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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sui,_Tang_dynasty,_and_Five_dynasties_and_ten_kingdoms_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sui,_Tang_dynasty,_and_Five_dynasties_and_ten_kingdoms_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Sui, Tang dynasty, and Five dynasties and ten kingdoms period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sui,_Tang_dynasty,_and_Five_dynasties_and_ten_kingdoms_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tang_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tang_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Tang dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tang_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Five_dynasties_and_ten_kingdoms_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Five_dynasties_and_ten_kingdoms_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Five dynasties and ten kingdoms period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Five_dynasties_and_ten_kingdoms_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Song_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Song_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Song dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Song_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liao_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liao_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Liao dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liao_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yuan_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a 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</li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Futou/Putou</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Zhanghuai%27s_tomb,_eunuchs.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Prince_Zhanghuai%27s_tomb%2C_eunuchs.JPG/250px-Prince_Zhanghuai%27s_tomb%2C_eunuchs.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Prince_Zhanghuai%27s_tomb%2C_eunuchs.JPG/330px-Prince_Zhanghuai%27s_tomb%2C_eunuchs.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Prince_Zhanghuai%27s_tomb%2C_eunuchs.JPG/500px-Prince_Zhanghuai%27s_tomb%2C_eunuchs.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2628" data-file-height="2666" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Eunuchs wearing <a href="/wiki/Yuanlingshan" title="Yuanlingshan">yuanlingshan</a> and futou, Tang dynasty</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E7%83%8F%E7%B4%97%E5%B8%BD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E7%83%8F%E7%B4%97%E5%B8%BD.jpg/220px-%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E7%83%8F%E7%B4%97%E5%B8%BD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E7%83%8F%E7%B4%97%E5%B8%BD.jpg/330px-%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E7%83%8F%E7%B4%97%E5%B8%BD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E7%83%8F%E7%B4%97%E5%B8%BD.jpg/440px-%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E7%83%8F%E7%B4%97%E5%B8%BD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Wushamao</i> (a type of futou), housed in Shanghai Museum</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">襆頭/幞頭</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">幞头</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Scarf head</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">fútóu, pútóu</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Futou</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">幞头</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">襆頭/幞頭</span>; also pronounced and written as <b><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">putou</i></span></b>), also known as <b><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">fu</i></span></b> (<span lang="zh">幞</span>) and <b><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">toujin</i></span></b> (<span lang="zh">頭巾</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was one of the most important forms of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hanfu_headwear" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hanfu headwear">Chinese headwear</a> in ancient <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> with a history of more than one thousand years.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> first appeared in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou</a> under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Northern_Zhou" title="Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou">Emperor Wu</a> where it became prevalent.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also commonly worn in the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 319">: 319 </span></sup> The <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> was typically worn by government officials.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> was originally turban-like headwear which was tied at the back of its wearer's head, with the two corners going to opposite directions and acting as decorations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasties</a>, the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> evolved and was developed based on the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Fujin_(headgear)" title="Fujin (headgear)">fujin</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> eventually came to assume a variety of shapes and styles.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 319">: 319 </span></sup> The shape of the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> worn by the government officials in the Song and Ming dynasties, the latter known as the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">wushamao</i></span> (烏紗帽), was based on the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> of the Tang dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 71–72">: 71–72 </span></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> was also introduced in both <a href="/wiki/Unified_Silla" title="Unified Silla">Unified Silla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 135">: 135 </span></sup> and continued to be worn by government officials until the late <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 25">: 25 </span></sup> The <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> with a <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jinzi</i></span> (lining) was also introduced back in the <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdian</a> areas in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> spreading to the Western regions through the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> with <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jinzi</i></span> was also introduced in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a> through <a href="/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku" title="Prince Shōtoku">Prince Shōtaku</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_C%E1%BB%93_Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="mw-redirect" title="Đại Cồ Việt">Đại Cồ Việt</a> was introduced to the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> in the late 10th century and adapted various iterations from the <a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Lê</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 171">: 171 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futou&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> (or <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">putou</i></span>) (simplified Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hans">幞头</span>; traditional Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hant">襆頭 or 幞頭</span>) means "head scarf" or "head-cloth".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 319">: 319 </span></sup> According to the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Mufuyanxianlu</i></span> by Bi Zhongxun, the original meaning of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> was to "cover one's head with a black cloth" before the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English term "feet", which is used to describe the hard ribbons used in the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span>, is called <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jiao</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">脚</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">腳</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">jiǎo</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'feet').<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jinzi</i></span> (<span lang="zh">巾子</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">jīnzi</span></i>) refers to a lining used inside the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span>; it began to be used in 614 AD, and its purpose was to make the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> look more straight and beautiful in terms of appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futou&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futou&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are varying opinions on the origins of the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> in the literature. According to Chinese scholar Sun Ji in <i>From Futou to Turban</i> (<span lang="zh">從幞頭到頭巾</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Cóng fútóu dào tóujīn</span></i>), the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> first appeared in the 3rd century AD and was based on the headdress of a northern tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 319">: 319 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Guzel_Maitdinova" title="Guzel Maitdinova">Guzel Maitdinova</a> proposed in 1990 that the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> may have been developed from hats worn in ancient <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and was brought in by the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdiana</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a> to China, based on information provided by Hsen Kuo, an 11th-century Chinese annalist:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 54–55">: 54–55 </span></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The Chinese clothes and hats, starting from the time of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Qi dynasty">Northern Qi dynasty</a> represents a <a href="/wiki/Hufu" title="Hufu">barbarian costume</a>".</p></blockquote> <p>It is also proposed by Yatsenko that the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> was part of the Chinese male costume.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 54">: 54 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wei,_Jin,_Northern_and_Southern_dynasties"><span id="Wei.2C_Jin.2C_Northern_and_Southern_dynasties"></span>Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern dynasties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futou&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern dynasties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%99%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%BD%BC%E5%85%B3%E7%A8%8E%E6%9D%91%E9%9A%8B%E4%BB%A3%E4%BB%AA%E4%BB%97%E5%A3%81%E7%94%BB.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%E9%99%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%BD%BC%E5%85%B3%E7%A8%8E%E6%9D%91%E9%9A%8B%E4%BB%A3%E4%BB%AA%E4%BB%97%E5%A3%81%E7%94%BB.png/250px-%E9%99%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%BD%BC%E5%85%B3%E7%A8%8E%E6%9D%91%E9%9A%8B%E4%BB%A3%E4%BB%AA%E4%BB%97%E5%A3%81%E7%94%BB.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%E9%99%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%BD%BC%E5%85%B3%E7%A8%8E%E6%9D%91%E9%9A%8B%E4%BB%A3%E4%BB%AA%E4%BB%97%E5%A3%81%E7%94%BB.png/330px-%E9%99%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%BD%BC%E5%85%B3%E7%A8%8E%E6%9D%91%E9%9A%8B%E4%BB%A3%E4%BB%AA%E4%BB%97%E5%A3%81%E7%94%BB.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%E9%99%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%BD%BC%E5%85%B3%E7%A8%8E%E6%9D%91%E9%9A%8B%E4%BB%A3%E4%BB%AA%E4%BB%97%E5%A3%81%E7%94%BB.png/500px-%E9%99%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%BD%BC%E5%85%B3%E7%A8%8E%E6%9D%91%E9%9A%8B%E4%BB%A3%E4%BB%AA%E4%BB%97%E5%A3%81%E7%94%BB.png 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> mural showing guards wearing early <i>futou</i>, from Shuicun, <a href="/wiki/Tongguan_County" title="Tongguan County">Tongguan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The origins of the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> in China can be traced back to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Northern_Zhou" title="Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou">Emperor Wu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had wrapped his head with a <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> with four ribbons, called <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">sijiao</i></span> (<span lang="zh-Hant">四腳</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">sìjiǎo</span></i>; 'four feet') or <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">zheshangjing</i></span> (<span lang="zh-Hans">折上巾</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zhéshàngjīn</span></i>; 'folding-up scarf'); two of those ribbons were tied at the back and left hanging down, while the other two were tied inversely at the top of the head.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 10">: 10 </span></sup> According to the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tongdian" title="Tongdian">Tongdian</a></i></span>, Emperor Wu created the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">sijiao</i></span> by cutting the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Fujin_(headgear)" title="Fujin (headgear)">fujin</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to ancient texts, Emperor Wu created the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> to protect the hair of his generals and soldiers in battles.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> first appeared a type of kerchief made by cutting a piece of <a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">muslin</a> fabric into the proper size and by attaching four long and wide ribbons at each corner of the fabric like four feet.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 10">: 10 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> was large enough to cover all the hair of its wearer,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 10">: 10 </span></sup> and when it was worn, a kerchief had to be placed on the top of its wearer's head.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of these ribbons were tied on the forehead while the other two were tied at the back of the wearer's head and was left hanging down.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 10">: 10 </span></sup> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a>, the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> was a black piece of cloth.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sui,_Tang_dynasty,_and_Five_dynasties_and_ten_kingdoms_period"><span id="Sui.2C_Tang_dynasty.2C_and_Five_dynasties_and_ten_kingdoms_period"></span>Sui, Tang dynasty, and Five dynasties and ten kingdoms period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futou&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sui, Tang dynasty, and Five dynasties and ten kingdoms period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tang_dynasty">Tang dynasty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futou&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tang dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tang_gao_zu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tang_gao_zu.jpg/220px-Tang_gao_zu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Tang_gao_zu.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Example of Tang dynasty <i>futou</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%B9%9E%E5%A4%B4%E5%B7%BE%E5%AD%90.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%E5%B9%9E%E5%A4%B4%E5%B7%BE%E5%AD%90.jpg/220px-%E5%B9%9E%E5%A4%B4%E5%B7%BE%E5%AD%90.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%E5%B9%9E%E5%A4%B4%E5%B7%BE%E5%AD%90.jpg/330px-%E5%B9%9E%E5%A4%B4%E5%B7%BE%E5%AD%90.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%E5%B9%9E%E5%A4%B4%E5%B7%BE%E5%AD%90.jpg/440px-%E5%B9%9E%E5%A4%B4%E5%B7%BE%E5%AD%90.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3669" data-file-height="2752" /></a><figcaption><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Jinzi</i></span>-lining worn with the futou</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> was mostly made of black muslin.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup> In the early Tang, the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> was a <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">sijiaoruanjin</i></span> (<span lang="zh">四腳軟巾</span>; 'Four-feet soft scarf'),<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where all four ribbons were allowed to hang down after being tied.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 10">: 10 </span></sup> Later on, the early Tang dynasty minister, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhou" title="Ma Zhou">Ma Zhou</a>, was the first person to use a square kerchief in order to tie a <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> and was also the person who added a lining to shape his <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> making it more beautiful.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lining which was added to the inside of the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> from the year 614 AD was called <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jinzi</i></span> (<span lang="zh">巾子</span>); the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jinzi</i></span> was used to make the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> look more straight and beautiful in terms of appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being cut into the desired shape, the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jinzi</i></span> was painted black with lacquer and would then be covered by the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jinzi</i></span> was made with soft and light <a href="/wiki/Vernicia_fordii" title="Vernicia fordii">tung wood</a> and with other materials such as bamboo strips, timbo, <a href="/wiki/Miscanthus" title="Miscanthus">miscanthus</a>, silk, and leather.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also possible to line the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> with a mount-shaped item made out of <a href="/wiki/Paulownia" title="Paulownia">paulownia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">桐木为冠</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Tóngmù wéi guān</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'paulownia crown') in the front.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The step-by-step process to wear the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> with <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jinzi</i></span> was to tie the hair up in a topknot, followed by covering the topknot with the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jinzi</i></span> as hard lining, then wrapping the head and the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jinzi</i></span> with a black, square-shaped piece of cloth, and finally tying the cloth in the desired style.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> with <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jinzi</i></span> then became the standard form of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> in the early Tang dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A form of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> with <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jinzi</i></span> was a kerchief with two corners attached with two ribbons in opposite directions of each other; the ribbons would then be tied at the back of the wearer's head, allowing the two back ribbons to hang down freely as a form of decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With time, the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> with <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jinzi</i></span> was further developed, and a ribbon was attached to each corner of the turban to make it more decorative; two ribbons were tied on the top of the head while the back ribbons were tied and were allowed to hang down freely.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> with <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jinzi</i></span> could also have all four ribbons tied at the back of the head and allowed to hang down freely.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yingwangboyang</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">英王踣样</span>), a <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> with a big and forward top <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jinzi</i></span>, was created by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhongzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Zhongzong of Tang">Emperor Zhongzong</a> and became prevalent during his reign when he awarded this type of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> to his officials.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang">Emperor Xuanzong</a>, the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">neiyang</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">内样</span>), a <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> with a small and round top jinzi became popular around the year 726 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, by adding wire or silk strings inside the added ribbons, the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> could take different shapes and styles depending on its wearer's liking.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the Tang dynasty, only the Emperors could use these hard ribbons; these hard ribbons would be bent upward.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 10–11">: 10–11 </span></sup> The Tang dynasties emperor wore a <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> with two upturned tails until the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five dynasties period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tang dynasty emperors also wore the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">zhijiaofutou</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">直腳幞头</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zhíjiǎofútóu</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'straight-feet futou').<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Types of futou in the Tang dynasty </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Types of futou </th> <th>Description </th> <th colspan="2">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ruanjiao putou</b> <p>(<span lang="zh-Hans">软脚幞頭</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">軟腳幞頭</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">ruǎnjiǎo fútóu</span></i>; 'putou with soft legs') </p> </td> <td>A typical type of headwear in the Tang dynasty and was an important precursor to the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> developed in the succeeding dynasties. Sometimes, 2 or 4 narrow and long ribbons were tied to the back of the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">putou</i></span> and were allowed to hang down freely down the back of its wearer<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 319">: 319 </span></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tang_Emperor_Taizong_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tang_Emperor_Taizong_2.jpg/120px-Tang_Emperor_Taizong_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tang_Emperor_Taizong_2.jpg/135px-Tang_Emperor_Taizong_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tang_Emperor_Taizong_2.jpg/180px-Tang_Emperor_Taizong_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="262" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Zhanghuai%27s_tomb,_eunuchs.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Prince_Zhanghuai%27s_tomb%2C_eunuchs.JPG/120px-Prince_Zhanghuai%27s_tomb%2C_eunuchs.JPG" decoding="async" width="103" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Prince_Zhanghuai%27s_tomb%2C_eunuchs.JPG/250px-Prince_Zhanghuai%27s_tomb%2C_eunuchs.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2628" data-file-height="2666" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Zheshang jin</b> (<span lang="zh">折上巾</span>; 'kerchief folded upward'), </td> <td>A type of form of <i>ruanjiao putou</i> which consisted of square-piece of cloth wrap around the head; the two ends of the fabric were then tied at the back at either side of the neck and were then wrapped around the head before being together above the forehead.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 319">: 319 </span></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Figures_in_a_cortege,_tomb_of_Li_Xian,_Tang_Dynasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Figures_in_a_cortege%2C_tomb_of_Li_Xian%2C_Tang_Dynasty.jpg/91px-Figures_in_a_cortege%2C_tomb_of_Li_Xian%2C_Tang_Dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Figures_in_a_cortege%2C_tomb_of_Li_Xian%2C_Tang_Dynasty.jpg/137px-Figures_in_a_cortege%2C_tomb_of_Li_Xian%2C_Tang_Dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Figures_in_a_cortege%2C_tomb_of_Li_Xian%2C_Tang_Dynasty.jpg/182px-Figures_in_a_cortege%2C_tomb_of_Li_Xian%2C_Tang_Dynasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1693" data-file-height="2374" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tang_official_headwear" title="Tang official headwear"><b>Chuijiao Putou</b></a> (<span lang="zh">垂腳襆頭</span>) </td> <td>A black hat with two drooped down wing-like flaps. </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tangxuanzong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Tangxuanzong.jpg/91px-Tangxuanzong.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Tangxuanzong.jpg/137px-Tangxuanzong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Tangxuanzong.jpg/182px-Tangxuanzong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="416" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Five_dynasties_and_ten_kingdoms_period">Five dynasties and ten kingdoms period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futou&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Five dynasties and ten kingdoms period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhou_Wenju%27s_A_Literary_Garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Zhou_Wenju%27s_A_Literary_Garden.jpg/250px-Zhou_Wenju%27s_A_Literary_Garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Zhou_Wenju%27s_A_Literary_Garden.jpg/330px-Zhou_Wenju%27s_A_Literary_Garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Zhou_Wenju%27s_A_Literary_Garden.jpg/500px-Zhou_Wenju%27s_A_Literary_Garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3164" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>Futou worn by literati on Zhou Wenju's <i>Literary Garden</i> (文苑圖)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five dynasties period</a>, more styles of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> were created including the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> with wide feet which looked like fans or banana leaves which surrounded the front of the head; and the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> with curved feet which turned upwards before bending downward.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ma_Chu" title="Ma Chu">Ma Chu</a>, painted silk was used in the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ma_Xifan" title="Ma Xifan">Ma Xifan</a> also wore the <i>horns of a dragon</i> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">龍角</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">lóngjiǎo</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'dragon horn'), a <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> with extremely long feet on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Chong" title="Liu Chong">Emperor Liu Min</a> used a <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">zhijiaofutou</i></span> with long and straight feet which were more than one foot in length; the Song dynasty later kept the tradition of using this style of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> as a standard.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also attested in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Song_(book)" title="History of Song (book)">Song Shi</a> that the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> had become straight and flat since the Five dynasties period.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Song_dynasty">Song dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futou&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Song dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels,_Detail_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels%2C_Detail_1.jpg/220px-Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels%2C_Detail_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels%2C_Detail_1.jpg/330px-Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels%2C_Detail_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels%2C_Detail_1.jpg/440px-Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels%2C_Detail_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4977" data-file-height="3857" /></a><figcaption>Song dynasty men wearing <i>futou</i>, as seen on 12th century remake of Night Revels of Han Xizai by <a href="/wiki/Gu_Hongzhong" title="Gu Hongzhong">Gu Hongzhong</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> was popular in the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was commonly worn by all classes of people ranging from commoners to emperors. During the Song dynasty, the black muslin, which was mainly used to make the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span>, was replaced by other materials, such as muslin or lacquered muslin.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup> The <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> could also be found with supports made out of wood, and therefore they could look like hats and caps of various styles.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hard ribbons were also used;<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 10">: 10 </span></sup> and all the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> in this period had hard feet.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 5 main types of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> in this period: the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">zhijiaofutou</i></span> (also called <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">pingjiaofutou</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">平腳幞頭</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">píngjiǎofútóu</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'flat-feet futou')) which was worn by people of all social classes (including both the upper and lower classes<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); the "bent-feet" <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span>, the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jiaojiaofutou</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">交腳幞頭</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Jiāojiǎofútóu</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'cross-feet futou'), the "upward" <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span>, and the "downwind" <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Song_(book)" title="History of Song (book)">Song Shi</a>, the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">zhijiaofutou</i></span> became the national standard form of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> in the Song dynasty for the emperor and the officials on any occasion, except when they had to take a carriage.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> worn by the Song dynasty officials had an extended reclined feet; it was developed by having two hard ribbons made out with iron wire or bamboo strips attached at the back of the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup> According to the <i>Pedantic Remarks of the Confucians</i> by Yu Yan, this form of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> might have been developed to prevent the officials from whispering to each other during court audience with the Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup> On some special occasions (e.g. the imperial court banquets, or the longevity ceremonies held for the royal family), Song court officials would put flowers on their <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span>; this was referred as Flower pinning.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup> The Song emperors would sometimes send fresh flowers or man-made flowers which were exclusive to the use of the imperial court to his courtier; this later become a form of etiquette in the Song dynasty court.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup>It is also recorded in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Song_(book)" title="History of Song (book)">Song Shi</a> that the upward <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> was used by people (including the Emperor and the officials) when they found themselves in narrow spaces, such as in a carriage.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the first volume of the <i>History Narrated at Ease</i> in the section <i>The Etiquette</i> by Wang Dechen (1036 –1116), in the early Song dynasty, a type <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span>, called <i>front-folded scarf</i>, was worn by some people.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup> The <i>front-folded scarf</i> was folded and tied at the front region of the head was worn by some people.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup> The <i>back-folded scarf</i> was a type <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> which would be bent backward; it started to be worn after the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhezong" title="Emperor Zhezong">Shaosheng period</a> (i.e. after 1098 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup> Following the Shaosheng period, there were many changes in the styles of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup> </p><p>There were also other forms of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span>, such as the <i>colourful flower-shaped <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span></i> <i>embedded with gold lines</i> which were sold in market of <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Dongjing</a>; the <i>curved-feet <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span></i> or the <i>flower-like <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span></i> <i>with feet curved backwards</i> were also worn by some warriors; the <i>long feet <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span></i> was favoured by the musical instrument plays of the imperial music office; the lustreless <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span>, and the white <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)" title="Crêpe (textile)">crêpe</a> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> which was worn during funerals.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Types of futou in the Song dynasty </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Types of futou </th> <th>Description </th> <th colspan="3">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Song_official_headwear" class="mw-redirect" title="Song official headwear">Zhanjiao Putou</a></b> <span lang="zh">展角幞頭</span>; 'spread-horn head cover' </td> <td>It consisted of a black hat with two wing-like flaps which extends outward. The thin flaps were stiff and straight, and could extend up to almost a meter each. </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:SongTaizu1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SongTaizu1.jpg/250px-SongTaizu1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SongTaizu1.jpg/330px-SongTaizu1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SongTaizu1.jpg/500px-SongTaizu1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="339" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sima_Guang_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sima_Guang_1.jpg/250px-Sima_Guang_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sima_Guang_1.jpg/330px-Sima_Guang_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Yingzong_of_Song.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Emperor_Yingzong_of_Song.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liao_dynasty">Liao dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futou&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Liao dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Liao_dynasty" title="Fashion in the Liao dynasty">Fashion in the Liao dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_of_Xu_Congyun%27s_Tomb,_North_Part.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Fresco_of_Xu_Congyun%27s_Tomb%2C_North_Part.jpg/250px-Fresco_of_Xu_Congyun%27s_Tomb%2C_North_Part.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Fresco_of_Xu_Congyun%27s_Tomb%2C_North_Part.jpg/330px-Fresco_of_Xu_Congyun%27s_Tomb%2C_North_Part.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Fresco_of_Xu_Congyun%27s_Tomb%2C_North_Part.jpg/500px-Fresco_of_Xu_Congyun%27s_Tomb%2C_North_Part.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Men wearing <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span>, Liao dynasty, 982 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>, the Khitans shaved their hair in a style called kunfa and wore light hats made of felt or helmets which were more suitable for their horse riding activities instead of wearing the lacquered <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span>; however the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> did not disappear in this period and continued to be depicted in the Liao dynasty tomb murals, including the curved leg <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yuan_dynasty">Yuan dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futou&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Yuan dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Fashion in the Yuan dynasty">Fashion in the Yuan dynasty</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol-led</a> <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> continued to be worn since the Yuan dynasty court followed the Song dynasty standards regarding official costumes:<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>(All officials' work clothes should wear) straight tails painted hemp futou.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ming_dynasty_/_"Wushamao"_(烏紗帽)"><span id="Ming_dynasty_.2F_.22Wushamao.22_.28.E7.83.8F.E7.B4.97.E5.B8.BD.29"></span>Ming dynasty / "Wushamao" (烏紗帽)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futou&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ming dynasty / "Wushamao" (烏紗帽)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Officials.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Officials.jpeg/250px-Officials.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Officials.jpeg/330px-Officials.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Officials.jpeg/500px-Officials.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="1030" /></a><figcaption>Ming dynasty officials wearing <i>yuanlingshan</i> and <i>wushamao</i> (a type of <i>futou</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%98%E8%82%96%E5%83%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%98%E8%82%96%E5%83%8F.jpg/250px-%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%98%E8%82%96%E5%83%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%98%E8%82%96%E5%83%8F.jpg/330px-%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%98%E8%82%96%E5%83%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%98%E8%82%96%E5%83%8F.jpg/500px-%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%98%E8%82%96%E5%83%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption>Early Ming Dynasty <i>wushamao</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Ming dynasty, a type of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> was to be worn by government officials as part of the court uniform, called <b><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">wushamao</i></span></b> (乌纱帽).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Wushamao</i></span> resembled the <i>futou</i> used in the early Tang dynasty, but followed the crafting methods of the Song dynasty by using lacquered muslin and wooden or metal frames to cast its shape. The shape of the feet varies depending on the era, with some resembling the curved leaf appearance of the prior dynasties or the straight wing-like feet in the late Ming dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ming dynasty also kept the tradition of using straight-feet <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span>; however, by the shape of the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> worn in the Ming dynasty diverted from that worn in the Song dynasty: the feet became shorter with time and some of these <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> became less than forty centimetres.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forty centimetre long straight-feet, painted linen <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> was worn by both the military and civil officials for official business according to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">Ming Shi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The feet of the Ming dynasty straight-feet <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">futou</i></span> were not completely straight and had a curved tip which would bend upwards.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Types of Futou in the Ming dynasty </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Types of futou </th> <th>Description </th> <th colspan="3">Pictures </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Zhanchi Futou/putou</b> (展翅襆頭), also known as the <i>wushamao</i> (<span lang="zh">烏紗帽</span>; 'black gauze cap') </td> <td>It is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hanfu_headwear" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hanfu headwear">headwear</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> officials, consisting of a black <a href="/wiki/Hat" title="Hat">hat</a> with two wing-like flaps of thin, oval shaped boards on each side. According to the <a href="/wiki/Collected_Statutes_of_the_Ming_Dynasty" title="Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty">Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty</a> (大明會典), ordinary citizens are not allowed to wear this headdress unless attending wedding ceremonies or events involving any noble families/officials. In modern China, <i>wushamao</i> is commonly used as a metaphor for officials and government posts. The Zhanchi Futou was also adopted by neighbouring countries. </td> <td colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B2%88%E5%BA%A6%E5%8D%8A%E8%BA%AB%E5%83%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/%E6%B2%88%E5%BA%A6%E5%8D%8A%E8%BA%AB%E5%83%8F.jpg/250px-%E6%B2%88%E5%BA%A6%E5%8D%8A%E8%BA%AB%E5%83%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/%E6%B2%88%E5%BA%A6%E5%8D%8A%E8%BA%AB%E5%83%8F.jpg/330px-%E6%B2%88%E5%BA%A6%E5%8D%8A%E8%BA%AB%E5%83%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="664" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%A8%8B%E6%96%87%E5%BE%B7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%E7%A8%8B%E6%96%87%E5%BE%B7.jpg/120px-%E7%A8%8B%E6%96%87%E5%BE%B7.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%E7%A8%8B%E6%96%87%E5%BE%B7.jpg/250px-%E7%A8%8B%E6%96%87%E5%BE%B7.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="589" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Xu_Xianqing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Xu_Xianqing.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="196" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="156" data-file-height="196" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>Zhanjiao Putou</b> (<span lang="zh">展角幞頭</span>; 'spread-horn head cover') </td> <td rowspan="2">It was based on the Song dynasty's zhanjiao putou; in the Ming dynasty, it was worn by Ming civil officials at court assemblies when they would present memorials or retirement notices to the Ming rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 100">: 100 </span></sup> </td> <td colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gu_Dingchen_%E9%A1%BE%E9%BC%8E%E8%87%A3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Gu_Dingchen_%E9%A1%BE%E9%BC%8E%E8%87%A3.jpg/120px-Gu_Dingchen_%E9%A1%BE%E9%BC%8E%E8%87%A3.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Gu_Dingchen_%E9%A1%BE%E9%BC%8E%E8%87%A3.jpg/250px-Gu_Dingchen_%E9%A1%BE%E9%BC%8E%E8%87%A3.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="374" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%90%95%E5%85%89%E6%B4%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%E5%90%95%E5%85%89%E6%B4%B5.jpg/120px-%E5%90%95%E5%85%89%E6%B4%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%E5%90%95%E5%85%89%E6%B4%B5.jpg/250px-%E5%90%95%E5%85%89%E6%B4%B5.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="640" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%8E%8B%E9%8F%8A%E5%83%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%E7%8E%8B%E9%8F%8A%E5%83%8F.jpg/66px-%E7%8E%8B%E9%8F%8A%E5%83%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%E7%8E%8B%E9%8F%8A%E5%83%8F.jpg/99px-%E7%8E%8B%E9%8F%8A%E5%83%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%E7%8E%8B%E9%8F%8A%E5%83%8F.jpg/132px-%E7%8E%8B%E9%8F%8A%E5%83%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1144" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhang_Cong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Zhang_Cong.jpg/120px-Zhang_Cong.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Zhang_Cong.jpg/250px-Zhang_Cong.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="652" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>Yishan guan</b> (<span lang="zh">翼善冠</span>; 'winged shan hat') </td> <td rowspan="2">A type of futou made of lacquered silk which is formed on a wooden frame. At the back of the hat, there is a tall extension which is molded into 2 symmetrical bulbous shapes; there are 2 ribbons which are fastened to the hat's lower back and straight up extending just beyond the top protrusion.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 102">: 102 </span></sup> It is also a type of <a href="/wiki/Guan_(headwear)" title="Guan (headwear)">guan</a>. </td> <td colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hongwu2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Hongwu2.jpg/250px-Hongwu2.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Hongwu2.jpg/330px-Hongwu2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_de_l%27empereur_Ming_Muzong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Portrait_de_l%27empereur_Ming_Muzong.jpg/120px-Portrait_de_l%27empereur_Ming_Muzong.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Portrait_de_l%27empereur_Ming_Muzong.jpg/250px-Portrait_de_l%27empereur_Ming_Muzong.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="1020" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hat,_Tomb_of_Ming_Prince_Zhu_Tan_(10144666514).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hat%2C_Tomb_of_Ming_Prince_Zhu_Tan_%2810144666514%29.jpg/131px-Hat%2C_Tomb_of_Ming_Prince_Zhu_Tan_%2810144666514%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hat%2C_Tomb_of_Ming_Prince_Zhu_Tan_%2810144666514%29.jpg/197px-Hat%2C_Tomb_of_Ming_Prince_Zhu_Tan_%2810144666514%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hat%2C_Tomb_of_Ming_Prince_Zhu_Tan_%2810144666514%29.jpg/262px-Hat%2C_Tomb_of_Ming_Prince_Zhu_Tan_%2810144666514%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hat,_Tomb_of_Ming_Prince_Zhu_Tan_(10144844026).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hat%2C_Tomb_of_Ming_Prince_Zhu_Tan_%2810144844026%29.jpg/143px-Hat%2C_Tomb_of_Ming_Prince_Zhu_Tan_%2810144844026%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hat%2C_Tomb_of_Ming_Prince_Zhu_Tan_%2810144844026%29.jpg/215px-Hat%2C_Tomb_of_Ming_Prince_Zhu_Tan_%2810144844026%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hat%2C_Tomb_of_Ming_Prince_Zhu_Tan_%2810144844026%29.jpg/286px-Hat%2C_Tomb_of_Ming_Prince_Zhu_Tan_%2810144844026%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Crown_Replica_of_King_Wanli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Golden_Crown_Replica_of_King_Wanli.jpg/120px-Golden_Crown_Replica_of_King_Wanli.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Golden_Crown_Replica_of_King_Wanli.jpg/250px-Golden_Crown_Replica_of_King_Wanli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1714" data-file-height="2557" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derivatives_and_influences">Derivatives and influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futou&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Derivatives and influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery.gallery.gallery{line-height:1.35em;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{outline:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b 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.thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toyotomi_Hideyoshi_(Kodaiji).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japan's Toyotomi Hideyoshi wearing a hat influenced by wushamao (烏紗帽)"><img alt="Japan's Toyotomi Hideyoshi wearing a hat influenced by wushamao ()" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi_%28Kodaiji%29.jpg/250px-Toyotomi_Hideyoshi_%28Kodaiji%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi_%28Kodaiji%29.jpg/500px-Toyotomi_Hideyoshi_%28Kodaiji%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1806" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a> wearing a hat influenced by <i>wushamao</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">烏紗帽</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sim_Hwan-ji.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joseon's Sim Hwan-ji wearing a hat influenced by osamo (烏紗帽)"><img alt="Joseon's Sim Hwan-ji wearing a hat influenced by osamo ()" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sim_Hwan-ji.jpg/178px-Sim_Hwan-ji.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sim_Hwan-ji.jpg/267px-Sim_Hwan-ji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sim_Hwan-ji.jpg/356px-Sim_Hwan-ji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="1271" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a>'s Sim Hwan-ji wearing a hat influenced by <i>osamo</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">烏紗帽</span></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 143.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 141.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%90%E4%BE%AF%E9%99%B3%E4%BA%86%E5%BA%B5%E5%85%88%E7%94%9F.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vietnam's Trần Danh Án wearing an ô sa mạo hat (mũ cánh chuồn) influenced by wushamao"><img alt="Vietnam's Trần Danh Án wearing an ô sa mạo hat (mũ cánh chuồn) influenced by wushamao" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%90%E4%BE%AF%E9%99%B3%E4%BA%86%E5%BA%B5%E5%85%88%E7%94%9F.jpg/250px-%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%90%E4%BE%AF%E9%99%B3%E4%BA%86%E5%BA%B5%E5%85%88%E7%94%9F.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%90%E4%BE%AF%E9%99%B3%E4%BA%86%E5%BA%B5%E5%85%88%E7%94%9F.jpg/330px-%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%90%E4%BE%AF%E9%99%B3%E4%BA%86%E5%BA%B5%E5%85%88%E7%94%9F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%90%E4%BE%AF%E9%99%B3%E4%BA%86%E5%BA%B5%E5%85%88%E7%94%9F.jpg/500px-%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%90%E4%BE%AF%E9%99%B3%E4%BA%86%E5%BA%B5%E5%85%88%E7%94%9F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="1321" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>'s Trần Danh Án wearing an <i>ô sa mạo</i> hat (mũ cánh chuồn) influenced by <i>wushamao</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vua-khai-dinh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emperor Khải Định (middle) and mandarins wearing ô sa mạo hats influenced by wushamao"><img alt="Emperor Khải Định (middle) and mandarins wearing ô sa mạo hats influenced by wushamao" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Vua-khai-dinh.jpg/400px-Vua-khai-dinh.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Vua-khai-dinh.jpg/600px-Vua-khai-dinh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Vua-khai-dinh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emperor <a href="/wiki/Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Khải Định">Khải Định</a> (middle) and mandarins wearing <i>ô sa mạo</i> hats influenced by <i>wushamao</i></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futou&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanfu" title="Hanfu">Hanfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hanfu_headwear" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hanfu headwear">Hanfu headgear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hats_and_headgear" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hats and headgear">List of hats and headgear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_official_headwear" title="Qing official headwear">Qing official headwear</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futou&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/text.pl?node=312140&if=en">"廣韻 : 入聲 : 燭: 幞 - 四腳 - Chinese Text Project"</a>. <i>ctext.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ctext.org&rft.atitle=%E5%BB%A3%E9%9F%BB+%3A+%E5%85%A5%E8%81%B2+%3A+%E7%87%AD%3A+%E5%B9%9E+-+%E5%9B%9B%E8%85%B3+-+Chinese+Text+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Ftext.pl%3Fnode%3D312140%26if%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFutou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaiYangJiangWang2017" class="citation journal cs1">Mai, Huijuan; Yang, Yimin; Jiang, Hongen; Wang, Bo; Wang, Changsui (2017-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1296207416302278">"Investigating the materials and manufacture of Jinzi: The lining of Futou (Chinese traditional male headwear) from the Astana Cemeteries, Xinjiang, China"</a>. <i>Journal of Cultural Heritage</i>. <b>27</b>: <span class="nowrap">116–</span>124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.culher.2017.02.018">10.1016/j.culher.2017.02.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1296-2074">1296-2074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cultural+Heritage&rft.atitle=Investigating+the+materials+and+manufacture+of+Jinzi%3A+The+lining+of+Futou+%28Chinese+traditional+male+headwear%29+from+the+Astana+Cemeteries%2C+Xinjiang%2C+China&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.date=2017-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.culher.2017.02.018&rft.issn=1296-2074&rft.aulast=Mai&rft.aufirst=Huijuan&rft.au=Yang%2C+Yimin&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Hongen&rft.au=Wang%2C+Bo&rft.au=Wang%2C+Changsui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1296207416302278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFutou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurkus2010" class="citation book cs1">Burkus, Anne Gail (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xfYFEAAAQBAJ&dq=putou&pg=PA319"><i>Through a forest of chancellors: fugitive histories in Liu Yuan's "Lingyan ge", an illustrated book from seventeenth-century Suzhou</i></a>. Yuan, active Liu. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68417-050-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68417-050-0"><bdi>978-1-68417-050-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/956711877">956711877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+a+forest+of+chancellors%3A+fugitive+histories+in+Liu+Yuan%27s+%22Lingyan+ge%22%2C+an+illustrated+book+from+seventeenth-century+Suzhou&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F956711877&rft.isbn=978-1-68417-050-0&rft.aulast=Burkus&rft.aufirst=Anne+Gail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxfYFEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dputou%26pg%3DPA319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFutou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDale_R._Johnson2020" class="citation book cs1">Dale R. Johnson (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=olP7DwAAQBAJ&dq=futou%20hats%20putou&pg=PA73"><i>A Glossary of Words and Phrases in the Oral Performing and Dramatic Literatures of the Jin, Yuan, and Ming</i></a>. University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-03823-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-03823-7"><bdi>978-0-472-03823-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1229843176">1229843176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Glossary+of+Words+and+Phrases+in+the+Oral+Performing+and+Dramatic+Literatures+of+the+Jin%2C+Yuan%2C+and+Ming&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Center+for+Chinese+Studies&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1229843176&rft.isbn=978-0-472-03823-7&rft.au=Dale+R.+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DolP7DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dfutou%2520hats%2520putou%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFutou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZang臧迎春.2003" class="citation book cs1">Zang, Yingchun; 臧迎春. 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Beijing: Wu zhou chuan bo chu ban she. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5085-0279-5" title="Special:BookSources/7-5085-0279-5"><bdi>7-5085-0279-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55895164">55895164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zhongguo+chuan+tong+fu+shi&rft.place=Beijing&rft.edition=Di+1+ban&rft.pub=Wu+zhou+chuan+bo+chu+ban+she&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55895164&rft.isbn=7-5085-0279-5&rft.aulast=Zang&rft.aufirst=Yingchun&rft.au=%E8%87%A7%E8%BF%8E%E6%98%A5.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm7Qf-bjLfA4C%26q%3Dfutou%2Bcap%26pg%3DPT7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFutou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_B._DuncanTongbuga_Yŏksa_Chaedan2012" class="citation book cs1">John B. 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University of Glasgow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Water+Mill%3A+authentication+and+analysis+of+an+ancient+Chinese+Jiehua+painting&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Glasgow&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Ren&rft.aufirst=Baihua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheses.gla.ac.uk%2F81625%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFutou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhu朱瑞熙Bangwei_ZhangFusheng_Liu2016" class="citation book cs1">Zhu, Ruixi; 朱瑞熙; Bangwei Zhang; Fusheng Liu; Chongbang Cai; Zengyu Wang (2016). <i>A social history of middle-period China: the Song, Liao, Western Xia and Jin dynasties</i>. Translated by Bang Qian Zhu (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-16786-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-16786-5"><bdi>978-1-107-16786-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/953576345">953576345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+social+history+of+middle-period+China%3A+the+Song%2C+Liao%2C+Western+Xia+and+Jin+dynasties&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F953576345&rft.isbn=978-1-107-16786-5&rft.aulast=Zhu&rft.aufirst=Ruixi&rft.au=%E6%9C%B1%E7%91%9E%E7%86%99&rft.au=Bangwei+Zhang&rft.au=Fusheng+Liu&rft.au=Chongbang+Cai&rft.au=Zengyu+Wang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFutou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStepanov2010" class="citation book cs1">Stepanov, T︠S︡vetelin (2010). <i>Bulgars and the Steppe Empire in the Early Middle Ages: The Problem of the Others</i>. Leiden, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-4452-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-4452-7"><bdi>978-90-474-4452-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/695988846">695988846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulgars+and+the+Steppe+Empire+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages%3A+The+Problem+of+the+Others&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F695988846&rft.isbn=978-90-474-4452-7&rft.aulast=Stepanov&rft.aufirst=T%EF%B8%A0S%EF%B8%A1vetelin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFutou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/text.pl?node=555313&if=en">"通典 : 禮十七: 幅巾 - Chinese Text Project"</a>. <i>ctext.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ctext.org&rft.atitle=%E9%80%9A%E5%85%B8+%3A+%E7%A6%AE%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%3A+%E5%B9%85%E5%B7%BE+-+Chinese+Text+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Ftext.pl%3Fnode%3D555313%26if%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFutou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/text.pl?node=597459&if=en">"朱子語類 : 禮八: 雜儀 - Chinese Text Project"</a>. <i>ctext.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ctext.org&rft.atitle=%E6%9C%B1%E5%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E9%A1%9E+%3A+%E7%A6%AE%E5%85%AB%3A+%E9%9B%9C%E5%84%80+-+Chinese+Text+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Ftext.pl%3Fnode%3D597459%26if%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFutou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"67". <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B767"><i>History of the Ming</i></a>. <q>文武官常服：洪武三年定，凡常朝視事，以烏紗帽、團領衫、束帶為公服。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=67&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%2598%258E%25E5%258F%25B2%2F%25E5%258D%25B767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFutou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">薛天纬，"乌纱帽"小考，《学林漫录》六集</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080506014827/http://zzrb.zynews.com/html/2007-04/19/content_127188.htm">"郑州日报:乌纱帽的变迁"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zzrb.zynews.com/html/2007-04/19/content_127188.htm">the original</a> on 2008-05-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%83%91%E5%B7%9E%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5%3A%E4%B9%8C%E7%BA%B1%E5%B8%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%98%E8%BF%81&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzzrb.zynews.com%2Fhtml%2F2007-04%2F19%2Fcontent_127188.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFutou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Ming dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ming_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Ming dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ming_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ming dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ming_dynasty_topics307" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="History of the Ming dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">(1368–1435)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Turban Rebellion">Red Turban Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Mian_rebellion" title="Wu Mian rebellion">Wu Mian rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_conquest_of_Yunnan" title="Ming conquest of Yunnan">Ming conquest of Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Mong_Mao_War_(1386%E2%80%931388)" title="Ming–Mong Mao War (1386–1388)">Ming–Mong Mao War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_campaign_against_the_Uriankhai" title="Ming campaign against the Uriankhai">Campaign against the Uriankhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buir_Lake" title="Battle of Buir Lake">Battle of Buir Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Kuan_rebellion" title="Lin Kuan rebellion">Lin Kuan rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_Ganmeng_rebellion" title="Dao Ganmeng rebellion">Dao Ganmeng rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingnan_campaign" title="Jingnan campaign">Jingnan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages" title="Ming treasure voyages">Ming treasure voyages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Turpan_conflict" title="Ming–Turpan conflict">Ming–Turpan conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_conquest_of_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Ngu" title="Ming conquest of Đại Ngu">Ming–Đại Ngu War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palembang_(1407)" title="Battle of Palembang (1407)">Battle of Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kherlen" title="Battle of Kherlen">Battle of Kherlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Kotte_War" title="Ming–Kotte War">Ming–Kotte War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lam_S%C6%A1n_uprising" title="Lam Sơn uprising">Lam Sơn uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor%27s_campaigns_against_the_Mongols" title="Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols">Campaigns against the Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Ren_and_Xuan" title="Reign of Ren and Xuan">Reign of Ren and Xuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Middle <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">(1435–1572)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luchuan%E2%80%93Pingmian_campaigns" title="Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns">Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumu_Crisis" title="Tumu Crisis">Tumu Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Beijing" title="Defense of Beijing">Defense of Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_Cao_Qin" title="Rebellion of Cao Qin">Rebellion of Cao Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_rebellions_in_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Miao rebellions in the Ming dynasty">Miao rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Anhua_rebellion" title="Prince of Anhua rebellion">Prince of Anhua rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Ning_rebellion" title="Prince of Ning rebellion">Prince of Ning rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)" title="Capture of Malacca (1511)">Capture of Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_missions_to_Ming_China" title="Japanese missions to Ming China">Japanese missions to Ming China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_incident" title="Ningbo incident">Ningbo incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rites_Controversy" title="Great Rites Controversy">Great Rites Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_plot_of_Renyin_year" title="Palace plot of Renyin year">Renyin plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luso-Chinese_agreement" title="Luso-Chinese agreement">Luso-Chinese agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiajing_wokou_raids" title="Jiajing wokou raids">Jiajing wokou raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_whip_law" title="Single whip law">Single whip law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Late <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">(1572–1683)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_unification#Jianzhou_war" title="Jurchen unification">Jianzhou war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozhou_rebellion" title="Bozhou rebellion">Bozhou rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_campaign_(1592)" title="Ordos campaign (1592)">Ordos campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imjin_War" title="Imjin War">Imjin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donglin_movement" title="Donglin movement">Donglin movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Dutch_conflicts" title="Sino-Dutch conflicts">Sino-Dutch conflicts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liaoluo_Bay" title="Battle of Liaoluo Bay">Liaoluo Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Transition from Ming to Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_unification" title="Jurchen unification">Jurchen unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Grievances" title="Seven Grievances">Seven Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarh%C5%AB" title="Battle of Sarhū">Sarhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_in_the_late_Ming_dynasty" title="Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty">Great Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She-An_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="She-An Rebellion">She-An Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ming_peasant_rebellions" title="Late Ming peasant rebellions">Peasant rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiashen_Incident" title="Jiashen Incident">Jiashen Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass" title="Battle of Shanhai Pass">Shanhai Pass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">Southern Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Government of the Ming dynasty">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Ming dynasty">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Chinese_monarchs_(late)#Ming_dynasty_and_Southern_Ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Chinese monarchs (late)">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Zhu" title="House of Zhu">House of Zhu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Secretariat" title="Grand Secretariat">Grand Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_territory_in_dynastic_China#Ming_dynasty_(1368–1644)" title="Administration of territory in dynastic China">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Depot" title="Eastern Depot">Eastern Depot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princes_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Princes of the Ming dynasty">Princes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vassal_prince_peerages_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="List of vassal prince peerages of the Ming dynasty">Vassal prince</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Commissioner_(China)" title="Imperial Commissioner (China)">Imperial Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Grand coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embroidered_Uniform_Guard" title="Embroidered Uniform Guard">Embroidered Uniform Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusi" title="Tusi">Tusi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ming_dynasty">Fotou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Military of the Ming dynasty">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Great_Wall" title="Ming Great Wall">Great Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_weapons_in_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Gunpowder weapons in the Ming dynasty">Gunpowder weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenjiying" title="Shenjiying">Shenjiying</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_conquests_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Military conquests of the Ming dynasty">Military conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Garrisons_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Nine Garrisons of the Ming dynasty">Nine Garrisons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Frontiers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Ming dynasty in Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Ming_rule" title="Manchuria under Ming rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Wokou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_under_Ming_rule" title="Yunnan under Ming rule">Yunnan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Compilations and documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hundred-word_Eulogy" title="The Hundred-word Eulogy">The Hundred-word Eulogy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huang-Ming_Zuxun" title="Huang-Ming Zuxun">Huang-Ming Zuxun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Encyclopedia" title="Yongle Encyclopedia">Yongle Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collected_Statutes_of_the_Ming_Dynasty" title="Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty">Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ming_Veritable_Records" title="Ming Veritable Records">Ming Veritable Records</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palaces and mausoleums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaotian_Palace" title="Chaotian Palace">Chaotian Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Xiaoling" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Xiaoling">Ming Xiaoling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Ancestors_Mausoleum" title="Ming Ancestors Mausoleum">Ming Ancestors Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_tombs" title="Ming tombs">Ming tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Tombs_of_the_Ming_and_Qing_Dynasties" title="Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties">Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Culture of the Ming dynasty">Society and culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_poetry" title="Ming poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicians_in_Ming_China" title="Musicians in Ming China">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_painting" title="Ming dynasty painting">Painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Ming dynasty">Four Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_School" title="Wu School">Wu School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhe_school_(painting)" title="Zhe school (painting)">Zhe School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_lacquerware_table" title="Chinese lacquerware table">Chinese lacquerware table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_presentation_porcelain" title="Ming presentation porcelain">Ming presentation porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covered_jar_with_carp_design" title="Covered jar with carp design">Covered jar with carp design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongning_Temple_Stele" title="Yongning Temple Stele">Yongning Temple Stele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples#Ming_dynasty_Tai_history" title="Tai peoples">Tai history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Islam during the Ming dynasty">Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Economy of the Ming dynasty">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_coinage" title="Ming dynasty coinage">Coinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Tongbao" title="Hongwu Tongbao">Hongwu Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Tongbao" title="Yongle Tongbao">Yongle Tongbao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ming_Treasure_Note" title="Great Ming Treasure Note">Great Ming Treasure Note</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Traditional_Han_Chinese_clothing312" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_Han_Chinese_clothing" title="Template:Types of Han Chinese clothing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_Han_Chinese_clothing" title="Template talk:Types of Han Chinese clothing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_Han_Chinese_clothing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of Han Chinese clothing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Traditional_Han_Chinese_clothing312" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hanfu" title="Hanfu">Traditional Han Chinese clothing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characteristics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu" class="mw-redirect" title="Garment collars in Hanfu">Garment and neckline (list)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garment_collars_in_Hanfu#Cross-collars" class="mw-redirect" title="Garment collars in Hanfu">Jiaoling youren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_collar" title="Mandarin collar">Mandarin collar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fastening</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frog_(fastening)" title="Frog (fastening)">Pankou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_button_knot" title="Chinese button knot">Chinese button knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_(fastening)" title="Frog (fastening)">Zimukou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paofu#Baoyi_bodai" title="Paofu">Baoyi bodai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruqun#Shangjian_xiafeng" title="Ruqun">Shangjian xiafeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyao_(fashion)" title="Fuyao (fashion)">Fuyao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hufu" title="Hufu">Hufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hanfu" title="List of hanfu">List of hanfu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Textile decoration and craft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tian-tsui" title="Tian-tsui">Diancui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_knotting" title="Chinese knotting">Chinese knotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_embroidery" title="Chinese embroidery">Chinese embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_auspicious_ornaments_in_textile_and_clothing" title="Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing">Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing (list)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangyun_(Auspicious_clouds)" title="Xiangyun (Auspicious clouds)">Xiangyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lishui_(sea-waves)" title="Lishui (sea-waves)">Lishui (sea-waves)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_square" title="Mandarin square">Mandarin square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ornamental_gold_silk" title="Chinese ornamental gold silk">Chinese ornamental gold silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldwork_(embroidery)" title="Goldwork (embroidery)">Goldwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_patchwork" title="Chinese patchwork">Chinese patchwork</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belief system and social movement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wufu" title="Wufu">Wufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)">Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_and_Yang" class="mw-redirect" title="Yin and Yang">Yin and Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanfu_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanfu movement">Hanfu movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sumptuary laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifayifu" title="Tifayifu">Tifayifu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Li" title="Guan Li">Guan Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Li_(ceremony)" title="Ji Li (ceremony)">Ji Li (ceremony)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Garments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Set of attire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruqun" title="Ruqun">Ruqun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanling_ruqun" title="Tanling ruqun">Tanling ruqun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qixiong_ruqun" title="Qixiong ruqun">Qixiong ruqun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qungua" title="Qungua">Qungua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiuhefu" title="Xiuhefu">Xiuhefu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianfu" title="Mianfu">Mianfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bianfu" title="Bianfu">Bianfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongtianguanfu" title="Tongtianguanfu">Tongtianguanfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanduan" title="Xuanduan">Xuanduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyi" title="Diyi">Diyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaju_chuishao_fu" title="Zaju chuishao fu">Zaju chuishao fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanku" title="Shanku">Shanku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Upper garment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)" title="Ru (upper garment)">Ru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)" title="Ru (upper garment)">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)" title="Ru (upper garment)">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ru_(upper_garment)" title="Ru (upper garment)">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27ao" title="Chang'ao">Chang'ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijiayi" title="Baijiayi">Baijiayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daxiushan" title="Daxiushan">Daxiushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijia" title="Bijia">Bijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banbi" title="Banbi">Banbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahu_(clothing)" title="Dahu (clothing)">Dahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beizi" title="Beizi">Beizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beizi" title="Beizi">Pifeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beizi" title="Beizi">Hechang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuitianyi" title="Shuitianyi">Shuitianyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanlingshan" title="Yuanlingshan">Yuanlingshan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Robe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenyi" title="Shenyi">Shenyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyi" title="Shenyi">Zhiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyi" title="Shenyi">Quju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paofu" title="Paofu">Paofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daopao" title="Daopao">Daopao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiduo_(clothing)" title="Zhiduo (clothing)">Zhiduo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanlingshan" title="Yuanlingshan">Yuanlingpao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanlingpao" title="Fanlingpao">Fanlingpao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panling_Lanshan" title="Panling Lanshan">Panling Lanshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_robe" title="Dragon robe">Longpao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangfu" title="Mangfu">Mangfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terlig" title="Terlig">Tieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesa_robe" title="Yesa robe"> Yesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jis%C3%BCn" title="Jisün">Zhisun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feiyufu" title="Feiyufu">Feiyufu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inner and undergarment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dudou" title="Dudou">Dudou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezi_(clothing)" title="Hezi (clothing)">Hezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezi_(clothing)" title="Hezi (clothing)">Moxiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maweiqun" title="Maweiqun">Maweiqun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lower garment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ku_(trousers)" title="Ku (trousers)">Ku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qun" title="Qun">Qun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidiequn" title="Baidiequn">Baidiequn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamianqun" title="Mamianqun">Mamianqun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daojiao_fushi" title="Daojiao fushi">Daojiao fushi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hanfu_headwear" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hanfu headwear">Headwear (list)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guan_(headwear)" title="Guan (headwear)">Guan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mianguan" title="Mianguan">Mianguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengguan" title="Fengguan">Fengguan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Futou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_official_headwear" title="Tang official headwear">Tang official headwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_official_headwear" class="mw-redirect" title="Song official headwear">Song official headwear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mao</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humao" title="Humao">Humao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damao_(hat)" title="Damao (hat)">Damao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liangmao" title="Liangmao">Liangmao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimao" title="Weimao">Weimao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujin_(headgear)" title="Fujin (headgear)">Fujin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangjin" title="Wangjin">Wangjin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hairpin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_hairpin" title="Chinese hairpin">Chinese hairpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyao" title="Buyao">Buyao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comb</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shubi_(comb)" title="Shubi (comb)">Shubi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Veil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honggaitou" title="Honggaitou">Honggaitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mili_(veil)" title="Mili (veil)">Mili</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanfu_footwear" title="Hanfu footwear">Footwear (list)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiuhuaxie" title="Xiuhuaxie">Xiuhuaxie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger-head_shoes" title="Tiger-head shoes">Tiger-head shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_shoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus shoes">Lotus shoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanfu_accessories" title="Hanfu accessories">Accessories (list)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Head</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingzi" title="Lingzi">Lingzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neck</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yingluo_(ornament)" title="Yingluo (ornament)">Yingluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunjian" title="Yunjian">Yunjian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongtianguanfu" title="Tongtianguanfu">Fangxingquling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shoulders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pibo" title="Pibo">Pibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiapei" title="Xiapei">Xiapei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yajin" title="Yajin">Yajin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoqun" title="Yaoqun">Yaoqun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lap</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bixi_(clothing)" title="Bixi (clothing)">Bixi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ribbons and knots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A0o_zi" title="Lào zi">Lào zi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebao" title="Hebao">Hebao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebao" title="Hebao">Xiangnang (fragrant sachet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_(ritual_baton)" title="Hu (ritual baton)">Hu (ritual baton)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_(tally)" title="Fu (tally)">Fu (tally)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_(tally)#Fish_tally/_yufu" title="Fu (tally)">Yufu (fish tally)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_(tally)#Yudai" title="Fu (tally)">Yudai (fish bag)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_fan" title="Hand fan">Folding fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuanshan" title="Tuanshan">Tuanshan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewellery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lock_charm" title="Lock charm">Longevity lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yupei" title="Yupei">Yupei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yupei#Jinbu_(禁步)" title="Yupei">Jinbu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimono" title="Kimono">Kimono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbok" title="Hanbok">Hanbok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryusou" title="Ryusou">Ryusou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing" title="Vietnamese clothing">Vietnamese clothing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance costume</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xifu_(Costume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xifu (Costume)">Xifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guzhuang_(costume)" title="Guzhuang (costume)"> Guzhuang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cosmetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huadian_(make-up)" title="Huadian (make-up)">Huadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hanfu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hanfu">List of Hanfu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hats_and_caps162" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hats" title="Template:Hats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hats" title="Template talk:Hats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hats_and_caps162" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hat" title="Hat">Hats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cap" title="Cap">caps</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_hat_styles" title="List of hat styles">List of hat styles</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_headgear" title="List of headgear">List of headgear</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western<br />culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formal_wear" title="Formal wear">Formal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartwheel_hat" title="Cartwheel hat">Cartwheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloche_hat" title="Cloche hat">Cloche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_hat" title="Cocktail hat">Cocktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doll_hat" title="Doll hat">Doll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draped_turban" title="Draped turban">Draped turban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_hat" title="Eugénie hat">Eugénie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascinator" title="Fascinator">Fascinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_hat" title="Half hat">Half</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halo_hat" title="Halo hat">Halo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliet_cap" title="Juliet cap">Juliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hat" title="Mushroom hat">Mushroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lampshade_hat" title="Lampshade hat">lampshade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picture_hat" title="Picture hat">Picture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peach_basket_hat" title="Peach basket hat">peach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillbox_hat" title="Pillbox hat">Pillbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam_cap" title="Tam cap">Tam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_hat" title="Top hat">Top</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opera_hat" title="Opera hat">opera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-formal_wear" title="Semi-formal wear">Semi-formal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homburg_hat" title="Homburg hat">Homburg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat" title="Anthony Eden hat">Anthony Eden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boater" title="Boater">Boater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowler_hat" title="Bowler hat">Bowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buntal_hat" title="Buntal hat">Buntal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Informal_wear" title="Informal wear">Informal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabbage-tree_hat" title="Cabbage-tree hat">Cabbage-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chupalla" title="Chupalla">Chupalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedora" title="Fedora">Fedora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trilby" title="Trilby">trilby</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_cap" title="Flat cap">Flat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coppola_cap" title="Coppola cap">coppola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsboy_cap" title="Newsboy cap">newsboy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_hat" title="Panama hat">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork_pie_hat" title="Pork pie hat">Pork pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cap" title="Smoking cap">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wideawake_hat" title="Wideawake hat">Wideawake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uniform" title="Uniform">Uniforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviator_hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviator hat">Aviator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearskin" title="Bearskin">Bearskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-boy_hat" title="Bell-boy hat">Bell-boy hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicorne" title="Bicorne">Bicorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cap" title="Black cap">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boonie_hat" title="Boonie hat">Boonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budenovka" title="Budenovka">Budenovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busby_(military_headdress)" title="Busby (military headdress)">Busby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_hat" title="Campaign hat">Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_comforter" title="Cap comforter">Cap comforter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappello_Alpino" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappello Alpino">Cappello Alpino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casquette_d%27Afrique" title="Casquette d'Afrique">Casquette d'Afrique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caubeen" title="Caubeen">Caubeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_Stetson" title="Cavalry Stetson">Cavalry Stetson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czapka" title="Czapka">Czapka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_hat" title="Doctoral hat">Doctoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_bonnet" title="Feather bonnet">Feather bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_cap" title="Forage cap">Forage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karvalakki" title="Karvalakki">karvalakki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_wedge_cap" title="Fur wedge cap">Fur wedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardee_hat" title="Hardee hat">Hardee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeep_cap" title="Jeep cap">Jeep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepi" title="Kepi">Kepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazepynka" title="Mazepynka">Mazepynka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse%27s_cap" title="Nurse's cap">Nurse's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_of_maintenance" title="Cap of maintenance">Maintenance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chapeau" title="Chapeau">Chapeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_beret" title="Military beret">Military beret</a>/<a href="/wiki/Uniform_beret" title="Uniform beret">Uniform beret</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_beret" title="Black beret">black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_beret" title="Blue beret">blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_beret" title="Green beret">green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroon_beret" title="Maroon beret">maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_beret" title="Red beret">red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_beret" title="Tan beret">tan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_cap" title="Patrol cap">Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaked_cap" title="Peaked cap">Peaked</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariner%27s_cap" title="Mariner's cap">mariner's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor_cap" title="Sailor cap">sailor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer%27s_hat" title="Printer's hat">Printer's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogatywka" title="Rogatywka">Rogatywka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shako" title="Shako">Shako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_cap" title="Side cap">Side</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titovka_(cap)" title="Titovka (cap)">titovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triglavka" title="Triglavka">triglavka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_cap" title="Ski cap">Ski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slouch_hat" title="Slouch hat">Slouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sou%27wester" title="Sou'wester">Sou'wester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_cap" title="Student cap">Student</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faluche" title="Faluche">faluche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_academic_cap" title="Square academic cap">Square academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricorne" title="Tricorne">Tricorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_cover" title="Utility cover">Utility cover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_clothing" title="Religious clothing">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_clothing" title="Christian clothing">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biretta" title="Biretta">Biretta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_cap" title="Canterbury cap">Canterbury</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camauro" title="Camauro">Camauro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capirote" title="Capirote">Capirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappello_romano" title="Cappello romano">Cappello romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capuchon" title="Capuchon">Capuchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christening_cap" title="Christening cap">Christening cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galero" title="Galero">Galero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_covering_for_Christian_women" title="Head covering for Christian women">Head covering for Christian women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_bonnet" title="Easter bonnet">Easter bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantilla" title="Mantilla">mantilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimple" title="Wimple">wimple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">Mitre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara">papal tiara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_hat" title="Pilgrim's hat">Pilgrim's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army_bonnet" title="Salvation Army bonnet">Salvation Army bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shovel_hat" title="Shovel hat">Shovel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zucchetto" title="Zucchetto">Zucchetto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klobuk" title="Klobuk">Klobuk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epanokalimavkion" title="Epanokalimavkion">epanokalimavkion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimavkion" title="Kalimavkion">kalimavkion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koukoulion" title="Koukoulion">koukoulion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skufia" title="Skufia">Skufia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashket" title="Kashket">Kashket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">Kippah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolpik" title="Kolpik">Kolpik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spodik" title="Spodik">Spodik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtreimel" title="Shtreimel">Shtreimel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Casual_wear" title="Casual wear">Casual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_hat" title="Animal hat">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascot_cap" title="Ascot cap">Ascot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barretina" title="Barretina">Barretina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beanie_(seamed_cap)" title="Beanie (seamed cap)">Beanie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beret" title="Beret">Beret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobble_hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobble hat">Bobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_(hat)" title="Breton (hat)">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucket_hat" title="Bucket hat">Bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_cap" title="Chilote cap">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_hat" title="Cowboy hat">Cowboy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boss_of_the_Plains" title="Boss of the Plains">Boss of the Plains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_hat" title="Fruit hat">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knit_cap" title="Knit cap">Knit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_cap" title="Monmouth cap">Monmouth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_hat" title="Party hat">Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shower_cap" title="Shower cap">Shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_foil_hat" title="Tin foil hat">Tin foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_hat" title="Umbrella hat">Umbrella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoopee_cap" title="Whoopee cap">Whoopee</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_cap" title="Cricket cap">Cricket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baggy_green" title="Baggy green">baggy green</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaclava_(clothing)" title="Balaclava (clothing)">Balaclava</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facekini" title="Facekini">facekini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_cap" title="Baseball cap">Baseball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trucker_hat" title="Trucker hat">trucker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_clip_hat" title="Bicycle clip hat">Bicycle clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casquette" title="Casquette">Casquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deerstalker" title="Deerstalker">Deerstalker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jockey%27s_cap" title="Jockey's cap">Horse racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mounteere_cap" title="Mounteere cap">Mounteere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_cap" title="Rally cap">Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_visor" title="Sports visor">Sports visor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_eyeshade" title="Green eyeshade">green eyeshade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormy_Kromer_cap" title="Stormy Kromer cap">Stormy Kromer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swim_cap" title="Swim cap">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo_cap" title="Water polo cap">Water polo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attifet" title="Attifet">Attifet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apex_(headdress)" title="Apex (headdress)">Apex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_hat" title="Beaver hat">Beaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berg%C3%A8re_hat" title="Bergère hat">Bergère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boudoir_cap" title="Boudoir cap">Boudoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyar_hat" title="Boyar hat">Boyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bycocket" title="Bycocket">Bycocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capotain" title="Capotain">Capotain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_hat" title="Cavalier hat">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_scuttle_bonnet" title="Coal scuttle bonnet">Coal scuttle bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coif" title="Coif">Coif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_Varden_(costume)" title="Dolly Varden (costume)">Dolly Varden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunce_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunce cap">Dunce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontange" title="Fontange">Fontange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_hood" title="French hood">French hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennin" title="Hennin">Hennin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kausia" title="Kausia">Kausia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoshnik" title="Kokoshnik">Kokoshnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_cap" title="Miner's cap">Miner's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobcap" title="Mobcap">Mob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modius_(headdress)" title="Modius (headdress)">Modius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_hat" title="Pamela hat">Pamela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petasos" title="Petasos">Petasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileus_(hat)" title="Pileus (hat)">Pileus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poke_bonnet" title="Poke bonnet">Poke bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_bumper_headguard_cap" title="Baby bumper headguard cap">Pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toque" title="Toque">Toque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hat" title="Witch hat">Witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gediminas%27_Cap" title="Gediminas' Cap">Gediminas' Cap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folk_costume" title="Folk costume">Folk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakhchin" title="Arakhchin">Arakhchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_conical_hat" title="Asian conical hat">Asian conical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aso_Oke_hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aso Oke hat">Aso Oke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_military_fur_wedge_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian military fur wedge cap">Astrakhan (hat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayam_(cap)" title="Ayam (cap)">Ayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmoral_bonnet" title="Balmoral bonnet">Balmoral bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-boy_hat" title="Bell-boy hat">Bell-boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beonggeoji" title="Beonggeoji">Beonggeoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadgaunle_Topi" title="Bhadgaunle Topi">Bhadgaunle Topi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birke_topi" title="Birke topi">Birke topi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blangkon" title="Blangkon">Blangkon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_bonnet_(hat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue bonnet (hat)">Blue bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapan" title="Chapan">Chapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chullo" title="Chullo">Chullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloured_hat" title="Coloured hat">Coloured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coonskin_cap" title="Coonskin cap">Coonskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_hat" title="Cork hat">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_topi" title="Dhaka topi">Dhaka topi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppa" title="Doppa">Doppa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cap" title="Dutch cap">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_dome" title="Energy dome">Energy dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fez_(hat)" title="Fez (hat)">Fez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Winds_hat" title="Four Winds hat">Four Winds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujin_(headgear)" title="Fujin (headgear)">Fujin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulani_hat" title="Fulani hat">Fulani</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Futou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_cap" title="Gandhi cap">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gat_(hat)" title="Gat (hat)">Gat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glengarry" title="Glengarry">Glengarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_tail-cap" title="Icelandic tail-cap">Icelandic tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaapi" title="Jaapi">Jaapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeongjagwan" title="Jeongjagwan">Jeongjagwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobawi" title="Jobawi">Jobawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpak" title="Kalpak">Kalpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakul_(hat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakul (hat)">Karakul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasa_(hat)" title="Kasa (hat)">Kasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashket" title="Kashket">Kashket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keffiyeh" title="Keffiyeh">Keffiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofia_(hat)" title="Kofia (hat)">Kofia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufi" title="Kufi">Kufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuma_(cap)" title="Kuma (cap)">Kuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labbadeh" title="Labbadeh">Labbadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lika_cap" title="Lika cap">Lika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malahai" title="Malahai">Malahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cap" title="Montenegrin cap">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montera_picona" title="Montera picona">Montera picona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooskappe" title="Mooskappe">Mooskappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambawi" title="Nambawi">Nambawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3n_quai_thao" class="mw-redirect" title="Nón quai thao">Nón quai thao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochipok" title="Ochipok">Ochipok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paag" title="Paag">Paag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_hat" title="Pahlavi hat">Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakol" title="Pakol">Pakol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papakha" title="Papakha">Papakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashteen_hat" title="Pashteen hat">Pashteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungcha" title="Pungcha">Pungcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qeleshe" title="Qeleshe">Qeleshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_official_headwear" title="Qing official headwear">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastacap" title="Rastacap">Rastacap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ajka%C4%8Da" title="Šajkača">Šajkača</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salako" title="Salako">Salako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salakot" title="Salakot">Salakot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senufo_bird" title="Senufo bird">Senufo bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyade" title="Shyade">Shyade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik_cap" title="Šibenik cap">Šibenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cap" title="Sindhi cap">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sombrero" title="Sombrero">Sombrero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sombrero_cala%C3%B1%C3%A9s" title="Sombrero calañés">sombrero calañés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordovan_hat" title="Cordovan hat">sombrero cordobés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite" title="Sombrero de catite">sombrero de catite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sombrero_vueltiao" title="Sombrero vueltiao">sombrero vueltiao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_official_headwear" class="mw-redirect" title="Song official headwear">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songkok" title="Songkok">Songkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormy_Kromer_cap" title="Stormy Kromer cap">Stormy Kromer cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_hat" title="Straw hat">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ubara" title="Šubara">Šubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_hat" title="Sun hat">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam_o%27_shanter_(cap)" title="Tam o' shanter (cap)">Tam o' shanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_official_headwear" title="Tang official headwear">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanggeon" title="Tanggeon">Tanggeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantour" title="Tantour">Tantour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)" title="Taqiyah (cap)">Taqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembel_hat" title="Tembel hat">Tembel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokin_(headwear)" title="Tokin (headwear)">Tokin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topor_(headgear)" title="Topor (headgear)">Topor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunokakushi" title="Tsunokakushi">Tsunokakushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubeteika" title="Tubeteika">Tubeteika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuque" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuque">Tuque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_hat" title="Tyrolean hat">Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upe" title="Upe">Upe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushanka" title="Ushanka">Ushanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_hat" title="Welsh hat">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanggwan" title="Yanggwan">Yanggwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wrapped<br />headwear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolnik" title="Apostolnik">Apostolnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashlyk" title="Bashlyk">Bashlyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birrus" title="Birrus">Birrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)" title="Bonnet (headgear)">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshiya" title="Boshiya">Boshiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">Burqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caul_(headgear)" title="Caul (headgear)">Caul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chador" title="Chador">Chador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaperon_(headgear)" title="Chaperon (headgear)">Chaperon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornette" title="Cornette">Cornette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do-rag" class="mw-redirect" title="Do-rag">Do-rag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumalla" title="Dumalla">Dumalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_turban" title="Hejazi turban">Emamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%A7onnella" title="Għonnella">Għonnella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gook_(headgear)" title="Gook (headgear)">Gook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugel" title="Gugel">Gugel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulle" title="Gulle">Gulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_burqa_sect" title="Haredi burqa sect">Haredi burqa sect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">Hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogeon" title="Hogeon">Hogeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_(headgear)" title="Hood (headgear)">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jang-ot" title="Jang-ot">Jang-ot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%83n_v%E1%BA%A5n" title="Khăn vấn">Khăn vấn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litham" title="Litham">Litham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_peta" title="Mysore peta">Mysore peta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b" title="Niqāb">Niqāb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagri_(turban)" title="Pagri (turban)">Pagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranja" title="Paranja">Paranja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheta" title="Pheta">Pheta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puneri_Pagadi" title="Puneri Pagadi">Puneri Pagadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roach_(headdress)" title="Roach (headdress)">Roach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snood_(headgear)" title="Snood (headgear)">Snood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudra_(headdress)" title="Sudra (headdress)">Sudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tichel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tichel">Tichel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudong" title="Tudong">Tudong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">Turban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veil" title="Veil">Veil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashmak" title="Yashmak">Yashmak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hat parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agal_(accessory)" title="Agal (accessory)">Agal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aigrette" title="Aigrette">Aigrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat_brim" title="Hat brim">Brim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumper_brim" title="Bumper brim">Bumper brim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_cord" title="Campaign cord">Campaign cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cointoise" title="Cointoise">Cointoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamsbart" title="Gamsbart">Gamsbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackle" title="Hackle">Hackle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lappet" title="Lappet">Lappet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plume_(feather)" title="Plume (feather)">Plume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpech" title="Sarpech">Sarpech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visor" title="Visor">Visor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accessories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockade" title="Cockade">Cockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">Feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat_box" title="Hat box">Hat box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatpin" title="Hatpin">Hatpin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_clothing437" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_clothing" title="Template:Historical clothing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_clothing" title="Template talk:Historical clothing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_clothing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical clothing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_clothing437" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Historical clothing</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Body-length</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolla" title="Abolla">Abolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyan_(clothing)" title="Banyan (clothing)">Banyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_(clothing)" title="Brunswick (clothing)">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Court uniform and dress in the Empire of Japan">Court dress (Empire of Japan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton_(costume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiton (costume)">Chiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frock" title="Frock">Frock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frock_coat" title="Frock coat">Frock coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanfu" title="Hanfu">Hanfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justacorps" title="Justacorps">Justacorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paenula" title="Paenula">Paenula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peplos" title="Peplos">Peplos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stola" title="Stola">Stola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">Toga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunic" title="Tunic">Tunic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xout_lao" title="Xout lao">Xout lao</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clothes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Clothes.jpg/150px-Clothes.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Clothes.jpg/225px-Clothes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Clothes.jpg/300px-Clothes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="2460" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Top_(clothing)" title="Top (clothing)">Tops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_(clothing)" title="Basque (clothing)">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedgown" title="Bedgown">Bedgown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodice" title="Bodice">Bodice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)" title="Doublet (clothing)">Doublet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peascod_belly" title="Peascod belly">Peascod belly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poet_shirt" title="Poet shirt">Poet shirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sbai" title="Sbai">Sbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suea_pat" title="Suea pat">Suea pat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trousers" title="Trousers">Trousers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braccae" title="Braccae">Braccae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeches" title="Breeches">Breeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben" title="Sompot Chong Kben">Sompot Chong Kben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culottes" title="Culottes">Culottes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_pants" title="Harem pants">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickerbockers_(clothing)" title="Knickerbockers (clothing)">Knickerbockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_pushers" title="Pedal pushers">Pedal pushers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zarag%C3%BCelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaragüelles (page does not exist)">Zaragüelles</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarag%C3%BCelles_(calzones)" class="extiw" title="es:Zaragüelles (calzones)">es</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skirt" title="Skirt">Skirts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobble_skirt" title="Hobble skirt">Hobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poodle_skirt" title="Poodle skirt">Poodle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safeguard_(costume)" title="Safeguard (costume)">Safeguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sompot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sompot">Sompot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)" title="Sinh (clothing)">Sinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_(clothing)" title="Train (clothing)">Train</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dress" title="Dress">Dresses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bliaut" title="Bliaut">Bliaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-bodied_gown" title="Close-bodied gown">Close-bodied gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debutante_dress" title="Debutante dress">Debutante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gown" title="Gown">Gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtle" title="Kirtle">Kirtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantua_(clothing)" title="Mantua (clothing)">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonaise_(clothing)" title="Polonaise (clothing)">Polonaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robe_de_cour" title="Robe de cour">Robe de cour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack-back_gown" title="Sack-back gown">Sack-back gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor_dress" title="Sailor dress">Sailor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_gown" title="Tea gown">Tea gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaju_chuishao_fu" title="Zaju chuishao fu">Zaju chuishao fu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_outerwear" title="List of outerwear">Outerwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capote_(garment)" title="Capote (garment)">Capote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_coat" title="Car coat">Car coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caraco" title="Caraco">Caraco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_cloak" title="Cardinal cloak">Cardinal cloak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamail_(clothing)" title="Chamail (clothing)">Chamail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamys" title="Chlamys">Chlamys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloak" title="Cloak">Cloak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinsale_cloak" title="Kinsale cloak">Kinsale cloak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolman" title="Dolman">Dolman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)" title="Doublet (clothing)">Doublet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duster_(clothing)" title="Duster (clothing)">Duster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exomis" title="Exomis">Exomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greatcoat" title="Greatcoat">Greatcoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himation" title="Himation">Himation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houppelande" title="Houppelande">Houppelande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness_cape" title="Inverness cape">Inverness cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerkin" title="Jerkin">Jerkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandys" title="Kandys">Kandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket" title="Mackinaw jacket">Mackinaw jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadiri" title="Nadiri">Nadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_jacket" title="Norfolk jacket">Norfolk jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-frock_coat" title="Over-frock coat">Overfrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1uelo" title="Pañuelo">Pañuelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palla_(garment)" title="Palla (garment)">Palla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallium_(Roman_cloak)" title="Pallium (Roman cloak)">Pallium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelisse" title="Pelisse">Pelisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poncho" title="Poncho">Poncho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadbelly" title="Shadbelly">Shadbelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawl" title="Shawl">Shawl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galway_shawl" title="Galway shawl">Galway shawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullu_shawl" title="Kullu shawl">Kullu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smock-frock" title="Smock-frock">Smock-frock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_(clothing)" title="Spencer (clothing)">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surcoat" title="Surcoat">Surcoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtout" title="Surtout">Surtout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_coat" title="Ulster coat">Ulster coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visite" title="Visite">Visite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witzchoura" title="Witzchoura">Witzchoura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Undergarment" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergarment">Underwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_(clothing)" title="Basque (clothing)">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustle" title="Bustle">Bustle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chausses" title="Chausses">Chausses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemise" title="Chemise">Chemise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codpiece" title="Codpiece">Codpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corselet" title="Corselet">Corselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corset" title="Corset">Corset</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waist_cincher" title="Waist cincher">Waist cincher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickey_(garment)" title="Dickey (garment)">Dickey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garter" title="Garter">Garter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoop_skirt" title="Hoop skirt">Hoop skirt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crinoline" title="Crinoline">Crinoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farthingale" title="Farthingale">Farthingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)" title="Pannier (clothing)">Pannier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_(clothing)" title="Hose (clothing)">Hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_bodice" title="Liberty bodice">Liberty bodice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loincloth" title="Loincloth">Loincloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_drawers" title="Open drawers">Open drawers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantalettes" title="Pantalettes">Pantalettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petticoat" title="Petticoat">Petticoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peignoir" title="Peignoir">Peignoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pettipants" title="Pettipants">Pettipants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_suit" title="Union suit">Union suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm" title="Yếm">Yếm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Headgear" title="Headgear">Headwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat" title="Anthony Eden hat">Anthony Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apex_(headdress)" title="Apex (headdress)">Apex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakhchin" title="Arakhchin">Arakhchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attifet" title="Attifet">Attifet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviator_hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviator hat">Aviator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_t%E1%BA%A7m" title="Ba tầm">Ba tầm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berg%C3%A8re_hat" title="Bergère hat">Bergère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_sword_and_hat" title="Blessed sword and hat">Blessed hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)" title="Bonnet (headgear)">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calathus_(basket)" title="Calathus (basket)">Calath crown (headdress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capotain" title="Capotain">Capotain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caubeen" title="Caubeen">Caubeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_hat" title="Cavalier hat">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coif" title="Coif">Coif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coonskin_cap" title="Coonskin cap">Coonskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornette" title="Cornette">Cornette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunce_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunce cap">Dunce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillet_(clothing)" title="Fillet (clothing)">Fillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_hood" title="French hood">French hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontange" title="Fontange">Fontange</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Futou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gable_hood" title="Gable hood">Gable hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennin" title="Hennin">Hennin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeongjagwan" title="Jeongjagwan">Jeongjagwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kausia" title="Kausia">Kausia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoshnik" title="Kokoshnik">Kokoshnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llawt%27u" title="Llawt'u">Llawt'u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malahai" title="Malahai">Malahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matron%27s_badge" title="Matron's badge">Matron's badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_cap" title="Miner's cap">Miner's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobcap" title="Mobcap">Mob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modius_(headdress)" title="Modius (headdress)">Modius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_cap" title="Monmouth cap">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooskappe" title="Mooskappe">Mooskappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motoring_hood" title="Motoring hood">Motoring hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mounteere_Cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Mounteere Cap">Mounteere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemes" title="Nemes">Nemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightcap_(garment)" title="Nightcap (garment)">Nightcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochipok" title="Ochipok">Ochipok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_hat" title="Pahlavi hat">Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petasos" title="Petasos">Petasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileus_(hat)" title="Pileus (hat)">Pileus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer%27s_hat" title="Printer's hat">Printer's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_bumper_headguard_cap" title="Baby bumper headguard cap">Pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qeleshe" title="Qeleshe">Qeleshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_official_headwear" title="Qing official headwear">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salakot" title="Salakot">Salakot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snood_(headgear)" title="Snood (headgear)">Snood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cap" title="Smoking cap">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephane_(headdress)" title="Stephane (headdress)">Stephane (headdress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tainia_(costume)" title="Tainia (costume)">Tainia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranga_(clothing)" title="Taranga (clothing)">Taranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Wig" title="Welsh Wig">Welsh Wig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimple" title="Wimple">Wimple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Footwear" title="Footwear">Footwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buskin" title="Buskin">Buskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcei" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcei">Calcei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligae" title="Caligae">Caligae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbatina" title="Carbatina">Carbatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanfu_footwear" title="Hanfu footwear">Chinese styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopine" title="Chopine">Chopines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duckbill_shoe" title="Duckbill shoe">Duckbills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_sandals" title="Episcopal sandals">Episcopal sandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_(boot)" title="Hessian (boot)">Hessian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_shoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus shoes">Lotus shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_platform_shoes" title="Manchu platform shoes">Manchu platform shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampootie" title="Pampootie">Pampooties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patten_(shoe)" title="Patten (shoe)">Pattens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigache" title="Pigache">Pigaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poulaine" title="Poulaine">Poulaines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socci" class="mw-redirect" title="Socci">Socci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger-head_shoes" title="Tiger-head shoes">Tiger-head shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnshoe" title="Turnshoe">Turnshoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fashion_accessory" title="Fashion accessory">Accessories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascot_tie" title="Ascot tie">Ascot tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_hook" title="Belt hook">Belt hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cointoise" title="Cointoise">Cointoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cravat_(early)" title="Cravat (early)">Cravat (early)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairpin" title="Hairpin">Hairpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatpin" title="Hatpin">Hatpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabot_(neckwear)" title="Jabot (neckwear)">Jabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pussy_bow" title="Pussy bow">Lavallière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)" title="Muff (handwarmer)">Muff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oes" title="Oes">Oes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partlet" title="Partlet">Partlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfumed_gloves" title="Perfumed gloves">Perfumed gloves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruff_(clothing)" title="Ruff (clothing)">Ruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_buckle" title="Shoe buckle">Shoe buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visard" title="Visard">Visard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F458.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/28px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/42px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/56px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Clothing" title="Portal:Clothing">Clothing portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crowns241" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crowns" title="Template:Crowns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crowns" title="Template talk:Crowns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crowns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crowns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crowns241" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crowns</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Albania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_of_Skanderbeg#The_helmet" title="Arms of Skanderbeg">Helmet of Skanderbeg</a> (Vienna)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archducal_hat" title="Archducal hat">Archducal hat of Austria</a> (Klosterneuburg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Austria" title="Imperial Crown of Austria">Imperial Crown of Austria</a> (Vienna)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brilliant_Crown_of_Empress_Elisabeth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brilliant Crown of Empress Elisabeth (page does not exist)">Brilliant Crown of Empress Elisabeth</a> (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brillantkrone_der_Kaiserin_Elisabeth_von_%C3%96sterreich" class="extiw" title="de:Brillantkrone der Kaiserin Elisabeth von Österreich">de</a>) (missing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archducal_hat_of_Tyrol" title="Archducal hat of Tyrol">Archducal hat of Tyrol</a> (Mariastein)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducal_hat_of_Styria" title="Ducal hat of Styria">Ducal hat of Styria</a> (Graz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archducal_hat_of_Joseph_II" title="Archducal hat of Joseph II">Archducal hat of Joseph II</a> (Vienna)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Saint_Wenceslas" title="Crown of Saint Wenceslas">Crown of Saint Wenceslas</a> (Prague)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aroda_Treasure" title="Środa Treasure">Crown of the Środa Treasure</a> (Środa Śląska)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Pedro_I" title="Crown of Pedro I">Crown of Pedro I</a> (Petrópolis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Brazil" title="Imperial Crown of Brazil">Imperial Crown of Brazil</a> (Petrópolis)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronet_of_the_Imperial_Prince_of_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coronet of the Imperial Prince of Brazil (page does not exist)">Coronet of the Imperial Prince of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronet_of_Laurels_of_Princess_Isabel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coronet of Laurels of Princess Isabel (page does not exist)">Coronet of Laurels of Princess Isabel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Princess_Blanche" title="Crown of Princess Blanche">Crown of Princess Blanche</a> (Munich)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York#Crown_of_Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Crown of Margaret of York</a> (Aachen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Scotland" title="Crown of Scotland">Crown of Scotland</a> (Edinburgh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Edward%27s_Crown" title="St Edward's Crown">St Edward's Crown</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Crown_of_Mary_of_Modena" title="State Crown of Mary of Modena">State Crown of Mary of Modena</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Crown" title="Tudor Crown">Tudor Crown</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_James_I" title="Crown of James I">Crown of James I</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Crown_of_Charles_II" title="State Crown of Charles II">State Crown of Charles II</a> (broken up)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Crown_of_George_I" title="State Crown of George I">State Crown of George I</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronet_of_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronet of Frederick, Prince of Wales">Coronet of Frederick, Prince of Wales</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_Crown_of_George_IV" title="Coronation Crown of George IV">Coronation Crown of George IV</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Diadem" title="Diamond Diadem">Diamond Diadem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Queen_Adelaide" title="Crown of Queen Adelaide">Crown of Queen Adelaide</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_State_Crown" title="Imperial State Crown">Imperial State Crown</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Diamond_Crown_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Small Diamond Crown of Queen Victoria">Small Diamond Crown of Queen Victoria</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Queen_Alexandra" title="Crown of Queen Alexandra">Crown of Queen Alexandra</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronet_of_George,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronet of George, Prince of Wales">Coronet of George, Prince of Wales</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Queen_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Queen Mary">Crown of Queen Mary</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_India" title="Imperial Crown of India">Imperial Crown of India</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronet_of_Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Coronet of Charles, Prince of Wales">Coronet of Charles, Prince of Wales</a> (London)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgaria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Crown_of_Bulgaria" title="Diamond Crown of Bulgaria">Diamond Crown of Bulgaria</a> (missing)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Futou</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yishanguan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yishanguan (page does not exist)">Yishanguan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongtianguanfu" title="Tongtianguanfu">Tongtianguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianguan" title="Mianguan">Mianguan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colombia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Andes" title="Crown of the Andes">Crown of the Andes</a> (New York City)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Crown of Simón Bolívar">Crown of Simón Bolívar</a> (Bogotá)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_C%C3%B3rdova" title="Crown of José María Córdova">Crown of José María Córdova</a> (Rionegro)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Croatia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Zvonimir" title="Crown of Zvonimir">Crown of Zvonimir</a> (missing)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Christian_IV" title="Crown of Christian IV">Crown of Christian IV</a> (Copenhagen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Christian_V" title="Crown of Christian V">Crown of Christian V</a> (Copenhagen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Crown_Regalia#The_queen's_crown" title="Danish Crown Regalia">Crown of the Queen</a> (Copenhagen)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Charlemagne" title="Crown of Charlemagne">Crown of Charlemagne</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Saint_Louis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Saint Louis (page does not exist)">Crown of Saint Louis</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Henry_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Henry IV (page does not exist)">Crown of Henry IV</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Louis_XV_of_France" title="Crown of Louis XV of France">Crown of Louis XV</a> (Paris)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Napoleon" title="Crown of Napoleon">Crown of Napoleon I</a> (Paris)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Napoleon_III" title="Crown of Napoleon III">Crown of Napoleon III</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Empress_Eug%C3%A9nie" title="Crown of Empress Eugénie">Crown of Empress Eugénie</a> (Paris)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_State_Crown" title="German State Crown">German State Crown</a> (heraldic)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Baden" title="Crown of Baden">Grand Ducal Crown of Baden</a> (Karlsruhe)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Bavaria" title="Crown of Bavaria">Royal Crown of Bavaria</a> (Munich)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_the_Queen_of_Bavaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of the Queen of Bavaria (page does not exist)">Crown of the Queen of Bavaria</a> (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krone_der_bayerischen_K%C3%B6nigin" class="extiw" title="de:Krone der bayerischen Königin">de</a>) (Munich)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Queen_Therese_of_Bavaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Queen Therese of Bavaria (page does not exist)">Crown of Queen Therese of Bavaria</a> (Munich)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_Hat_of_Brandenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electoral Hat of Brandenburg (page does not exist)">Electoral Hat of Brandenburg</a> (Berlin)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Brunswick-Lüneburg</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ducal_Crown_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ducal Crown of Brunswick-Lüneburg (page does not exist)">Ducal Crown of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Crown_of_Hanover&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Crown of Hanover (page does not exist)">Royal Crown of Hanover</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wendish_Crown" title="Wendish Crown">Wendish Crown</a> (heraldic)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Crown of Frederick I of Prussia">Crown of Frederick I</a> (Berlin)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Sophia_Charlotte_of_Hanover&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Sophia Charlotte of Hanover (page does not exist)">Crown of Sophia Charlotte of Hanover</a> (Berlin)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Wilhelm_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Wilhelm I (page does not exist)">Crown of Wilhelm I</a> (missing)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Queen_Augusta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Queen Augusta (page does not exist)">Crown of Queen Augusta</a> (missing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Wilhelm_II" title="Crown of Wilhelm II">Crown of Wilhelm II</a> (Hohenzollern Castle)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_Hat_of_Saxony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electoral Hat of Saxony (page does not exist)">Electoral Hat of Saxony</a> (Dresden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Crown of Augustus II the Strong">Crown of Augustus II the Strong</a> (Dresden)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funeral_Crown_of_Augustus_II_the_Strong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Funeral Crown of Augustus II the Strong (page does not exist)">Funeral Crown of Augustus II the Strong</a> (Dresden)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Crown Jewels of Württemberg">Royal Crown of Württemberg</a> (Stuttgart)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_crown_jewels" title="Greek crown jewels">Crown of Greece</a> (Athens)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Faustin_I" title="Crown of Faustin I">Crown of Faustin I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Hawaii" title="Crown of Hawaii">Crown of King Kalākaua</a> (Honolulu)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Queen_Kapi%CA%BBolani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Queen Kapiʻolani (page does not exist)">Crown of Queen Kapiʻolani</a> (Honolulu)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman<br />Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire">Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire</a> (Vienna)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Crown" title="Iron Crown">Iron Crown</a> (Monza)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Austria" title="Imperial Crown of Austria">Crown of Rudolf II</a> (Vienna)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crowns_of_Charles_VII" title="Imperial Crowns of Charles VII">Imperial Crowns of Charles VII</a> (Munich)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essen_Crown" title="Essen Crown">Essen Crown</a> (Essen)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reliquary_Crown_of_John_the_Baptist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reliquary Crown of John the Baptist (page does not exist)">Reliquary Crown of John the Baptist</a> (Aachen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Charlemagne" title="Bust of Charlemagne">Reliquary Crown of Charlemagne</a> (Aachen)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Empress_Cunigunde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Empress Cunigunde (page does not exist)">Crown of Empress Cunigunde</a> (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krone_der_Kaiserin_Kunigunde" class="extiw" title="de:Krone der Kaiserin Kunigunde">de</a>) (Munich)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lily_Crown_of_Empress_Cunigunde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lily Crown of Empress Cunigunde (page does not exist)">Lily Crown of Empress Cunigunde</a> (Munich)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliquary_Crown_of_Henry_II" title="Reliquary Crown of Henry II">Reliquary Crown of Henry II</a> (Munich)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salian_Funeral_Crowns_of_Spires&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salian Funeral Crowns of Spires (page does not exist)">Salian Funeral Crowns of Spires</a> (Speyer)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reliquary_Crown_of_Otto_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reliquary Crown of Otto II (page does not exist)">Reliquary Crown of Otto II</a> (Halle (Saale))</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Papal tiaras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Papier-mâché Tiara</a> (Vatican City)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Tiara" title="Napoleon Tiara">Napoleon Tiara</a> (Vatican City)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Tiara of Pope Pius IX (1846)</a> (Vatican City)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Spanish Tiara</a> (Vatican City)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Tiara of Pope Pius IX</a> (Notre Dame, Indiana)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Palatine Tiara</a> (Vatican City)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Tiara of Pope John XXIII</a> (Bergamo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Tiara of Pope Paul VI</a> (Washington, D.C.)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown of Hungary</a> (Budapest)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Stephen_Bocskai" title="Crown of Stephen Bocskai">Crown of Stephen Bocskai</a> (Vienna)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_crowns" title="Sasanian crowns">Sasanian crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress%27s_Crown" title="Empress's Crown">Empress's Crown</a> (Tehran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiani_Crown" title="Kiani Crown">Kiani Crown</a> (Tehran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Crown" title="Pahlavi Crown">Pahlavi Crown</a> (Tehran)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Crown" title="Iron Crown">Iron Crown</a> (Monza)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Crown_of_Savoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Crown of Savoy (page does not exist)">Royal Crown of Savoy</a> (<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_d%27Italia#XXI_secolo" class="extiw" title="it:Corona d'Italia">it</a>) (Turin)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Theodelinda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Theodelinda (page does not exist)">Crown of Theodelinda</a> (<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_di_Teodolinda" class="extiw" title="it:Corona di Teodolinda">it</a>) (Monza)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Ducal_Crown_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Ducal Crown of Tuscany">Grand Ducal Crown of Tuscany</a> (missing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Aragon,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Constance of Aragon, Holy Roman Empress">Crown of Constance of Sicily</a> (Palermo)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surviving_Portions_of_Ornaments_for_Imperial_Ceremonial_Attire_and_Crowns" title="Surviving Portions of Ornaments for Imperial Ceremonial Attire and Crowns">Imperial Crowns of Emperor Shōmu and Empress Kōmyō</a> (Surviving Portions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benkan" title="Benkan">Benkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benkan_of_Emperor_K%C5%8Dmei" title="Benkan of Emperor Kōmei">Emperor Kōmei Variant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanmuri_(headwear)" title="Kanmuri (headwear)">Kanmuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikan" title="Raikan">Raikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Empress_Go-Sakuramachi" title="Imperial Crown of Empress Go-Sakuramachi">Imperial Crown of Empress Go-Sakuramachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Baekje" title="Crown of Baekje">Crown of Baekje</a> (Gongju)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Gaya" title="Crown of Gaya">Crown of Gaya</a> (Yongin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Crowns of Silla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Silla#Lists_of_Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Gold Crown of Geumgwanchong</a> (Gyeongju)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Silla#Lists_of_Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Gold Crown of Cheonmachong</a> (Gyeongju)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Silla#Lists_of_Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Gold Crown of Hwangnamdaechong</a> (Seoul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Silla#Lists_of_Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Gold Crown of Geumnyeongchong Tumulus</a> (Seoul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Silla#Lists_of_Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Gold Crown of Seobongchong Tumulus</a> (Gyeongju)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Silla#Lists_of_Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Silver Crown</a> (Gyeongju)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ducal_hat_of_Liechtenstein" title="Ducal hat of Liechtenstein">Ducal hat of Liechtenstein</a> (missing; replica: Vaduz)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lithuania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gediminas%27_Cap" title="Gediminas' Cap">Gediminas' Cap</a> (missing)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Madagascar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Madagascar (page does not exist)">Crown of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Ranavalona_III" title="Crown of Ranavalona III">Crown of Ranavalona III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Mexico#First_Mexican_Empire" title="Imperial Crown of Mexico">Imperial Crown of Mexico (First Mexican Empire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Mexico#Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Imperial Crown of Mexico">Imperial Crown of Mexico (Second Mexican Empire)</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Mexico" title="Imperial Crown of Mexico">Funerary crown of Maximilian I</a> (Vienna)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Netherlands" title="Crown of the Netherlands">Crown of the Netherlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Crown_Prince%27s_Coronet" title="Norwegian Crown Prince's Coronet">Norwegian Crown Prince's Coronet</a> (Trondheim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Norway" title="Crown of Norway">Crown of Norway</a> (Trondheim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Norway%27s_Crown" title="Queen of Norway's Crown">Crown of the Queen of Norway</a> (Trondheim)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave" title="Crown of Bolesław I the Brave">Crown of Bolesław I the Brave</a> (destroyed; replica: Stará Ľubovňa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Crown" title="Swedish Crown">Swedish Crown</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovy_Crown" title="Muscovy Crown">Muscovy Crown</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Crown" title="Hungarian Crown">Hungarian Crown</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homagial_Crown" title="Homagial Crown">Homagial Crown</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_Crown" title="Funeral Crown">Funeral Crown</a> (missing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Crown" title="Queen's Crown">Queen's Crown</a> (destroyed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Crown of Augustus II the Strong">Crown of Augustus II</a> (Dresden)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funeral_Crown_of_Augustus_II_the_Strong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Funeral Crown of Augustus II the Strong (page does not exist)">Funeral Crown of Augustus II</a> (Dresden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Crown of Augustus III of Poland">Crown of Augustus III</a> (Warsaw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Queen_Maria_Josepha" title="Crown of Queen Maria Josepha">Crown of Maria Josepha</a> (Warsaw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%82ock_Diadem" title="Płock Diadem">Płock Diadem</a> (Płock)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Jo%C3%A3o_VI" title="Crown of João VI">Crown of João VI</a> (Lisbon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadem_of_the_Stars" title="Diadem of the Stars">Diadem of the Stars</a> (Lisbon)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Romania" title="Regalia of Romania">Crown of Elisabeta</a> (Bucharest)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Romania" title="Regalia of Romania">Crown of Maria</a> (Bucharest)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_Crown_of_Romania" title="Steel Crown of Romania">Steel Crown of Romania</a> (Bucharest)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monomakh%27s_Cap" title="Monomakh's Cap">"Cap of Monomakh"</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Kazan_Tzardom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Kazan Tzardom (page does not exist)">Crown of Kazan Tzardom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Tsar_Michael_Fyodorovich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Tsar Michael Fyodorovich (page does not exist)">Crown of Tsar Michael Fyodorovich</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cap_of_Monomakh_of_the_second_set&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cap of Monomakh of the second set (page does not exist)">Cap of Monomakh of the second set</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diamond_Crown_of_Tsar_Peter_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diamond Crown of Tsar Peter I (page does not exist)">Diamond Crown of Tsar Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diamond_Crown_of_Tsar_Ivan_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diamond Crown of Tsar Ivan V (page does not exist)">Diamond Crown of Tsar Ivan V</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altabas_crown_of_the_third_set&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altabas crown of the third set (page does not exist)">Altabas crown of the third set</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Empress_Catherine_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Empress Catherine I (page does not exist)">Crown of Empress Catherine I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Empress_Anna_Ivanovna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Empress Anna Ivanovna (page does not exist)">Crown of Empress Anna Ivanovna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_crown_of_Russia" title="Imperial crown of Russia">Great Imperial Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maltese_Crown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maltese Crown (page does not exist)">Maltese Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Small_Imperial_Crown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Small Imperial Crown (page does not exist)">Small Imperial Crown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Serbia#Karađorđević_Crown" title="Regalia of Serbia">Karađorđević Crown</a> (Belgrade)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Serbia#Nemanjić_Crowns" title="Regalia of Serbia">Nemanjić Crowns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Serbia#Nemanjić_Crowns" title="Regalia of Serbia">Crown of Stefan Uroš III</a> (Cetinje)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Stephen_Bocskai" title="Crown of Stephen Bocskai">Crown of Stephen Bocskai</a> (Vienna)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Spain" title="Regalia of Spain">Royal Crown of Spain</a> (heraldic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Spain" title="Regalia of Spain">Royal Crown of Spain (Tumular Crown)</a> (Madrid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Sancho_IV" title="Crown of Sancho IV">Crown of Sancho IV</a> (Toledo)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Isabella_I_of_Castile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Isabella I of Castile (page does not exist)">Crown of Isabella I of Castile</a> (Granada)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_the_Crowned_Virgin_of_the_Kings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of the Crowned Virgin of the Kings (page does not exist)">Crown of the Crowned Virgin of the Kings</a> (Seville)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_the_Virgin_of_the_Tabernacle_of_Toledo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of the Virgin of the Tabernacle of Toledo (page does not exist)">Crown of the Virgin of the Tabernacle of Toledo</a> (Toledo)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sweden</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Eric_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Eric XIV">Crown of Eric XIV</a> (Stockholm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Sweden#Crown,_scepter_and_orb_of_the_queen_consort" title="Regalia of Sweden">Crown of the Queen</a> (Stockholm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Sweden#Crown_of_Queen_Christina" title="Regalia of Sweden">Crown of Queen Christina</a> (Stockholm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Sweden#Crown_Prince_coronet" title="Regalia of Sweden">Crown of the Heir Apparent</a> (Stockholm)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Tahiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Tahiti (page does not exist)">Crown of Tahiti</a> (Punaauia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Tonga" title="Crown of Tonga">Crown of Tonga</a> (Nukuʻalofa)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Rus" title="Crown of Rus">Crown of Rus</a> (missing)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Africa</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Egypt" title="Crowns of Egypt">Crowns of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silver_Crown_of_Emperor_Tewodros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silver Crown of Emperor Tewodros (page does not exist)">Silver Crown of Emperor Tewodros</a> (Ethiopia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Asia</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raven_Crown" title="Raven Crown">Raven Crown</a> (Bhutan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shripech" title="Shripech">Shripech</a> (Nepal)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_Sri_Vikrama_Rajasinha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown of Sri Vikrama Rajasinha (page does not exist)">Crown of Sri Vikrama Rajasinha</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Crown_of_Victory" title="Great Crown of Victory">Great Crown of Victory</a> (Thailand)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_jewels" title="Crown jewels">Crown jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">Heir apparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">Heir 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