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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenure_and_promotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tenure and promotion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenure_and_promotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages_of_preprints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages_of_preprints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Advantages of preprints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages_of_preprints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages_of_preprints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages_of_preprints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Disadvantages of preprints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages_of_preprints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_preprint_servers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_preprint_servers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of preprint servers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_preprint_servers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Preprint</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Preprint" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="প্রাকমুদ্রণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাকমুদ্রণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Препринт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Препринт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepublicaci%C3%B3" title="Prepublicació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Prepublicació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Preprint" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Preprint" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Preprint" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepublicaci%C3%B3n" title="Prepublicación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Prepublicación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AE%D9%87_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="نسخه پیش از انتشار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نسخه پیش از انتشار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9publication_(%C3%A9dition_scientifique)" title="Prépublication (édition scientifique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prépublication (édition scientifique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%9C%ED%8C%90_%EC%A0%84_%EB%85%BC%EB%AC%B8" title="출판 전 논문 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="출판 전 논문" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_bip%E1%BB%A5tara_ya_tupu_oge_eruo" title="E bipụtara ya tupu oge eruo – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="E bipụtara ya tupu oge eruo" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pracetak" title="Pracetak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pracetak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9D" title="קדם פרסום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קדם פרסום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pracetak" title="Pracetak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pracetak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Preprint" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="プレプリント – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プレプリント" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Preprint" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9-publica%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Pré-publicação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pré-publicação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Preprint" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Препринт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Препринт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Preprint" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="முன்அச்சுப் படிவம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முன்அச்சுப் படிவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albasma" title="Albasma – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Albasma" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Препринт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Препринт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A2%84%E5%8D%B0%E6%9C%AC" title="预印本 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="预印本" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q580922#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Manuscript_(publishing)" title="Manuscript (publishing)">Manuscript (publishing)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preprint_postprint_published.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Preprint_postprint_published.svg/220px-Preprint_postprint_published.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Preprint_postprint_published.svg/330px-Preprint_postprint_published.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Preprint_postprint_published.svg/440px-Preprint_postprint_published.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>Typical publishing workflow for an academic journal article (<a href="/wiki/Manuscript_(publishing)" title="Manuscript (publishing)">preprint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postprint" title="Postprint">postprint</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Version_of_record" title="Version of record">published</a>) with <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> sharing rights per <a href="/wiki/SHERPA/RoMEO" class="mw-redirect" title="SHERPA/RoMEO">SHERPA/RoMEO</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">academic publishing</a>, a <b>preprint</b> is a version of a <a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">scholarly</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scientific_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific paper">scientific paper</a> that precedes formal <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> and publication in a peer-reviewed scholarly or <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">scientific journal</a>. The preprint may be available, often as a non-typeset version available <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free</a>, before or after a paper is published in a journal. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preprint&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1991, preprints have increasingly been distributed electronically on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, rather than as paper copies. This has given rise to massive preprint databases such as <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> and <a href="/wiki/HAL_(open_archive)" title="HAL (open archive)">HAL (open archive)</a> etc. to <a href="/wiki/Institutional_repository" title="Institutional repository">institutional repositories</a>. The sharing of preprints goes back to at least the 1960s, when the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> circulated biological preprints. After six years the use of these <a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_Exchange_Groups&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Information Exchange Groups (page does not exist)">Information Exchange Groups</a> was stopped, partially because journals stopped accepting submissions shared via these channels.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)">Medical Research Council</a> started supporting citations of preprints in grant and fellowship applications,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Trust" title="Wellcome Trust">Wellcome Trust</a> started accepting preprints in grant applications.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2017, a coalition of scientists and biomedical funding bodies including the National Institutes of Health, the Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust launched a proposal for a central site for life-sciences preprints.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2017, <a href="/wiki/SciELO" title="SciELO">SciELO</a> announced plans to set up a preprints server – SciELO Preprints.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2017, the National Institutes for Health issued a new policy encouraging research preprint submissions.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2017, <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Open_Science" title="Center for Open Science">Center for Open Science</a> announced that it will be launching six new preprint archives.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the 2010s, libraries and discovery tools increasingly integrate <a href="/wiki/Unpaywall" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpaywall">Unpaywall</a> data, which indexes millions of preprints and other <a href="/wiki/Green_open_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Green open access">green open access</a> sources and manages to serve over half of the requests by users without the need for subscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early months of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, the need for published research on the disease spurred a wave of research articles being released as preprints,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bypassing the peer-review and publication process, which was proving too slow in the context of an active and novel pandemic. The release of COVID-related preprint articles, along with other COVID-related articles published by traditional journals, contributed to the largest ever single-year increase in scholarly articles.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role">Role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preprint&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_practices">Academic practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preprint&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Academic practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_journals_by_preprint_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of academic journals by preprint policy">List of academic journals by preprint policy</a></div><p>Publication of manuscripts in a peer-reviewed journal often takes weeks, months or even years from the time of initial submission, owing to the time required by editors and reviewers to evaluate and critique manuscripts, and the time required by authors to address critiques. The need to quickly circulate current results within a scholarly community has led researchers to distribute documents known as preprints, which are manuscripts that have yet to undergo <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a>. The immediate distribution of preprints allows authors to receive early <a href="/wiki/Corrective_feedback" title="Corrective feedback">feedback</a> from their peers, which may be helpful in revising and preparing articles for submission.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preprint are also used to demonstrate the precedence of the discoveries and a way to protect the intellectual property (a prompt availability of the discovery can be used to block patenting or discourage competing parties). </p><p>Most publishers allow work to be published to preprint servers before submission. A minority of publishers decide on a case-by-case basis or interpret the <a href="/wiki/Ingelfinger_rule" title="Ingelfinger rule">Ingelfinger Rule</a> to disqualify from submission.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, many journals prohibit or discourage the use of preprints in the references as they are not considered as credible sources. </p><p>Some journal-independent review services (<a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Science" title="Peerage of Science">Peerage of Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peer_Community_In" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer Community In">Peer Community In</a>, Review Commons, <a href="/wiki/ELife" title="ELife">eLife</a> Preprint Review) offer <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> on preprints. These peer-reviews are either a first step before publication in a journal (Peerage of Science, Review Commons, <a href="/wiki/ELife" title="ELife">eLife</a> Preprint Review) or result in a formal editorial decision (Peer Community In) without precluding submission in journals.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stages_of_printing">Stages of printing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preprint&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stages of printing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While a preprint is an article that has not yet undergone peer review, a <a href="/wiki/Postprint" title="Postprint">postprint</a> is an article which has been peer reviewed in preparation for publication in a journal. Both the preprint and postprint may differ from the final published version of an article. Preprints and postprints together are referred to as e-prints or <a href="/wiki/Eprint" title="Eprint">eprints</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <a href="/wiki/Reprint" title="Reprint">reprint</a> refers to hard copies of papers that have already been published; reprints can be produced by the journal publisher, but can also be generated from digital versions (for example, from an electronic database of peer-reviewed journals), or from eprints <a href="/wiki/Self-archiving" title="Self-archiving">self-archived</a> by their authors in their institutional repositories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenure_and_promotion">Tenure and promotion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preprint&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tenure and promotion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In academia, preprints are not likely to be weighed heavily when a scholar is evaluated for tenure or promotion, unless the preprint becomes the basis for a peer-reviewed publication.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some important results in mathematics have been published only on the preprint server <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After nearly a century of effort by mathematicians, <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Perelman" title="Grigori Perelman">Grigori Perelman</a> published a series of preprint papers on the <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> between 2002 and 2003, in which he presented a proof of the <a href="/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_conjecture" title="Poincaré conjecture">Poincaré conjecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-perelman200211_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perelman200211-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-perelman200303_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perelman200303-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-perelman200307_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perelman200307-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was offered both the $1 million <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Prize_Problems" title="Millennium Prize Problems">Millennium Prize</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medal</a> for the result, but he declined both prizes.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages_of_preprints">Advantages of preprints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preprint&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Advantages of preprints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The advantages of preprints can be summarized as: prompt dissemination of outcomes, contributes to free flow of information, increase chances of early feedback and comments, increase number of citations, chances of academic collaborations, make authors enthusiastic, may reduce <a href="/wiki/Predatory_publishing" title="Predatory publishing">predatory publishing</a>, increases transparency, may publish negative outcomes and controversies, may receive <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>, link to <a href="/wiki/ORCID" title="ORCID">ORCID</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarism</a> check, chance to receive <a href="/wiki/Grant_(money)" title="Grant (money)">grants</a> and awards, promotion of young researchers, early credit, good place for <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesis</a>, and early detection of science misconduct.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disadvantages_of_preprints">Disadvantages of preprints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preprint&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Disadvantages of preprints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The disadvantages of preprints could be summarized as: lack of <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer-review</a>, absence of quality (in controversy), concerns about premature data, media coverage not properly presenting the inherent uncertainty of preprints,<sup id="cite_ref-BesançonPeiffer-Smadja2020_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BesançonPeiffer-Smadja2020-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> risk of double citation (by publishing a peer-reviewed article, the preprint may also be cited), lack of ethical and statistical guidelines, lack of respect for <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Publication_Ethics" title="Committee on Publication Ethics">COPE</a> or <a href="/wiki/ICMJE_recommendations" title="ICMJE recommendations">ICMJE</a> guidelines, breach of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> regulations in some countries, possible harm to health in certain cases, information overload, breach of <a href="/wiki/Ingelfinger_rule" title="Ingelfinger rule">Ingelfinger rule</a> (a strategy conducted to discourage dissemination of research reports before they are published in the journal), rush to post low-quality research.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_preprint_servers">Types of preprint servers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preprint&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Types of preprint servers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_preprint_repositories" title="List of preprint repositories">List of preprint repositories</a></div><p>The preprint servers can be grouped in three categories: general (accepting practically all preprints, frequently with bias towards some topic, publisher e.g. <a href="/wiki/Authorea" title="Authorea">Authorea</a>), field-specific (e.g. <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv" title="BioRxiv">bioRxiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/ChemRxiv" title="ChemRxiv">ChemRxiv</a>) and regional (e.g. <a href="/wiki/AfricArXiv" title="AfricArXiv">AfricArxiv</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabixiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabixiv (page does not exist)">Arabixiv</a>). Additionally, preprints can be categorised by the owner (private publishing company e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/PeerJ_PrePrints" class="mw-redirect" title="PeerJ PrePrints">PeerJ PrePrints</a>,</i> libraries e.g. <a href="/wiki/EarthArXiv" title="EarthArXiv">EarthArXiv</a>, universities e.g. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> or independent non-profit organisations e.g. <a href="/wiki/HAL_(open_archive)" title="HAL (open archive)">HAL</a>). While many preprint servers appeared, some had been terminated. The canceled servers were operated mainly by profit publishing companies (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Nature_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Publishing Group">Nature Publishing Group</a> closed <a href="/wiki/Nature_Precedings" title="Nature Precedings">Nature Precedings</a> or <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly</a>&<a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE</a> closed <a href="/wiki/PeerJ_PrePrints" class="mw-redirect" title="PeerJ PrePrints">PeerJ PrePrints</a>) or were regional (e.g. <a href="/w/index.php?title=INArxiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="INArxiv (page does not exist)">INArxiv</a> limited to Indonesia). Moreover, multiple writing platforms (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Authorea" title="Authorea">Authorea</a>) developed separate preprint servers as a part of their service. For more complete list (over 60 preprints servers) see: <a href="/wiki/List_of_preprint_repositories" title="List of preprint repositories">List of preprint repositories</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preprint&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic article">Electronic article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_preprint_repositories" title="List of preprint repositories">List of preprint repositories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_journals_by_preprint_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of academic journals by preprint policy">List of academic journals by preprint policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offprint" title="Offprint">Offprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepress" title="Prepress">Prepress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScientificCommons" title="ScientificCommons">ScientificCommons</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preprint&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Medical+Research+Methodology&rft.atitle=Open+Science+Saves+Lives%3A+Lessons+from+the+COVID-19+Pandemic&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8179078%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34090351&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12874-021-01304-y&rft.aulast=Besan%C3%A7on&rft.aufirst=Lonni&rft.au=Peiffer-Smadja%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Segalas%2C+Corentin&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Haiting&rft.au=Masuzzo%2C+Paola&rft.au=Smout%2C+Cooper&rft.au=Billy%2C+Eric&rft.au=Deforet%2C+Maxime&rft.au=Leyrat%2C+Cl%C3%A9mence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8179078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APreprint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Preprint&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Eysenbach G. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060315212206/http://www.yi.com/home/EysenbachGunther/scans/Eysenbach2000e_CurrOpImmunol_preprint_servers.pdf">The impact of preprint servers and electronic publishing on biomedical research</a>". <i>Curr Opin Immunol.</i> 2000 Oct;12(5):499–503</li> <li>Eysenbach G. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jmir.org/1999/2/e9/">Challenges and changing roles for medical journals in the cyberspace age: Electronic pre-prints and e-papers</a>". <i>J Med Internet Res</i> 1999;1(2):e9</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web-archive.southampton.ac.uk/cogprints.org/3019/">Electronic Preprints and Postprints</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Library_and_Information_Sciences" title="Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences">Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science</a></i>. Marcel Dekker.</li> <li>Inefuku, Harrison W. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/entities/publication/0f805445-d1e1-4adb-b142-e1b3505bbd65">Pre-Print, Post-Print or Offprint? A Guide to publication versions, permissions and the digital repository.</a>" Ames, IA: Digital Repository @ <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State University</a>, 14 January 2013.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929124253/http://network.nature.com/forums/precedings/255">Journal policies on preprints</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nature_Precedings" title="Nature Precedings">Nature Precedings</a> forum.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110830003949/http://www.crossref.org/02publishers/glossary.html">Preprint, Postprint</a> as defined by <a href="/wiki/Crossref" title="Crossref">Crossref</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asapbio.org/preprint-info/preprint-faq">Preprint FAQ</a> by ASAPbio.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Academic journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">Scientific journal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_journal" title="Public health journal">Public health</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing#Scholarly_paper" title="Academic publishing">Paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_article" title="Review article">Review article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Position_paper" title="Position paper">Position paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_review" title="Literature review">Literature review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_literature" title="Grey literature">Grey literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_paper" title="Working paper">Working paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">White paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_report" title="Technical report">Technical report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_report" title="Annual report">Annual report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">Pamphlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Lab notes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other publication types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_articles" title="Collection of articles">Collection of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">Patent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_patent" title="Biological patent">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_patent" title="Chemical patent">Chemical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">Monograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_(books)" title="Chapter (books)">Chapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">Treatise</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poster_session" title="Poster session">Poster session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_proceedings" title="Conference proceedings">Proceedings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">Impact and ranking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acknowledgment_index" title="Acknowledgment index">Acknowledgment index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics">Altmetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article-level_metrics" title="Article-level metrics">Article-level metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author-level_metrics" title="Author-level metrics">Author-level metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_index_(metrics)" title="Composite index (metrics)">C-score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_ranking" title="Journal ranking">Journal ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eigenfactor" title="Eigenfactor">Eigenfactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-index" title="G-index">g-index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-index" title="H-index"><i>h</i>-index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">Impact factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_academic_publishers" title="Rankings of academic publishers">Rankings of academic publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-wide_author_databases_of_standardized_citation_indicators" title="Science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators">Science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">Scientometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCImago_Journal_Rank" title="SCImago Journal Rank">SCImago Journal Rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reform and access</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal_publishing_reform" title="Academic journal publishing reform">Academic journal publishing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_citation_advantage" title="Open access citation advantage">Citation advantage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serials_crisis" title="Serials crisis">Serials crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICanHazPDF" title="ICanHazPDF">#ICanHazPDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versioning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Preprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postprint" title="Postprint">Postprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Version_of_record" title="Version of record">Version of record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erratum" title="Erratum">Erratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retraction_in_academic_publishing" title="Retraction in academic publishing">Retraction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">Indexes and search engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMiner_(database)" title="AMiner (database)">AMiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASE_(search_engine)" title="BASE (search engine)">BASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORE_(research_service)" title="CORE (research service)">CORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">Semantic Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperity" title="Paperity">Paperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAlex" title="OpenAlex">OpenAlex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_Copernicus" title="Index Copernicus">Index Copernicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERIH_PLUS" title="ERIH PLUS">ERIH PLUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_Romeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherpa Romeo">Sherpa Romeo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Open_Ukrainian_Citation_Index_(OUCI)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Open Ukrainian Citation Index (OUCI) (page does not exist)">The Open Ukrainian Citation Index (OUCI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAIRE" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenAIRE">OpenAIRE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TUBITAK_ULAKBIM_TR-D%C4%B0Z%C4%B0N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TUBITAK ULAKBIM TR-DİZİN (page does not exist)">TUBITAK ULAKBIM TR-DİZİN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALE" class="mw-redirect" title="GALE">GALE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">Imprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_writing" title="Scientific writing">Scientific writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_communication" title="Scholarly communication">Scholarly communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literature" title="Scientific literature">Scientific literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">Learned society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">Open research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_scientific_data" title="Open scientific data">Open scientific data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORCID" title="ORCID">ORCID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" 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