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id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Início</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Táticas_de_infantaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Táticas_de_infantaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Táticas de infantaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Táticas_de_infantaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ver_também" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ver_também"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ver também</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ver_também-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referências" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referências"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referências</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referências-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Índice" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Guerra de trincheiras</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 55 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loopgraaf" title="Loopgraaf — africanês" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Loopgraaf" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="africanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%82" title="حرب الخنادق — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب الخنادق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_trincheres" title="Guerra de trincheres — asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra de trincheres" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Пазіцыйная вайна — bielorrusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пазіцыйная вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Пазыцыйная вайна — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пазыцыйная вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Окопна война — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Окопна война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_trinxeres" title="Guerra de trinxeres — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra de trinxeres" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1" title="سەنگەر — curdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەنگەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1kopov%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Zákopová válka — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zákopová válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfela_mewn_ffosydd" title="Rhyfela mewn ffosydd — galês" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyfela mewn ffosydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabenkrieg" title="Grabenkrieg — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grabenkrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Trench warfare" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tran%C4%89ea_milito" title="Tranĉea milito — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tranĉea milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_trincheras" title="Guerra de trincheras — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra de trincheras" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaevikus%C3%B5da" title="Kaevikusõda — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaevikusõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubaki-gerra" title="Lubaki-gerra — basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lubaki-gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="سنگر — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنگر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asemasota" title="Asemasota — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Asemasota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_de_tranch%C3%A9es" title="Guerre de tranchées — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre de tranchées" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coga%C3%ADocht_trins%C3%AD" title="Cogaíocht trinsí — irlandês" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cogaíocht trinsí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_trincheiras" title="Guerra de trincheiras — galego" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra de trincheiras" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="מלחמת חפירות — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת חפירות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="खाई युद्ध — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खाई युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovovsko_ratovanje" title="Rovovsko ratovanje — croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rovovsko ratovanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bom"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6v%C3%A9sz%C3%A1rok-hadvisel%C3%A9s" title="Lövészárok-hadviselés — húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lövészárok-hadviselés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_parit" title="Perang parit — indonésio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang parit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trancheo-milito" title="Trancheo-milito — ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Trancheo-milito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotgrafaherna%C3%B0ur" title="Skotgrafahernaður — islandês" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skotgrafahernaður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_di_trincea" title="Guerra di trincea — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra di trincea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%B9%E5%A3%95" title="塹壕 — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="塹壕" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="სანგარი — georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სანგარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7" title="ಕಂದಕ ಯುದ್ಧ — canarim" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಂದಕ ಯುದ್ಧ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="canarim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B8%ED%98%B8%EC%A0%84" title="참호전 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="참호전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_stativum" title="Bellum stativum — latim" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bellum stativum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozicinis_karas" title="Pozicinis karas — lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pozicinis karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poz%C4%ABciju_kar%C5%A1" title="Pozīciju karš — letão" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pozīciju karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peperangan_kubu_parit" title="Peperangan kubu parit — malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Peperangan kubu parit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loopgravenoorlog" title="Loopgravenoorlog — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Loopgravenoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bom"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyttergravskrig" title="Skyttergravskrig — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skyttergravskrig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_de_trencadas" title="Guèrra de trencadas — occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra de trencadas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_pozycyjna" title="Wojna pozycyjna — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna pozycyjna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboi_de_tran%C8%99ee" title="Război de tranșee — romeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Război de tranșee" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Позиционная война — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Позиционная война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Trench warfare" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1kopov%C3%A1_vojna" title="Zákopová vojna — eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zákopová vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozicijska_vojna" title="Pozicijska vojna — esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pozicijska vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_n%C3%AB_llogore" title="Lufta në llogore — albanês" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta në llogore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovovsko_ratovanje" title="Rovovsko ratovanje — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Rovovsko ratovanje" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo recomendado"><a 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%86%DB%81_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="مورچہ بند جنگ — urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مورچہ بند جنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_chi%E1%BA%BFn_h%C3%A0o" title="Chiến tranh chiến hào — vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh chiến hào" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%91%E5%A3%95%E6%88%98" title="堑壕战 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="堑壕战" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pt" dir="ltr"><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks hlist" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);color:inherit;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width:22em;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0.4em 0"></td></tr><tr><td style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em">Parte de uma série sobre a</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Guerra" title="Guerra">Guerra</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Willewalde_-_Czar%27s_Guard_capture_4th_line_regiment%27s_standard_at_Austerlitz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Hist%C3%B3ria_militar_por_per%C3%ADodo" title="Categoria:História militar por período">Períodos</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_na_Pr%C3%A9-Hist%C3%B3ria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guerra na Pré-História (página não existe)">Pré-História</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerra_e_armamento_da_Antiguidade" title="Guerra e armamento da Antiguidade">Antiguidade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerra_na_Idade_M%C3%A9dia" title="Guerra na Idade Média">Idade Média</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_na_Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Industrial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guerra na Revolução Industrial (página não existe)">Revolução Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_na_Idade_Contempor%C3%A2nea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guerra na Idade Contemporânea (página não existe)">Contemporânea</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Teatro_de_opera%C3%A7%C3%B5es" title="Teatro de operações">Campo de batalha</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerra_a%C3%A9rea" title="Guerra aérea">Ar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerra_naval" title="Guerra naval">Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerra_terrestre" title="Guerra terrestre">Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerra_urbana" title="Guerra urbana">Urbano</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;color:inherit"><a 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title="Combate corpo a corpo">Corpo a corpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invas%C3%A3o" title="Invasão">Invasão</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_de_uni%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guerra de união (página não existe)">União</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerra_de_manobra" title="Guerra de manobra">Manobra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Estrat%C3%A9gia_militar" title="Estratégia militar">Estratégia</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gavi%C3%B5es_de_guerra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaviões de guerra (página não existe)">Gaviões de guerra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerra_de_exaust%C3%A3o" title="Guerra de exaustão">Exaustão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conten%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Contenção">Contenção</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_econ%C3%B3mica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guerra económica (página não existe)">Guerra económica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filosofia_da_guerra" title="Filosofia da guerra">Filosofia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerra_total" title="Guerra total">Guerra total</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;color:inherit">Organização</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comando_e_controlo" class="mw-redirect" title="Comando e controlo">Comando e controlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engenharia_militar" title="Engenharia militar">Engenharia militar</a></li> <li><a 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style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;color:inherit">Outros</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercen%C3%A1rio" title="Mercenário">Mercenário</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_militar" title="Operação militar">Operação militar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiga%C3%A7%C3%A3o_operacional" title="Investigação operacional">Investigação operacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerra_santa" title="Guerra santa">Guerra santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerra_da_informa%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Guerra da informação">Guerra da informação</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerra_por_procura%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Guerra por procuração">Procuração</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guerra de trincheiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciberguerra" title="Ciberguerra">Ciberguerra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerra_assim%C3%A9trica" title="Guerra assimétrica">Assimétrica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_militar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia militar (página não existe)">Academia militar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantaria_mecanizada" title="Infantaria mecanizada">Infantaria mecanizada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerra_n%C3%A3o_convencional" title="Guerra não convencional">Guerra não convencional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerra_fria_(termo)" title="Guerra fria (termo)">Guerra fria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuten%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_paz" class="mw-redirect" title="Manutenção de paz">Manutenção de paz</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;color:inherit">Governo e políticas</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscri%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Conscrição">Conscrição</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golpe_de_Estado" title="Golpe de Estado">Golpe de Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditadura_militar" title="Ditadura militar">Ditadura militar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_marcial" title="Lei marcial">Lei marcial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarismo" title="Militarismo">Militarismo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Listas_de_guerras_por_regi%C3%A3o" title="Categoria:Listas de guerras por região">Regiões conflituosas</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflitos_no_Chifre_da_%C3%81frica" title="Conflitos no Chifre da África">Chifre da África</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflitos_no_C%C3%A1ucaso" title="Conflitos no Cáucaso">Cáucaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflitos_no_Oriente_M%C3%A9dio" title="Conflitos no Oriente Médio">Oriente Médio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerras_na_Indochina" title="Guerras na Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lista_de_conflitos_modernos_no_Norte_da_%C3%81frica" title="Lista de conflitos modernos no Norte da África">Norte da África</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflitos_p%C3%B3s-sovi%C3%A9ticos" title="Conflitos pós-soviéticos">Ex-repúblicas soviéticas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Listas_de_t%C3%B3picos_militares" title="Categoria:Listas de tópicos militares">Listas</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_de_armas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista de armas (página não existe)">Armas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lista_de_batalhas" title="Lista de batalhas">Batalhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lista_de_guerras" title="Lista de guerras">Guerras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lista_de_guerras_civis" title="Lista de guerras civis">Guerras civis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lista_de_guerras_de_independ%C3%AAncia_(liberta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_nacional)" title="Lista de guerras de independência (libertação nacional)">Guerras de independência</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding-top: 0.6em;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Guerra" title="Predefinição:Guerra"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Guerra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Guerra (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Guerra&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Guerra de trincheiras</b> é um tipo de <a href="/wiki/Guerra" title="Guerra">guerra</a> terrestre utilizando linhas ocupadas consistidas principalmente de <a href="/wiki/Trincheira" title="Trincheira">trincheiras</a>, onde as <a href="/wiki/Tropa" title="Tropa">tropas</a> que lá estão desfrutam de uma posição bem protegida contra ataques de <a href="/wiki/Proj%C3%A9til" title="Projétil">projéteis</a> <a href="/wiki/Bal%C3%ADstico" class="mw-redirect" title="Balístico">balísticos</a> inimigos, como <a href="/wiki/Armas_de_fogo" class="mw-redirect" title="Armas de fogo">armas de fogo</a> pequenas e <a href="/wiki/Artilharia" title="Artilharia">artilharias</a>. O caso de luta de trincheira mais conhecido ocorreu na <a href="/wiki/Frente_Ocidental_(Primeira_Guerra_Mundial)" title="Frente Ocidental (Primeira Guerra Mundial)">Frente Ocidental da Primeira Guerra Mundial</a>. Este conflito foi marcado pela "guerra parada", consistido de ataques de <a href="/wiki/Baioneta" title="Baioneta">baionetas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guerra_de_atrito" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerra de atrito">luta de atrito</a>, cercos e ofensivas inúteis para tentar expulsar o inimigo da sua trincheira.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A guerra de trincheiras durante a <a href="/wiki/Primeira_Grande_Guerra" class="mw-redirect" title="Primeira Grande Guerra">Primeira Grande Guerra</a> causou uma revolução em termos de <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1tica" title="Tática">táticas</a> e poder de fogo, para superar as defesas paradas do inimigo. Numa luta de trincheiras, o defensor tem sempre a vantagem.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Na Frente Ocidental (1914–1918), ambos os lados do conflito construíram uma série de trincheiras fortificadas e buracos com posições de <a href="/wiki/Metralhadora" title="Metralhadora">metralhadoras</a> e armas leves, protegidos por <a href="/wiki/Arame_farpado" title="Arame farpado">arame farpado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mina_terrestre" title="Mina terrestre">minas-terrestres</a> e outros obstáculos. A área entre as duas linhas de trincheiras era conhecida como "no man's land" (<a href="/wiki/Terra_de_ningu%C3%A9m" title="Terra de ninguém">terra de ninguém</a>) e era a região mais exposta ao fogo inimigo. Ataques, bem sucedidos ou não, normalmente resultavam em perdas humanas terríveis. </p><p>Com o desenvolvimento da <a href="/wiki/Guerra_mecanizada" title="Guerra mecanizada">guerra mecanizada</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Armas_combinadas" title="Armas combinadas">operações de armas combinadas</a> deu início ao declínio da guerra de trincheiras. Levando ao declínio seu declínio após a guerra.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Exemplos de guerras de trincheiras observadas pós-Primeira Guerra Mundial incluem a <a href="/wiki/Guerra_Ir%C3%A3-Iraque" title="Guerra Irã-Iraque">Guerra Irã-Iraque</a><sup id="cite_ref-abrahamian08_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abrahamian08-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup>, a <a href="/wiki/Guerra_Eritreia-Eti%C3%B3pia" title="Guerra Eritreia-Etiópia">Guerra Eritreia-Etiópia de 1998-2000</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> e a <a href="/wiki/Guerra_Russo-Ucraniana" title="Guerra Russo-Ucraniana">Guerra Russo-Ucraniana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Táticas_de_infantaria"><span id="T.C3.A1ticas_de_infantaria"></span>Táticas de infantaria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_de_trincheiras&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar secção: Táticas de infantaria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_de_trincheiras&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Táticas de infantaria"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Cheshire_Regiment_trench_Somme_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cheshire_Regiment_trench_Somme_1916.jpg/270px-Cheshire_Regiment_trench_Somme_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cheshire_Regiment_trench_Somme_1916.jpg/405px-Cheshire_Regiment_trench_Somme_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cheshire_Regiment_trench_Somme_1916.jpg/540px-Cheshire_Regiment_trench_Somme_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1069" /></a><figcaption>Soldados ingleses lutando nas suas trincheiras durante a <a href="/wiki/Batalha_do_Somme" title="Batalha do Somme">Batalha do Somme</a> (1916).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Aerial_view_Loos-Hulluch_trench_system_July_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aerial_view_Loos-Hulluch_trench_system_July_1917.jpg/220px-Aerial_view_Loos-Hulluch_trench_system_July_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aerial_view_Loos-Hulluch_trench_system_July_1917.jpg/330px-Aerial_view_Loos-Hulluch_trench_system_July_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aerial_view_Loos-Hulluch_trench_system_July_1917.jpg/440px-Aerial_view_Loos-Hulluch_trench_system_July_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="1663" /></a><figcaption>Vista aérea de um sistema de trincheiras durante a Primeira Guerra. As trincheiras ao noroeste são britânicas enquanto aos do sul são alemãs, dividas no meio pela <a href="/wiki/Terra_de_ningu%C3%A9m" title="Terra de ninguém">terra de ninguém</a></figcaption></figure> <p>No início do <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XX" title="Século XX">século XX</a> a maioria dos chefes militares dava uma grande importância à utilização da <a href="/wiki/Infantaria" title="Infantaria">infantaria</a> em ataques com baioneta apoiados pela <a href="/wiki/Cavalaria" title="Cavalaria">cavalaria</a> e por <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%A7a_de_artilharia" title="Peça de artilharia">peças móveis de artilharia</a>. Os oficiais <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">franceses</a> eram grandes adeptos desta táctica e, na <a href="/wiki/Primeira_Guerra_Mundial" title="Primeira Guerra Mundial">Primeira Guerra Mundial</a>, enviaram <a href="/wiki/Soldado" title="Soldado">soldados</a> para o <a href="/wiki/Campo_de_batalha" title="Campo de batalha">campo de batalha</a> sem equipamento adaptado às trincheiras. Diziam que as precauções defensivas eram desnecessárias se fizessem ataques maciços e suficientemente rápidos. </p><p>Estas tácticas foram postas em causa depois dos exércitos terem sofrido pesadas baixas em ataques contra trincheiras defendidas por metralhadoras. Apesar dos <a href="/wiki/Bombardeamento" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardeamento">bombardeamentos</a> que se faziam antes dos soldados avançarem e do <a href="/wiki/Armas_qu%C3%ADmicas_na_Primeira_Guerra_Mundial" title="Armas químicas na Primeira Guerra Mundial">uso de gás</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Lan%C3%A7a-chamas" title="Lança-chamas">lança-chamas</a>, a infantaria fracassou na <a href="/wiki/Frente_Ocidental_(Primeira_Guerra_Mundial)" title="Frente Ocidental (Primeira Guerra Mundial)">Frente Ocidental</a> nas batalhas que se travaram em 1915. </p><p>Só em <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a>, em <a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a>, quando o coronel <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Fuller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Fuller (página não existe)">John Fuller</a> conseguiu convencer o general <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rawlinson" title="Henry Rawlinson">Henry Rawlinson</a> a usar 412 <a href="/wiki/Tanque_de_guerra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanque de guerra">tanques de guerra</a> seguidos por soldados e <a href="/wiki/Apoio_a%C3%A9reo_aproximado" title="Apoio aéreo aproximado">apoiados</a> por 1 000 <a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%A7a_(aeronave)" title="Caça (aeronave)">aviões de combate</a>, é que os <a href="/wiki/Aliados_da_Primeira_Guerra_Mundial" title="Aliados da Primeira Guerra Mundial">aliados</a> conseguiram quebrar as defesas do <a href="/wiki/Ex%C3%A9rcito_Alem%C3%A3o#Primeira_Guerra_Mundial_(1914-1918)" title="Exército Alemão">exército imperial alemão</a> na Frente Ocidental. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ver_também"><span id="Ver_tamb.C3.A9m"></span>Ver também</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_de_trincheiras&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar secção: Ver também" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_de_trincheiras&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ver também"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arquitetura_militar" class="mw-redirect" title="Arquitetura militar">Arquitetura militar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ci%C3%AAncia_militar" title="Ciência militar">Ciência militar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_militar" title="História militar">História militar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes" title="Limes">Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linha_Maginot" title="Linha Maginot">Linha Maginot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muralha_do_Atl%C3%A2ntico" title="Muralha do Atlântico">Muralha do Atlântico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecnologia_militar" title="Tecnologia militar">Tecnologia militar</a></li></ul> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/trench%20warfare">«Dictionary.com Cultural Dictionary»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 2 de novembro de 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGuerra+de+trincheiras&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Cultural+Dictionary&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Ftrench%2520warfare&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Murray, <i>The Rocky Road to the Great War: The Evolution of Trench Warfare to 1914</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/trench%20warfare">«Dictionary.com Cultural Dictionary»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de agosto de 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGuerra+de+trincheiras&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Cultural+Dictionary&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Ftrench%2520warfare&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abrahamian08-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-abrahamian08_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Abrahamian, Ervand (2008). <i>A History of Modern Iran</i>. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0521528917" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0521528917">978-0521528917</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGuerra+de+trincheiras&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Iran&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0521528917&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+U.K.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/756845.stm">«BBC News | FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT | Ethiopia's push north»</a>. <i>news.bbc.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 26 de dezembro de 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGuerra+de+trincheiras&rft.atitle=BBC+News+%7C+FROM+OUR+OWN+CORRESPONDENT+%7C+Ethiopia%27s+push+north&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.bbc.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Ffrom_our_own_correspondent%2F756845.stm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3715642/ukraine-russia-trenches-photos/">«Go Inside the Frozen Trenches of Eastern Ukraine»</a>. <i>Time</i> (em inglês)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 26 de dezembro de 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGuerra+de+trincheiras&rft.atitle=Go+Inside+the+Frozen+Trenches+of+Eastern+Ukraine&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3715642%2Fukraine-russia-trenches-photos%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/nov/28/russia-ukraine-war-live-zelenskiy-warns-of-new-missile-attacks-russia-may-be-preparing-to-leave-zaporizhzhia-plant-nuclear-chief-says">«Ukraine braced for new Russian missile strikes targeting power grid as sporadic shelling of cities continues – as it happened»</a>. <i>the Guardian</i> (em inglês). 28 de novembro de 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 26 de dezembro de 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGuerra+de+trincheiras&rft.atitle=Ukraine+braced+for+new+Russian+missile+strikes+targeting+power+grid+as+sporadic+shelling+of+cities+continues+%93+as+it+happened&rft.date=2022-11-28&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Flive%2F2022%2Fnov%2F28%2Frussia-ukraine-war-live-zelenskiy-warns-of-new-missile-attacks-russia-may-be-preparing-to-leave-zaporizhzhia-plant-nuclear-chief-says&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul class="noprint navigation-box" style="border-top: solid silver 1px; border-right: solid silver 1px; border-bottom:1px solid silver; border-left: solid silver 1px; padding:3px; background-color: #F9F9F9; text-align: center; margin-top:10px; margin-left: 0; clear: both;"><li style="display: inline;"><span style="white-space: nowrap; margin: auto 1.5em"><span style="margin-right: 0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Military_symbol.svg" title="Portal da guerra"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Military_symbol.svg/25px-Military_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Military_symbol.svg/38px-Military_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Military_symbol.svg/50px-Military_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="113" /></a></span></span> <span style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Guerra" title="Portal:Guerra">Portal da guerra</a></span></span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtida de "<a dir="ltr" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guerra_de_trincheiras&oldid=64975199">https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guerra_de_trincheiras&oldid=64975199</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categoria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Primeira_Guerra_Mundial" title="Categoria:Primeira Guerra Mundial">Primeira Guerra Mundial</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categoria oculta: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:!CS1_ingl%C3%AAs-fontes_em_l%C3%ADngua_(en)" title="Categoria:!CS1 inglês-fontes em língua (en)">!CS1 inglês-fontes em língua (en)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Esta página foi editada pela última vez às 18h57min de 26 de dezembro de 2022.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Este texto é disponibilizado nos termos da licença <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pt">Atribuição-CompartilhaIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-SA 4.0) da Creative Commons</a>; pode estar sujeito a condições adicionais. 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