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size</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: minimum font size"> <meta name="keywords" content="minimum font size"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="minimum font size"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 7551</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: minimum font size</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7551</span> A Study on Establishing Criteria for Installation of Small Road Signs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sang-KeunBaik">Sang-KeunBaik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kyu-Soo%20Chong"> Kyu-Soo Chong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joon-Yeop%20Na"> Joon-Yeop Na</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study attempts to reduce the wind load of road signs, improve roadside landscaping, and enhance the safety of road users by establishing criteria for the installation of small road signs. First, we derive the minimum font size that can be used on road signs according to the road’s design speed by considering the visibility and legibility of such road signs. We classify road junctions into eight types based on junction type (intersection, interchange, and expressway) and on the number of road lanes. Furthermore, we propose small sign alternatives, to which the minimum font size is applied, to be placed by each road junction. To verify the effects of the small signs, we implemented a 3D simulation road environment, to which the small road signs were applied, and performed experiments using the driving simulator targeting 50 drivers. The experiments compared and analyzed the effects, whether the driver proceeds to the desired exit and the average driving time, between the existing large road signs and the improved small road signs under the same road conditions and intersection type. We conducted a survey with the participants of the simulation experiment on the preference between graphical signs (large road signs) and exit-centric signs (small road signs). The results show that the participants prefer the exit-centric signs (60%) to the graphical signs (40%). We propose installation criteria for small road signs for intersections, interchanges, and expressways based on the results of the experiment and the survey. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20simulation" title="3D simulation">3D simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=driving%20simulator" title=" driving simulator"> driving simulator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legibility%20distance" title=" legibility distance"> legibility distance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minimum%20font%20size" title=" minimum font size"> minimum font size</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=small%20road%20signs" title=" small road signs"> small road signs</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11321/a-study-on-establishing-criteria-for-installation-of-small-road-signs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11321.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">477</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7550</span> Principle Components Updates via Matrix Perturbations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aiman%20Elragig">Aiman Elragig</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanan%20Dreiwi"> Hanan Dreiwi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dung%20Ly"> Dung Ly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Idriss%20Elmabrook"> Idriss Elmabrook</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper highlights a new approach to look at online principle components analysis (OPCA). Given a data matrix X <span style="color: rgb(84, 84, 84); font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">∈ </span> R,^m x n we characterise the online updates of its covariance as a matrix perturbation problem. Up to the principle components, it turns out that online updates of the batch PCA can be captured by symmetric matrix perturbation of the batch covariance matrix. We have shown that as n→ n0 >> 1, the batch covariance and its update become almost similar. Finally, utilize our new setup of online updates to find a bound on the angle distance of the principle components of X and its update. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=online%20data%20updates" title="online data updates">online data updates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=covariance%20matrix" title=" covariance matrix"> covariance matrix</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=online%20principle%20component%20analysis" title=" online principle component analysis"> online principle component analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=matrix%20perturbation" title=" matrix perturbation"> matrix perturbation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76536/principle-components-updates-via-matrix-perturbations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76536.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">195</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7549</span> Thai Arts and Culture the Formation of Thai Identity Letter Font Designed</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kreetha%20Thumcharoensathit">Kreetha Thumcharoensathit</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of the analysis of Thai Arts and Culture which concerning the formation of Thai identity letter font designed is to identify The Aumphawa local community identity so as to select the suitable letter font which can applicable to the computer software usage. The populated survey was from the group of local people who live in Aumphawa sub-district. The methodological is cluster sampling from 100 surveyed, those 50 were from people who have household registration done in Aumphawa sub-district and other from people who live outside. In order to analyze and design the Thai identity letter font computer software designed for both Thai and English language version, the analysis had been completed by compiling of document and field survey from local people’s opinion on their Arts and Culture identity. The out-put will be submitted to the experts for evaluation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thai%20arts" title="Thai arts">Thai arts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=design" title=" design"> design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=font" title=" font"> font</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=identity" title=" identity"> identity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7600/thai-arts-and-culture-the-formation-of-thai-identity-letter-font-designed" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7600.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">477</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7548</span> Frequency- and Content-Based Tag Cloud Font Distribution Algorithm</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C3%81gnes%20Bog%C3%A1rdi-M%C3%A9sz%C3%B6ly">Ágnes Bogárdi-Mészöly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Takeshi%20Hashimoto"> Takeshi Hashimoto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shohei%20Yokoyama"> Shohei Yokoyama</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiroshi%20Ishikawa"> Hiroshi Ishikawa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The spread of Web 2.0 has caused user-generated content explosion. Users can tag resources to describe and organize them. Tag clouds provide rough impression of relative importance of each tag within overall cloud in order to facilitate browsing among numerous tags and resources. The goal of our paper is to enrich visualization of tag clouds. A font distribution algorithm has been proposed to calculate a novel metric based on frequency and content, and to classify among classes from this metric based on power law distribution and percentages. The suggested algorithm has been validated and verified on the tag cloud of a real-world thesis portal. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tag%20cloud" title="tag cloud">tag cloud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=font%20distribution%20algorithm" title=" font distribution algorithm"> font distribution algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=frequency-based" title=" frequency-based"> frequency-based</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=content-based" title=" content-based"> content-based</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20law" title=" power law"> power law</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8529/frequency-and-content-based-tag-cloud-font-distribution-algorithm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8529.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">505</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7547</span> Preferred Character Size for Oblique Angles </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Photjanat%20Phimnom">Photjanat Phimnom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haruetai%20Lohasiriwat"> Haruetai Lohasiriwat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In today’s world, the LED display has been used for presenting visual information under various circumstances. Such information is an important intermediary in the human information processing. Researchers have been investigated diverse factors that influence this process effectiveness. The letter size is undoubtedly one major factor that has been tested and recommended by many standards and guidelines. However, viewing information on the display from direct perpendicular position is a typical assumption whereas many actual events are required viewing from the angles. This current research aims to study the effect of oblique viewing angle and viewing distance on ability to recognize alphabet, number, and English word. The total of ten participants was volunteered to our 3 x 4 x 4 within subject study. Independent variables include three distance levels (2, 6, and 12 m), four oblique angle (0, 45, 60, 75 degree), and four target types (alphabet, number, short words, and long words). Following the method of constant stimuli we found that the larger oblique angle, ranging from 0 to 75 degree from the line of sight, results in significant higher legibility threshold or larger font size required (p-value < 0.05). Viewing distance factor also shows to have significant effect on the threshold (p-value < 0.05). However, the effect from distance factor is expected to be confounded by the quality of the screen we used in our experiment. Lastly, our results show that single alphabet as well as single number are recognized at significant lower threshold (smaller font size) as compared to both short and long words (p-value < 0.05). Therefore, it is recommended that when designs information to be presented on LED display, understanding of all possible ranges of oblique angle should be taken into account in order to specify the preferred letter size. Additionally, the recommendation of letter size for 100 % readability in our tested conditions is provided in the paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=letter%20size" title="letter size">letter size</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oblique%20angle" title=" oblique angle"> oblique angle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=viewing%20distance" title=" viewing distance"> viewing distance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legibility%20threshold" title=" legibility threshold"> legibility threshold</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18450/preferred-character-size-for-oblique-angles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18450.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">394</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7546</span> Models to Calculate Lattice Spacing, Melting Point and Lattice Thermal Expansion of Ga₂Se₃ Nanoparticles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20Saeed%20Omar">Mustafa Saeed Omar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The formula which contains the maximum increase of mean bond length, melting entropy and critical particle radius is used to calculate lattice volume in nanoscale size crystals of Ga₂Se₃. This compound belongs to the binary group of III₂VI₃. The critical radius is calculated from the values of the first surface atomic layer height which is equal to 0.336nm. The size-dependent mean bond length is calculated by using an equation-free from fitting parameters. The size-dependent lattice parameter then is accordingly used to calculate the size-dependent lattice volume. The lattice size in the nanoscale region increases to about 77.6 A³, which is up to four times of its bulk state value 19.97 A³. From the values of the nanosize scale dependence of lattice volume, the nanoscale size dependence of melting temperatures is calculated. The melting temperature decreases with the nanoparticles size reduction, it becomes zero when the radius reaches to its critical value. Bulk melting temperature for Ga₂Se₃, for example, has values of 1293 K. From the size-dependent melting temperature and mean bond length, the size-dependent lattice thermal expansion is calculated. Lattice thermal expansion decreases with the decrease of nanoparticles size and reaches to its minimum value as the radius drops down to about 5nm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ga%E2%82%82Se%E2%82%83" title="Ga₂Se₃">Ga₂Se₃</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lattice%20volume" title=" lattice volume"> lattice volume</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lattice%20thermal%20expansion" title=" lattice thermal expansion"> lattice thermal expansion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=melting%20point" title=" melting point"> melting point</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticles" title=" nanoparticles"> nanoparticles</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123069/models-to-calculate-lattice-spacing-melting-point-and-lattice-thermal-expansion-of-ga2se3-nanoparticles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123069.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">168</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7545</span> Irreducible Sign Patterns of Minimum Rank of 3 and Symmetric Sign Patterns That Allow Diagonalizability</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sriparna%20Bandopadhyay">Sriparna Bandopadhyay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is known that irreducible sign patterns in general may not allow diagonalizability and in particular irreducible sign patterns with minimum rank greater than or equal to 4. It is also known that every irreducible sign pattern matrix with minimum rank of 2 allow diagonalizability with rank of 2 and the maximum rank of the sign pattern. In general sign patterns with minimum rank of 3 may not allow diagonalizability if the condition of irreducibility is dropped, but the problem of whether every irreducible sign pattern with minimum rank of 3 allows diagonalizability remains open. In this paper it is shown that irreducible sign patterns with minimum rank of 3 under certain conditions on the underlying graph allow diagonalizability. An alternate proof of the results that every sign pattern matrix with minimum rank of 2 and no zero lines allow diagonalizability with rank of 2 and also that every full sign pattern allows diagonalizability with all permissible ranks of the sign pattern is given. Some open problems regarding composite cycles in an irreducible symmetric sign pattern that support of a rank principal certificate are also answered. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irreducible%20sign%20patterns" title="irreducible sign patterns">irreducible sign patterns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minimum%20rank" title=" minimum rank"> minimum rank</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=symmetric%20sign%20patterns" title=" symmetric sign patterns"> symmetric sign patterns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rank%20-principal%20certificate" title=" rank -principal certificate"> rank -principal certificate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=allowing%20diagonalizability" title=" allowing diagonalizability"> allowing diagonalizability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173597/irreducible-sign-patterns-of-minimum-rank-of-3-and-symmetric-sign-patterns-that-allow-diagonalizability" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173597.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">98</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7544</span> Analysis of Temporal Factors Influencing Minimum Dwell Time Distributions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Pedersen">T. Pedersen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Lindfeldt"> A. Lindfeldt </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The minimum dwell time is an important part of railway timetable planning. Due to its stochastic behaviour, the minimum dwell time should be considered to create resilient timetables. While there has been significant focus on how to determine and estimate dwell times, to our knowledge, little research has been carried out regarding temporal and running direction variations of these. In this paper, we examine how the minimum dwell time varies depending on temporal factors such as the time of day, day of the week and time of the year. We also examine how it is affected by running direction and station type. The minimum dwell time is estimated by means of track occupation data. A method is proposed to ensure that only minimum dwell times and not planned dwell times are acquired from the track occupation data. The results show that on an aggregated level, the average minimum dwell times in both running directions at a station are similar. However, when temporal factors are considered, there are significant variations. The minimum dwell time varies throughout the day with peak hours having the longest dwell times. It is also found that the minimum dwell times are influenced by weekday, and in particular, weekends are found to have lower minimum dwell times than most other days. The findings show that there is a potential to significantly improve timetable planning by taking minimum dwell time variations into account. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minimum%20dwell%20time" title="minimum dwell time">minimum dwell time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=operations%20quality" title=" operations quality"> operations quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=timetable%20planning" title=" timetable planning"> timetable planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=track%20occupation%20data" title=" track occupation data"> track occupation data</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84540/analysis-of-temporal-factors-influencing-minimum-dwell-time-distributions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84540.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">198</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7543</span> Investigating the Minimum RVE Size to Simulate Poly (Propylene carbonate) Composites Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals as a Bio-Nanocomposite</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamed%20Nazeri">Hamed Nazeri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pierre%20Mertiny"> Pierre Mertiny</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yongsheng%20Ma"> Yongsheng Ma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kajsa%20Duke"> Kajsa Duke</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The background of the present study is the use of environment-friendly biopolymer and biocomposite materials. Among the recently introduced biopolymers, poly (propylene carbonate) (PPC) has been gaining attention. This study focuses on the size of representative volume elements (RVE) in order to simulate PPC composites reinforced by cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as a bio-nanocomposite. Before manufacturing nanocomposites, numerical modeling should be implemented to explore and predict mechanical properties, which may be accomplished by creating and studying a suitable RVE. In other studies, modeling of composites with rod shaped fillers has been reported assuming that fillers are unidirectionally aligned. But, modeling of non-aligned filler dispersions is considerably more difficult. This study investigates the minimum RVE size to enable subsequent FEA modeling. The matrix and nano-fillers were modeled using the finite element software ABAQUS, assuming randomly dispersed fillers with a filler mass fraction of 1.5%. To simulate filler dispersion, a Monte Carlo technique was employed. The numerical simulation was implemented to find composite elastic moduli. After commencing the simulation with a single filler particle, the number of particles was increased to assess the minimum number of filler particles that satisfies the requirements for an RVE, providing the composite elastic modulus in a reliable fashion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biocomposite" title="biocomposite">biocomposite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monte%20Carlo%20method" title=" Monte Carlo method"> Monte Carlo method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanocomposite" title=" nanocomposite"> nanocomposite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=representative%20volume%20element" title=" representative volume element"> representative volume element</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27266/investigating-the-minimum-rve-size-to-simulate-poly-propylene-carbonate-composites-reinforced-with-cellulose-nanocrystals-as-a-bio-nanocomposite" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27266.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">442</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7542</span> Effects of Gelatin on Characteristics and Dental Pathogen Inhibition by Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Ascorbic Acid</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siriporn%20Okonogi">Siriporn Okonogi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Temsiri%20%20Suwan"> Temsiri Suwan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sakornrat%20%20Khongkhunthian"> Sakornrat Khongkhunthian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jakkapan%20%20Sirithunyalug"> Jakkapan Sirithunyalug</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared using ascorbic acid as a reducing agent and silver nitrate as a precursor. The effects of gelatin (G) on particle characteristics and dental pathogen inhibition were investigated. The spectra of AgNPs and G-AgNPs were compared using UV-Vis and Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The obtained AgNPs and G-AgNPs showed the maximum absorption at 410 and 430 nm, respectively, and EDX spectra of both systems confirmed Ag element. Scanning electron microscope showed that AgNPs and G-AgNPs were spherical in shape. Particles size, size distribution, and zeta potential were determined using dynamic light scattering approach. The size of AgNPs and G-AgNPs were 56 ± 2.4 and 67 ± 3.6 nm, respectively with a size distribution of 0.23 ± 0.03 and 0.19 ± 0.02, respectively. AgNPs and G-AgNPs exhibited negative zeta potential of 24.1 ± 2.7 mV and 32.7 ± 1.2 mV, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the obtained AgNPs and G-AgNPs against three strains of dental pathogenic bacteria; Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mutans, and Staphylococcus aureus were determined using broth dilution method. AgNPs and G-AgNPs showed the strongest inhibition against S. gordonii with the MIC of 0.05 and 0.025 mg/mL, respectively and the MBC of 0.1 and 0.05 mg/mL, respectively. Cytotoxicity test of AgNPs and G-AgNPs on human breast cancer cells using MTT assay indicated that G-AgNPs (0.1 mg/mL) was significantly stronger toxic than AgNPs with the cell inhibition of 91.1 ± 5.4%. G-AgNPs showed significantly less aggregation after storage at room temperature for 90 days than G-AgNPs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antipathogenic%20activity" title="antipathogenic activity">antipathogenic activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ascorbic%20acid" title=" ascorbic acid"> ascorbic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cytotoxicity" title=" cytotoxicity"> cytotoxicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stability" title=" stability"> stability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105937/effects-of-gelatin-on-characteristics-and-dental-pathogen-inhibition-by-silver-nanoparticles-synthesized-from-ascorbic-acid" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105937.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">149</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7541</span> The Minimum Patch Size Scale for Seagrass Canopy Restoration</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aina%20Barcelona">Aina Barcelona</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carolyn%20Oldham"> Carolyn Oldham</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jordi%20Colomer"> Jordi Colomer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Teresa%20Serra"> Teresa Serra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The loss of seagrass meadows worldwide is being tackled by formulating coastal restoration strategies. Seagrass loss results in a network of vegetated patches which are barely interconnected, and consequently, the ecological services they provide may be highly compromised. Hence, there is a need to optimize coastal management efforts in order to implement successful restoration strategies, not only through modifying the architecture of the canopies but also by gathering together information on the hydrodynamic conditions of the seabeds. To obtain information on the hydrodynamics within the patches of vegetation, this study deals with the scale analysis of the minimum lengths of patch management strategies that can be effectively used on. To this aim, a set of laboratory experiments were conducted in a laboratory flume where the plant densities, patch lengths, and hydrodynamic conditions were varied to discern the vegetated patch lengths that can provide optimal ecosystem services for canopy development. Two possible patch behaviours based on the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) production were determined: one where plants do not interact with the flow and the other where plants interact with waves and produce TKE. Furthermore, this study determines the minimum patch lengths that can provide successful management restoration. A canopy will produce TKE, depending on its density, the length of the vegetated patch, and the wave velocities. Therefore, a vegetated patch will produce plant-wave interaction under high wave velocities when it presents large lengths and high canopy densities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seagrass" title="seagrass">seagrass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minimum%20patch%20size" title=" minimum patch size"> minimum patch size</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turbulent%20kinetic%20energy" title=" turbulent kinetic energy"> turbulent kinetic energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oscillatory%20flow" title=" oscillatory flow"> oscillatory flow</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136059/the-minimum-patch-size-scale-for-seagrass-canopy-restoration" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136059.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">197</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7540</span> Single-Cell Visualization with Minimum Volume Embedding</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhenqiu%20Liu">Zhenqiu Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Visualizing the heterogeneity within cell-populations for single-cell RNA-seq data is crucial for studying the functional diversity of a cell. However, because of the high level of noises, outlier, and dropouts, it is very challenging to measure the cell-to-cell similarity (distance), visualize and cluster the data in a low-dimension. Minimum volume embedding (MVE) projects the data into a lower-dimensional space and is a promising tool for data visualization. However, it is computationally inefficient to solve a semi-definite programming (SDP) when the sample size is large. Therefore, it is not applicable to single-cell RNA-seq data with thousands of samples. In this paper, we develop an efficient algorithm with an accelerated proximal gradient method and visualize the single-cell RNA-seq data efficiently. We demonstrate that the proposed approach separates known subpopulations more accurately in single-cell data sets than other existing dimension reduction methods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single-cell%20RNA-seq" title="single-cell RNA-seq">single-cell RNA-seq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minimum%20volume%20embedding" title=" minimum volume embedding"> minimum volume embedding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visualization" title=" visualization"> visualization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accelerated%20proximal%20gradient%20method" title=" accelerated proximal gradient method"> accelerated proximal gradient method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75071/single-cell-visualization-with-minimum-volume-embedding" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75071.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">228</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7539</span> A Kruskal Based Heuxistic for the Application of Spanning Tree</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anjan%20Naidu">Anjan Naidu </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper we first discuss the minimum spanning tree, then we use the Kruskal algorithm to obtain minimum spanning tree. Based on Kruskal algorithm we propose Kruskal algorithm to apply an application to find minimum cost applying the concept of spanning tree. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Minimum%20Spanning%20tree" title="Minimum Spanning tree">Minimum Spanning tree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algorithm" title=" algorithm"> algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heuxistic" title=" Heuxistic"> Heuxistic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=application" title=" application"> application</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classification%20of%20Sub%2097K90" title=" classification of Sub 97K90"> classification of Sub 97K90</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30559/a-kruskal-based-heuxistic-for-the-application-of-spanning-tree" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30559.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">444</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7538</span> Anomalous Behaviors of Visible Luminescence from Graphene Quantum Dots</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyunho%20Shin">Hyunho Shin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jaekwang%20Jung"> Jaekwang Jung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeongho%20Park"> Jeongho Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sungwon%20Hwang"> Sungwon Hwang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For the application of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) to optoelectronic nanodevices, it is of critical importance to understand the mechanisms which result in novel phenomena of their light absorption/emission. The optical transitions are known to be available up to ~6 eV in GQDs, especially useful for ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors (PDs). Here, we present size-dependent shape/edge-state variations of GQDs and visible photoluminescence (PL) showing anomalous size dependencies. With varying the average size (da) of GQDs from 5 to 35 nm, the peak energy of the absorption spectra monotonically decreases, while that of the visible PL spectra unusually shows nonmonotonic behaviors having a minimum at diameter ∼17 nm. The PL behaviors can be attributed to the novel feature of GQDs, that is, the circular-to-polygonal-shape and corresponding edge-state variations of GQDs at diameter ∼17 nm as the GQD size increases, as demonstrated by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. We believe that such a comprehensive scheme in designing device architecture and the structural formulation of GQDs provides a device for practical realization of environmentally benign, high performance flexible devices in the future. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graphene" title="graphene">graphene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum%20dot" title=" quantum dot"> quantum dot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=size" title=" size"> size</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photoluminescence" title=" photoluminescence"> photoluminescence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46330/anomalous-behaviors-of-visible-luminescence-from-graphene-quantum-dots" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46330.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">295</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7537</span> Immature Palm Tree Detection Using Morphological Filter for Palm Counting with High Resolution Satellite Image</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nur%20Nadhirah%20Rusyda%20Rosnan">Nur Nadhirah Rusyda Rosnan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nursuhaili%20Najwa%20Masrol"> Nursuhaili Najwa Masrol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nurul%20Fatiha%20MD%20Nor"> Nurul Fatiha MD Nor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Zafrullah%20Mohammad%20Salim"> Mohammad Zafrullah Mohammad Salim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sim%20Choon%20Cheak"> Sim Choon Cheak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Accurate inventories of oil palm planted areas are crucial for plantation management as this would impact the overall economy and production of oil. One of the technological advancements in the oil palm industry is semi-automated palm counting, which is replacing conventional manual palm counting via digitizing aerial imagery. Most of the semi-automated palm counting method that has been developed was limited to mature palms due to their ideal canopy size represented by satellite image. Therefore, immature palms were often left out since the size of the canopy is barely visible from satellite images. In this paper, an approach using a morphological filter and high-resolution satellite image is proposed to detect immature palm trees. This approach makes it possible to count the number of immature oil palm trees. The method begins with an erosion filter with an appropriate window size of 3m onto the high-resolution satellite image. The eroded image was further segmented using watershed segmentation to delineate immature palm tree regions. Then, local minimum detection was used because it is hypothesized that immature oil palm trees are located at the local minimum within an oil palm field setting in a grayscale image. The detection points generated from the local minimum are displaced to the center of the immature oil palm region and thinned. Only one detection point is left that represents a tree. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated on three subsets with slopes ranging from 0 to 20° and different planting designs, i.e., straight and terrace. The proposed method was able to achieve up to more than 90% accuracy when compared with the ground truth, with an overall F-measure score of up to 0.91. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immature%20palm%20count" title="immature palm count">immature palm count</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20palm" title=" oil palm"> oil palm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=precision%20agriculture" title=" precision agriculture"> precision agriculture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remote%20sensing" title=" remote sensing"> remote sensing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175726/immature-palm-tree-detection-using-morphological-filter-for-palm-counting-with-high-resolution-satellite-image" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175726.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">76</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7536</span> Challenging the Constitutionality of Mandatory Sentences: A South African Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alphonso%20Goliath">Alphonso Goliath</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With mandatory minimum sentences, even with its qualification of “substantial and compelling circumstances”, the sentence severity for violent crimes has increased substantially to combat crime. Considering the upsurge in violent crime, the paper argues that minimum sentences failed to prevent or curb violent crime. These sentences deprive offenders more than what is reasonably necessary of their freedom to curb the offense and punish the offender. Minimum sentences amount to cruel, inhuman, and degrading punishment unjustified and vulnerable to constitutional challenge. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constitutionality" title="constitutionality">constitutionality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deterrence" title=" deterrence"> deterrence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=incapacitation" title=" incapacitation"> incapacitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minimum%20sentencing%20legislation" title=" minimum sentencing legislation"> minimum sentencing legislation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prison%20overcrowding" title=" prison overcrowding"> prison overcrowding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rehabilitation" title=" rehabilitation"> rehabilitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recidivism" title=" recidivism"> recidivism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retribution" title=" retribution"> retribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=violent%20crime" title=" violent crime"> violent crime</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154211/challenging-the-constitutionality-of-mandatory-sentences-a-south-african-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154211.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">83</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7535</span> Behind Fuzzy Regression Approach: An Exploration Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lavinia%20B.%20Dulla">Lavinia B. Dulla</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The exploration study of the fuzzy regression approach attempts to present that fuzzy regression can be used as a possible alternative to classical regression. It likewise seeks to assess the differences and characteristics of simple linear regression and fuzzy regression using the width of prediction interval, mean absolute deviation, and variance of residuals. Based on the simple linear regression model, the fuzzy regression approach is worth considering as an alternative to simple linear regression when the sample size is between 10 and 20. As the sample size increases, the fuzzy regression approach is not applicable to use since the assumption regarding large sample size is already operating within the framework of simple linear regression. Nonetheless, it can be suggested for a practical alternative when decisions often have to be made on the basis of small data. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20regression%20approach" title="fuzzy regression approach">fuzzy regression approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minimum%20fuzziness%20criterion" title=" minimum fuzziness criterion"> minimum fuzziness criterion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interval%20regression" title=" interval regression"> interval regression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prediction%20interval" title=" prediction interval"> prediction interval</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139364/behind-fuzzy-regression-approach-an-exploration-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139364.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">299</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7534</span> Antibacterial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Moringa oleifera Extract as Reducing Agent</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Temsiri%20Suwan">Temsiri Suwan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Penpicha%20Wanachantararak"> Penpicha Wanachantararak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sakornrat%20Khongkhunthian"> Sakornrat Khongkhunthian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siriporn%20Okonogi"> Siriporn Okonogi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized by green synthesis approach using Moringa oleifera aqueous extract (ME) as a reducing agent and silver nitrate as a precursor. The obtained AgNPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The results from UV-Vis revealed that the maximum absorption of AgNPs was at 430 nm and the EDX spectrum confirmed Ag element. The results from DLS indicated that the amount of ME played an important role in particle size, size distribution, and zeta potential of the obtained AgNPs. The smallest size (62.4 ± 1.8 nm) with narrow distribution (0.18 ± 0.02) of AgNPs was obtained after using 1% w/v of ME. This system gave high negative zeta potential of -36.5 ± 2.8 mV. SEM results indicated that the obtained AgNPs were spherical in shape. Antibacterial activity using dilution method revealed that the minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of the obtained AgNPs against Streptococcus mutans were 0.025 and 0.1 mg/mL, respectively. Cytotoxicity test of AgNPs on adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549) indicated that the particles impacted against A549 cells. The percentage of cell growth inhibition was 87.5 ± 3.6 % when only 0.1 mg/mL AgNPs was used. These results suggest that ME is the potential reducing agent for green synthesis of AgNPs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibacterial%20activity" title="antibacterial activity">antibacterial activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moringa%20oleifera%20extract" title=" Moringa oleifera extract"> Moringa oleifera extract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reducing%20agent" title=" reducing agent"> reducing agent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silver%20nanoparticles" title=" silver nanoparticles"> silver nanoparticles</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105935/antibacterial-activity-and-cytotoxicity-of-silver-nanoparticles-synthesized-by-moringa-oleifera-extract-as-reducing-agent" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105935.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">108</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7533</span> On the Basis Number and the Minimum Cycle Bases of the Wreath Product of Paths with Wheels</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20M.%20M.%20Jaradat">M. M. M. Jaradat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For a given graph G, the set Ԑ of all subsets of E(G) forms an |E(G)| dimensional vector space over Z2 with vector addition X⊕Y = (X\Y ) [ (Y \X) and scalar multiplication 1.X = X and 0.X = Ø for all X, Yϵ Ԑ. The cycle space, C(G), of a graph G is the vector subspace of (E; ⊕; .) spanned by the cycles of G. Traditionally there have been two notions of minimality among bases of C(G). First, a basis B of G is called a d-fold if each edge of G occurs in at most d cycles of the basis B. The basis number, b(G), of G is the least non-negative integer d such that C(G) has a d-fold basis; a required basis of C(G) is a basis for which each edge of G belongs to at most b(G) elements of B. Second, a basis B is called a minimum cycle basis (MCB) if its total length Σ BϵB |B| is minimum among all bases of C(G). The lexicographic product GρH has the vertex set V (GρH) = V (G) x V (H) and the edge set E(GρH) = {(u1, v1)(u2, v2)|u1 = u2 and v1 v2 ϵ E(H); or u1u2 ϵ E(G) and there is α ϵ Aut(H) such that α (v1) = v2}. In this work, a construction of a minimum cycle basis for the wreath product of wheels with paths is presented. Also, the length of the longest cycle of a minimum cycle basis is determined. Moreover, the basis number for the wreath product of the same is investigated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cycle%20space" title="cycle space">cycle space</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minimum%20cycle%20basis" title=" minimum cycle basis"> minimum cycle basis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=basis%20number" title=" basis number"> basis number</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wreath%20product" title=" wreath product"> wreath product</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2144/on-the-basis-number-and-the-minimum-cycle-bases-of-the-wreath-product-of-paths-with-wheels" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2144.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">280</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7532</span> South African Mandatory Minimum Sentencing: Causes and Consequences</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alphonso%20Augustine%20Goliath">Alphonso Augustine Goliath</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In 1997 South Africa adopted legislation introducing severe mandatory minimum sentences. This was a political response to counter the escalating violent crime the country experienced when it transitioned to democracy. Despite minimum sentences being fully operational for more than two decades, violent crimes like murder and rape have not abated. This paper provides a critique of the efficacy of minimums sentences with a primary focus on the legislation’s main aim of preventing or curbing crime, its relationship with prison overcrowding, and its continued constitutionality. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constitutionality" title="constitutionality">constitutionality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deterrence" title=" deterrence"> deterrence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=incapacitation" title=" incapacitation"> incapacitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minimum%20sentencing%20legislation" title=" minimum sentencing legislation"> minimum sentencing legislation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prison%20overcrowding" title=" prison overcrowding"> prison overcrowding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rehabilitation" title=" rehabilitation"> rehabilitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recidivism" title=" recidivism"> recidivism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retribution" title=" retribution"> retribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=violent%20crime" title=" violent crime"> violent crime</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154173/south-african-mandatory-minimum-sentencing-causes-and-consequences" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154173.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">82</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7531</span> Rim Size Optimization Using Mathematical Modelling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Tan">M. Tan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20N.%20Wan"> N. N. Wan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Ramli"> N. Ramli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20H.%20Hassan"> N. H. Hassan </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Car drivers would always like to have custom wheel on their car for two reasons; to improve their car's aesthetic beauty and to improve their car handling. As the size of the rims or wheels played an important role in influencing the way of car handles around turns, this paper aims to present the optimality of rim size that drivers should have known while changing their rim. There are three factors that drivers should have considered while changing their rim: rim size, its weight and material of which they are made. Using mathematical analysis, this paper will focus on only one factor, which is rim size. Factors that are considered in calculating the optimum rim size are the vehicle rim radius, tire height and weight, and aspect ratio. This paper has found that there are limitations in percentage change in rim size from the original tire size. Failure to have the right offset size may cause problems in maneuvering the vehicle. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mathematical%20analysis" title="mathematical analysis">mathematical analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimum%20wheel%20size" title=" optimum wheel size"> optimum wheel size</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=percentage%20change" title=" percentage change"> percentage change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=custom%20wheel" title=" custom wheel"> custom wheel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8523/rim-size-optimization-using-mathematical-modelling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8523.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">492</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7530</span> Minimum Data of a Speech Signal as Special Indicators of Identification in Phonoscopy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nazaket%20Gazieva">Nazaket Gazieva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Voice biometric data associated with physiological, psychological and other factors are widely used in forensic phonoscopy. There are various methods for identifying and verifying a person by voice. This article explores the minimum speech signal data as individual parameters of a speech signal. Monozygotic twins are believed to be genetically identical. Using the minimum data of the speech signal, we came to the conclusion that the voice imprint of monozygotic twins is individual. According to the conclusion of the experiment, we can conclude that the minimum indicators of the speech signal are more stable and reliable for phonoscopic examinations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phonogram" title="phonogram">phonogram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speech%20signal" title=" speech signal"> speech signal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temporal%20characteristics" title=" temporal characteristics"> temporal characteristics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fundamental%20frequency" title=" fundamental frequency"> fundamental frequency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biometric%20fingerprints" title=" biometric fingerprints"> biometric fingerprints</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110332/minimum-data-of-a-speech-signal-as-special-indicators-of-identification-in-phonoscopy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110332.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7529</span> Brain Tumor Segmentation Based on Minimum Spanning Tree</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Simeon%20Mayala">Simeon Mayala</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ida%20Herdlev%C3%A6r"> Ida Herdlevær</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jonas%20Bull%20Haugs%C3%B8en"> Jonas Bull Haugsøen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shamundeeswari%20Anandan"> Shamundeeswari Anandan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sonia%20Gavasso"> Sonia Gavasso</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Morten%20Brun"> Morten Brun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we propose a minimum spanning tree-based method for segmenting brain tumors. The proposed method performs interactive segmentation based on the minimum spanning tree without tuning parameters. The steps involve preprocessing, making a graph, constructing a minimum spanning tree, and a newly implemented way of interactively segmenting the region of interest. In the preprocessing step, a Gaussian filter is applied to 2D images to remove the noise. Then, the pixel neighbor graph is weighted by intensity differences and the corresponding minimum spanning tree is constructed. The image is loaded in an interactive window for segmenting the tumor. The region of interest and the background are selected by clicking to split the minimum spanning tree into two trees. One of these trees represents the region of interest and the other represents the background. Finally, the segmentation given by the two trees is visualized. The proposed method was tested by segmenting two different 2D brain T1-weighted magnetic resonance image data sets. The comparison between our results and the standard gold segmentation confirmed the validity of the minimum spanning tree approach. The proposed method is simple to implement and the results indicate that it is accurate and efficient. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brain%20tumor" title="brain tumor">brain tumor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brain%20tumor%20segmentation" title=" brain tumor segmentation"> brain tumor segmentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minimum%20spanning%20tree" title=" minimum spanning tree"> minimum spanning tree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=segmentation" title=" segmentation"> segmentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20processing" title=" image processing"> image processing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148591/brain-tumor-segmentation-based-on-minimum-spanning-tree" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148591.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">122</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7528</span> Improved Safety Science: Utilizing a Design Hierarchy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ulrica%20Pettersson">Ulrica Pettersson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <h2 style="margin-top:1.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left: 0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:10.2pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9pt;">Collection of information on incidents is regularly done through pre-printed incident report forms. These tend to be incomplete and frequently lack essential information. ne consequence is that reports with inadequate information, that do not fulfil analysts’ requirements, are transferred into the analysis process. To improve an incident reporting form, theory in design science, witness psychology and interview and questionnaire research has been used. Previously three experiments have been conducted to evaluate the form and shown significant improved results. The form has proved to capture knowledge, regardless of the incidents’ character or context. The aim in this paper is to describe how design science, in more detail a design hierarchy can be used to construct a collection form for improvements in safety science.<o:p></o:p></span></h2> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20collection" title="data collection">data collection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=design%20science" title=" design science"> design science</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=incident%20reports" title=" incident reports"> incident reports</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety%20science" title=" safety science"> safety science</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58257/improved-safety-science-utilizing-a-design-hierarchy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58257.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">223</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7527</span> A Two-Pronged Truncated Deferred Sampling Plan for Log-Logistic Distribution</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Braimah%20Joseph%20Odunayo">Braimah Joseph Odunayo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jiju%20Gillariose"> Jiju Gillariose</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper is aimed at developing a sampling plan that uses information from precedent and successive lots for lot disposition with a pretention that the life-time of a particular product assumes a Log-logistic distribution. A Two-pronged Truncated Deferred Sampling Plan (TTDSP) for Log-logistic distribution is proposed when the testing is truncated at a precise time. The best possible sample sizes are obtained under a given Maximum Allowable Percent Defective (MAPD), Test Suspension Ratios (TSR), and acceptance numbers (c). A formula for calculating the operating characteristics of the proposed plan is also developed. The operating characteristics and mean-ratio values were used to measure the performance of the plan. The findings of the study show that: Log-logistic distribution has a decreasing failure rate; furthermore, as mean-life ratio increase, the failure rate reduces; the sample size increase as the acceptance number, test suspension ratios and maximum allowable percent defective increases. The study concludes that the minimum sample sizes were smaller, which makes the plan a more economical plan to adopt when cost and time of production are costly and the experiment being destructive. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consumers%20risk" title="consumers risk">consumers risk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mean%20life" title=" mean life"> mean life</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minimum%20sample%20size" title=" minimum sample size"> minimum sample size</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=operating%20characteristics" title=" operating characteristics"> operating characteristics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=producers%20risk" title=" producers risk"> producers risk</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127830/a-two-pronged-truncated-deferred-sampling-plan-for-log-logistic-distribution" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127830.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">140</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7526</span> GIS-Based Topographical Network for Minimum “Exertion” Routing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Katherine%20Carl%20Payne">Katherine Carl Payne</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moshe%20Dror"> Moshe Dror</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The problem of minimum cost routing has been extensively explored in a variety of contexts. While there is a prevalence of routing applications based on least distance, time, and related attributes, exertion-based routing has remained relatively unexplored. In particular, the network structures traditionally used to construct minimum cost paths are not suited to representing exertion or finding paths of least exertion based on road gradient. In this paper, we introduce a topographical network or “topograph” that enables minimum cost routing based on the exertion metric on each arc in a given road network as it is related to changes in road gradient. We describe an algorithm for topograph construction and present the implementation of the topograph on a road network of the state of California with ~22 million nodes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=topograph" title="topograph">topograph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RPE" title=" RPE"> RPE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=routing" title=" routing"> routing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GIS" title=" GIS"> GIS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20618/gis-based-topographical-network-for-minimum-exertion-routing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20618.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">546</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7525</span> Improved FP-Growth Algorithm with Multiple Minimum Supports Using Maximum Constraints</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elsayeda%20M.%20Elgaml">Elsayeda M. Elgaml</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dina%20M.%20Ibrahim"> Dina M. Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elsayed%20A.%20Sallam"> Elsayed A. Sallam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Association rule mining is one of the most important fields of data mining and knowledge discovery. In this paper, we propose an efficient multiple support frequent pattern growth algorithm which we called “MSFP-growth” that enhancing the FP-growth algorithm by making infrequent child node pruning step with multiple minimum support using maximum constrains. The algorithm is implemented, and it is compared with other common algorithms: Apriori-multiple minimum supports using maximum constraints and FP-growth. The experimental results show that the rule mining from the proposed algorithm are interesting and our algorithm achieved better performance than other algorithms without scarifying the accuracy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=association%20rules" title="association rules">association rules</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FP-growth" title=" FP-growth"> FP-growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20minimum%20supports" title=" multiple minimum supports"> multiple minimum supports</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Weka%20tool" title=" Weka tool"> Weka tool</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28521/improved-fp-growth-algorithm-with-multiple-minimum-supports-using-maximum-constraints" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28521.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">485</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7524</span> A Comparison Study: Infant and Children’s Clothing Size Charts in South Korea and UK</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hye-Won%20Lim">Hye-Won Lim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tom%20Cassidy"> Tom Cassidy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tracy%20Cassidy"> Tracy Cassidy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Infant and children’s body shapes are changing constantly while they are growing up into adults and are also distinctive physically between countries. For this reason, optimum size charts which can represent body sizes and shapes of infants and children are required. In this study, investigations of current size charts in South Korea and UK (n=50 each) were conducted for understanding and figuring out the sizing perspectives of the clothing manufacturers. The size charts of the two countries were collected randomly from online shopping websites and those size charts’ average measurements were compared with both national sizing surveys (SizeKorea and Shape GB). The size charts were also classified by age, gender, clothing type, fitting, and other factors. In addition, the key measurement body parts of size charts of each country were determined and those will be suggested for new size charts and sizing system development. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant%20clothing" title="infant clothing">infant clothing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children%E2%80%99s%20clothing" title=" children’s clothing"> children’s clothing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=body%20shapes" title=" body shapes"> body shapes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=size%20charts" title=" size charts"> size charts</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43386/a-comparison-study-infant-and-childrens-clothing-size-charts-in-south-korea-and-uk" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43386.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">317</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7523</span> Impact of Different Tillage Practices on Soil Health Status: Carbon Storage and Pools, Soil Aggregation, and Nutrient Use</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Denis%20Constantin%20Topa">Denis Constantin Topa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irina%20Gabriela%20Cara"> Irina Gabriela Cara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gerard%20Jitareanu"> Gerard Jitareanu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Tillage is a fundamental soil practice with different soil disturbance intensities and unique implications in soil organic carbon, soil structure, and nutrient dynamics. However, the implication of tillage practice on soil organic carbon and soil health is complex and specific to the context. it study evaluated soil health status based on soil carbon sequestration and pools, soil aggregation, and nutrient use under two different tillage practices: conventional and minimum tillage. The results of our study are consistent with the hypothesis that, over time, minimum tillage typically boosts soil health in the 0-10 cm soil layer. Compared to the conventional practice (19.36 t C ha-1) there was a significant accumulation of soil organic carbon (0-30 cm) in the minimum-tillage practice (23.21 t C ha-1). Below 10 cm depth, the soil organic carbon stocks are close to that of the conventional layer (0-30 cm). Soil aggregate stability was improved under conservative tillage, due to soil carbon improvement which facilitated a greater volume of mesopores and micropores. Total nitrogen (TN), available potassium (AK) and phosphorus (AP) content in 0-10 cm depth under minimum-tillage practice were 26%, 6% and 32%, greater respectively, compared to the conventional treatment. Overall, the TN, AP and AK values decreased with depth within the soil profiles as a consequence of soil practice and minimum disturbance. The data show that minimum tillage is a sustainable and effective management practice that maintain soil health with soil carbon increase and efficient nutrient use. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minimum%20tillage" title="minimum tillage">minimum tillage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conventional%20tillage" title=" conventional tillage"> conventional tillage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20organic%20carbon" title=" soil organic carbon"> soil organic carbon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nutrients" title=" nutrients"> nutrients</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20aggregation" title=" soil aggregation"> soil aggregation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20health" title=" soil health"> soil health</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194602/impact-of-different-tillage-practices-on-soil-health-status-carbon-storage-and-pools-soil-aggregation-and-nutrient-use" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194602.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">11</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7522</span> A Hybrid Based Algorithm to Solve the Multi-objective Minimum Spanning Tree Problem</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boumesbah%20Asma">Boumesbah Asma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chergui%20Mohamed%20El-amine"> Chergui Mohamed El-amine</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Since it has been shown that the multi-objective minimum spanning tree problem (MOST) is NP-hard even with two criteria, we propose in this study a hybrid NSGA-II algorithm with an exact mutation operator, which is only used with low probability, to find an approximation to the Pareto front of the problem. In a connected graph G, a spanning tree T of G being a connected and cycle-free graph, if k edges of G\T are added to T, we obtain a partial graph H of G inducing a reduced size multi-objective spanning tree problem compared to the initial one. With a weak probability for the mutation operator, an exact method for solving the reduced MOST problem considering the graph H is then used to give birth to several mutated solutions from a spanning tree T. Then, the selection operator of NSGA-II is activated to obtain the Pareto front approximation. Finally, an adaptation of the VNS metaheuristic is called for further improvements on this front. It allows finding good individuals to counterbalance the diversification and the intensification during the optimization search process. Experimental comparison studies with an exact method show promising results and indicate that the proposed algorithm is efficient. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minimum%20spanning%20tree" title="minimum spanning tree">minimum spanning tree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20objective%20linear%20optimization" title=" multiple objective linear optimization"> multiple objective linear optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combinatorial%20optimization" title=" combinatorial optimization"> combinatorial optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-sorting%20genetic%20algorithm" title=" non-sorting genetic algorithm"> non-sorting genetic algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variable%20neighborhood%20search" title=" variable neighborhood search"> variable neighborhood search</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157395/a-hybrid-based-algorithm-to-solve-the-multi-objective-minimum-spanning-tree-problem" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157395.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">91</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minimum%20font%20size&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minimum%20font%20size&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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