Guidance on scientific writing

<!DOCTYPE html>     <html lang="en">  <head> <script id="Cookiebot" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="93220d3c-5738-4b15-a10e-d8855ae62d94" type="text/javascript" async></script>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-M6ZTFP7');</script>  <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <title>Guidance on scientific writing | EQUATOR Network</title>  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1">  <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="https://www.equator-network.org/wp-content/themes/equator/css/flexslider.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="https://www.equator-network.org/wp-content/themes/equator/css/base.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="https://www.equator-network.org/wp-content/themes/equator/css/skeleton.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="https://www.equator-network.org/wp-content/themes/equator/css/layout.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.equator-network.org/wp-content/themes/equator/css/print.css" type="text/css" media="print" />  <script src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.8.3/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.equator-network.org/wp-content/themes/equator/js/modernizr.js"></script>   <link rel="shortcut icon" href="images/favicon.ico"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="images/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="images/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="images/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="pingback" href="https://www.equator-network.org/xmlrpc.php" /> <script type="text/javascript"> $(function() { $(".mobile-nav-toggle").click(function() { $('.mobile-nav').toggle(); }); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-2882310-1']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); </script> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cc.cdn.civiccomputing.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//use.fontawesome.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="EQUATOR Network » Feed" href="https://www.equator-network.org/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="EQUATOR Network » Comments Feed" href="https://www.equator-network.org/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="EQUATOR Network » Guidance on scientific writing Comments Feed" href="https://www.equator-network.org/library/guidance-on-scientific-writing/feed/" /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpo_min-header-0-css' href='https://www.equator-network.org/wp-content/cache/wpo-minify/1730893546/assets/wpo-minify-header-4dcf0cb6.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mailchimp_sf_main_css-css' href='https://www.equator-network.org/?mcsf_action=main_css&ver=1.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpo_min-header-2-css' href='https://www.equator-network.org/wp-content/cache/wpo-minify/1730893546/assets/wpo-minify-header-0e3335c7.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.equator-network.org/wp-content/cache/wpo-minify/1730893546/assets/wpo-minify-header-7b8c0e4a.min.js" id="wpo_min-header-0-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.equator-network.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.equator-network.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/5737" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.equator-network.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.equator-network.org/library/guidance-on-scientific-writing/" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.equator-network.org/?p=5737' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.equator-network.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.equator-network.org%2Flibrary%2Fguidance-on-scientific-writing%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.equator-network.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.equator-network.org%2Flibrary%2Fguidance-on-scientific-writing%2F&format=xml" /> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function($) { $('.date-pick').each(function() { var format = $(this).data('format') || 'mm/dd/yyyy'; format = format.replace(/yyyy/i, 'yy'); $(this).datepicker({ autoFocusNextInput: true, constrainInput: false, changeMonth: true, changeYear: true, beforeShow: function(input, inst) { $('#ui-datepicker-div').addClass('show'); }, dateFormat: format.toLowerCase(), }); }); d = new Date(); $('.birthdate-pick').each(function() { var format = $(this).data('format') || 'mm/dd'; format = format.replace(/yyyy/i, 'yy'); $(this).datepicker({ autoFocusNextInput: true, constrainInput: false, changeMonth: true, changeYear: false, minDate: new Date(d.getFullYear(), 1-1, 1), maxDate: new Date(d.getFullYear(), 12-1, 31), beforeShow: function(input, inst) { $('#ui-datepicker-div').removeClass('show'); }, dateFormat: format.toLowerCase(), }); }); }); </script> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> #ccc-icon { bottom: -21px !important; } </style> </head> <body>  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-M6ZTFP7" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <a class="skip" href="#maincontent">skip to main content</a> <div class="container"> <div class="five columns logo"> <a href="https://www.equator-network.org"><img src="https://www.equator-network.org/wp-content/themes/equator/images/equator_logo.png" alt="Equator network"></a> </div> <div class="seven columns tagline"> <p>Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research</p> </div> <div class="four columns spanish"> <div class="text"><a href="https://www.equator-network.org/website-translation/">Website translation help</a> </div> </div>  <div class="sixteen columns nav"> <ul id="menu-main" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-5371" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-5371"><a href="https://www.equator-network.org/">Home</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6106" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6106"><a href="https://www.equator-network.org/about-us/">About us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5492" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor menu-item-5492"><a href="https://www.equator-network.org/library/">Library</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5508" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5508"><a href="https://www.equator-network.org/toolkits/">Toolkits</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9306" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-9306"><a href="https://www.equator-network.org/category/events/upcoming-events/">Courses & events</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5493" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-5493"><a href="https://www.equator-network.org/category/news/">News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6321" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-6321"><a href="https://www.equator-network.org/category/blog/">Blog</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14318" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14318"><a href="https://www.equator-network.org/librarians/">Librarian Network</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5374" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5374"><a href="https://www.equator-network.org/contact/">Contact</a></li> </ul> </div>  <div class="sixteen columns"> <div class="mobile-nav-toggle"><a href="#">Navigate this website</a></div> </div> <div class="sixteen columns"> <div class="mobile-nav"><div class="menu-main-container"><ul id="menu-main-1" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-5371"><a href="https://www.equator-network.org/">Home</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6106"><a href="https://www.equator-network.org/about-us/">About us</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor menu-item-5492"><a href="https://www.equator-network.org/library/">Library</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5508"><a href="https://www.equator-network.org/toolkits/">Toolkits</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-9306"><a href="https://www.equator-network.org/category/events/upcoming-events/">Courses & events</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-5493"><a href="https://www.equator-network.org/category/news/">News</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-6321"><a href="https://www.equator-network.org/category/blog/">Blog</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14318"><a href="https://www.equator-network.org/librarians/">Librarian Network</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5374"><a href="https://www.equator-network.org/contact/">Contact</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="sixteen columns breadcrumbs"> <div id="crumbs" xmlns:v="http://rdf.data-vocabulary.org/#"><span typeof="v:Breadcrumb"><a rel="v:url" property="v:title" href="https://www.equator-network.org/">Home</a></span> > <span typeof="v:Breadcrumb"><a rel="v:url" property="v:title" href="https://www.equator-network.org/library/">Library</a></span> > <span class="current">Guidance on scientific writing</span></div> </div> <div class="eleven columns content green" id="maincontent"> <h1 class="title">Guidance on scientific writing</h1> <ul> <li><a href="#refs">Guidelines and guides</a></li> <li><a href="#scibooks">Books</a></li> <li><a href="#cosci">Courses </a></li> <li><a href="#sciother">Other resources</a></li> </ul> <h2><a id="Refs" title="Refs" name="Refs"></a>Guidelines and guides</h2> <ul> <li>Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: <a href="http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/manuscript-preparation/" rel="noopener noreferrer">Manuscript Preparation and Submission</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ease.org.uk/publications/author-guidelines" rel="noopener noreferrer">EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles to Be Published in English</a>, EASE 2015</li> <li><a href="https://www.aacc.org/publications/clinical-chemistry/clinical-chemistry%C2%A0guide-to-scientific-writing#" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"><em>Clinical Chemistry</em> Guide to Scientific Writing</a> 2011</li> <li><a href="http://www.mhhe.com/mayfieldpub/tsw/home.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer">Mayfield Handbook of Technical & Scientific Writing</a></li> <li>Glanville J, Light K, Stirk L. <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1258/jhsrp.2008.007174" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">How to write a good research paper</a>. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2008;13(2):127-128</li> <li>Guyatt GH, Brian Haynes R. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16895811" rel="noopener noreferrer">Preparing reports for publication and responding to reviewers’ comments</a>. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2006;59(9):900-906</li> <li><a href="http://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk/" rel="noopener noreferrer">Academic Phrasebank</a> (general resource for academic writing with examples of good phrases for a clear description of research studies; not discipline specific, designed primarily as a help for authors whose first language is not English). University of Manchester, UK.</li> </ul> <h2><a id="scibooks" title="scibooks" name="scibooks"></a>Books</h2> <ul> <li>Wager E. <a href="https://www.crcpress.com/Getting-Research-Published-An-A-Z-of-Publication-Strategy-Third-Edition/Wager/9781785231384" rel="noopener noreferrer">Getting research published: an A to Z of publication strategy</a>. Radcliffe Publishing Ltd, Third Edition, 2015</li> <li>Hall GM (ed). <a href="http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-047067220X.html" rel="noopener noreferrer">How to write a paper</a>. Fifth edition. BMJ Publishing Group, Wiley – Blackwell, 2012.</li> <li>Byrne D. W. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1496353862" rel="noopener noreferrer">Publishing your medical research</a>. Wolters Kluwer, Baltimore, US, 2017.</li> <li><a href="https://apastyle.apa.org/products/4200066" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association</a>, Sixth Edition. APA Washington DC, US, 2009</li> <li>Fraser J., Fuller L. & Hutber G. <a href="https://www.crcpress.com/Creating-Effective-Conference-Abstracts-and-Posters-in-Biomedicine-500/Fraser-Fuller-Hutber/9781846193118" rel="noopener noreferrer">Creating Effective Conference Abstracts and Posters in Biomedicine</a>. Radcliffe Publishing, UK, 2009</li> <li>Lang, T. <a href="http://www.tomlangcommunications.com/WPP_Contents.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer">How to Write, Publish, & Present In The Health Sciences (PDF)</a>: A Guide for Clinicians and Laboratory Researchers. Philadelphia, PA: American College of Physicians, 2009</li> </ul> <h2><a id="cosci" title="cosci" name="cosci"></a>Courses</h2> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.inter-biotech.com/biowc/biowc.html" rel="noopener noreferrer">Biomedical writing course</a> (free online course). Inter-Biotec</li> <li><a href="https://mooc.campusvirtualsp.org/course/view.php?id=66" rel="noopener noreferrer">Reporting Guidelines: simple and powerful tools to increase the impact and visibility of research. A virtual course on enhancing the value of research with research reporting standards</a>, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), in collaboration with the EQUATOR Network</li> </ul> <h2><a id="sciother" title="sciother" name="sciother"></a>Other resources</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://ori.hhs.gov/avoiding-plagiarism-self-plagiarism-and-other-questionable-writing-practices-guide-ethical-writing" rel="noopener noreferrer">Avoiding Plagiarism, Self-plagiarism, and Other Questionable Writing Practices: A Guide to Ethical Writing</a>, US Office of Research Integrity (2015)</li> </ul> </div> <div class="five columns"> <div class="five columns alpha report-guidelines"> <h3 class="title">Reporting guidelines for main study types</h3> <table class="krg-table"> <colgroup> <col width="100%"> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td><div style="width: 140px; display: inline-block"><a class="report-title" href="https://www.equator-network.org/?post_type=eq_guidelines&eq_guidelines_study_design=experimental-studies&eq_guidelines_clinical_specialty=0&eq_guidelines_report_section=0&s=">Randomised trials</a></div> <div style="width: 90px; display: inline-block"><a class="notranslate" href="https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/consort/">CONSORT</a></div> <div style="width: 90px; display: inline-block"><a class="notranslate" href="https://www.equator-network.org/?post_type=eq_guidelines&eq_guidelines_study_design=0&eq_guidelines_clinical_specialty=0&eq_guidelines_report_section=0&s=+CONSORT+extension&btn_submit=Search+Reporting+Guidelines">Extensions</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width: 140px; display: inline-block"><a class="report-title" href="https://www.equator-network.org/?post_type=eq_guidelines&eq_guidelines_study_design=observational-studies&eq_guidelines_clinical_specialty=0&eq_guidelines_report_section=0&s=+&eq_guidelines_study_design_sub_cat=0">Observational studies</a></div> <div style="width: 90px; display: inline-block"><a class="notranslate" href="https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/strobe/">STROBE</a></div> <div style="width: 90px; display: inline-block"><a class="notranslate" href="https://www.equator-network.org/?post_type=eq_guidelines&eq_guidelines_study_design=0&eq_guidelines_clinical_specialty=0&eq_guidelines_report_section=0&s=+STROBE+extension&btn_submit=Search+Reporting+Guidelines">Extensions</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width: 140px; display: inline-block"><a class="report-title" href="https://www.equator-network.org/?post_type=eq_guidelines&eq_guidelines_study_design=systematic-reviews-and-meta-analyses&eq_guidelines_clinical_specialty=0&eq_guidelines_report_section=0&s=+">Systematic reviews</a></div> <div style="width: 90px; display: inline-block"><a class="notranslate" href="https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/prisma/">PRISMA</a></div> <div style="width: 90px; display: inline-block"><a class="notranslate" href="https://www.equator-network.org/?post_type=eq_guidelines&eq_guidelines_study_design=0&eq_guidelines_clinical_specialty=0&eq_guidelines_report_section=0&s=PRISMA+extension&btn_submit=Search+Reporting+Guidelines">Extensions</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width: 140px; display: inline-block"><a class="report-title" href="https://www.equator-network.org/?post_type=eq_guidelines&eq_guidelines_study_design=study-protocols&eq_guidelines_clinical_specialty=0&eq_guidelines_report_section=0&s=+">Study protocols</a></div> <div style="width: 90px; display: inline-block"><a class="notranslate" href="https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/spirit-2013-statement-defining-standard-protocol-items-for-clinical-trials/">SPIRIT</a></div> <div style="width: 90px; display: inline-block"><a class="notranslate" href="https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/prisma-protocols/">PRISMA-P</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width: 140px; display: inline-block"><a class="report-title" href="https://www.equator-network.org/?post_type=eq_guidelines&eq_guidelines_study_design=diagnostic-prognostic-studies&eq_guidelines_clinical_specialty=0&eq_guidelines_report_section=0&s=">Diagnostic/prognostic studies</a></div> <div style="width: 90px; display: inline-block"><a class="notranslate" href="https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/stard/">STARD</a></div> <div style="width: 90px; display: inline-block"><a class="notranslate" href="https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/tripod-statement/">TRIPOD</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width: 140px; display: inline-block"><a class="report-title" href="https://www.equator-network.org/?post_type=eq_guidelines&eq_guidelines_study_design=0&eq_guidelines_clinical_specialty=0&eq_guidelines_report_section=0&s=case+report&btn_submit=Search+Reporting+Guidelines">Case reports</a></div> <div style="width: 90px; display: inline-block"><a class="notranslate" href="https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/care/">CARE</a></div> <div style="width: 90px; display: inline-block"><a class="notranslate" href="https://www.equator-network.org/?post_type=eq_guidelines&eq_guidelines_study_design=0&eq_guidelines_clinical_specialty=0&eq_guidelines_report_section=0&s=CARE+case+extension&btn_submit=Search+Reporting+Guidelines">Extensions</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width: 140px; display: inline-block"><a class="report-title" href="https://www.equator-network.org/?post_type=eq_guidelines&eq_guidelines_study_design=clinical-practice-guidelines&eq_guidelines_clinical_specialty=0&eq_guidelines_report_section=0&s=">Clinical practice guidelines</a></div> <div style="width: 90px; display: inline-block"><a class="notranslate" href="https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/the-agree-reporting-checklist-a-tool-to-improve-reporting-of-clinical-practice-guidelines/">AGREE</a></div> <div style="width: 90px; display: inline-block"><a class="notranslate" href="https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/right-statement/">RIGHT</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width: 140px; display: inline-block"><a class="report-title" href="https://www.equator-network.org/?post_type=eq_guidelines&eq_guidelines_study_design=qualitative-research&eq_guidelines_clinical_specialty=0&eq_guidelines_report_section=0&s=">Qualitative research</a></div> <div style="width: 90px; display: inline-block"><a class="notranslate" href="https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/srqr/">SRQR</a></div> <div style="width: 90px; display: inline-block"><a class="notranslate" href="https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/coreq/">COREQ</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width: 140px; display: inline-block"><a class="report-title" href="https://www.equator-network.org/?post_type=eq_guidelines&eq_guidelines_study_design=animal-pre-clinical-research&eq_guidelines_clinical_specialty=0&eq_guidelines_report_section=0&s=+">Animal pre-clinical studies</a></div> <div style="width: 90px; display: inline-block"><a class="notranslate" href="https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/improving-bioscience-research-reporting-the-arrive-guidelines-for-reporting-animal-research/">ARRIVE</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width: 140px; display: inline-block"><a class="report-title" href="https://www.equator-network.org/?post_type=eq_guidelines&eq_guidelines_study_design=quality-improvement-studies&eq_guidelines_clinical_specialty=0&eq_guidelines_report_section=0&s=+">Quality improvement studies</a></div> <div style="width: 90px; display: inline-block"><a class="notranslate" href="https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/squire/">SQUIRE</a></div> <div style="width: 90px; display: inline-block"><a class="notranslate" href="https://www.equator-network.org/?post_type=eq_guidelines&eq_guidelines_study_design=0&eq_guidelines_clinical_specialty=0&eq_guidelines_report_section=0&s=SQUIRE+extension&btn_submit=Search+Reporting+Guidelines">Extensions</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width: 140px; display: inline-block"><a class="report-title" href="https://www.equator-network.org/?post_type=eq_guidelines&eq_guidelines_study_design=economic-evaluations&eq_guidelines_clinical_specialty=0&eq_guidelines_report_section=0&s=+">Economic evaluations</a></div> <div style="width: 90px; display: inline-block"><a class="notranslate" href="https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/cheers/">CHEERS</a></div> <div style="width: 90px; display: inline-block"><a class="notranslate" href="https://www.equator-network.org/?post_type=eq_guidelines&eq_guidelines_study_design=0&eq_guidelines_clinical_specialty=0&eq_guidelines_report_section=0&s=CHEERS+extension&btn_submit=Search+Reporting+Guidelines">Extensions</a></div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <footer> <div class="container"> <div class="four columns"> <div class="sitemap"> <form method="get" id="searchform" action="https://www.equator-network.org/"> <label for="s">Search</label><input type="text" class="field" name="s" id="s" placeholder="Search the whole website" /> <input type="submit" class="submit" name="submit" id="searchsubmit" value="Go" /> </form> <div class="menu-footer-container"><ul><li id="menu-item-5991" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5991"><a href="https://www.equator-network.org/about-this-site/">About this site</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18862" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18862"><a href="https://www.equator-network.org/accessibility-statement/">Accessibility statement</a></li> <li id="menu-item-8337" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8337"><a href="https://www.equator-network.org/terms-of-use/">Terms of use</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6239" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6239"><a href="https://www.equator-network.org/contact/">Contact</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20370" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20370"><a href="https://www.equator-network.org/privacy-policy/">Privacy policy</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> <div class="six columns"> <div class="site_info"> <p> </p> <p>The UK EQUATOR Centre is hosted by the Centre for Statistics in Medicine (CSM), NDORMS, University of Oxford. The EQUATOR Network website and database is provided by the UK EQUATOR Centre.</p> <p> </p> </div> </div> <div class="six columns"> <div class="logo_area"> <img src="https://www.equator-network.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/footerlogos.jpg" class="scale-with-grid" alt="Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS)" /> </div> </div> </div> </footer>  <script type='text/javascript'> function googleTranslateElementInit2() { new google.translate.TranslateElement({ pageLanguage: 'en', floatPosition: google.translate.TranslateElement.FloatPosition.TOP_RIGHT, autoDisplay: true }, 'wp_translate'); } </script><script src="//translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=googleTranslateElementInit2"></script> <style type="text/css"> body {top:0 !important;} </style> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpo_min-footer-0-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var mailchimpSF = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.equator-network.org\/"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.equator-network.org/wp-content/cache/wpo-minify/1730893546/assets/wpo-minify-footer-218f2235.min.js" id="wpo_min-footer-0-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cc.cdn.civiccomputing.com/9/cookieControl-9.x.min.js" id="ccc-cookie-control-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.equator-network.org/wp-content/cache/wpo-minify/1730893546/assets/wpo-minify-footer-71450d0f.min.js" id="wpo_min-footer-2-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.equator-network.org/wp-content/cache/wpo-minify/1730893546/assets/wpo-minify-footer-37150c9a.min.js" id="wpo_min-footer-3-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var config = { apiKey: 'c7406211c55a20897564253191e8316d99cc2977', product: 'PRO', logConsent: true, notifyOnce: false, initialState: 'NOTIFY', position: 'LEFT', theme: 'DARK', layout: 'SLIDEOUT', toggleType: 'slider', acceptBehaviour : 'all', closeOnGlobalChange : true, iabCMP: false, closeStyle: 'button', consentCookieExpiry: 90, subDomains : true, mode : 'gdpr', rejectButton: false, settingsStyle : 'button', encodeCookie : false, setInnerHTML: true, wrapInnerHTML : false, accessibility: { accessKey: 'C', highlightFocus: false, outline: true, overlay: true, disableSiteScrolling: false, }, text: { title: 'This site uses cookies to store information on your computer.', intro: 'Essential cookies are enabled by default and the website cannot function properly without these cookies. <br /><br />Statistics provides anonymous data for us to monitor and improve the website. <br /><br />To accept all cookies choose \"Accept All\". Otherwise, make your selection for statistics cookies, then choose \"Save & close\" control.<br /><br />For more detailed information visit our <a href="/privacy-policy/">privacy policy</a> page.', necessaryTitle: 'Essential cookies', necessaryDescription: 'Essential cookies enable core functionality such as page navigation and access to secure areas. The website cannot function properly without these cookies, and they can only be disabled by changing your browser preferences.', thirdPartyTitle: 'Warning: Some cookies require your attention', thirdPartyDescription: 'Consent for the following cookies could not be automatically revoked. Please follow the link(s) below to opt out manually.', on: 'On', off: 'Off', accept: 'Accept', settings: 'Cookie Preferences', acceptRecommended: 'Accept Recommended Settings', acceptSettings: 'Accept all', notifyTitle: 'Your choice regarding cookies on this site', notifyDescription: 'In addition to essential cookies, we use cookies for Google services (analytics and translation) only.', closeLabel: 'Save & close', cornerButton : 'Set cookie preferences.', landmark : 'Cookie preferences.', showVendors : 'Show vendors within this category', thirdPartyCookies : 'This vendor may set third party cookies.', readMore : 'Read more', accessibilityAlert: 'This site uses cookies to store information. Press accesskey C to learn more about your options.', rejectSettings: 'Reject all', reject: 'Reject', }, branding: { fontColor: '#fff', fontFamily: 'Arial,sans-serif', fontSizeTitle: '1.5em', fontSizeHeaders: '1.2em', fontSize: '1em', backgroundColor: '#212121', toggleText: '#212121', toggleColor: '#fbb24b', toggleBackground: '#ffffff', alertText: '#fff', alertBackground: '#111125', acceptText: '#050505', acceptBackground: '#fbb24b', rejectText: '#ffffff', rejectBackground: '#111125', closeText : '#212121', closeBackground : '#fbb24b', notifyFontColor : '#ffffff', notifyBackgroundColor: '#212121', buttonIcon: null, buttonIconWidth: '64px', buttonIconHeight: '64px', removeIcon: false, removeAbout: true }, necessaryCookies: [ 'wordpress_*','wordpress_logged_in_*','CookieControl','wp_consent_*' ], optionalCookies: [ { name: 'Statistics', label: 'Statistics', description: 'Statistic cookies help website owners to understand how visitors interact with websites by collecting and reporting information anonymously.', cookies: [ '__utm.gif', '__utma', '__utmb', '__utmc', '__utmt', '__utmv', '__utmz' ], onAccept: function () { }, onRevoke: function () { }, recommendedState: 'on', lawfulBasis: 'consent', }, ], sameSiteCookie : true, sameSiteValue : 'Strict', notifyDismissButton: false }; CookieControl.load(config); </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Guidance on scientific writing | EQUATOR Network