> Cathy Tait</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Salhab"> Mohamed Salhab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Richard%20Linforth"> Richard Linforth</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Post-mastectomy breast reconstruction is an important treatment option for women with breast cancer with psychosocial, emotional and quality of life benefits. Despite this, Asian patients are one-fifth as likely as Caucasian patients to undergo reconstruction after mastectomy. Aim: This study aimed to assess the difference in breast reconstruction rates between Asian and Caucasian patients treated at Bradford Teaching Hospitals between May 2011 – December 2015.The long-term goal is to equip healthcare professionals to improve breast cancer treatment outcome by increasing breast reconstruction rates in this sub-population. Methods: All patients undergoing mastectomy were identified using a prospectively collected departmental database. Further data was obtained via retrospective electronic case note review. Bradford city population is about 530.000 by the end of 2015, with 67.44% of the city's population was White ethnic groups and 26.83% Asian Ethnic Groups (UK population consensus). The majority of Asian population speaks Urdu, hence an Urdu speaking breast care nurse was appointed to facilitate communications and deliver a better understanding of the reconstruction options and pathways. Statistical analysis was undertaken using the SAS program. Patients were stratified by age, self-reported ethnicity, axillary surgery and reconstruction. Relative odds were calculated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses with adjustment for known confounders. An Urdu speaking breast care nurse was employed throughout this period to facilitate communication and patient decision making. Results: 506 patients underwent Mastectomy over 5 years. 72 (14%) Asian v. 434 (85%) Caucasian. Overall median age is 64 years (SD1.1). Asian median age is 62 (SD0.9), versus Caucasian 65 (SD1.2). Total axillary clearance rate was 30% (42% Asian v.30% Caucasian). Overall reconstruction rate was 126 patients (28.9%).Only 6 of 72 Asian patients (<1%) underwent breast reconstruction versus 121of 434 Caucasian (28%) (p < 0.04), Odds ratio 0.68, (95% confidence interval 0.57-0.79). Conclusions: There is a significant difference in post-mastectomy reconstruction rates between Asian and Caucasian patients. This difference is likely to be multi-factorial. Higher rates of axillary clearance in Asian patients might suggest later disease presentation and/or higher rates of subsequent adjuvant therapy, both of which, can impact on the suitability of breast reconstruction. Strategies aimed at reducing racial disparities in breast reconstruction should include symptom awareness to enable earlier presentation and facilitated communication to ensure informed decision-making. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aesthetic" title="aesthetic">aesthetic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asian" title=" Asian"> Asian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=breast" title=" breast"> breast</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reconstruction" title=" reconstruction"> reconstruction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65210/variations-in-breast-aesthetic-reconstruction-rates-between-asian-and-caucasian-patients-post-mastectomy-in-a-uk-tertiary-breast-referral-centre-a-five-year-institutional-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65210.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">276</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> From Primer Generation to Chromosome Identification: A Primer Generation Genotyping Method for Bacterial Identification and Typing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wisam%20H.%20Benamer">Wisam H. Benamer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ehab%20A.%20Elfallah"> Ehab A. Elfallah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20A.%20Elshaari"> Mohamed A. Elshaari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farag%20A.%20Elshaari"> Farag A. Elshaari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A challenge for laboratories is to provide bacterial identification and antibiotic sensitivity results within a short time. Hence, advancement in the required technology is desirable to improve timing, accuracy and quality. Even with the current advances in methods used for both phenotypic and genotypic identification of bacteria the need is there to develop method(s) that enhance the outcome of bacteriology laboratories in accuracy and time. The hypothesis introduced here is based on the assumption that the chromosome of any bacteria contains unique sequences that can be used for its identification and typing. The outcome of a pilot study designed to test this hypothesis is reported in this manuscript. Methods: The complete chromosome sequences of several bacterial species were downloaded to use as search targets for unique sequences. Visual basic and SQL server (2014) were used to generate a complete set of 18-base long primers, a process started with reverse translation of randomly chosen 6 amino acids to limit the number of the generated primers. In addition, the software used to scan the downloaded chromosomes using the generated primers for similarities was designed, and the resulting hits were classified according to the number of similar chromosomal sequences, i.e., unique or otherwise. Results: All primers that had identical/similar sequences in the selected genome sequence(s) were classified according to the number of hits in the chromosomes search. Those that were identical to a single site on a single bacterial chromosome were referred to as unique. On the other hand, most generated primers sequences were identical to multiple sites on a single or multiple chromosomes. Following scanning, the generated primers were classified based on ability to differentiate between medically important bacterial and the initial results looks promising. Conclusion: A simple strategy that started by generating primers was introduced; the primers were used to screen bacterial genomes for match. Primer(s) that were uniquely identical to specific DNA sequence on a specific bacterial chromosome were selected. The identified unique sequence can be used in different molecular diagnostic techniques, possibly to identify bacteria. In addition, a single primer that can identify multiple sites in a single chromosome can be exploited for region or genome identification. Although genomes sequences draft of isolates of organism DNA enable high throughput primer design using alignment strategy, and this enhances diagnostic performance in comparison to traditional molecular assays. In this method the generated primers can be used to identify an organism before the draft sequence is completed. In addition, the generated primers can be used to build a bank for easy access of the primers that can be used to identify bacteria. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteria%20chromosome" title="bacteria chromosome">bacteria chromosome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacterial%20identification" title=" bacterial identification"> bacterial identification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sequence" title=" sequence"> sequence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=primer%20generation" title=" primer generation"> primer generation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57860/from-primer-generation-to-chromosome-identification-a-primer-generation-genotyping-method-for-bacterial-identification-and-typing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57860.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">193</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Effects of Post-sampling Conditions on Ethanol and Ethyl Glucuronide Formation in the Urine of Diabetes Patients</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussam%20Ashwi">Hussam Ashwi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Magbool%20Oraiby"> Magbool Oraiby</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Muyidi"> Ali Muyidi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamad%20Al-Oufi"> Hamad Al-Oufi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Al-Oufi"> Mohammed Al-Oufi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adel%20Al-Juhani"> Adel Al-Juhani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salman%20Al-Zemaa"> Salman Al-Zemaa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saeed%20Al-Shahrani"> Saeed Al-Shahrani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amal%20Abuallah"> Amal Abuallah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wedad%20Sherwani"> Wedad Sherwani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Alattas"> Mohammed Alattas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibraheem%20Attafi"> Ibraheem Attafi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ethanol must be accurately identified and quantified to establish their use and contribution in criminal cases and forensic medicine. In some situations, it may be necessary to reanalyze an old specimen; therefore, it is essential to comprehend the effect of storage conditions and how long the result of a reanalyzed specimen can be reliable and reproducible. Additionally, ethanol can be produced via multiple in vivo and in vitro processes, particularly in diabetic patients, and the results can be affected by storage conditions and time. In order to distinguish between in vivo and in vitro alcohol generation in diabetes patient urine samples, various factors should be considered. This study identifies and quantifies ethanol and EtG in diabetic patients' urine samples stored in two different settings over time. Ethanol levels were determined using gas chromatography-headspace (GC-HS), and ethyl glucuronide (EtG) levels were determined using the immunoassay (RANDOX) technique. Ten urine specimens were collected and placed in a standard container. Each specimen was separated into two containers. The specimens were divided into two groups: those kept at room temperature (25 °C) and those kept cold (2-8 °C). Ethanol and EtG levels were determined serially over a two-week period. Initial results showed that none of the specimens tested positive for ethanol or EtG. At room temperature (15-25 °C), 7 and 14 days after the sample was taken, the average concentration of ethanol increased from 1.7 mg/dL to 2 mg/dL, and the average concentration of EtG increased from 108 ng/mL to 186 ng/mL. At 2–8 °C, the average ethanol concentration was 0.4 and 0.5 mg/dL, and the average EtG concentration was 138 and 124 ng/mL seven and fourteen days after the sample was collected, respectively. When ethanol and EtG levels were determined 14 days post collection, they were considerably lower than when stored at room temperature. A considerable increase in EtG concentrations (14-day range 0–186 ng/mL) is produced during room-temperature storage, although negative initial results for all specimens. Because EtG might be produced after a sampling collection, it is not a reliable indicator of recent alcohol consumption. Given the possibility of misleading EtG results due to in vitro EtG production in the urine of diabetic patients. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethyl%20glucuronide" title="ethyl glucuronide">ethyl glucuronide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethanol" title=" ethanol"> ethanol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forensic%20toxicology" title=" forensic toxicology"> forensic toxicology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diabetic" title=" diabetic"> diabetic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159758/effects-of-post-sampling-conditions-on-ethanol-and-ethyl-glucuronide-formation-in-the-urine-of-diabetes-patients" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159758.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">123</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Optimizing the Doses of Chitosan/Tripolyphosphate Loaded Nanoparticles of Clodinofop Propargyl and Fenoxaprop-P-Ethyl to Manage Avena Fatua L.: An Environmentally Safer Alternative to Control Weeds</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Ather%20Nadeem">Muhammad Ather Nadeem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bilal%20Ahmad%20Khan"> Bilal Ahmad Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussam%20F.%20Najeeb%20Alawadi"> Hussam F. Najeeb Alawadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Athar%20Mahmood"> Athar Mahmood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aneela%20Nijabat"> Aneela Nijabat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tasawer%20Abbas"> Tasawer Abbas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Habib"> Muhammad Habib</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdullah"> Abdullah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The global prevalence of Avena fatua infestation poses a significant challenge to wheat sustainability. While chemical control stands out as an efficient and rapid way to control weeds, concerns over developing resistance in weeds and environmental pollution have led to criticisms of herbicide use. Consequently, this study was designed to address these challenges through the chemical synthesis, characterization, and optimization of chitosan-based nanoparticles containing clodinofop Propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl for the effective management of A. fatua. Utilizing the ionic gelification technique, chitosan-based nanoparticles of clodinofop Propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl were prepared. These nanoparticles were applied at the 3-4 leaf stage of Phalaris minor weed, applying seven altered doses. These nanoparticles were applied at the 3-4 leaf stage of Phalaris minor weed, applying seven altered doses (D0 (Check weeds), D1 (Recommended dose of traditional-herbicide (TH), D2 (Recommended dose of Nano-herbicide (NPs-H)), D3 (NPs-H with 05-fold lower dose), D4 ((NPs-H) with 10-fold lower dose), D5 (NPs-H with 15-fold lower dose), and D6 (NPs-H with 20-fold lower dose)). Characterization of the chitosan-containing herbicide nanoparticles (CHT-NPs) was conducted using FT-IR analysis, demonstrating a perfect match with standard parameters. UV–visible spectrum further revealed absorption peaks at 310 nm for NPs of clodinofop propargyl and at 330 nm for NPs of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl. This research aims to contribute to sustainable weed management practices by addressing the challenges associated with chemical herbicide use. The application of chitosan-based nanoparticles (CHT-NPs) containing fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and clodinofop-propargyl at the recommended dose of the standard herbicide resulted in 100% mortality and visible injury to weeds. Surprisingly, when applied at a lower dose with 5-folds, these chitosan-containing nanoparticles of clodinofop Propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl demonstrated extreme control efficacy. Furthermore, at a 10-fold lower dose compared to standard herbicides and the recommended dose of clodinofop-propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, the chitosan-based nanoparticles exhibited comparable effects on chlorophyll content, visual injury (%), mortality (%), plant height (cm), fresh weight (g), and dry weight (g) of A. fatua. This study indicates that chitosan/tripolyphosphate-loaded nanoparticles containing clodinofop-propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl can be effectively utilized for the management of A. fatua at a 10-fold lower dose, highlighting their potential for sustainable and efficient weed control. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mortality" title="mortality">mortality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chitosan-based%20nanoparticles" title=" chitosan-based nanoparticles"> chitosan-based nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%20injury" title=" visual injury"> visual injury</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chlorophyl%20contents" title=" chlorophyl contents"> chlorophyl contents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=5-fold%20lower%20dose." title=" 5-fold lower dose."> 5-fold lower dose.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183506/optimizing-the-doses-of-chitosantripolyphosphate-loaded-nanoparticles-of-clodinofop-propargyl-and-fenoxaprop-p-ethyl-to-manage-avena-fatua-l-an-environmentally-safer-alternative-to-control-weeds" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183506.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">56</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Evaluation Method for Fouling Risk Using Quartz Crystal Microbalance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Natsuki%20Kishizawa">Natsuki Kishizawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keiko%20Nakano"> Keiko Nakano</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussam%20Organji"> Hussam Organji</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amer%20Shaiban"> Amer Shaiban</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Albeirutty"> Mohammad Albeirutty </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the most important tasks in operating desalination plants using a reverse osmosis (RO) method is preventing RO membrane fouling caused by foulants found in seawater. Optimal design of the pre-treatment process of RO process for plants enables the reduction of foulants. Therefore, a quantitative evaluation of the fouling risk in pre-treated water, which is fed to RO, is required for optimal design. Some measurement methods for water quality such as silt density index (SDI) and total organic carbon (TOC) have been conservatively applied for evaluations. However, these methods have not been effective in some situations for evaluating the fouling risk of RO feed water. Furthermore, stable management of plants will be possible by alerts and appropriate control of the pre-treatment process by using the method if it can be applied to the inline monitoring system for the fouling risk of RO feed water. The purpose of this study is to develop a method to evaluate the fouling risk of RO feed water. We applied a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to measure the amount of foulants found in seawater using a sensor whose surface is coated with polyamide thin film, which is the main material of a RO membrane. The increase of the weight of the sensor after a certain length of time in which the sample water passes indicates the fouling risk of the sample directly. We classified the values as “FP: Fouling Potential”. The characteristics of the method are to measure the very small amount of substances in seawater in a short time: < 2h, and from a small volume of the sample water: < 50mL. Using some RO cell filtration units, a higher correlation between the pressure increase given by RO fouling and the FP from the method than SDI and TOC was confirmed in the laboratory-scale test. Then, to establish the correlation in the actual bench-scale RO membrane module, and to confirm the feasibility of the monitoring system as a control tool for the pre-treatment process, we have started a long-term test at an experimental desalination site by the Red Sea in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Implementing inline equipment for the method made it possible to measure FP intermittently (4 times per day) and automatically. Moreover, for two 3-month long operations, the RO operation pressure among feed water samples of different qualities was compared. The pressure increase through a RO membrane module was observed at a high FP RO unit in which feed water was treated by a cartridge filter only. On the other hand, the pressure increase was not observed at a low FP RO unit in which feed water was treated by an ultra-filter during the operation. Therefore, the correlation in an actual scale RO membrane was established in two runs of two types of feed water. The result suggested that the FP method enables the evaluation of the fouling risk of RO feed water. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fouling" title="fouling">fouling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monitoring" title=" monitoring"> monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=QCM" title=" QCM"> QCM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quality" title=" water quality"> water quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45000/evaluation-method-for-fouling-risk-using-quartz-crystal-microbalance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45000.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">212</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>