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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Criticism of content </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism_of_content-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism of content subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accuracy_of_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accuracy_of_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Accuracy of information </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accuracy_of_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Not_authoritative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Not_authoritative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Not authoritative </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Not_authoritative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparative_study_of_science_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_study_of_science_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Comparative study of science articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparative_study_of_science_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lack_of_methodical_fact-checking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_methodical_fact-checking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 Lack of methodical fact-checking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_methodical_fact-checking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutral_point_of_view_and_conflicts_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutral_point_of_view_and_conflicts_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.4 Neutral point of view and conflicts of interest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutral_point_of_view_and_conflicts_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.5 Scientific disputes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exposure_to_political_operatives_and_advocates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exposure_to_political_operatives_and_advocates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.6 Exposure to political operatives and advocates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exposure_to_political_operatives_and_advocates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commandeering_or_sanitizing_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commandeering_or_sanitizing_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.7 Commandeering or sanitizing articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commandeering_or_sanitizing_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quality_of_presentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quality_of_presentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Quality of presentation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quality_of_presentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quality_of_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quality_of_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Quality of writing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quality_of_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Wall_Street_Journal_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Wall_Street_Journal_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 The Wall Street Journal debate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Wall_Street_Journal_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systemic_bias_in_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systemic_bias_in_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Systemic bias in coverage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systemic_bias_in_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notability_of_article_topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notability_of_article_topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Notability of article topics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notability_of_article_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partisanship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partisanship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Partisanship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partisanship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_or_corporate_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_or_corporate_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 National or corporate bias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_or_corporate_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racial_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.4 Racial bias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_bias_and_sexism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_bias_and_sexism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.5 Gender bias and sexism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_bias_and_sexism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antisemitic_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antisemitic_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.6 Antisemitic bias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antisemitic_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutional_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutional_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.7 Institutional bias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutional_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Firearms-related_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firearms-related_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.8 Firearms-related articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firearms-related_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skeptical_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skeptical_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.9 Skeptical bias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skeptical_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Sexual content </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exposure_to_vandals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exposure_to_vandals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Exposure to vandals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exposure_to_vandals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privacy_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privacy_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Privacy concerns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privacy_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_the_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_the_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Criticism of the community </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism_of_the_community-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism of the community subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_the_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_of_Jimmy_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_Jimmy_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Role of Jimmy Wales </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_Jimmy_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_of_interest_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_of_interest_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Conflict of interest cases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_of_interest_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unfair_treatment_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unfair_treatment_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Unfair treatment of women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unfair_treatment_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croatian_Wikipedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatian_Wikipedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Croatian Wikipedia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatian_Wikipedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lack_of_verifiable_identities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_verifiable_identities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Lack of verifiable identities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_verifiable_identities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scandals_involving_administrators_and_arbitrators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandals_involving_administrators_and_arbitrators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Scandals involving administrators and arbitrators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandals_involving_administrators_and_arbitrators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Essjay_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essjay_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Essjay controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essjay_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anonymity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anonymity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 Anonymity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anonymity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Criticism of process </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism_of_process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism of process subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Level_of_debate,_edit_wars,_and_harassment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Level_of_debate,_edit_wars,_and_harassment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Level of debate, edit wars, and harassment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Level_of_debate,_edit_wars,_and_harassment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consensus_and_the_"hive_mind"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consensus_and_the_"hive_mind""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Consensus and the "hive mind" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consensus_and_the_"hive_mind"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excessive_rule-making" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excessive_rule-making"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Excessive rule-making </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excessive_rule-making-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_stratification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_stratification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Social stratification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_stratification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Criticism of Wikipedia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" > 30 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="انتقاد ويكيبيديا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتقاد ويكيبيديا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="উইকিপিডিয়ার সমালোচনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইকিপিডিয়ার সমালোচনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Крытыка Вікіпедыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Крытыка Вікіпедыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Крытыка Вікіпэдыі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Крытыка Вікіпэдыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritik_an_Wikipedia" title="Kritik an Wikipedia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kritik an Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%ADtica_a_Wikipedia" title="Crítica a Wikipedia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crítica a Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="انتقادها به ویکی‌پدیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انتقادها به ویکی‌پدیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critiques_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Critiques de Wikipédia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Critiques de Wikipédia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC%EC%97%90_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C_%EB%B9%84%ED%8C%90" title="위키백과에 대한 비판 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위키백과에 대한 비판" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritik_terhadap_Wikipedia" title="Kritik terhadap Wikipedia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kritik terhadap Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94" title="ביקורת על ויקיפדיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביקורת על ויקיפדיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Wikip%C3%A9dia_kritik%C3%A1i" title="A Wikipédia kritikái – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A Wikipédia kritikái" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Википедија:Критики кон Википедија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Википедија:Критики кон Википедија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritikan_terhadap_Wikipedia" title="Kritikan terhadap Wikipedia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kritikan terhadap Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%88%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BC%D0%B6%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Википедиагийн тухай шүүмжлэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Википедиагийн тухай шүүмжлэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Kritiek_op_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Kritiek op Wikipedia – Dutch" 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							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Criticism_of_Wikipedia">reviewed</a> on 26 November 2024.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Controversy surrounding the online encyclopedia Wikipedia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a>. Please improve this article by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Criticism+of+Wikipedia%22">"Criticism of Wikipedia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Criticism+of+Wikipedia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Criticism+of+Wikipedia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Criticism+of+Wikipedia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Criticism+of+Wikipedia%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Criticism+of+Wikipedia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (August 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klee-Irwin.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Klee-Irwin.gif/300px-Klee-Irwin.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Klee-Irwin.gif/450px-Klee-Irwin.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Klee-Irwin.gif/600px-Klee-Irwin.gif 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>Two radically different versions of the Wikipedia biography Klee Irwin (now deleted)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> presented to the public within days of each other: Wikipedia's susceptibility to edit wars and bias is an issue often raised by the project's critics.</figcaption></figure> The free online encyclopedia <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> has been criticized since its creation in 2001. Most of the criticism has been directed toward its content, community of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia community">established volunteer users</a>, process, and rules. Critics have questioned its <a href="/wiki/Reliability_of_Wikipedia" title="Reliability of Wikipedia">factual reliability</a>, the readability and organization of its articles, the lack of methodical <a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">fact-checking</a>, and its <a href="/wiki/Political_bias" title="Political bias">political bias</a>. Concerns have also been raised about <a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias_of_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic bias of Wikipedia">systemic</a> bias along <a href="/wiki/Gender_bias_in_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender bias in Wikipedia">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial bias in Wikipedia">racial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Ideological bias on Wikipedia">political</a>, corporate, institutional, and national lines. Conflicts of interest arising from corporate campaigns to influence content have also been highlighted. Further concerns include the vandalism and partisanship facilitated by anonymous editing, <a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">clique</a> behavior (from contributors as well as administrators and other top figures), <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a> between a guardian class and newer users, excessive rule-making, edit warring, and uneven policy application. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_content">Criticism of content</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Criticism of content">edit</a>]</div> The reliability of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> is often questioned. In Wikipedia: The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge (2010), journalist <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Black" title="Edwin Black">Edwin Black</a> characterized the content of articles as a mixture of "truth, half-truth, and some falsehoods".<a href="#cite_note-EdwinBlack-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Kamm" title="Oliver Kamm">Oliver Kamm</a>, in his 2007 <a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">op-ed</a>, said that articles usually are dominated by the loudest and most persistent editorial voices or by an <a href="/wiki/Interest_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Interest group">interest group</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Ideological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideological">ideological</a> "axe to grind".<a href="#cite_note-okw-3">[3]</a> In his article The 'Undue Weight' of Truth on Wikipedia (2012), Timothy Messer–Kruse criticized the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DUE">undue-weight policy</a> that deals with the relative importance of sources, observing that it showed Wikipedia's goal was not to present correct and definitive information about a subject but to present the majority opinion of the sources cited.<a href="#cite_note-undue_weight-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bowling_Green_State_University-5">[5]</a> The authors of another 2012 article noted another author's point that omissions within an article might give the reader false ideas about a topic, based upon the incomplete content of Wikipedia.<a href="#cite_note-auto-6">[6]</a> Wikipedia is sometimes characterized as having a hostile editing environment. In a 2014 article, <a href="/wiki/Dariusz_Jemielniak" title="Dariusz Jemielniak">Dariusz Jemielniak</a>, a steward for <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> projects, stated that the complexity of the rules and laws governing editorial content and the behavior of the editors is a burden for new editors and a license for the "office politics" of disruptive editors.<a href="#cite_note-Jemielniak-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jem_article-8">[8]</a> In a follow-up article, Jemielniak said that abridging and rewriting the editorial rules and laws of Wikipedia for clarity of purpose and simplicity of application would resolve the bureaucratic bottleneck of too many rules.<a href="#cite_note-Jem_article-8">[8]</a> In a 2013 article, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Halfaker" title="Aaron Halfaker">Aaron Halfaker</a> said the over-complicated rules and laws of Wikipedia unintentionally provoked the decline in editorial participation that began in 2009—frightening away new editors who otherwise would contribute to Wikipedia.<a href="#cite_note-Vergano,_Dan-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-HalfakerGeiger2012-10">[10]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] There have also been works that describe the possible misuse of Wikipedia. In Wikipedia or Wickedpedia? (2008), the Hoover Institution said Wikipedia is an unreliable resource for correct knowledge, information, and facts about a subject, because, as an open-source website, the editorial content of the articles is readily subjected to <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism_(negationism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical revisionism (negationism)">manipulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> by government and corporate parties.<a href="#cite_note-Petrilli,_Michael_J-11">[11]</a> The 2014 edition of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>'s official student handbook, Academic Integrity at MIT, informs students that Wikipedia is not a reliable academic source, stating, "the bibliography published at the end of the Wikipedia entry may point you to potential sources. However, do not assume that these sources are reliable – use the same criteria to judge them as you would any other source. Do not consider the Wikipedia bibliography as a replacement for your own <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Citing_Electronic_Sources-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accuracy_of_information">Accuracy of information</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Accuracy of information">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reliability_of_Wikipedia" title="Reliability of Wikipedia">Reliability of Wikipedia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Not_authoritative">Not authoritative</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Not authoritative">edit</a>]</div> Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Researching_with_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia">acknowledges</a> that the encyclopedia should not be used as a primary source for research, either academic or informational. The British librarian Philip Bradley said, "the main problem is the lack of <a href="/wiki/Authority_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Authority (sociology)">authority</a>. With printed publications, the publishers have to ensure that their data are reliable, as their livelihood depends on it. But with something like this, all that goes out the window."<a href="#cite_note-Who_knows?-13">[13]</a> Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Robert_McHenry" title="Robert McHenry">Robert McHenry</a>, editor-in-chief of Encyclopedia Britannica from 1992 to 1997, said that readers of Wikipedia articles cannot know who wrote the article they are reading—it might have been written by an expert in the subject matter or by an amateur.<a href="#cite_note-McHenry-14">[14]</a> In November 2015, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Wikipedia#Formulation_of_the_concept" title="History of Wikipedia">Wikipedia co-founder</a> <a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a> told Zach Schwartz in <a href="/wiki/Vice_(magazine)" title="Vice (magazine)">Vice</a>: "I think Wikipedia never solved the problem of how to organize itself in a way that didn't lead to <a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">mob rule</a>" and that since he left the project, "People that I would say are <a href="/wiki/Internet_troll" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet troll">trolls</a> sort of took over. The inmates started running the asylum."<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz2015-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comparative_study_of_science_articles">Comparative study of science articles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Comparative study of science articles">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teaching-criticism-praise.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Teaching-criticism-praise.png/300px-Teaching-criticism-praise.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Teaching-criticism-praise.png/450px-Teaching-criticism-praise.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Teaching-criticism-praise.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>"Teaching criticism vs. teaching praise": an analysis of talk-page messages for the <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Research:WSOR11" class="extiw" title="mw:Research:WSOR11">Wikipedia Summer of Research (2011) convention</a><a class="external free" href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Research:WSOR11">http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Research:WSOR11</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></figcaption></figure> In "Internet Encyclopedias Go Head-to-head", a 2005 article published in the scientific journal <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>, the results of a <a href="/wiki/Blind_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Blind experiment">blind experiment</a> (single-blind study), which compared the factual and informational accuracy of entries from Wikipedia and the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, were reported. The 42-entry sample included science articles and biographies of scientists, which were compared for accuracy by anonymous academic reviewers; they found that the average Wikipedia entry contained four errors and omissions, while the average Encyclopædia Britannica entry contained three errors and omissions. The study concluded that Wikipedia and Britannica were comparable in terms of the accuracy of its science entries.<a href="#cite_note-na05-17">[17]</a> Nevertheless, the reviewers had two principal criticisms of the Wikipedia science entries: (i) thematically confused content, without an intelligible structure (order, presentation, interpretation); and (ii) that undue weight is given to controversial, fringe theories about the subject matter.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The dissatisfaction of the Encyclopædia Britannica editors led to Nature publishing additional survey documentation that substantiated the results of the comparative study.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Based upon the additional documents, Encyclopædia Britannica denied the validity of the study, stating it was flawed, because the Britannica extracts were compilations that sometimes included articles written for the youth version of the encyclopedia.<a href="#cite_note-FF-20">[20]</a> In turn, Nature acknowledged that some Britannica articles were compilations, but denied that such editorial details invalidated the conclusions of the comparative study of the science articles.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The editors of Britannica also said that while the Nature study showed that the rate of error between the two encyclopedias was similar, the errors in a Wikipedia article usually were errors of fact, while the errors in a Britannica article were errors of omission. According to the editors of Britannica, Britannica was more accurate than Wikipedia in that respect.<a href="#cite_note-FF-20">[20]</a> Subsequently, Nature magazine rejected the Britannica response with a <a href="/wiki/Rebuttal" title="Rebuttal">rebuttal</a> of the editors' specific objections about the research method of the study.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lack_of_methodical_fact-checking">Lack of methodical fact-checking</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lack of methodical fact-checking">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg/220px-John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg/330px-John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg/440px-John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>American journalist <a href="/wiki/John_Seigenthaler" title="John Seigenthaler">John Seigenthaler</a>, the object of the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Seigenthaler_biography_incident" title="Wikipedia Seigenthaler biography incident">Seigenthaler incident</a></figcaption></figure> Inaccurate information that is not obviously false may persist in Wikipedia for a long time before it is challenged. The most prominent cases reported by mainstream media involved biographies of living people. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Seigenthaler_biography_incident" title="Wikipedia Seigenthaler biography incident">Wikipedia Seigenthaler biography incident</a> demonstrated that the subject of a biographical article must sometimes fix blatant lies about themselves. In May 2005, an anonymous user edited the biographical article on American journalist and writer <a href="/wiki/John_Seigenthaler" title="John Seigenthaler">John Seigenthaler</a> so that it contained several false and <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defamatory</a> statements.<a href="#cite_note-Seigenthaler-incident-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The inaccurate claims went unnoticed from May until September 2005 when they were discovered by <a href="/wiki/Victor_S._Johnson_Jr." title="Victor S. Johnson Jr.">Victor S. Johnson Jr.</a>, a friend of Seigenthaler. Wikipedia content is often mirrored at sites such as <a href="/wiki/Answers.com" title="Answers.com">Answers.com</a>, which means that incorrect information can be replicated alongside correct information through a number of web sources. Such information can thereby develop false authority due to its presence at such sites.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In another example, on March 2, 2007, MSNBC.com reported that then-<a href="/wiki/New_York_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Senator">New York Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> had been incorrectly listed for 20 months in her Wikipedia biography as having been valedictorian of her class of 1969 at <a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley College</a>, when she was not.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The article included a link to the Wikipedia edit,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> where the incorrect information was added on July 9, 2005. The inaccurate information was removed within 24 hours after the MSNBC.com report appeared.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_hoaxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia hoaxes">Attempts to perpetrate hoaxes</a> may not be confined to editing existing Wikipedia articles, but can also include creating new articles. In October 2005, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Mcilwraith" title="Alan Mcilwraith">Alan Mcilwraith</a>, a call center worker from Scotland, created a Wikipedia article in which he wrote that he was a highly decorated war hero. The article was quickly identified as a hoax by other users and deleted.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> There have also been instances of users deliberately inserting false information into Wikipedia in order to test the system and demonstrate its alleged unreliability. <a href="/wiki/Gene_Weingarten" title="Gene Weingarten">Gene Weingarten</a>, a journalist, ran such a test in 2007, in which he inserted false information into his own Wikipedia article; it was removed 27 hours later by a Wikipedia editor.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Wikipedia considers the deliberate insertion of false and misleading information to be <a href="/wiki/Vandalism_on_Wikipedia" title="Vandalism on Wikipedia">vandalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neutral_point_of_view_and_conflicts_of_interest">Neutral point of view and conflicts of interest</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Neutral point of view and conflicts of interest">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Core_content_policies" title="Wikipedia:Core content policies">Wikipedia:Core content policies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources">Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources</a></div> Wikipedia regards the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(science)" title="Objectivity (science)">neutral point of view</a> as one of its non-negotiable principles; however, it acknowledges that such a concept has its limitations – its <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NPOV">NPOV</a> policy states that articles should be "as far as possible" written "without editorial bias". Mark Glaser, a journalist, also wrote that this may be an impossible ideal due to the inevitable biases of editors.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Research has shown that articles can maintain bias in spite of the neutral point of view policy through word choice, the presentation of opinions and controversial claims as facts, and <a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">framing bias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brian_Martin-35">[35]</a> In August 2007, a tool called WikiScanner—developed by Virgil Griffith, a visiting researcher from the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Institute" title="Santa Fe Institute">Santa Fe Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>—was released to match edits to the encyclopedia by non-registered users with an extensive database of <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP addresses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Robert_Verkaik-36">[36]</a> News stories appeared about IP addresses from various organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diebold" class="mw-redirect" title="Diebold">Diebold, Inc.</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Australian government</a> being used to make edits to Wikipedia articles, sometimes of an opinionated or questionable nature. Another story stated that an IP address from the BBC itself had been used to vandalize the article on <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rhys_Blakely-37">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> quoted a Wikipedia spokesperson as praising the tool: "We really value transparency and the scanner really takes this to another level. Wikipedia Scanner may prevent an organization or individuals from editing articles that they're really not supposed to."<a href="#cite_note-Jonathan_Fildes-38">[38]</a> Not everyone hailed WikiScanner as a success for Wikipedia. <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Kamm" title="Oliver Kamm">Oliver Kamm</a>, in a column for <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, argued instead that:<a href="#cite_note-okw-3">[3]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The WikiScanner is thus an important development in bringing down a pernicious influence on our intellectual life. Critics of the web decry the medium as the cult of the amateur. Wikipedia is worse than that; it is the province of the covert lobby. The most constructive course is to stand on the sidelines and jeer at its pretensions. </blockquote> WikiScanner reveals conflicts of interest only when the editor does not have a Wikipedia account and their IP address is used instead. <a href="/wiki/Conflict-of-interest_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia">Conflict-of-interest editing</a> done by editors with accounts is not detected, since those edits are anonymous to everyone except some <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_administrators" title="Wikipedia administrators">Wikipedia administrators</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cade_Metz-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scientific_disputes">Scientific disputes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scientific disputes">edit</a>]</div> The 2005 Nature study also gave two brief examples of challenges that Wikipedian science writers purportedly faced on Wikipedia. The first concerned the addition of a section on violence to the <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia#Violence" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a> article, which was little more than a "rant" about the need to lock people up, in the view of one of the article's regular editors, <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropsychologist">neuropsychologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaughan_Bell" title="Vaughan Bell">Vaughan Bell</a>. He said that editing it stimulated him to look up the literature on the topic.<a href="#cite_note-na05-17">[17]</a> Another dispute involved the climate researcher <a href="/wiki/William_Connolley" title="William Connolley">William Connolley</a>, a Wikipedia editor who was opposed by others. The topic in this second dispute was "language pertaining to the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a>",<a href="#cite_note-ny2006-40">[40]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> reported that this dispute, which was far more protracted, had led to <a href="/wiki/Arbitration_in_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitration in Wikipedia">arbitration</a>, which took three months to produce a decision.<a href="#cite_note-ny2006-40">[40]</a> The outcome of arbitration was for Connolley to be restricted to undoing edits on articles once per day.<a href="#cite_note-ny2006-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exposure_to_political_operatives_and_advocates">Exposure to political operatives and advocates</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Exposure to political operatives and advocates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Conflict-of-interest_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia">Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia</a></div> While Wikipedia policy requires articles to have a neutral point of view, it is not immune from attempts by outsiders (or insiders) with an agenda to place a <a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">spin</a> on articles. In January 2006, it was revealed that several staffers of members of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> had embarked on a campaign to cleanse their respective bosses' biographies on Wikipedia, as well as inserting negative remarks on political opponents. References to a campaign promise by <a href="/wiki/Marty_Meehan" title="Marty Meehan">Martin Meehan</a> to surrender his seat in 2000 were deleted, and negative comments were inserted into the articles on United States Senator <a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Bill Frist</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eric_Cantor" title="Eric Cantor">Eric Cantor</a>, a congressman from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. Numerous other changes were made from an IP address assigned to the House of Representatives.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In an interview, Wikipedia co-founder <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> remarked that the changes were "not cool".<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Larry Delay and Pablo Bachelet wrote that from their perspective, some articles dealing with Latin American history and groups (such as the <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinistas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>) lack political neutrality and are written from a sympathetic Marxist perspective which treats socialist dictatorships favorably at the expense of alternative positions.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In 2008, the pro-Israel group <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Accuracy_in_Middle_East_Reporting_in_America" title="Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America">Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America</a> (CAMERA) organized an e-mail campaign to encourage readers to correct perceived Israel-related biases and inconsistencies in Wikipedia.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-45">[45]</a> CAMERA argued the excerpts were unrepresentative and that it had explicitly campaigned merely "toward encouraging people to learn about and edit the online encyclopedia for accuracy".<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Defenders of CAMERA and the competing group, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Intifada" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Intifada">Electronic Intifada</a>, went into mediation.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-45">[45]</a> Israeli diplomat <a href="/wiki/David_Saranga" title="David Saranga">David Saranga</a> said Wikipedia is generally fair in regard to Israel. When it was pointed out that the entry on Israel mentioned the word "occupation" nine times, whereas the entry on the Palestinian people mentioned "terror" only once, he responded, "It means only one thing: Israelis should be more active on Wikipedia. Instead of blaming it, they should go on the site much more, and try and change it."<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Israeli journalist <a href="/wiki/Haviv_Rettig_Gur" title="Haviv Rettig Gur">Haviv Rettig Gur</a>, reviewing widespread perceptions in Israel of organized campaigns to introduce systemic bias into Wikipedia articles, has argued that there are deeper structural problems creating this bias: anonymous editing favors biased results, especially if the editors organize concerted campaigns of defamation as has been done in articles dealing with Arab-Israeli issues, and current Wikipedia policies, while well-meant, have proven ineffective in handling this.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> On August 31, 2008, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> ran an article detailing the edits made to the biography of Alaska governor <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> in the wake of her nomination as the running mate of Arizona Senator <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>. During the 24 hours before the McCain campaign announcement, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Palin&diff=234778085&oldid=234741793">30 edits</a>, many of them adding flattering details, were made to the article by the user "Young_Trigg".<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> This person later acknowledged working on the McCain campaign, and having several other user accounts.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In November 2007, libelous accusations were made against two politicians from southwestern France, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Grand" title="Jean-Pierre Grand">Jean-Pierre Grand</a> and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Mandroux-Colas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hélène Mandroux-Colas">Hélène Mandroux-Colas</a>, on their Wikipedia biographies. Grand asked the president of the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="French National Assembly">French National Assembly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister</a> to reinforce the legislation on the penal responsibility of Internet sites and of authors who peddle false information in order to cause harm.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Masson_(politician,_1947)" title="Jean-Louis Masson (politician, 1947)">Jean Louis Masson</a> then requested the Minister of Justice to tell him whether it would be possible to increase the criminal responsibilities of hosting providers, site operators, and authors of libelous content; the minister declined to do so, recalling the existing rules in the LCEN law (see <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_France" title="Internet censorship in France">Internet censorship in France</a>).<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> On August 25, 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a> reported that the Canadian "government is now conducting two investigations into federal employees who have taken to Wikipedia to express their opinion on federal policies and bitter political debates."<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a>'s Teymoor Nabili suggested that the article <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a> had been edited for political purposes by "an apparent tussle of opinions in the shadowy world of hard drives and 'independent' editors that comprise the Wikipedia industry." He suggested that after the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_presidential_election,_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian presidential election, 2009">Iranian presidential election of 2009</a> and ensuing "anti-Iranian activities", a "strenuous attempt to portray the cylinder as nothing more than the propaganda tool of an aggressive invader" was visible. The edits following his analysis of the edits during 2009 and 2010, represented "a complete dismissal of the suggestion that the cylinder, or <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a>' actions, represent a concern for human rights or any kind of enlightened intent," in stark contrast to Cyrus' own reputation as documented in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> and the people of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commandeering_or_sanitizing_articles">Commandeering or sanitizing articles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Commandeering or sanitizing articles">edit</a>]</div> Articles of particular interest to an editor or group of editors are sometimes modified based on these editors' respective points of views.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Some companies and organizations—such as <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diebold" class="mw-redirect" title="Diebold">Diebold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a>, the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a>—as well as individuals, such as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressional_staff_edits_to_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congressional staff edits to Wikipedia">United States Congressional staffers</a>, were all shown to have modified the Wikipedia pages about themselves in order to present a point of view that describes them positively; these organizations may have editors who revert negative changes as soon as these changes are submitted.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Wikipedia" title="Chinese Wikipedia">Chinese Wikipedia</a> article on the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square massacre">Tiananmen Square massacre</a> was rewritten to describe it as necessary to "quell the counterrevolutionary riots" and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> was described as "a province in the People's Republic of China". According to the BBC, "there are indications that [such edits] are not all necessarily organic, nor random" and were in fact encouraged by the Chinese government.<a href="#cite_note-jed-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quality_of_presentation">Quality of presentation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Quality of presentation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quality_of_writing">Quality of writing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Quality of writing">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Wikipedia_-_Screenshot_of_the_Earth_article_on_November_12_2024.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/English_Wikipedia_-_Screenshot_of_the_Earth_article_on_November_12_2024.png/264px-English_Wikipedia_-_Screenshot_of_the_Earth_article_on_November_12_2024.png" decoding="async" width="264" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/English_Wikipedia_-_Screenshot_of_the_Earth_article_on_November_12_2024.png/396px-English_Wikipedia_-_Screenshot_of_the_Earth_article_on_November_12_2024.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/English_Wikipedia_-_Screenshot_of_the_Earth_article_on_November_12_2024.png/528px-English_Wikipedia_-_Screenshot_of_the_Earth_article_on_November_12_2024.png 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A November 12, 2024 screenshot of English Wikipedia's article on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, a featured-class article</figcaption></figure> In a 2006 mention of Jimmy Wales, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine stated that the policy of allowing anyone to edit had made Wikipedia the "biggest (and perhaps best) encyclopedia in the world".<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In 2008, researchers at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a> found that the quality of a Wikipedia article would suffer rather than gain from adding more writers when the article lacked appropriate explicit or implicit coordination.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> For instance, when contributors rewrite small portions of an entry rather than making full-length revisions, high- and low-quality content may be intermingled within an entry. <a href="/wiki/Roy_Rosenzweig" title="Roy Rosenzweig">Roy Rosenzweig</a>, a history professor, stated that American National Biography Online outperformed Wikipedia in terms of its "clear and engaging prose", which, he said, was an important aspect of good historical writing.<a href="#cite_note-Rosenzweig-62">[62]</a> Contrasting Wikipedia's treatment of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> to that of <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> historian <a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">James McPherson</a> in American National Biography Online, he said that both were essentially accurate and covered the major episodes in Lincoln's life, but praised "McPherson's richer contextualization ... his artful use of quotations to capture Lincoln's voice ... and ... his ability to convey a profound message in a handful of words." By contrast, he gives an example of Wikipedia's prose that he finds "both verbose and dull". Rosenzweig also criticized the "waffling—encouraged by the NPOV policy—[which] means that it is hard to discern any overall interpretive stance in Wikipedia history". While generally praising the article on <a href="/wiki/William_Clarke_Quantrill" class="mw-redirect" title="William Clarke Quantrill">William Clarke Quantrill</a>, he quoted its conclusion as an example of such "waffling", which then stated: "Some historians ... remember him as an opportunistic, bloodthirsty outlaw, while others continue to view him as a daring soldier and local folk hero."<a href="#cite_note-Rosenzweig-62">[62]</a> Other critics have made similar charges that, even if Wikipedia articles are factually accurate, they are often written in a poor, almost unreadable style. Frequent Wikipedia critic Andrew Orlowski commented, "Even when a Wikipedia entry is 100 percent factually correct, and those facts have been carefully chosen, it all too often reads as if it has been translated from one language to another then into a third, passing an illiterate translator at each stage."<a href="#cite_note-the_register_Wales_WP_founder_on_quality_1-63">[63]</a> A comparative study of Wikipedia, Britannica and Simple Wikipedia in 2012 by Adam Jatowt and Katsumi Tanaka <a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> using a range of readability metrics on a subset of 90k articles from Britannica and 25k articles from both Wikipedia and Simple Wikipedia, revealed that Britannica tends to have articles that are 21% easier to read than Wikipedia, while Simple Wikipedia is on average 26% easier than Wikipedia. The authors attributed these differences to the fact that Wikipedia articles have multiple authors who may rarely collaborate towards a readable and coherent text unlike the case of Britannica. A study of Wikipedia articles on <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> was conducted in 2010 by Yaacov Lawrence of the Kimmel Cancer Center at <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_University" title="Thomas Jefferson University">Thomas Jefferson University</a>. The study was limited to those articles that could be found in the Physician Data Query and excluded those written at the "start" class or "stub" class level. Lawrence found the articles accurate but not very readable, and thought that "Wikipedia's lack of readability (to non-college readers) may reflect its varied origins and haphazard editing".<a href="#cite_note-upi_accuracy_1-65">[65]</a> The Economist argued that better-written articles tend to be more reliable: "inelegant or ranting prose usually reflects muddled thoughts and incomplete information".<a href="#cite_note-economist_incomplete_info-66">[66]</a> In a December 2023 video interview with <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Keen" title="Andrew Keen">Andrew Keen</a> about his prose experiment "The Hofmann Wobble: Wikipedia and the problem of historical memory", published in <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's Magazine</a> the same month,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Lerner" title="Ben Lerner">Ben Lerner</a> said that he wrote the piece in part because he realized that the optimism of the early days of Wikipedia concerning "tinkering with language" to "unmask" the ideology of those in power was misguided, and that writing Wikipedia was an inefficient use of creative energy. In his view, writing bland prose to offload memory to the cloud simply could not lead to the conceptual re-framing of ideas for which he said both he and his narrator had naively hoped. Following Keen, he agreed that Wikipedians may well have provided stylistic training material for the "affective neutrality" of ChatGPT. Lerner explained that his narrator is manifestly unreliable by design, telling the reader from the start that he is remembering wrongly, that he regularly shifted identities to "manipulate" Wikipedia readers, and finally asking his reader to believe that he has handed off the narration of the experiment's conclusion to a machine. This ambient unreliability is meant to mirror the experience of consuming digital text whose authority is constantly wobbling as it is successively rewritten by unknown actors.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Wall_Street_Journal_debate">The Wall Street Journal debate</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Wall Street Journal debate">edit</a>]</div> In the September 12, 2006, edition of <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>, Jimmy Wales debated with <a href="/wiki/Dale_Hoiberg" title="Dale Hoiberg">Dale Hoiberg</a>, editor-in-chief of Encyclopædia Britannica.<a href="#cite_note-wsj9-12-2006-69">[69]</a> Hoiberg focused on a need for expertise and control in an encyclopedia and cited <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a> that overwhelming information could "bring about a state of intellectual enervation and depletion hardly to be distinguished from massive ignorance." Wales emphasized Wikipedia's differences and asserted that openness and transparency lead to quality. Hoiberg said he "had neither the time nor space to respond to [criticisms]" and "could corral any number of links to articles alleging errors in Wikipedia", to which Wales responded: "No problem! Wikipedia to the rescue with a fine article", and included a link to the Wikipedia article about criticism of Wikipedia.<a href="#cite_note-wsj9-12-2006-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systemic_bias_in_coverage">Systemic bias in coverage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Systemic bias in coverage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reliability_of_Wikipedia#Coverage" title="Reliability of Wikipedia">Reliability of Wikipedia § Coverage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia#Coverage_of_topics_and_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia § Coverage of topics and systemic bias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia#A_minority_of_editors_produce_the_majority_of_persistent_content" title="Academic studies about Wikipedia">Academic studies about Wikipedia § A minority of editors produce the majority of persistent content</a></div> Wikipedia has been accused of systemic bias, which is to say its general nature leads, without necessarily any conscious intention, to the propagation of various prejudices. Although many articles in newspapers have concentrated on minor factual errors in Wikipedia articles, there are also concerns about large-scale, presumably unintentional effects from the increasing influence and use of Wikipedia as a research tool at all levels. In an article in the <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a> magazine (London), philosopher <a href="/wiki/Martin_Cohen_(philosopher)" title="Martin Cohen (philosopher)">Martin Cohen</a> describes Wikipedia as having "become a monopoly" with "all the prejudices and ignorance of its creators," which he calls a "youthful cab-drivers" perspective.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen_26-70">[70]</a> Cohen concludes that "[t]o control the reference sources that people use is to control the way people comprehend the world. Wikipedia may have a benign, even trivial face, but underneath may lie a more sinister and subtle threat to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">freedom of thought</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Cohen_26-70">[70]</a> That freedom is undermined by what he sees as what matters on Wikipedia, "not your sources but the 'support of the community."<a href="#cite_note-Cohen_26-70">[70]</a> Researchers from <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a> developed a statistical model to measure systematic bias in the behavior of Wikipedia's users regarding controversial topics. The authors focused on behavioral changes of the encyclopedia's administrators after assuming the post, writing that systematic bias occurred after the fact.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Critics also point to the tendency to cover topics in detail disproportionate to their importance. For example, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a> once mockingly praised Wikipedia for having a longer entry on '<a href="/wiki/Lightsaber" title="Lightsaber">lightsabers</a>' than it does on the '<a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-ColbertReport-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dale_Hoiberg" title="Dale Hoiberg">Dale Hoiberg</a>, the editor-in-chief of <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, said "People write of things they're interested in, and so many subjects don't get covered, and news events get covered in great detail. In the past, the entry on <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Frances" title="Hurricane Frances">Hurricane Frances</a> was more than five times the length of that on <a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese art</a>, and the entry on <a href="/wiki/Coronation_Street" title="Coronation Street">Coronation Street</a> was twice as long as the article on <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Who_knows?-13">[13]</a> This approach of comparing two articles, one about a traditionally encyclopedic subject and the other about one more popular with the crowd, has been called "wikigroaning".<a href="#cite_note-wsj-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abrown-75">[75]</a> A defense of inclusion criteria is that the encyclopedia's longer coverage of pop culture does not deprive the more "worthy" or serious subjects of space.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> That being said, 2023 research suggests that Wikipedia creates systematic biases against poorer countries.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notability_of_article_topics">Notability of article topics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notability of article topics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Notability_in_the_English_Wikipedia" title="Notability in the English Wikipedia">Notability in the English Wikipedia</a> and <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Systemic_bias_in_coverage">Criticism of Wikipedia § Systemic bias in coverage</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Notability_in_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Notability in Wikipedia">Wikipedia's notability guidelines</a>, which are used by editors to determine if a subject merits its own article, and the application thereof, are the subject of much criticism.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-78">[78]</a> In May 2018, a Wikipedia editor rejected a draft article about <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Donna Strickland</a> before she won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in November of the same year, because no independent sources were given to show that Strickland was sufficiently notable by Wikipedia's standards. Journalists highlighted this as an indicator of the limited visibility of <a href="/wiki/Women_in_science" title="Women in science">women in science</a> compared to their male colleagues.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gender_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Gender bias on Wikipedia">gender bias on Wikipedia</a> is well documented and has prompted a movement to increase the number of notable women on Wikipedia through the <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Red" title="Women in Red">Women in Red</a> WikiProject. In an article entitled "Seeking Disambiguation", Annalisa Merelli interviewed <a href="/wiki/Catalina_Cruz" title="Catalina Cruz">Catalina Cruz</a>, a candidate for office in Queens, New York in the 2018 election who had the notorious <a href="/wiki/SEO" class="mw-redirect" title="SEO">SEO</a> disadvantage of having the same name as a porn star with a Wikipedia page. Merelli also interviewed the Wikipedia editor who wrote the candidate's ill-fated article (which was deleted, then restored, after she won the election). She described the Articles for Deletion process and pointed to other candidates who had pages on the English Wikipedia despite never having held office.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Novelist <a href="/wiki/Nicholson_Baker" title="Nicholson Baker">Nicholson Baker</a>, critical of <a href="/wiki/Deletionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Deletionism">deletionism</a>, writes: "There are quires, reams, bales of controversy over what constitutes notability in Wikipedia: nobody will ever sort it out."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-82">[82]</a> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Noah" title="Timothy Noah">Timothy Noah</a> wrote of his treatment: "Wikipedia's notability policy resembles <a href="/wiki/U.S._immigration_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. immigration policy">U.S. immigration policy</a> before <a href="/wiki/9/11" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11">9/11</a>: stringent rules, spotty enforcement". In the same article, Noah mentions that the Pulitzer Prize-winning writer <a href="/wiki/Stacy_Schiff" title="Stacy Schiff">Stacy Schiff</a> was not considered notable enough for a Wikipedia entry until she wrote her article "Know it All" about the Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Essjay_controversy" title="Essjay controversy">Essjay controversy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> On a more generic level, a 2014 study found no correlation between the characteristics of a given Wikipedia page about an academic and the academic's notability as determined by citation counts. The metrics of each Wikipedia page examined included length, number of links to the page from other articles, and number of edits made to the page. This study also found that Wikipedia did not cover notable <a href="/wiki/ISI_highly_cited_researcher" class="mw-redirect" title="ISI highly cited researcher">ISI highly cited researchers</a> properly.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In 2020, Wikipedia was criticized for the amount of time it took for an article about <a href="/wiki/Theresa_Greenfield" title="Theresa Greenfield">Theresa Greenfield</a>, a candidate for the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_election_in_Iowa" title="2020 United States Senate election in Iowa">2020 United States Senate election in Iowa</a>, to leave Wikipedia's Articles for Creation process and become published. Particularly, the criteria for notability were criticized, with <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> reporting: "Greenfield is a uniquely tricky case for Wikipedia because she doesn't have the background that most candidates for major political office typically have (like prior government experience or prominence in business). Even if Wikipedia editors could recognize she was prominent, she had a hard time meeting the official criteria for notability."<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Jimmy Wales also criticized the long process on his talk page.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Partisanship">Partisanship</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Partisanship">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Ideological bias on Wikipedia">Ideological bias on Wikipedia</a></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>, "Wikipedia has succeeded in being accused of being both too <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> and too <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a>, and has critics from across <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">the spectrum</a>", while also noting that Wikipedia is "usually accused of being too liberal".<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, Wikipedia's ideological bias "may match the ideological bias of the news ecosystem."<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> U.S. commentators, mostly <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">politically conservative</a> ones, have suggested that <a href="/wiki/Reliability_of_Wikipedia#Political_bias" title="Reliability of Wikipedia">a politically liberal viewpoint is predominant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Andrew Schlafly</a> created <a href="/wiki/Conservapedia" title="Conservapedia">Conservapedia</a> because of his perception that Wikipedia contained a <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> bias.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-89">[89]</a> Conservapedia's editors have compiled a list of alleged examples of liberal bias in Wikipedia.<a href="#cite_note-itwire-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Solomon" title="Lawrence Solomon">Lawrence Solomon</a> of <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a> considered the Wikipedia articles on subjects like <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a> all to be slanted in favor of liberal views.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In a September 2010 issue of the conservative weekly <a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Scarborough" title="Rowan Scarborough">Rowan Scarborough</a> presented a critique of Wikipedia's coverage of American politicians prominent in the approaching <a href="/wiki/U.S._midterm_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. midterm elections">U.S. midterm elections</a> as evidence of systemic liberal bias. Scarborough compares the biographical articles of liberal and conservative opponents in Senate races in the Alaska Republican primary and the Delaware and Nevada general election, emphasizing the quantity of negative coverage of <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a>-endorsed candidates. He also cites criticism by Lawrence Solomon and quotes in full the lead section of Wikipedia's article on Conservapedia as evidence of an underlying bias.<a href="#cite_note-scarborough-92">[92]</a> In 2006, Wikipedia co-founder <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> said: "The Wikipedia community is very diverse, from liberal to conservative to <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarian</a> and beyond. If averages mattered, and due to the nature of the wiki software (no voting) they almost certainly don't, I would say that the Wikipedia community is slightly more liberal than the U.S. population on average, because we are global and the international community of English speakers is slightly more liberal than the U.S. population. There are no data or surveys to back that."<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In 2007, Wales said that claims of liberal bias on Wikipedia "are not supported by the facts".<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shane_Greenstein" title="Shane Greenstein">Shane Greenstein</a> and Feng Zhu analyzed 2012 era Wikipedia articles on <a href="/wiki/U.S._politics" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. politics">U.S. politics</a>, going back a decade, and wrote a study<a href="#cite_note-Greenstein-and-zhu-2016-95">[95]</a> arguing the more contributors there were to an article, the less biased the article would be, and that – based on a study of frequent collocations – fewer articles "leaned Democrat" than was the case in Wikipedia's early years.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Sorin Adam Matei, a professor at <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a>, said that "for certain political topics, there's a central-left bias. There's also a slight, when it comes to more political topics, counter-cultural bias. It's not across the board, and it's not for all things."<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In February 2021, <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> accused Wikipedia of whitewashing <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In November 2021, the English Wikipedia's entry for "<a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a>" was nominated for deletion, with some editors arguing that it has "a biased '<a href="/wiki/Anti-Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Communist">anti-Communist</a>' point of view", that "it should not resort to 'simplistic presuppositions that events are driven by any specific ideology'", and that "by combining different elements of research to create a 'synthesis', this constitutes <a href="/wiki/Original_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Original research">original research</a> and therefore breaches <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">Wikipedia rules</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Simpson_2021-100">[100]</a> This was criticized by historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tombs" title="Robert Tombs">Robert Tombs</a>, who called it "morally indefensible, at least as bad as <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a>, because 'linking ideology and killing' is the very core of why these things are important. I have read the Wikipedia page, and it seems to be careful and balanced. Therefore, attempts to remove it can only be ideologically motivated – to <a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_(censorship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewashing (censorship)">whitewash</a> Communism."<a href="#cite_note-Simpson_2021-100">[100]</a> Other Wikipedia editors and users on social media opposed the deletion of the article.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The article's deletion nomination received considerable attention from conservative media.<a href="#cite_note-:02-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a>, called the arguments made in favor of deletion "absurd and ahistorical".<a href="#cite_note-:02-102">[102]</a> On December 1, 2021, a panel of four administrators found that the discussion yielded no consensus, meaning that the status quo was retained, and the article was not deleted.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The article's deletion discussion was the largest in Wikipedia's history.<a href="#cite_note-:02-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutvas</a> have accused Wikipedia of being <a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">anti-Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">anti-Indian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Caravan-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_or_corporate_bias">National or corporate bias</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: National or corporate bias">edit</a>]</div> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Anderson_(political_economist)" title="Tim Anderson (political economist)">Tim Anderson</a>, a senior lecturer in <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a>, said Wikipedia administrators display an American-focused bias in their interactions with editors and their determinations of which sources are appropriate for use on the site. Anderson was outraged after several of the sources he used in his edits to the <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> article, including Venezuela Analysis and <a href="/wiki/Z_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Z Magazine">Z Magazine</a>, were disallowed as "unusable". Anderson also described Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy to ZDNet Australia as "a facade" and that Wikipedia "hides behind a reliance on corporate media editorials".<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Racial_bias">Racial bias</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Racial bias">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Racial bias on Wikipedia">Racial bias on Wikipedia</a></div> Wikipedia has been charged with having a systemic racial bias in its coverage, due to an underrepresentation of <a href="/wiki/People_of_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="People of colour">people of colour</a> as editors.<a href="#cite_note-philly-107">[107]</a> The President of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikimedia_chapters" title="List of Wikimedia chapters">Wikimedia D.C.</a>, James Hare, noted that "a lot of black history is left out" of Wikipedia, due to articles predominately being written by white editors.<a href="#cite_note-NYtimes-108">[108]</a> Articles that do exist on African topics are, according to some critics, largely edited by editors from Europe and North America and thus reflect their knowledge and consumption of media, which "tend to perpetuate a negative image" of Africa.<a href="#cite_note-BusinessDay-109">[109]</a> Maira Liriano, of the <a href="/wiki/Schomburg_Center_for_Research_in_Black_Culture" title="Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture">Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture</a>, has argued that the lack of information regarding <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">black history</a> on Wikipedia "makes it seem like it's not important."<a href="#cite_note-Fast_Company-110">[110]</a> San Francisco Poet Laureate <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Murgu%C3%ADa" title="Alejandro Murguía">Alejandro Murguía</a> has stressed how it is important for Latinos to be part of Wikipedia "because it is a major source of where people get their information."<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In 2010, an analysis of Wikipedia edits revealed that Asia, as the most populous continent, was represented in only 16.67% of edits. Africa (6.35%) and South America (2.58%) were equally underrepresented.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a> criticized Wikipedia for being "vulnerable to manipulation by <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazis">neo-Nazis</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="White nationalists">white nationalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racist">racist</a> academics seeking a wider audience for extreme views."<a href="#cite_note-SPLC-113">[113]</a> According to the SPLC, "[c]ivil POV-pushers can disrupt the editing process by engaging other users in tedious and frustrating debates or tie up administrators in endless rounds of mediation. Users who fall into this category include racialist academics and members of the human biodiversity, or HBD, blogging community. ... In recent years, the proliferation of far-right online spaces, such as white nationalist forums, alt-right boards and HBD blogs, has created a readymade pool of users that can be recruited to edit on Wikipedia en masse. ... The presence of white nationalists and other far-right extremists on Wikipedia is an ongoing problem that is unlikely to go away in the near future given the rightward political shift in countries where the majority of the site's users live."<a href="#cite_note-SPLC-113">[113]</a> The SPLC cited the article "<a href="/wiki/Race_and_intelligence" title="Race and intelligence">Race and intelligence</a>" as an example of the alt-right influence on Wikipedia, stating that at that time the article presented a "false balance" between fringe racialist views and the "mainstream perspective in psychology."<a href="#cite_note-SPLC-113">[113]</a> In 2022 The Chronicle of Higher Education reported on a researcher at <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_State_University" title="Cleveland State University">Cleveland State University</a> whose "home institution was essentially providing a soapbox for racist pseudoscience." The article states that he had some influence on "public misperceptions of race" as a result of heavy editing of an early version of Wikipedia's article on <a href="/wiki/Race_and_intelligence" title="Race and intelligence">race and intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender_bias_and_sexism">Gender bias and sexism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gender bias and sexism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gender_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Gender bias on Wikipedia">Gender bias on Wikipedia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sue_Gardner_Feb_2013_portrait_crop_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sue_Gardner_Feb_2013_portrait_crop_2.jpg/220px-Sue_Gardner_Feb_2013_portrait_crop_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sue_Gardner_Feb_2013_portrait_crop_2.jpg/330px-Sue_Gardner_Feb_2013_portrait_crop_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sue_Gardner_Feb_2013_portrait_crop_2.jpg/440px-Sue_Gardner_Feb_2013_portrait_crop_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4177" data-file-height="2785" /></a><figcaption>Former Wikimedia Foundation executive <a href="/wiki/Sue_Gardner" title="Sue Gardner">Sue Gardner</a> has listed reasons offered by some women in "Why Women Don't Edit Wikipedia".<a href="#cite_note-Gardner110219-115">[115]</a></figcaption></figure> Wikipedia has a longstanding controversy concerning gender bias and sexism.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Gender bias on Wikipedia refers to the finding that between 84 and 91 percent of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia editors">Wikipedia editors</a> are male,<a href="#cite_note-nytimes20jun2015-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-EditorSurveys-120">[120]</a> which allegedly leads to <a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias_of_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic bias of Wikipedia">systemic bias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen110130-121">[121]</a> Wikipedia has been criticized<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-116">[116]</a> by some journalists and academics for lacking not only women contributors but also extensive and in-depth encyclopedic attention to many topics regarding gender. <a href="/wiki/Sue_Gardner" title="Sue Gardner">Sue Gardner</a>, former executive director of the Foundation, said that increasing diversity was about making the encyclopedia "as good as it could be". Factors cited as possibly discouraging women from editing included the "obsessive fact-loving realm", associations with the "hard-driving <a href="/wiki/Hacker_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (term)">hacker</a> crowd", and the necessity to be "open to very difficult, high-conflict people, even misogynists."<a href="#cite_note-Cohen110130-121">[121]</a> In 2011, the Wikimedia Foundation set a goal of increasing the proportion of female contributors to 25 percent by 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen110130-121">[121]</a> In August 2013, Gardner conceded defeat: "I didn't solve it. We didn't solve it. The Wikimedia Foundation didn't solve it. The solution won't come from the Wikimedia Foundation."<a href="#cite_note-Huang130811-122">[122]</a> In August 2014, Wikipedia co-founder <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> acknowledged in a BBC interview the failure of Wikipedia to fix the gender gap and announced the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>'s plans for "doubling down" on the issue. Wales said the Foundation would be open to more outreach and more software changes.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-123">[123]</a> Writing in the Notices of the American Mathematical Society, Marie Vitulli states that "mathematicians have had a difficult time when writing biographies of women mathematicians," and she describes the aggressiveness of editors and administrators in deleting such articles.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Criticism was presented on this topic in <a href="/wiki/The_Signpost" title="The Signpost">The Signpost</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:THREATENING2MEN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:THREATENING2MEN">WP:THREATENING2MEN</a>).<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antisemitic_bias">Antisemitic bias</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Antisemitic bias">edit</a>]</div> Wikipedia has been praised for its responsiveness to <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> vandalism of encyclopedia articles, such as the placement of <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastikas</a>, compared to social media websites.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> However, as early as 2010, one study found that antisemitic bias occurred through "a systematic use of criticism elimination", which refers to the ability of Wikipedia editors to prevent criticism of organizations that deploy antisemitic discourse.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> In 2018, journalist <a href="/wiki/Yair_Rosenberg" title="Yair Rosenberg">Yair Rosenberg</a> criticized those Wikipedia editors who sought to delete accusations of antisemitism made <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_British_Labour_Party" title="Antisemitism in the British Labour Party">against the UK Labour Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Since 2016, several studies have examined Wikipedia's handling of the mass murder of Jews during the Holocaust, including Wikipedias in different languages,<a href="#cite_note-Makhortykh-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> with one study finding that explicit anti-Jewish statements were rare, articles differed in presenting <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> and Jewish heroics, and problems did not necessarily correlate to the Wikipedia host culture (i.e., language).<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Grabowski" title="Jan Grabowski">Jan Grabowski</a> and Shira Klein argued that Wikipedia editors intentionally introduced skewed views and distortions in representations of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">the Holocaust in Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The English Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Committee_(Wikipedia)" title="Arbitration Committee (Wikipedia)">Arbitration Committee</a> subsequently evaluated the actions of editors in the affected articles<a href="#cite_note-EliaShalev2023-133">[133]</a> and banned two editors from contributing to the topic area. Klein criticized the proposed remedies as "[lacking] depth and consequence".<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In June 2024, major American Jewish organizations asked the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> to reconsider the English Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Noticeboard/Archive_439#RFC:_The_Anti-Defamation_League" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 439">decision</a> to treat the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> as "only marginally reliable (meaning that its use is context-dependent) on questions of antisemitism outside of matters related to Israel and <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>", stating that this would hamper the Jewish community's efforts to protect themselves from antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Institutional_bias">Institutional bias</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Institutional bias">edit</a>]</div> Wikipedia has been criticized for reflecting the bias and influence of media that are seen as reliable due to their dominance, and for being a site of conflict between entrenched or special institutional interests. Public relations firms and interest lobbies, corporate, political and otherwise, have been accused of working systemically to distort Wikipedia's articles in their respective interests.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Firearms-related_articles">Firearms-related articles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Firearms-related articles">edit</a>]</div> Wikipedia has been criticized for issues related to bias in firearms-related articles. According to critics, systematic bias arises from the tendency of the editors most active in maintaining firearms-related articles to also be gun enthusiasts, and firearms-related articles are dominated by technical information while issues of the social impact and regulation of firearms are relegated to separate articles. Communications were facilitated by a "WikiProject," called "WikiProject Firearms", an on-wiki group of editors with a common interest. The alleged pro-gun bias drew increased attention after the <a href="/wiki/Stoneman_Douglas_High_School_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoneman Douglas High School shooting">Stoneman Douglas High School shooting</a> in <a href="/wiki/Parkland,_Florida" title="Parkland, Florida">Parkland, Florida</a>, in February 2018. The <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> defended itself from allegations of being host to opinion-influencing campaigns of pro-gun groups, saying that the contents are always being updated and improved.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Skeptical_bias">Skeptical bias</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Skeptical bias">edit</a>]</div> In 2014, supporters of holistic healing and <a href="/wiki/Energy_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy psychology">energy psychology</a> began a <a href="/wiki/Change.org" title="Change.org">Change.org</a> petition asking for "true scientific discourse" on Wikipedia, complaining that "much of the information [on Wikipedia] related to holistic approaches to healing is biased, misleading, out-of-date, or just plain wrong". In response, Jimmy Wales said Wikipedia covers only works that are published in respectable scientific journals.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Wikipedia has been accused of being biased against views outside of the scientific mainstream due to influence from the <a href="/wiki/Skeptical_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptical movement">skeptical movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brian_Martin-35">[35]</a> Social scientist <a href="/wiki/Brian_Martin_(social_scientist)" title="Brian Martin (social scientist)">Brian Martin</a> examined the influence of skeptics on Wikipedia by looking for parallels between Wikipedia entries and characteristic techniques used by skeptics, finding that the result "does not prove that Skeptics are shaping Wikipedia but is compatible with that possibility."<a href="#cite_note-Brian_Martin-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_content">Sexual content</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sexual content">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia#Explicit_content" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia § Explicit content</a></div> Wikipedia was criticized in 2008 for allowing graphic sexual content such as images and videos of <a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">masturbation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">ejaculation</a> as well as photos from <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">hardcore pornographic</a> films found on its articles. <a href="/wiki/Child_protection" title="Child protection">Child protection</a> campaigners say graphic sexual content appears on many Wikipedia entries, displayed without any warning or age verification.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The Wikipedia article <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Killer" title="Virgin Killer">Virgin Killer</a>—a 1976 album from German heavy metal band <a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(band)" title="Scorpions (band)">Scorpions</a>—features a picture of the album's original cover, which depicts a naked <a href="/wiki/Prepubescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepubescent">prepubescent</a> girl. In December 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Watch_Foundation" title="Internet Watch Foundation">Internet Watch Foundation</a>, a nonprofit, nongovernment-affiliated organization, added the article to its blacklist, criticizing the inclusion of the picture as "distasteful". As a result, access to the article was blocked for four days by most Internet service providers in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Seth Finkelstein writing for <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> argues that the debate over the album cover masks a structural lack of accountability on Wikipedia, in particular when it comes to sexual content.<a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein-148">[148]</a> For example, the deletion by Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales of images of <a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">lolicon</a> versions of the character <a href="/wiki/Wikipe-tan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipe-tan">Wikipe-tan</a> created a minor controversy on the topic. The deletion was taken as endorsement of the non-lolicon images of Wikipe-tan, which Wales later had to explicitly deny: "I don't like Wikipe-tan and never have."<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Finkelstein sees Wikipedia as composed of <a href="/wiki/Fiefdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiefdoms">fiefdoms</a>, which makes it difficult for the Wikipedia community to deal with such issues, and sometimes necessitates top-down intervention.<a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein-148">[148]</a> The prevalence of displayed unexpected pornographic content when porn-unrelated <a href="/wiki/Web_search" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search">search terms</a> are entered on the connected site <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> is also a subject of criticism.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exposure_to_vandals">Exposure to vandals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Exposure to vandals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vandalism_on_Wikipedia" title="Vandalism on Wikipedia">Vandalism on Wikipedia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_vandalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Wikipedia_vandalism.svg/300px-Wikipedia_vandalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Wikipedia_vandalism.svg/450px-Wikipedia_vandalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Wikipedia_vandalism.svg/600px-Wikipedia_vandalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a> of a Wikipedia article</figcaption></figure> As an online encyclopedia that almost anyone can edit, Wikipedia has had problems with vandalism of articles, which range from blanking articles to inserting profanities, <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">hoaxes</a>, or nonsense. Wikipedia has a range of tools available to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia community">users</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_administrators" title="Wikipedia administrators">administrators</a> in order to fight against vandalism, including blocking and banning vandals and automated bots that detect and repair vandalism. Supporters of the project argue that the vast majority of vandalism on Wikipedia is reverted within a short time, and a study by Fernanda Viégas of the MIT Media Lab and Martin Wattenberg and Kushal Dave of IBM Research found that most vandal edits were reverted within around five minutes; however, they state that "it is essentially impossible to find a crisp definition of vandalism."<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> While most instances of page blanking or the addition of offensive material are soon reverted, less obvious vandalism, or vandalism to a little-viewed article, has remained for longer periods. A 2007 conference paper estimated that 1 in 271 articles had some "damaged" content. Most of the damage involved nonsense; 20% involved actual misinformation. It reported that 42% of damage gets repaired before any reader clicked on the article, and 80% before 30 people did so.<a href="#cite_note-mngrp07-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privacy_concerns">Privacy concerns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Privacy concerns">edit</a>]</div> Most privacy concerns refer to cases of government or employer data gathering, computer or electronic monitoring; or trading data between organizations. According to James Donnelly and Jenifer Haeckel, "the Internet has created conflicts between personal privacy, commercial interests and the interests of society at large".<a href="#cite_note-DH-153">[153]</a> Balancing the rights of all concerned as technology alters the social landscape will not be easy. It "is not yet possible to anticipate the path of the common law or governmental regulation" regarding this problem.<a href="#cite_note-DH-153">[153]</a> The concern in the case of Wikipedia is the right of a private citizen to remain private; to remain a "private citizen" rather than a "<a href="/wiki/Public_figure" title="Public figure">public figure</a>" in the eyes of the law.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> In 2005, Agence France-Presse quoted Daniel Brandt, the Wikipedia Watch owner, as saying that "the basic problem is that no one, neither the trustees of Wikimedia Foundation, nor the volunteers who are connected with Wikipedia, consider themselves responsible for the content."<a href="#cite_note-agfrancpresse-155">[155]</a> In January 2006, a German court ordered the <a href="/wiki/German_Wikipedia" title="German Wikipedia">German Wikipedia</a> shut down within Germany because it stated the full name of <a href="/wiki/Boris_Floricic" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Floricic">Boris Floricic</a>, aka "Tron", a deceased hacker who was formerly with the <a href="/wiki/Chaos_Computer_Club" title="Chaos Computer Club">Chaos Computer Club</a>. More specifically, the court ordered that the URL within the German <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>.de domain (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.wikipedia.de/">http://www.wikipedia.de/</a>) may no longer redirect to the encyclopedia's servers in Florida at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a class="external free" href="https://de.wikipedia.org">http://de.wikipedia.org</a> although German readers were still able to use the US-based URL directly, and there was virtually no loss of access on their part. The court order arose out of a lawsuit filed by Floricic's parents, demanding that their son's surname be removed from Wikipedia. The next month on February 9, 2006, the injunction against Wikimedia Deutschland was overturned, with the court rejecting the notion that Tron's right to privacy or that of his parents was being violated.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_the_community">Criticism of the community</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Criticism of the community">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_Jimmy_Wales">Role of Jimmy Wales</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Role of Jimmy Wales">edit</a>]</div> The community of Wikipedia editors has been criticized for placing an irrational emphasis on Jimmy Wales as a person. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Role_of_Jimmy_Wales" title="Wikipedia:Role of Jimmy Wales">Wales's role in personally determining the content of some articles</a> has also been criticized as contrary to the independent spirit that Wikipedia supposedly has gained.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> In early 2007, Wales dismissed the criticism of the Wikipedia model: "I am unaware of any problems with the quality of discourse on the site. I don't know of any higher-quality discourse anywhere."<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-USAToday-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_of_interest_cases">Conflict of interest cases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Conflict of interest cases">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conflict-of-interest_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia">Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (August 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> A <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a> article wrote about a controversy in September 2012 where two Wikimedia Foundation employees were found to have been "running a PR business on the side and editing Wikipedia on behalf of their clients."<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unfair_treatment_of_women">Unfair treatment of women</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Unfair treatment of women">edit</a>]</div> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> published a story by Emma Paling about a contributor who was able to obtain no relief from the <a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Committee_(Wikipedia)" title="Arbitration Committee (Wikipedia)">Arbitration Committee</a> for off-site harassment. Paling quotes a then-sitting Arbitrator speaking about bias against women on the Arbitration Committee.<a href="#cite_note-Paling2015-165">[165]</a> In the online magazine <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Auerbach" title="David Auerbach">David Auerbach</a> criticized the Arbitration Committee's decision to block a woman indefinitely without simultaneously blocking her "chief antagonists" in the December 2014 <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias/Gender_gap_task_force" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias/Gender gap task force">Gender Gap Task Force</a> case. He mentions his own experience with what he calls "the unblockable"—abrasive editors who can get away with complaints against them because there are enough supporters, and that he had observed a "general indifference or even hostility to an outside opinion" on the English Wikipedia. Auerbach considers the systematic defense of vulgar language use by insiders as a symptom of the toxicity he describes.<a href="#cite_note-Auerbach-166">[166]</a> In January 2015, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> reported that the Arbitration Committee had banned five feminist editors from gender-related articles on a case related to the <a href="/wiki/Gamergate_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamergate controversy">Gamergate controversy</a> while including quotes from a Wikipedia editor alleging unfair treatment.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-slate_ouroboros-168">[168]</a> Other commentators, including from <a href="/wiki/Gawker" title="Gawker">Gawker</a> and <a href="/wiki/ThinkProgress" title="ThinkProgress">ThinkProgress</a>, provided additional analysis while sourcing from The Guardian's story.<a href="#cite_note-slate_ouroboros-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Reports in <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_Text" title="Social Text">Social Text</a> described these articles as "flawed" or factually inaccurate, pointing out that the Arbitration case had not concluded as at the time of publishing; no editor had been banned.<a href="#cite_note-slate_ouroboros-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-washpostgamer-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-MichaelSocial-174">[174]</a> After the result was published, Gawker wrote that "ArbCom ruled to punish six editors who could be broadly classified as 'anti-Gamergate' and five who are 'pro-Gamergate'." All of the supposed "Five Horsemen"[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">non sequitur</a>] were among the editors punished, with one of them being the sole editor banned due to this case.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> An article called "ArbitrationGate" regarding this situation was created (and quickly deleted) on Wikipedia, while The Guardian later issued a correction to their article.<a href="#cite_note-slate_ouroboros-168">[168]</a> The Committee and the Wikimedia Foundation issued press statements that the Gamergate case was in response to the atmosphere of the Gamergate article resembling a "battlefield" due to "various sides of the discussion [having] violated community policies and guidelines on conduct", and that the committee was fulfilling its role to "uphold a civil, constructive atmosphere" on Wikipedia. The committee also wrote that it "does not rule on the content of articles, or make judgements on the personal views of parties to the case".<a href="#cite_note-washpostgamer-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Croatian_Wikipedia">Croatian Wikipedia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Croatian Wikipedia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Wikipedia" title="Croatian Wikipedia">Croatian Wikipedia</a></div> On the Croatian Wikipedia, a group of administrators were criticized for blocking Wikipedians who were in favor of <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Novi-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> In an interview given to <a href="/wiki/Index.hr" title="Index.hr">Index.hr</a>, Robert Kurelić, a professor of history at the <a href="/wiki/Juraj_Dobrila_University_of_Pula" title="Juraj Dobrila University of Pula">Juraj Dobrila University of Pula</a>, has commented that "the Croatian Wikipedia is only a tool used by its administrators to promote their own political agendas, giving false and distorted facts".<a href="#cite_note-index130903-180">[180]</a> As two particularly prominent examples, he listed the Croatian Wikipedia's coverage of <a href="/wiki/Istrian_identity" title="Istrian identity">Istrian identity</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">regionalist</a> identity in <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>, a region mostly located in Croatia), defined as a "movement fabricated to reduce the number of Croats", and antifašizam (<a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">anti-fascism</a>), which according to him is defined as the opposite of what it really means.<a href="#cite_note-index130903-180">[180]</a> Kurelić further advised "that it would be good if a larger number of people got engaged and started writing on Wikipedia", because "administrators want to exploit high-school and university students, the most common users of Wikipedia, to change their opinions and attitudes, which presents a serious issue".<a href="#cite_note-index130903-180">[180]</a> In 2013, Croatia's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Education_(Croatia)" title="Ministry of Science and Education (Croatia)">Minister of Science, Education and Sports</a> at the time, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Jovanovi%C4%87_(politician)" title="Željko Jovanović (politician)">Željko Jovanović</a>, called for pupils and students in Croatia to avoid using the Croatian Wikipedia.<a href="#cite_note-Novi-177">[177]</a> In an interview given to <a href="/wiki/Novi_list" title="Novi list">Novi list</a>, Jovanović said that:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">the idea of openness and relevance as a knowledge source that Wikipedia could and should represent has been completely discredited – which, for certain, has never been the goal of Wikipedia's creators nor the huge number of people around the world who share their knowledge and time using that medium. Croatian pupils and students have been wronged by this, so we have to warn them, unfortunately, that a large part of the content of the Croatian version of Wikipedia is not only dubious but also [contains] obvious forgeries, and therefore we invite them to use more reliable sources of information, which include <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_in_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia in English">Wikipedia in English</a> and in other major languages of the world.<a href="#cite_note-Novi-177">[177]</a></blockquote>Jovanović has also commented on the Croatian Wikipedia editors – calling them a "minority group that has usurped the right to edit the Croatian-language Wikipedia".<a href="#cite_note-Novi-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lack_of_verifiable_identities">Lack of verifiable identities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Lack of verifiable identities">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scandals_involving_administrators_and_arbitrators">Scandals involving administrators and arbitrators</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Scandals involving administrators and arbitrators">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/David_Boothroyd" class="mw-redirect" title="David Boothroyd">David Boothroyd</a>, a Wikipedia editor and a <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>) member, created controversy in 2009, when <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Review" title="Wikipedia Review">Wikipedia Review</a> contributor "Tarantino" discovered that he committed <a href="/wiki/Sockpuppet_(Internet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sockpuppet (Internet)">sockpuppeting</a>, editing under the accounts "Dbiv", "Fys", and "Sam Blacketer", none of which acknowledged his real identity. After earning Administrator status with one account, then losing it for inappropriate use of the administrative tools, Boothroyd regained Administrator status with the Sam Blacketer sockpuppet account in April 2007.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Later in 2007, Boothroyd's Sam Blacketer account became part of the English Wikipedia's Arbitration Committee.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Under the Sam Blacketer account, Boothroyd edited many articles related to United Kingdom politics, including that of rival <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Boothroyd then resigned as an administrator and as an arbitrator.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Essjay_controversy">Essjay controversy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Essjay controversy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Essjay_controversy" title="Essjay controversy">Essjay controversy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Essjay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Essjay.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="134" /></a><figcaption>Essjay</figcaption></figure> In July 2006, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> ran a feature by <a href="/wiki/Stacy_Schiff" title="Stacy Schiff">Stacy Schiff</a> about "a highly credentialed Wikipedia editor".<a href="#cite_note-ny2006-40">[40]</a> The initial version of the article included an interview with a <a href="/wiki/Administrators_(Wikipedia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrators (Wikipedia)">Wikipedia administrator</a> using the pseudonym Essjay, who described himself as a <a href="/wiki/Tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenure">tenured</a> professor of theology.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-186">[186]</a> Essjay's Wikipedia user page, now removed, said the following: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I am a tenured professor of theology at a private university in the eastern United States; I teach both undergraduate and graduate theology. I have been asked repeatedly to reveal the name of the institution, however, I decline to do so; I am unsure of the consequences of such an action, and believe it to be in my best interests to remain anonymous.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></blockquote> Essjay also said he held four academic degrees: Bachelor of Arts in religious studies (B.A.), Master of Arts in religion (M.A.R.), Doctorate of Philosophy in theology (Ph.D.), and Doctorate in Canon Law (JCD). Essjay specialized in editing articles about religion on Wikipedia, including subjects such as "the penitential rite, transubstantiation, the papal tiara".<a href="#cite_note-ny2006-40">[40]</a> On one occasion, he was called in to give some "expert testimony" on the status of <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Mary</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> In January 2007, Essjay was hired as a manager with <a href="/wiki/Wikia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikia">Wikia</a>, a wiki-hosting service founded by Wales and Angela Beesley. In February, Wales appointed Essjay a member of the <a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Committee_(Wikipedia)" title="Arbitration Committee (Wikipedia)">Wikipedia Arbitration Committee</a>, a group with powers to issue binding rulings in disputes relating to Wikipedia.<a href="#cite_note-Orlowski-189">[189]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L_Sanger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/L_Sanger.jpg/220px-L_Sanger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/L_Sanger.jpg/330px-L_Sanger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/L_Sanger.jpg/440px-L_Sanger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1209" data-file-height="1490" /></a><figcaption>Wikipedia co-founder <a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a>, who left Wikipedia to found <a href="/wiki/Citizendium" title="Citizendium">Citizendium</a></figcaption></figure> In late February 2007, The New Yorker added an editorial note to its article on Wikipedia stating that it had learned that Essjay was Ryan Jordan, a 24-year-old college <a href="/wiki/Dropping_out" title="Dropping out">dropout</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> with no advanced degrees and no teaching experience.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Initially Jimmy Wales commented on the issue of Essjay's identity: "I regard it as a pseudonym and I don't really have a problem with it." <a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Wikipedia#Formulation_of_the_concept" title="History of Wikipedia">co-founder</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanger_Springs-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-sanger-NYTimes-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> of Wikipedia, responded to Wales on his <a href="/wiki/Citizendium" title="Citizendium">Citizendium</a> blog by calling Wales' initial reaction "utterly breathtaking, and ultimately tragic". Sanger said the controversy "reflects directly on the judgment and values of the management of Wikipedia."<a href="#cite_note-cz-194">[194]</a> Wales later issued a new statement saying he had not previously understood that "EssJay used his false credentials in content disputes." He added: "I have asked EssJay to resign his positions of trust within the Wikipedia community."<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Sanger responded the next day: "It seems Jimmy finds nothing wrong, nothing trust-violating, with the act itself of openly and falsely touting many advanced degrees on Wikipedia. But there most obviously is something wrong with it, and it's just as disturbing for Wikipedia's head to fail to see anything wrong with it."<a href="#cite_note-sanger2-196">[196]</a> On March 4, Essjay wrote on his user page that he was leaving Wikipedia, and he also resigned his position with Wikia.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> A subsequent article in <a href="/wiki/The_Courier-Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Courier-Journal">The Courier-Journal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville</a>) suggested that the new <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sum%C3%A9" title="Résumé">résumé</a> he had posted at his Wikia page was exaggerated.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> The March 19, 2007, issue of The New Yorker published a formal apology by Wales to the magazine and Stacy Schiff for Essjay's false statements.<a href="#cite_note-WalesApology-199">[199]</a> Discussing the incident, the New York Times noted that the Wikipedia community had responded to the affair with "the fury of the crowd", and observed: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Essjay episode underlines some of the perils of collaborative efforts like Wikipedia that rely on many contributors acting in good faith, often anonymously and through self-designated user names. But it also shows how the transparency of the Wikipedia process—all editing of entries is marked and saved—allows readers to react to suspected fraud.<a href="#cite_note-Essjay-controversy-200">[200]</a></blockquote> The Essjay incident received extensive media coverage, including a national United States television broadcast on <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC's</a> <a href="/wiki/World_News_with_Charles_Gibson" class="mw-redirect" title="World News with Charles Gibson">World News with Charles Gibson</a> <a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> and the March 7, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> story.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> The controversy has led to a proposal that users who say they possess academic qualifications should have to provide evidence before citing them in Wikipedia content disputes.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> The proposal was not accepted.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anonymity">Anonymity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Anonymity">edit</a>]</div> Wikipedia has been criticised for allowing editors to contribute anonymously (without a registered account and using an auto-generated <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP</a>-labeled account) or pseudonymously (using a registered account), with critics saying that this leads to a lack of accountability.<a href="#cite_note-USAToday-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-SFWeekly-205">[205]</a> This also sometimes leads to uncivil conduct in debates between Wikipedians.<a href="#cite_note-USAToday-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-SFWeekly-205">[205]</a> For privacy reasons, Wikipedia forbids editors to reveal information about another editor on Wikipedia.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_process">Criticism of process</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Criticism of process">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Level_of_debate,_edit_wars,_and_harassment">Level of debate, edit wars, and harassment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Level of debate, edit wars, and harassment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia#Power_plays" title="Academic studies about Wikipedia">Academic studies about Wikipedia § Power plays</a></div> The standard of debate on Wikipedia has been called into question by people who have noted that contributors can make a long list of salient points and pull in a wide range of empirical observations to back up their arguments, only to have them ignored completely on the site.<a href="#cite_note-cult-207">[207]</a> An academic study of Wikipedia articles found that the level of debate among Wikipedia editors on controversial topics often degenerated into counterproductive squabbling: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">For uncontroversial, "stable" topics self-selection also ensures that members of editorial groups are substantially well-aligned with each other in their interests, backgrounds, and overall understanding of the topics ... For controversial topics, on the other hand, self-selection may produce a strongly misaligned editorial group. It can lead to conflicts among the editorial group members, continuous edit wars, and may require the use of formal work coordination and control mechanisms. These may include intervention by administrators who enact dispute review and mediation processes, [or] completely disallow or limit and coordinate the types and sources of edits.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a></blockquote> In 2008, a team from the <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Palo Alto Research Center">Palo Alto Research Center</a> found that for editors who make between two and nine edits a month, the percentage of their edits being reverted had gone from 5% in 2004 to about 15%, and people who make only one edit a month were being reverted at a 25% rate.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> magazine (2008), "The behaviour of Wikipedia's self-appointed <a href="/wiki/Deletionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Deletionist">deletionist</a> guardians, who excise anything that does not meet their standards, justifying their actions with a blizzard of acronyms, is now known as 'wiki-lawyering'."<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> In regards to the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia#Decline_in_participation_since_2009" title="Wikipedia">decline in the number of Wikipedia editors</a> since the 2007 policy changes, another study stated this was partly down to the way "in which newcomers are rudely greeted by automated quality control systems and are overwhelmed by the complexity of the rule system."<a href="#cite_note-HalfakerGeiger2012-10">[10]</a> Another complaint about Wikipedia focuses on the efforts of contributors with idiosyncratic beliefs, who push their point of view in an effort to dominate articles, especially controversial ones.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-Torsten_Kleinz-212">[212]</a> This sometimes results in revert wars and pages being locked down. In response, an Arbitration Committee has been formed on the English Wikipedia that deals with the worst alleged offenders—though a conflict resolution strategy is actively encouraged before going to this extent. Also, to stop the continuous reverting of pages, Jimmy Wales introduced a "three-revert rule", whereby those users who reverse the effect of others' contributions to one article more than three times in a 24-hour period may be blocked.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> In a 2008 article in <a href="/wiki/The_Brooklyn_Rail" title="The Brooklyn Rail">The Brooklyn Rail</a>, Wikipedia contributor <a href="/wiki/David_Shankbone" title="David Shankbone">David Shankbone</a> contended that he had been harassed and stalked because of his work on Wikipedia, had received no support from the authorities or the Wikimedia Foundation, and only mixed support from the Wikipedia community. Shankbone wrote, "If you become a target on Wikipedia, do not expect a supportive community."<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Auerbach" title="David Auerbach">David Auerbach</a>, writing in Slate magazine, said:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I am not exaggerating when I say it is the closest thing to <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka's</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Trial" title="The Trial">The Trial</a> I have ever witnessed, with editors and administrators giving conflicting and confusing advice, complaints getting "boomeranged" onto complainants who then face disciplinary action for complaining, and very little consistency in the standards applied. In my short time there, I repeatedly observed editors lawyering an issue with acronyms, only to turn around and declare "<a href="/wiki/Ignore_all_rules" title="Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a>!" when faced with the same rules used against them ... The problem instead stems from the fact that administrators and longtime editors have developed a fortress mentality in which they see new editors as dangerous intruders who will wreck their beautiful encyclopedia, and thus antagonize and even persecute them.<a href="#cite_note-Auerbach-166">[166]</a></blockquote> Wikipedia has also been criticized for its weak enforcement against perceived toxicities among the editing community at various times. In one case, a longtime editor was nearly driven to suicide following online abuse from editors and a ban from the site before being rescued from the suicide attempt.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> In order to address this problem the Wikimedia Foundation planned to institute a new rule of conduct aimed at combating 'toxic behavior'. The development of the new rule of conduct would take place in two phases. The first will include setting policies for in-person and virtual events as well as policies for technical spaces including chat rooms and other Wikimedia projects. A second phase outlining enforcement when the rules are broken is planned to be approved by the end of 2020, according to the Wikimedia board's plan.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] A 2023 study of Wikipedia talk pages found that toxic comments were closely correlated with reduced editor activity. The study's authors estimated that toxic comments increase the probability of an editor leaving the website, which had ultimately resulted in 265 cumulative years of lost productivity.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consensus_and_the_"hive_mind"">Consensus and the "hive mind"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Consensus and the "hive mind"">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Kamm" title="Oliver Kamm">Oliver Kamm</a>,<a href="#cite_note-okw-3">[3]</a> Wikimedia advisor <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mako_Hill" title="Benjamin Mako Hill">Benjamin Mako Hill</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> and trustee Dariusz Jemielniakalso<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> criticized the ability for some arguments to be won by sheer stamina instead of merit. In his article, "<a href="/wiki/Digital_Maoism:_The_Hazards_of_the_New_Online_Collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Maoism: The Hazards of the New Online Collectivism">Digital Maoism: The Hazards of the New Online Collectivism</a>" (first published online by <a href="/wiki/Edge_-_the_third_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Edge - the third culture">Edge: The Third Culture</a>, May 30, 2006), <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> scientist and digital theorist <a href="/wiki/Jaron_Lanier" title="Jaron Lanier">Jaron Lanier</a> describes Wikipedia as a hive mind whose <a href="/wiki/Collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism">collectivism</a> could be swayed away from <a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">meritocracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JaronLanier2-220">[220]</a> Lanier also says the current economic trend is to reward entities that aggregate information, rather than those that actually generate content. In the absence of "new business models", the popular demand for <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">content</a> will be sated by mediocrity, thus reducing or even eliminating any monetary incentives for the production of new knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-JaronLanier-221">[221]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] Lanier's opinions produced some strong disagreement. Internet consultant <a href="/wiki/Clay_Shirky" title="Clay Shirky">Clay Shirky</a> noted that Wikipedia has many internal controls in place and is not a mere mass of unintelligent collective effort: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Neither proponents nor detractors of hive mind rhetoric have much interesting to say about Wikipedia itself, because both groups ignore the details ... Wikipedia is best viewed as an engaged community that uses a large and growing number of regulatory mechanisms to manage a huge set of proposed edits ... To take the specific case of Wikipedia, the Seigenthaler/Kennedy debacle catalyzed both soul-searching and new controls to address the problems exposed, and the controls included, inter alia, a greater focus on individual responsibility, the very factor "Digital Maoism" denies is at work.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excessive_rule-making">Excessive rule-making</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Excessive rule-making">edit</a>]</div> Various figures involved with the Wikimedia Foundation have argued that <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia#Rules_and_laws_governing_content_and_editor_behavior" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia's increasingly complex policies and guidelines</a> are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia#Decline_in_participation_since_2009" title="Wikipedia">driving away new contributors to the site</a>. Former chair <a href="/wiki/Kat_Walsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kat Walsh">Kat Walsh</a> was quoted in a 2009 article as criticizing the project, saying, "It was easier when I joined in 2004 ... Everything was a little less complicated ... It's harder and harder for new people to adjust."<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Wikipedia administrator Oliver Moran views "policy creep" as the major barrier, writing that "the loose collective running the site today, estimated to be 90 percent male, operates a crushing bureaucracy with an often abrasive atmosphere that deters newcomers who might increase participation in Wikipedia and broaden its coverage".<a href="#cite_note-decline-224">[224]</a> According to Jemielniak, the sheer complexity of the rules and laws governing content and editor behavior has become excessive and creates a learning burden for new editors.<a href="#cite_note-Jemielniak-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-slate.com-225">[225]</a> In 2014, Jemielniak suggested actively rewriting, and abridging, the rules and laws to decrease their complexity and size.<a href="#cite_note-Jemielniak-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-slate.com-225">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_stratification">Social stratification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Social stratification">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia#Work_distribution_and_social_strata" title="Academic studies about Wikipedia">Academic studies about Wikipedia § Work distribution and social strata</a></div> Despite the perception that the Wikipedia process is democratic, some assert that "a small number of people are running the show",<a href="#cite_note-wilson-226">[226]</a> including administrators, bureaucrats, stewards, checkusers, mediators, arbitrators, and oversighters.<a href="#cite_note-Jem_article-8">[8]</a> In an article on Wikipedia conflicts in 2007, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> discussed "a backlash among some editors, who argue that blocking users compromises the supposedly open nature of the project, and the imbalance of power between users and administrators may even be a reason some users choose to vandalise in the first place", based on the experiences of one editor who became a vandal after his edits were reverted and he was blocked for edit warring.<a href="#cite_note-admin-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_Wikipedia" title="Censorship of Wikipedia">Censorship of Wikipedia</a> – Censorship of Wikipedia by governments</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deletionism_and_inclusionism_in_Wikipedia" title="Deletionism and inclusionism in Wikipedia">Deletionism and inclusionism in Wikipedia</a> – Opposing philosophies within the Wikipedia community</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wikipedia" title="History of Wikipedia">History of Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Ideological bias on Wikipedia">Ideological bias on Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_controversies" title="List of Wikipedia controversies">List of Wikipedia controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictions_of_the_end_of_Wikipedia" title="Predictions of the end of Wikipedia">Predictions of the end of Wikipedia</a> – Theories that Wikipedia will break down or become obsolete</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_of_Wikipedia" title="Reliability of Wikipedia">Reliability of Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation#Disputes" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation#Disputes</a>, criticisms of the nonprofit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Criticisms" title="Wikipedia:Criticisms">Wikipedia:Criticisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_hoaxes_on_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:List of hoaxes on Wikipedia">Wikipedia:List of hoaxes on Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_coverage" title="Wikipedia:Press coverage">Wikipedia:Press coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Replies_to_common_objections" title="Wikipedia:Replies to common objections">Wikipedia:Replies to common objections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_Wikipedia_is_not_so_great" title="Wikipedia:Why Wikipedia is not so great">Wikipedia:Why Wikipedia is not so great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_not_a_reliable_source" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a reliable source">Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a reliable source</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks selfreference noprint">This article incorporates text from the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a> Wikipedia page <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Replies_to_common_objections" title="Wikipedia:Replies to common objections">Wikipedia:Replies to common objections</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved August 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Truth%2C+anonymity+and+the+Wikipedia+Way%3A+Why+it%27s+broke+and+how+it+can+be+fixed&rft.date=2007-12-18&rft.au=Metz%2C+Cade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2007%2F12%2F18%2Fthe_wikipedia_paradox%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ny2006-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ny2006_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ny2006_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ny2006_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ny2006_40-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ny2006_40-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiff,_Stacy2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Schiff, Stacy (July 31, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/31/know-it-all">"Know it all: Can Wikipedia conquer expertise?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081122125817/http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/060731fa_fact">Archived</a> from the original on November 22, 2008. Retrieved August 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Know+it+all%3A+Can+Wikipedia+conquer+expertise%3F&rft.date=2006-07-31&rft.au=Schiff%2C+Stacy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2006%2F07%2F31%2Fknow-it-all&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann,_Evan2006" class="citation web cs1">Lehmann, Evan (January 27, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060202095103/http://www.lowellsun.com/ci_3444567">"Rewriting history under the dome"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(Lowell)" title="The Sun (Lowell)">Lowell Sun</a>. 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January 30, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060329061323/http://lawnorder.blogspot.com/2006/01/senator-staffers-spam-wikipedia.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2006. Retrieved September 13, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senator+staffers+spam+Wikipedia&rft.date=2006-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flawnorder.blogspot.com%2F2006%2F01%2Fsenator-staffers-spam-wikipedia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachelet,_Pablo2006" class="citation news cs1">Bachelet, Pablo (May 3, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151006225302/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&p_theme=mh&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=cuba%20wikipedia%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(cuba%20wikipedia)&p_sort=_rank_:D&xcal_ranksort=4&xcal_useweights=yes">"War of Words: Website Can't Define Cuba"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Miami_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Miami Herald">The Miami Herald</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&p_theme=mh&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=cuba%20wikipedia%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(cuba%20wikipedia)&p_sort=_rank_:D&xcal_ranksort=4&xcal_useweights=yes">the original</a> on October 6, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=War+of+Words%3A+Website+Can%27t+Define+Cuba&rft.date=2006-05-03&rft.au=Bachelet%2C+Pablo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DMH%26p_theme%3Dmh%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26s_dispstring%3Dcuba%2520wikipedia%2520AND%2520date%28all%29%26p_field_advanced-0%3D%26p_text_advanced-0%3D%28cuba%2520wikipedia%29%26p_sort%3D_rank_%3AD%26xcal_ranksort%3D4%26xcal_useweights%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cubanet.org/htdocs/CNews/y06/may06/10e4.htm">Alt URL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211927/http://www.cubanet.org/htdocs/CNews/y06/may06/10e4.htm">Archived</a> September 23, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelay,_Larry2006" class="citation web cs1">Delay, Larry (August 3, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910014641/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/asce/pdfs/volume16/pdfs/program.pdf">"A Pernicious Model for Control of the World Wide Web: The Cuba Case"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_the_Cuban_Economy" title="Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy">Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy</a> (ASCE). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/asce/pdfs/volume16/pdfs/program.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 10, 2008. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Pernicious+Model+for+Control+of+the+World+Wide+Web%3A+The+Cuba+Case&rft.pub=Association+for+the+Study+of+the+Cuban+Economy+%28ASCE%29&rft.date=2006-08-03&rft.au=Delay%2C+Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanic.utexas.edu%2Fproject%2Fasce%2Fpdfs%2Fvolume16%2Fpdfs%2Fprogram.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telegraph-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcElroy2008" class="citation news cs1">McElroy, Damien (May 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1934857/Israeli-battles-rage-on-Wikipedia.html">"Israeli battles rage on Wikipedia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509185630/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1934857/Israeli-battles-rage-on-Wikipedia.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved May 8, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Israeli+battles+rage+on+Wikipedia&rft.date=2008-05-08&rft.aulast=McElroy&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F1934857%2FIsraeli-battles-rage-on-Wikipedia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=2&x_outlet=32&x_article=1525">"Letter in Harper's Magazine About Wikipedia Issues"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Committee_for_Accuracy_in_the_Middle_East_Reporting_in_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Committee for Accuracy in the Middle East Reporting in America (page does not exist)">CAMERA</a>. August 14, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160731094722/http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=2">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2016. Retrieved March 31, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+in+Harper%27s+Magazine+About+Wikipedia+Issues&rft.pub=CAMERA&rft.date=2008-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.camera.org%2Findex.asp%3Fx_context%3D2%26x_outlet%3D32%26x_article%3D1525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiphshiz,_Cnaan2007" class="citation web cs1">Liphshiz, Cnaan (December 25, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/culture/arts-leisure/your-wiki-entry-counts-1.235851">"Your Wiki Entry Counts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605071013/http://www.haaretz.com/culture/arts-leisure/your-wiki-entry-counts-1.235851">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Your+Wiki+Entry+Counts&rft.date=2007-12-25&rft.au=Liphshiz%2C+Cnaan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fculture%2Farts-leisure%2Fyour-wiki-entry-counts-1.235851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRettig_Gur2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Haviv_Rettig" class="mw-redirect" title="Haviv Rettig">Rettig Gur, Haviv</a> (May 16, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=175660">"Israeli-Palestinian conflict rages on Wikipedia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629014308/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=175660">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Israeli-Palestinian+conflict+rages+on+Wikipedia&rft.date=2010-05-16&rft.aulast=Rettig+Gur&rft.aufirst=Haviv&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FIsrael%2FArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D175660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2008" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, Noam (August 31, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/01/technology/01link.html">"Don't Like Palin's Wikipedia Story? Change It"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041708/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/01/technology/01link.html?ex=1378008000&en=2690a3850cb270d0&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2018. Retrieved February 18, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Don%27t+Like+Palin%27s+Wikipedia+Story%3F+Change+It&rft.date=2008-08-31&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F09%2F01%2Ftechnology%2F01link.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/sarah-palins-wikipedia-entry-glossed-over-by-mystery-user-hrs-before-vp-announcement_10091497.html">"Sarah Palins Wikipedia entry glossed over by mystery user hrs. before VP announcement"</a>. Thaindian News. September 2, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524085649/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/sarah-palins-wikipedia-entry-glossed-over-by-mystery-user-hrs-before-vp-announcement_10091497.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved November 16, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thaindian+News&rft.atitle=Sarah+Palins+Wikipedia+entry+glossed+over+by+mystery+user+hrs.+before+VP+announcement&rft.date=2008-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thaindian.com%2Fnewsportal%2Findia-news%2Fsarah-palins-wikipedia-entry-glossed-over-by-mystery-user-hrs-before-vp-announcement_10091497.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516003915/http://www.vnunet.fr/fr/news/2007/11/28/wikipedia_en_butte_a_une_nouvelle_affaire_de_calomnie">"Wikipédia en butte à une nouvelle affaire de calomnie"</a>. 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Retrieved June 21, 2015. <q>... the considerable and often-noted gender gap among Wikipedia editors; in 2011, less than 15 percent were women.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Can+Wikipedia+Survive%3F&rft.date=2015-06-20&rft.aulast=Lih&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F06%2F21%2Fopinion%2Fcan-wikipedia-survive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EditorSurveys-120"><a href="#cite_ref-EditorSurveys_120-0">^</a> Statistics based on Wikimedia Foundation Wikipedia editor surveys <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812211630/http://wikimediafoundation.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AEditor_Survey_Report_-_April_2011.pdf&page=1">2011</a> (Nov. 2010-April 2011) and <a class="external text" href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Wikipedia_Editors_Survey_November_2011">November 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160605124632/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research%3AWikipedia_Editors_Survey_November_2011">Archived</a> June 5, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (April - October 2011) </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen110130-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen110130_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen110130_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen110130_121-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2011" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Noam (January 30, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/31/business/media/31link.html">"Define Gender Gap? 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Retrieved March 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Wikipedia%27s+%27Supreme+Court%27+tackles+alleged+conspiracy+to+distort+articles+on+Holocaust&rft.date=2023-03-01&rft.aulast=Elia-Shalev&rft.aufirst=Asaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fdiaspora%2Fantisemitism%2Farticle-733019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzger2023" class="citation web cs1">Metzger, Cerise Valenzuela (May 16, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.chapman.edu/2023/05/15/ruling-on-wikipedias-distortion-of-holocaust-history-lacks-depth/">"Ruling on Wikipedia's Distortion of Holocaust History Lacks Depth"</a>. Chapman University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230527230915/https://news.chapman.edu/2023/05/15/ruling-on-wikipedias-distortion-of-holocaust-history-lacks-depth/">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2023. Retrieved September 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chapman+University&rft.atitle=Ruling+on+Wikipedia%27s+Distortion+of+Holocaust+History+Lacks+Depth&rft.date=2023-05-16&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Cerise+Valenzuela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.chapman.edu%2F2023%2F05%2F15%2Fruling-on-wikipedias-distortion-of-holocaust-history-lacks-depth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandler2024" class="citation web cs1">Bandler, Aaron (June 25, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishjournal.com/news/united-states/372577/forty-three-jewish-orgs-call-on-wikimedia-to-reconsider-editors-decision-on-adl/">"Forty-three Jewish Orgs Call on Wikimedia to Reconsider Editors' Decision on ADL"</a>. Jewish Journal. Retrieved October 31, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Journal&rft.atitle=Forty-three+Jewish+Orgs+Call+on+Wikimedia+to+Reconsider+Editors%27+Decision+on+ADL&rft.date=2024-06-25&rft.aulast=Bandler&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishjournal.com%2Fnews%2Funited-states%2F372577%2Fforty-three-jewish-orgs-call-on-wikimedia-to-reconsider-editors-decision-on-adl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-27816379">"PR firms pledge 'ethical' use of Wikipedia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. June 12, 2014. Retrieved November 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=PR+firms+pledge+%27ethical%27+use+of+Wikipedia&rft.date=2014-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-27816379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParakilas2014" class="citation web cs1">Parakilas, Jacob (March 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170914184731/http://aoav.org.uk/2014/wikipedia-neutrality-guns/">"Wikipedia, neutrality, and guns"</a>. Action on Armed Violence. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aoav.org.uk/2014/wikipedia-neutrality-guns/">the original</a> on September 14, 2017. Retrieved March 7, 2018. <q>But if a reader had started on the page for either of Breivik's guns, the Ruger or the Glock, they would not know this. That reader would find a great deal of technical information about the weapons in question – their weights, lengths, cartridges, rates of fire, magazine capacities, muzzle velocities – and detailed descriptions of their designs, all illustrated with abundant photographs and diagrams.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wikipedia%2C+neutrality%2C+and+guns&rft.pub=Action+on+Armed+Violence&rft.date=2014-03-18&rft.aulast=Parakilas&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faoav.org.uk%2F2014%2Fwikipedia-neutrality-guns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalther2017" class="citation news cs1">Walther, Matthew (November 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theweek.com/articles/735590/adolescent-cult-ar15">"The adolescent cult of the AR-15"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Week" title="The Week">The Week</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180324101622/http://theweek.com/articles/735590/adolescent-cult-ar15">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018. <q>What do the perpetrators of the massacres at Sandy Hook, at Aurora, at Orlando, and at Sutherland Springs have in common? They were all men under 30 and they all used versions of the same kind of firearm, the AR-15, the semi-automatic version of the military's M-16, and the bestselling gun in America. It might be difficult to make this connection because as I write this, the section on the use of AR-15s in mass killings has been deleted from Wikipedia ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=The+adolescent+cult+of+the+AR-15&rft.date=2017-11-07&rft.aulast=Walther&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheweek.com%2Farticles%2F735590%2Fadolescent-cult-ar15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandom2018" class="citation news cs1">Brandom, Russell (March 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/6/17086794/ar-15-wikipedia-gun-control-parkland-mass-shooting">"How gun buffs took over Wikipedia's AR-15 page; After Parkland, gun control information was strangely hard to find"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vox_Media" title="Vox Media">Vox Media</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309205013/https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/6/17086794/ar-15-wikipedia-gun-control-parkland-mass-shooting">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018. <q>But on Wikipedia, as in the real world, the users with the deepest technical knowledge of firearms are also the most fervent gun owners and the most hostile to gun control. For critics, that's led to a persistent pro-gun bias on the web's leading source of neutral information at a time when the gun control debate is more heated than ever.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=How+gun+buffs+took+over+Wikipedia%27s+AR-15+page%3B+After+Parkland%2C+gun+control+information+was+strangely+hard+to+find&rft.date=2018-03-06&rft.aulast=Brandom&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2018%2F3%2F6%2F17086794%2Far-15-wikipedia-gun-control-parkland-mass-shooting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/pro-gun-wikipedia-users-spark-fierce-editing-war-11279640">"Pro-gun Wikipedia users spark fierce editing war; Editors against tighter controls on firearms have been purging information that shows weapons such as AR-15s in a bad light"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a>. March 7, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310200734/https://news.sky.com/story/pro-gun-wikipedia-users-spark-fierce-editing-war-11279640">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018. <q>The bias in the articles was not explicit, but structural. The project did not insert false information into the articles but instead purged information that showed the weapons in a bad light - dismissing it as "off-topic".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pro-gun+Wikipedia+users+spark+fierce+editing+war%3B+Editors+against+tighter+controls+on+firearms+have+been+purging+information+that+shows+weapons+such+as+AR-15s+in+a+bad+light&rft.date=2018-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fpro-gun-wikipedia-users-spark-fierce-editing-war-11279640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2018" class="citation news cs1">Brennan, David (March 7, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/pro-gun-group-edited-ar-15-wikipedia-page-hide-mass-shootings-834639">"Pro-gun Group Edited AR-15 Wikipedia Page to Hide Mass Shootings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180308211535/http://www.newsweek.com/pro-gun-group-edited-ar-15-wikipedia-page-hide-mass-shootings-834639">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018. <q>A group of pro-gun Wikipedia editors tried to hide the true number of mass shootings associated with the AR-15 rifle in the aftermath of the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland, Florida.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Pro-gun+Group+Edited+AR-15+Wikipedia+Page+to+Hide+Mass+Shootings&rft.date=2018-03-07&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fpro-gun-group-edited-ar-15-wikipedia-page-hide-mass-shootings-834639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinenkel2018" class="citation news cs1">Einenkel, Walter (March 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/pro-gun-group-edited-ar-160258959.html">"A gun group has been editing Wikipedia's firearms pages to sanitize mass shootings, for months"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! News">Yahoo! News</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310074625/https://www.yahoo.com/news/pro-gun-group-edited-ar-160258959.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018. <q>The Wikimedia Foundation has defended itself and Wikipedia from allegations of being host to these kinds of influence campaigns, arguing that the encyclopaedia is constantly being updated and improved.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+gun+group+has+been+editing+Wikipedia%27s+firearms+pages+to+sanitize+mass+shootings%2C+for+months&rft.date=2018-03-08&rft.aulast=Einenkel&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fpro-gun-group-edited-ar-160258959.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjakob2018" class="citation news cs1">Benjakob, Omer (March 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/how-firearm-enthusiasts-control-what-you-read-about-guns-on-wikipedia-1.5910470">"Gun Enthusiasts Are Waging a War of Attrition on Wikipedia, and It Looks Like They're Winning"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180324162222/https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/how-firearm-enthusiasts-control-what-you-read-about-guns-on-wikipedia-1.5910470">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018. <q>According to The Verge report and an independent follow-up by Haaretz, the top editors of the Colt page are pro-gun enthusiasts who skewed the information presented on it and are also involved in editing other articles on Wikipedia – for example, the much more general article, titled AR 15 – to push their worldview ... Through countless exhausting debates, this small group of pro-gun Wikipedia editors – linked together through Wikipedia's Firearms project (or "WikiProject:Firearms," mentioned below) – has managed to control almost completely the discourse around the rifle, predominantly by making sure any potentially negative details about it be excluded from the original Colt AR-15 article.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Gun+Enthusiasts+Are+Waging+a+War+of+Attrition+on+Wikipedia%2C+and+It+Looks+Like+They%27re+Winning&rft.date=2018-03-18&rft.aulast=Benjakob&rft.aufirst=Omer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fus-news%2Fhow-firearm-enthusiasts-control-what-you-read-about-guns-on-wikipedia-1.5910470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSifferlin,_Alexandra2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Sifferlin, Alexandra (March 25, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/36938/wikipedia-founder-sticks-it-to-lunatic-holistic-healers/">"Wikipedia Founder Sticks It To 'Lunatic' Holistic Healers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141014030030/http://time.com/36938/wikipedia-founder-sticks-it-to-lunatic-holistic-healers/">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2014. Retrieved October 22, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+Founder+Sticks+It+To+%27Lunatic%27+Holistic+Healers&rft.date=2014-03-25&rft.au=Sifferlin%2C+Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F36938%2Fwikipedia-founder-sticks-it-to-lunatic-holistic-healers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman,_Lily_Hay2014" class="citation web cs1">Newman, Lily Hay (March 27, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2014/03/27/jimmy_wales_denies_petition_from_advocates_of_holistic_healing_about_wikipedia.html">"Jimmy Wales Gets Real, and Sassy, About Wikipedia's Holistic Healing Coverage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625002844/http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2014/03/27/jimmy_wales_denies_petition_from_advocates_of_holistic_healing_about_wikipedia.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2018. 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Retrieved August 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+Purged+a+Group+of+Feminist+Editors+Because+of+Gamergate&rft.pub=Gawker&rft.date=2015-01-23&rft.aulast=Cush&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finternet.gawker.com%2Fwikipedia-purged-a-group-of-feminist-editors-because-of-1681463331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-washpostgamer-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-washpostgamer_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-washpostgamer_173-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewey2015" class="citation news cs1">Dewey, Caitlin (January 29, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/01/29/gamergate-wikipedia-and-the-limits-of-human-knowledge/">"Gamergate, Wikipedia and the limits of 'human knowledge'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150129195454/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/01/29/gamergate-wikipedia-and-the-limits-of-human-knowledge/">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2015. Retrieved January 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Gamergate%2C+Wikipedia+and+the+limits+of+%27human+knowledge%27&rft.date=2015-01-29&rft.aulast=Dewey&rft.aufirst=Caitlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-intersect%2Fwp%2F2015%2F01%2F29%2Fgamergate-wikipedia-and-the-limits-of-human-knowledge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MichaelSocial-174"><a href="#cite_ref-MichaelSocial_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandiberg2015" class="citation web cs1">Mandiberg, Michael (February 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialtextjournal.org/affective-labor-of-wikipedia-gamergate/">"The Affective Labor of Wikipedia: GamerGate, Harassment, and Peer Production"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Social_Text" title="Social Text">Social Text</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150222020741/http://socialtextjournal.org/affective-labor-of-wikipedia-gamergate/">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Social+Text&rft.atitle=The+Affective+Labor+of+Wikipedia%3A+GamerGate%2C+Harassment%2C+and+Peer+Production&rft.date=2015-02-01&rft.aulast=Mandiberg&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocialtextjournal.org%2Faffective-labor-of-wikipedia-gamergate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCush2015" class="citation web cs1">Cush, Andy (January 30, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217201403/http://internet.gawker.com/the-gamergate-decision-shows-exactly-whats-broken-about-1682639327">"The Gamergate Decision Shows Exactly What's Broken About Wikipedia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gawker" title="Gawker">Gawker</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://internet.gawker.com/the-gamergate-decision-shows-exactly-whats-broken-about-1682639327">the original</a> on February 17, 2015. Retrieved February 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gamergate+Decision+Shows+Exactly+What%27s+Broken+About+Wikipedia&rft.pub=Gawker&rft.date=2015-01-30&rft.aulast=Cush&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finternet.gawker.com%2Fthe-gamergate-decision-shows-exactly-whats-broken-about-1682639327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaudette2015" class="citation web cs1">Beaudette, Philippe (January 27, 2015). <a class="external text" href="https://blog.wikimedia.org/2015/01/27/civility-wikipedia-gamergate/">"Civility, Wikipedia, and the conversation on Gamergate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150131162929/http://blog.wikimedia.org/2015/01/27/civility-wikipedia-gamergate/">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2015. Retrieved January 28, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civility%2C+Wikipedia%2C+and+the+conversation+on+Gamergate&rft.pub=Wikimedia+Foundation&rft.date=2015-01-27&rft.aulast=Beaudette&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.wikimedia.org%2F2015%2F01%2F27%2Fcivility-wikipedia-gamergate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Novi-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Novi_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Novi_177-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Novi_177-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Novi_177-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190901073813/http://www.novilist.hr/Vijesti/Hrvatska/Jovanovic-Djeco-ne-baratajte-hrvatskom-Wikipedijom-jer-su-sadrzaji-falsificirani">"Jovanović: Djeco, ne baratajte hrvatskom Wikipedijom jer su sadržaji falsificirani"</a> [Jovanović: "Children, do not use the Croatian Wikipedia because its contents are forgeries"] (in Croatian). <a href="/wiki/Novi_list" title="Novi list">Novi list</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.novilist.hr/Vijesti/Hrvatska/Jovanovic-Djeco-ne-baratajte-hrvatskom-Wikipedijom-jer-su-sadrzaji-falsificirani">the original</a> on September 1, 2019. Retrieved September 13, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jovanovi%C4%87%3A+Djeco%2C+ne+baratajte+hrvatskom+Wikipedijom+jer+su+sadr%C5%BEaji+falsificirani&rft.pub=Novi+list&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novilist.hr%2FVijesti%2FHrvatska%2FJovanovic-Djeco-ne-baratajte-hrvatskom-Wikipedijom-jer-su-sadrzaji-falsificirani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708223852/https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/trolls-hijack-wikipedia-turn-articles-against-gays170913/">"Trolls hijack Wikipedia to turn articles against gays"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/trolls-hijack-wikipedia-turn-articles-against-gays170913">the original</a> on July 8, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trolls+hijack+Wikipedia+to+turn+articles+against+gays&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gaystarnews.com%2Farticle%2Ftrolls-hijack-wikipedia-turn-articles-against-gays170913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailydot.com/politics/croatian-wikipedia-fascist-takeover-controversy-right-wing/">How pro-fascist ideologues are rewriting Croatia's history</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-index130903-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-index130903_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-index130903_180-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-index130903_180-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/jovanoviceva-poruka-ucenicima-i-studentima-ne-koristite-hrvatsku-wikipediju/700302.aspx">"Jovanovićeva poruka učenicima i studentima: Ne koristite hrvatsku Wikipediju!"</a> [Jovanović's message to the pupils and students: Don't use Croatian Wikipedia!] (in Croatian). <a href="/wiki/Index.hr" title="Index.hr">Index.hr</a>. Retrieved September 13, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jovanovi%C4%87eva+poruka+u%C4%8Denicima+i+studentima%3A+Ne+koristite+hrvatsku+Wikipediju%21&rft.pub=Index.hr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.index.hr%2Fvijesti%2Fclanak%2Fjovanoviceva-poruka-ucenicima-i-studentima-ne-koristite-hrvatsku-wikipediju%2F700302.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ALog&type=rights&user=&page=Sam+Blacketer&year=&month=-1&tagfilter=&subtype=">"User Rights Log"</a>. Wikipedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikipedia&rft.atitle=User+Rights+Log&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DSpecial%253ALog%26type%3Drights%26user%3D%26page%3DSam%2BBlacketer%26year%3D%26month%3D-1%26tagfilter%3D%26subtype%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2007-12-26/Arbitration_series">"Arbitration Series"</a>. Wikipedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012014718/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2007-12-26/Arbitration_series">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikipedia&rft.atitle=Arbitration+Series&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWikipedia%3AWikipedia_Signpost%2F2007-12-26%2FArbitration_series&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetz2009" class="citation web cs1">Metz, Cade (May 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/05/26/wikipedia_westminster_councillor/">"Sockpuppeting British politico resigns from Wikisupremecourt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090529060909/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/05/26/wikipedia_westminster_councillor/">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2009. Retrieved May 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Sockpuppeting+British+politico+resigns+from+Wikisupremecourt&rft.date=2009-05-26&rft.aulast=Metz&rft.aufirst=Cade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2009%2F05%2F26%2Fwikipedia_westminster_councillor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steward_requests/Permissions&diff=1518617&oldid=1516965">"Meta: Steward requests/Permissions"</a>. Meta-Wiki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160115195821/https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steward_requests%2FPermissions&diff=1518617&oldid=1516965">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Meta-Wiki&rft.atitle=Meta%3A+Steward+requests%2FPermissions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeta.wikimedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DSteward_requests%2FPermissions%26diff%3D1518617%26oldid%3D1516965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelhamLakhani2009" class="citation web cs1">Welham, Jamie; Lakhani, Nina (June 7, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/wikipedia-sentinel-quits-after-using-alias-to-alter-entries-1698762.html">"Wikipedia 'sentinel' quits after using alias to alter entries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100318071440/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/wikipedia-sentinel-quits-after-using-alias-to-alter-entries-1698762.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+%27sentinel%27+quits+after+using+alias+to+alter+entries&rft.date=2009-06-07&rft.aulast=Welham&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft.au=Lakhani%2C+Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fwikipedia-sentinel-quits-after-using-alias-to-alter-entries-1698762.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-186"><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein2007" class="citation news cs1">Finkelstein, Seth (March 8, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://technology.guardian.co.uk/weekly/story/0,,2028328,00.html">"Oh, what a tangled web we weave when first we practise to deceive"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070329052204/http://technology.guardian.co.uk/weekly/story/0,,2028328,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Oh%2C+what+a+tangled+web+we+weave+when+first+we+practise+to+deceive&rft.date=2007-03-08&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechnology.guardian.co.uk%2Fweekly%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C2028328%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> At some point, Essjay said he had sent a letter to a real-life college professor using his invented persona's credentials, vouching for Wikipedia's accuracy. In the letter he wrote in part, "It is never the case that known incorrect information is allowed to remain in Wikipedia." </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060225194153/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Essjay#Professional_Life">"User: Essjay"</a>. Wikipedia. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Essjay#Professional_Life">the original</a> on February 25, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikipedia&rft.atitle=User%3A+Essjay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUser%3AEssjay%23Professional_Life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Five_solas&diff=prev&oldid=15002257">"Talk:Five solas [archived version]"</a>. Wikipedia.org. June 11, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216105246/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Five_solas&diff=prev&oldid=15002257">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Talk%3AFive+solas+%5Barchived+version%5D&rft.pub=Wikipedia.org&rft.date=2005-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTalk%3AFive_solas%26diff%3Dprev%26oldid%3D15002257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orlowski-189"><a href="#cite_ref-Orlowski_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlowski2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Orlowski" title="Andrew Orlowski">Orlowski, Andrew</a> (March 2, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/03/02/wikipedia_fraud/">"Bogus Wikipedia Prof. was blessed then promoted: The Counterfactual History Man"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070304064754/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/03/02/wikipedia_fraud/">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Bogus+Wikipedia+Prof.+was+blessed+then+promoted%3A+The+Counterfactual+History+Man&rft.date=2007-03-02&rft.aulast=Orlowski&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2007%2F03%2F02%2Fwikipedia_fraud%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6423659.stm">"Fake professor in Wikipedia storm"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. March 6, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070308090712/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6423659.stm">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2007. Retrieved March 8, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Fake+professor+in+Wikipedia+storm&rft.date=2007-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F6423659.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanger_Springs-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Sanger_Springs_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergstein2007" class="citation news cs1">Bergstein, Brian (March 25, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/25/AR2007032500570.html">"Sanger says he co-started Wikipedia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121112163154/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/25/AR2007032500570.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2007. <q>The nascent Web encyclopedia Citizendium springs from Larry Sanger, a philosophy Ph.D. who counts himself as a co-founder of Wikipedia, the site he now hopes to usurp. The claim doesn't seem particularly controversial—Sanger has long been cited as a co-founder. Yet the other founder, Jimmy Wales, isn't happy about it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Sanger+says+he+co-started+Wikipedia&rft.date=2007-03-25&rft.aulast=Bergstein&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F03%2F25%2FAR2007032500570.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sanger-NYTimes-192"><a href="#cite_ref-sanger-NYTimes_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers2001" class="citation news cs1">Meyers, Peter (September 20, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/20/technology/fact-driven-collegial-this-site-wants-you.html">"Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090415232001/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/20/technology/fact-driven-collegial-this-site-wants-you.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2009. Retrieved August 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Fact-Driven%3F+Collegial%3F+This+Site+Wants+You&rft.date=2001-09-20&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F09%2F20%2Ftechnology%2Ffact-driven-collegial-this-site-wants-you.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> "I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph", said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehegan,_David2006" class="citation news cs1">Mehegan, David (February 12, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2006/02/12/bias_sabotage_haunt_wikipedias_free_world/?page=4">"Bias, sabotage haunt Wikipedia's free world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060512093417/http://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2006/02/12/bias_sabotage_haunt_wikipedias_free_world/?page=4">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2006. Retrieved July 30, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Bias%2C+sabotage+haunt+Wikipedia%27s+free+world&rft.date=2006-02-12&rft.au=Mehegan%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fbusiness%2Ftechnology%2Farticles%2F2006%2F02%2F12%2Fbias_sabotage_haunt_wikipedias_free_world%2F%3Fpage%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cz-194"><a href="#cite_ref-cz_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanger,_Larry2007" class="citation web cs1">Sanger, Larry (March 1, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070304065029/http://blog.citizendium.org/2007/03/01/wikipedia-firmly-supports-your-right-to-identity-fraud/">"Wikipedia firmly supports your right to identity fraud"</a>. Citizendium Blog. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.citizendium.org/2007/03/01/wikipedia-firmly-supports-your-right-to-identity-fraud/">the original</a> on March 4, 2007. Retrieved March 2, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+firmly+supports+your+right+to+identity+fraud&rft.pub=Citizendium+Blog&rft.date=2007-03-01&rft.au=Sanger%2C+Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.citizendium.org%2F2007%2F03%2F01%2Fwikipedia-firmly-supports-your-right-to-identity-fraud%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimbo_Wales&oldid=112270687">"User talk:Jimbo Wales [archived version]"</a>. Wikipedia.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216105250/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimbo_Wales&oldid=112270687">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2016. Retrieved September 1, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=User+talk%3AJimbo+Wales+%5Barchived+version%5D&rft.pub=Wikipedia.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DUser_talk%3AJimbo_Wales%26oldid%3D112270687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sanger2-196"><a href="#cite_ref-sanger2_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanger,_Larry2007" class="citation web cs1">Sanger, Larry (March 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070306065044/http://blog.citizendium.org/2007/03/03/jimmy-wales-latest-response-on-the-essjay-situation/">"Jimmy Wales' latest response on the Essjay situation"</a>. Citizendium Blog. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.citizendium.org/2007/03/03/jimmy-wales-latest-response-on-the-essjay-situation/">the original</a> on March 6, 2007. Retrieved March 3, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jimmy+Wales%27+latest+response+on+the+Essjay+situation&rft.pub=Citizendium+Blog&rft.date=2007-03-03&rft.au=Sanger%2C+Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.citizendium.org%2F2007%2F03%2F03%2Fjimmy-wales-latest-response-on-the-essjay-situation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikia.com/wiki/User:Essjay">"Essjay's Wikia user page"</a>. Wikia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071106120606/http://www.wikia.com/wiki/User:Essjay">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Essjay%27s+Wikia+user+page&rft.pub=Wikia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikia.com%2Fwiki%2FUser%3AEssjay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfson2007" class="citation web cs1">Wolfson, Andrew (March 6, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courier-journal.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070306/NEWS01/703060446/1008">"Wikipedia editor who posed as professor is Ky. dropout: Man resigns post after controversy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Louisville_Courier-Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisville Courier-Journal">Louisville Courier-Journal</a>. Retrieved March 7, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Louisville+Courier-Journal&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+editor+who+posed+as+professor+is+Ky.+dropout%3A+Man+resigns+post+after+controversy&rft.date=2007-03-06&rft.aulast=Wolfson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courier-journal.com%2Fapps%2Fpbcs.dll%2Farticle%3FAID%3D%2F20070306%2FNEWS01%2F703060446%2F1008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kctcs.net/todaysnews/index.cfm?tn_date=2007-03-06#9315">Alt URL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930193712/http://www.kctcs.net/todaysnews/index.cfm?tn_date=2007-03-06#9315">Archived</a> September 30, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-WalesApology-199"><a href="#cite_ref-WalesApology_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWales2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Wales, Jimmy</a> (March 19, 2007). "Making amends". <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Making+amends&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2007-03-19&rft.aulast=Wales&rft.aufirst=Jimmy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Essjay-controversy-200"><a href="#cite_ref-Essjay-controversy_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2007" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Noam (March 5, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/05/technology/05wikipedia.html">"A Contributor to Wikipedia Has His Fictional Side"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013192545/http://nytimes.com/2007/03/05/technology/05wikipedia.html?pagewanted=1&ei=5090&en=f79cc41f899c2de6&ex=1330750800&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss">Archived</a> from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved March 5, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Contributor+to+Wikipedia+Has+His+Fictional+Side&rft.date=2007-03-05&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F03%2F05%2Ftechnology%2F05wikipedia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Video/playerIndex?id=2929512">"[ABC News broadcast on Essjay]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310034801/http://abcnews.go.com/Video/playerIndex?id=2929512">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2007. Retrieved March 8, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=%5BABC+News+broadcast+on+Essjay%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FVideo%2FplayerIndex%3Fid%3D2929512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergstein2007" class="citation news cs1">Bergstein, Brian (March 7, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2007-03-07-wikipedia-credentials_N.htm">"After flap over phony professor, Wikipedia wants some writers to share real names"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090516200320/http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2007-03-07-wikipedia-credentials_N.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2009. Retrieved August 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=After+flap+over+phony+professor%2C+Wikipedia+wants+some+writers+to+share+real+names&rft.date=2007-03-07&rft.aulast=Bergstein&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fnews%2F2007-03-07-wikipedia-credentials_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2007" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Martyn (March 9, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/129702/article.html">"Wikipedia Founder Addresses User Credentials"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PC_World" title="PC World">PC World</a>. IDG News Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084707/http://www.pcworld.com/article/129702/article.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+World&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+Founder+Addresses+User+Credentials&rft.date=2007-03-09&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2F129702%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:There_is_no_credential_policy&oldid=182227955">"Wikipedia's credentials policy [archived version]"</a>. Wikipedia.org. January 5, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160115195821/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:There_is_no_credential_policy&oldid=182227955">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wikipedia%27s+credentials+policy+%5Barchived+version%5D&rft.pub=Wikipedia.org&rft.date=2008-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DWikipedia%3AThere_is_no_credential_policy%26oldid%3D182227955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SFWeekly-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SFWeekly_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFWeekly_205-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpicuzza2008" class="citation news cs1">Spicuzza, Mary (February 13, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfweekly.com/sanfrancisco/wikipedia-idiots-the-edit-wars-of-san-francisco/Content?oid=2166325">"Wikipedia Idiots: The Edit Wars of San Francisco"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SF_Weekly" title="SF Weekly">SF Weekly</a>. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911025447/http://www.sfweekly.com/sanfrancisco/wikipedia-idiots-the-edit-wars-of-san-francisco/Content?oid=2166325">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SF+Weekly&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+Idiots%3A+The+Edit+Wars+of+San+Francisco&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2008-02-13&rft.aulast=Spicuzza&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfweekly.com%2Fsanfrancisco%2Fwikipedia-idiots-the-edit-wars-of-san-francisco%2FContent%3Foid%3D2166325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:OUTING">"Privacy"</a>. Wikipedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikipedia&rft.atitle=Privacy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DWikipedia%3AOUTING&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cult-207"><a href="#cite_ref-cult_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur2005" class="citation web cs1">Arthur, Charles (December 14, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://technology.guardian.co.uk/online/insideit/story/0,,1667345,00.html">"Log on and join in, but beware the web cults"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060503042626/http://technology.guardian.co.uk/online/insideit/story/0,,1667345,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2006. Retrieved July 14, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Log+on+and+join+in%2C+but+beware+the+web+cults&rft.date=2005-12-14&rft.aulast=Arthur&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechnology.guardian.co.uk%2Fonline%2Finsideit%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C1667345%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStvillaTwidaleSmithGasser2008" class="citation journal cs1">Stvilla, Besiki; Twidale, Michael; Smith, Linda; Gasser, Les (February 21, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070820183345/http://mailer.fsu.edu/~bstvilia/papers/stvilia_wikipedia_infoWork_p.pdf">"Information Quality Work Organization in Wikipedia"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Association_for_Information_Science_and_Technology" title="Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology">Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mailer.fsu.edu/~bstvilia/papers/stvilia_wikipedia_infoWork_p.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 20, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Association+for+Information+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Information+Quality+Work+Organization+in+Wikipedia&rft.date=2008-02-21&rft.aulast=Stvilla&rft.aufirst=Besiki&rft.au=Twidale%2C+Michael&rft.au=Smith%2C+Linda&rft.au=Gasser%2C+Les&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmailer.fsu.edu%2F~bstvilia%2Fpapers%2Fstvilia_wikipedia_infoWork_p.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> ["Information Quality Work Organization in Wikipedia" at Wiley Online Library](subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_Bobbie2009" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Bobbie (August 12, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist">"Wikipedia approaches its limits"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301165902/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2014. Retrieved May 25, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+approaches+its+limits&rft.date=2009-08-12&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Bobbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2009%2Faug%2F12%2Fwikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/10789354">"The battle for Wikipedia's soul"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. March 6, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924175256/http://www.economist.com/node/10789354">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+battle+for+Wikipedia%27s+soul&rft.date=2008-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F10789354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickmanRoberts2006" class="citation news cs1">Hickman, Martin; Roberts, Genevieve (February 13, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/category/story.cfm?c_id=55&objectid=10368068">"Wikipedia – separating fact from fiction"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929155128/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/category/story.cfm?c_id=55&objectid=10368068">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved April 17, 2007. <q>Such checking leads to a daily battle of wits with the cyber-wreckers who insert erroneous, ludicrous and offensive material into entries. How frequently entries get messed about with depends on the controversy of their subjects. This week the entry <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> is being attacked dozens of times a day following the row about cartoons of <a href="/wiki/Mohammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed">Mohammed</a> with angry denunciations of suicide bombing and claims of hypocrisy. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>'s entry is a favourite for distortion with new statements casting aspersions on his integrity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+%E2%80%93+separating+fact+from+fiction&rft.date=2006-02-13&rft.aulast=Hickman&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Genevieve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fcategory%2Fstory.cfm%3Fc_id%3D55%26objectid%3D10368068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torsten_Kleinz-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Torsten_Kleinz_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinz2005" class="citation web cs1">Kleinz, Torsten (February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151002023902/http://www.linux-magazine.com/content/download/62899/486425/version/1/file/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf">"World of Knowledge"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Linux_Magazine" title="Linux Magazine">Linux Magazine</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linux-magazine.com/content/download/62899/486425/version/1/file/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 2, 2015. Retrieved May 12, 2007. <q>The Wikipedia's open structure makes it a target for trolls and vandals who malevolently add incorrect information to articles, get other people tied up in endless discussions, and generally do everything to draw attention to themselves.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linux+Magazine&rft.atitle=World+of+Knowledge&rft.date=2005-02&rft.aulast=Kleinz&rft.aufirst=Torsten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux-magazine.com%2Fcontent%2Fdownload%2F62899%2F486425%2Fversion%2F1%2Ffile%2FWikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_warring#The_three-revert_rule">"Wiki page on Three-revert-rule"</a>. Wikipedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170713165840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_warring#The_three-revert_rule">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikipedia&rft.atitle=Wiki+page+on+Three-revert-rule&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWikipedia%3AEdit_warring%23The_three-revert_rule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShankbone2008" class="citation web cs1">Shankbone, David (June 7, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brooklynrail.org/2008/06/express/nobodys-safe-in-cyber-space">"Nobody's Safe in Cyberspace"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Brooklyn_Rail" title="The Brooklyn Rail">The Brooklyn Rail</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828174828/http://www.brooklynrail.org/2008/06/express/nobodys-safe-in-cyber-space">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Rail&rft.atitle=Nobody%27s+Safe+in+Cyberspace&rft.date=2008-06-07&rft.aulast=Shankbone&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brooklynrail.org%2F2008%2F06%2Fexpress%2Fnobodys-safe-in-cyber-space&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoebler2016" class="citation web cs1">Koebler, Jason (May 17, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/4xangm/wikipedia-editor-says-sites-toxic-community-has-him-contemplating-suicide">"Wikipedia Editor Says Site's Toxic Community Has Him Contemplating Suicide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vice_Media" title="Vice Media">Vice Media</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200405070147/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/4xangm/wikipedia-editor-says-sites-toxic-community-has-him-contemplating-suicide">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2020. Retrieved February 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice+Media&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+Editor+Says+Site%27s+Toxic+Community+Has+Him+Contemplating+Suicide&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft.aulast=Koebler&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen_us%2Farticle%2F4xangm%2Fwikipedia-editor-says-sites-toxic-community-has-him-contemplating-suicide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52779899">"Wikipedia sets new rules to combat 'toxicity'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. May 23, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605151940/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52779899">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+sets+new+rules+to+combat+%27toxicity%27&rft.date=2020-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-52779899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmirnovOpreaStrohmaier2023" class="citation journal cs1">Smirnov, Ivan; Oprea, Camelia; Strohmaier, Markus (December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10697426">"Toxic comments are associated with reduced activity of volunteer editors on Wikipedia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PNAS_Nexus" class="mw-redirect" title="PNAS Nexus">PNAS Nexus</a>. 2 (12): pgad385. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpnasnexus%2Fpgad385">10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1091-6490">1091-6490</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10697426">10697426</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38059265">38059265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS+Nexus&rft.atitle=Toxic+comments+are+associated+with+reduced+activity+of+volunteer+editors+on+Wikipedia&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=pgad385&rft.date=2023-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10697426%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1091-6490&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38059265&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpnasnexus%2Fpgad385&rft.aulast=Smirnov&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft.au=Oprea%2C+Camelia&rft.au=Strohmaier%2C+Markus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10697426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mako_Hill" title="Benjamin Mako Hill">Hill, Benjamin Mako</a> (March 27, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mako.cc/copyrighteous/the-institute-for-cultural-diplomacy-and-wikipedia">"The Institute for Cultural Diplomacy and Wikipedia"</a>. mako.cc. eous. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905184314/https://mako.cc/copyrighteous/the-institute-for-cultural-diplomacy-and-wikipedia">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2015. <q>In <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, debates can be won by stamina. If you care more and argue longer, you will tend to get your way. The result, very often, is that individuals and organizations with a very strong interest in having Wikipedia say a particular thing tend to win out over other editors who just want the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a> to be solid, neutral, and reliable. These less-committed editors simply have less at stake and their attention is more distributed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mako.cc&rft.atitle=The+Institute+for+Cultural+Diplomacy+and+Wikipedia&rft.date=2013-03-27&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Mako&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmako.cc%2Fcopyrighteous%2Fthe-institute-for-cultural-diplomacy-and-wikipedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostril,_Virginia2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Postrel" title="Virginia Postrel">Postril, Virginia</a> (November 17, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psmag.com/social-justice/killed-wikipedia-93777">"Who Killed Wikipedia?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Standard" title="Pacific Standard">Pacific Standard</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190825073705/https://psmag.com/social-justice/killed-wikipedia-93777">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved August 31, 2015. <q>'Tiring out one's opponent is a common strategy among experienced Wikipedians ... I have resorted to it many times.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Standard&rft.atitle=Who+Killed+Wikipedia%3F&rft.date=2014-11-17&rft.au=Postril%2C+Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsmag.com%2Fsocial-justice%2Fkilled-wikipedia-93777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JaronLanier2-220"><a href="#cite_ref-JaronLanier2_220-0">^</a> Cite error: The named reference <code>JaronLanier2</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</li> <li id="cite_note-JaronLanier-221"><a href="#cite_ref-JaronLanier_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanier2006" class="citation news cs1">Lanier, Jaron (May 30, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/lanier06/lanier06_index.html">"Digital Maoism: The Hazards of the New Online Collectivism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edge_Foundation,_Inc." title="Edge Foundation, Inc.">Edge</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070429210913/http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/lanier06/lanier06_index.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2007. Retrieved April 30, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Digital+Maoism%3A+The+Hazards+of+the+New+Online+Collectivism&rft.date=2006-05-30&rft.aulast=Lanier&rft.aufirst=Jaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edge.org%2F3rd_culture%2Flanier06%2Flanier06_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirky,_Clay2006" class="citation web cs1">Shirky, Clay (June 7, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060613095529/http://many.corante.com/archives/2006/06/07/reactions_to_digital_maoism.php">"Reactions to Digital Maoism"</a>. Corante.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://many.corante.com/archives/2006/06/07/reactions_to_digital_maoism.php">the original</a> on June 13, 2006. Retrieved May 1, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reactions+to+Digital+Maoism&rft.pub=Corante.com&rft.date=2006-06-07&rft.au=Shirky%2C+Clay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmany.corante.com%2Farchives%2F2006%2F06%2F07%2Freactions_to_digital_maoism.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngwin,_JuliaFowler,_Geoffrey_A.2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Angwin" title="Julia Angwin">Angwin, Julia</a>; Fowler, Geoffrey A. (November 27, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969">"Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025060009/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Volunteers+Log+Off+as+Wikipedia+Ages&rft.date=2009-11-27&rft.au=Angwin%2C+Julia&rft.au=Fowler%2C+Geoffrey+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB125893981183759969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988">(subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-decline-224"><a href="#cite_ref-decline_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonite,_Tom2013" class="citation web cs1">Simonite, Tom (October 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/520446/the-decline-of-wikipedia/">"The Decline of Wikipedia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Technology_Review" title="MIT Technology Review">MIT Technology Review</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150619205842/http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/520446/the-decline-of-wikipedia/">Archived</a> from the original on June 19, 2015. Retrieved March 26, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft.atitle=The+Decline+of+Wikipedia&rft.date=2013-10-22&rft.au=Simonite%2C+Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2Ffeaturedstory%2F520446%2Fthe-decline-of-wikipedia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-slate.com-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slate.com_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-slate.com_225-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJemielniak2014" class="citation web cs1">Jemielniak, Dariusz (June 22, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2014/06/wikipedia_s_bureaucracy_problem_and_how_to_fix_it.html">"The Unbearable Bureaucracy of Wikipedia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140701064131/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2014/06/wikipedia_s_bureaucracy_problem_and_how_to_fix_it.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2014. Retrieved July 1, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=The+Unbearable+Bureaucracy+of+Wikipedia&rft.date=2014-06-22&rft.aulast=Jemielniak&rft.aufirst=Dariusz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Ftechnology%2Ffuture_tense%2F2014%2F06%2Fwikipedia_s_bureaucracy_problem_and_how_to_fix_it.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilson-226"><a href="#cite_ref-wilson_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson,_Chris2008" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, Chris (February 22, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2008/02/the_wisdom_of_the_chaperones.single.html">"The Wisdom of the Chaperones: Digg, Wikipedia, and the myth of Web 2.0 democracy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130320034414/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2008/02/the_wisdom_of_the_chaperones.single.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2013. Retrieved January 14, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=The+Wisdom+of+the+Chaperones%3A+Digg%2C+Wikipedia%2C+and+the+myth+of+Web+2.0+democracy&rft.date=2008-02-22&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Ftechnology%2Ftechnology%2F2008%2F02%2Fthe_wisdom_of_the_chaperones.single.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-admin-227"><a href="#cite_ref-admin_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleeman,_Jenny2007" class="citation web cs1">Kleeman, Jenny (March 25, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2007/mar/25/wikipedia.web20">"Wiki wars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131031062913/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2007/mar/25/wikipedia.web20">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Wiki+wars&rft.date=2007-03-25&rft.au=Kleeman%2C+Jenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2007%2Fmar%2F25%2Fwikipedia.web20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenate_Intelligence_Committee2019a" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Report_Volume2.pdf">Report on Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, Volume 2: Russia's Use of Social Media with Additional Views</a> (PDF) (Report). United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. October 8, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+on+Russian+Active+Measures+Campaigns+and+Interference+in+the+2016+U.S.+Election%2C+Volume+2%3A+Russia%27s+Use+of+Social+Media+with+Additional+Views&rft.pub=United+States+Senate+Select+Committee+on+Intelligence&rft.date=2019-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intelligence.senate.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FReport_Volume2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2019" class="citation news cs1">Jacobs, Julia (April 8, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/08/us/wikipedia-harassment-wikimedia-foundation.html">"Wikipedia Isn't Officially a Social Network. But the Harassment Can Get Ugly"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+Isn%27t+Officially+a+Social+Network.+But+the+Harassment+Can+Get+Ugly.&rft.date=2019-04-08&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F04%2F08%2Fus%2Fwikipedia-harassment-wikimedia-foundation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonite2013" class="citation journal cs1">Simonite, Tom (October 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150619205842/http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/520446/the-decline-of-wikipedia/">"The Decline of Wikipedia: Even As More People Than Ever Rely on It, Fewer People Create It"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Technology_Review" title="MIT Technology Review">MIT Technology Review</a>. 116 (6). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/520446/the-decline-of-wikipedia/">the original</a> on June 19, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft.atitle=The+Decline+of+Wikipedia%3A+Even+As+More+People+Than+Ever+Rely+on+It%2C+Fewer+People+Create+It&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2013-10-22&rft.aulast=Simonite&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2Ffeaturedstory%2F520446%2Fthe-decline-of-wikipedia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheizaf_Rafaeli" title="Sheizaf Rafaeli">Rafaeli, Sheizaf</a> & Ariel, Yaron (2008). "Online motivational factors: Incentives for participation and contribution in Wikipedia." In A. Barak (ed.), Psychological aspects of cyberspace: Theory, research, applications (pp. 243–267). Cambridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121127003940/http://cyberpsych.yeda.info/">"Cyberpsych.Yeda.info"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyberpsych.yeda.info/">the original</a> on November 27, 2012. Retrieved November 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cyberpsych.Yeda.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcyberpsych.yeda.info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Keen" title="Andrew Keen">Keen, Andrew</a>. The Cult of the Amateur. Doubleday/Currency, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52080-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52080-5">978-0-385-52080-5</a> (substantial criticisms of Wikipedia and another web 2.0 projects).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeen2007" class="citation web cs1">Keen, Andrew (June 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11131872">"Does the Internet Undermine Culture?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. Retrieved March 31, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Does+the+Internet+Undermine+Culture%3F&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2007-06-16&rft.aulast=Keen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D11131872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"> (Audio version (with transcript) of the NPR interview with Andrew Keen on June 16, 2007).</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Criticism_of_Wikipedia" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Criticism of Wikipedia">Criticism of Wikipedia</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240317040933/https://wikipediocracy.com/2015/08/16/a-compendium-of-wikipedia-criticism/">A Compendium of Wikipedia Criticism</a> by Wikipediocracy blog[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Encyclopedic_content" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">importance?</a>]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140505112239/http://geography.oii.ox.ac.uk/2014/02/the-geographically-uneven-coverage-of-wikipedia/">The Geographically Uneven Coverage of Wikipedia – Oxford Internet Institute – University of Oxford</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia" title="Template:Wikipedia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia" title="Template talk:Wikipedia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Wikipedia" title="Outline of Wikipedia">Overview (outline)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Biases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Gender bias on Wikipedia">gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Geographical bias on Wikipedia">geographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Ideological bias on Wikipedia">ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Racial bias on Wikipedia">racial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_Wikipedia" title="Censorship of Wikipedia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict-of-interest_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia">Conflict-of-interest editing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_editing_incidents_on_Wikipedia" title="List of political editing incidents on Wikipedia">political editing incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deletion_of_articles_on_Wikipedia" title="Deletion of articles on Wikipedia">Deletion of articles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deletionism_and_inclusionism_in_Wikipedia" title="Deletionism and inclusionism in Wikipedia">deletionism and inclusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notability_in_the_English_Wikipedia" title="Notability in the English Wikipedia">notability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputes_on_Wikipedia" title="Disputes on Wikipedia">Disputes</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ignore_all_rules" title="Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagiarism_from_Wikipedia" title="Plagiarism from Wikipedia">Plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictions_of_the_end_of_Wikipedia" title="Predictions of the end of Wikipedia">Predictions of the project's end</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_of_Wikipedia" title="Reliability of Wikipedia">Reliability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_fact-checking" title="Wikipedia and fact-checking">Fact-checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_needed" title="Citation needed">Citation needed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism_on_Wikipedia" title="Vandalism on Wikipedia">Vandalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia community">Community (Wikipedians)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_administrators" title="Wikipedia administrators">Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AfroCrowd" title="AfroCrowd">AfroCrowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Committee_(Wikipedia)" title="Arbitration Committee (Wikipedia)">Arbitration Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art%2BFeminism" title="Art+Feminism">Art+Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_bots" title="Wikipedia bots">Bots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lsjbot" title="Lsjbot">Lsjbot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edit_count" title="Edit count">Edit count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" title="List of Wikipedias">List of Wikipedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Signpost" title="The Signpost">The Signpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedian_of_the_Year" title="Wikimedian of the Year">Wikimedian of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedian_in_residence" title="Wikipedian in residence">Wikipedian in residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiProject" title="WikiProject">WikiProject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Red" title="Women in Red">Women in Red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edit-a-thon" title="Edit-a-thon">Edit-a-thon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiConference_India" title="WikiConference India">WikiConference India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Indaba" title="Wiki Indaba">Wiki Indaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiConference_North_America" title="WikiConference North America">WikiConference North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimania" title="Wikimania">Wikimania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wiki Loves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Earth" title="Wiki Loves Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Folklore" title="Wiki Loves Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Monuments" title="Wiki Loves Monuments">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Pride" title="Wiki Loves Pride">Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Science_Competition" title="Wiki Science Competition">Science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_people" title="List of Wikipedia people">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esra%27a_Al_Shafei" title="Esra'a Al Shafei">Esra'a Al Shafei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Devouard" title="Florence Devouard">Florence Devouard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Gardner" title="Sue Gardner">Sue Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gerard_(author)" title="David Gerard (author)">David Gerard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Heilman" title="James Heilman">James Heilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryana_Iskander" title="Maryana Iskander">Maryana Iskander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dariusz_Jemielniak" title="Dariusz Jemielniak">Dariusz Jemielniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_MacKinnon" title="Rebecca MacKinnon">Rebecca MacKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Maher" title="Katherine Maher">Katherine Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Manske" title="Magnus Manske">Magnus Manske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Brad_Matetsky" title="Ira Brad Matetsky">Ira Brad Matetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_M%C3%B6ller" title="Erik Möller">Erik Möller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Moore_(Wikipedia_editor)" title="Jason Moore (Wikipedia editor)">Jason Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raju_Narisetti" title="Raju Narisetti">Raju Narisetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pruitt" title="Steven Pruitt">Steven Pruitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Rauwerda" title="Annie Rauwerda">Annie Rauwerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Sefidari" title="María Sefidari">María Sefidari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Seitz-Gruwell" title="Lisa Seitz-Gruwell">Lisa Seitz-Gruwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Stephenson-Goodknight" title="Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight">Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lila_Tretikov" title="Lila Tretikov">Lila Tretikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molly_White_(writer)" title="Molly White (writer)">Molly White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wikipedia" title="History of Wikipedia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bomis" title="Bomis">Bomis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia">Nupedia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Wikipedia_edit" title="First Wikipedia edit">First edit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_logo" title="Wikipedia logo">Logo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Watch_Foundation_and_Wikipedia" title="Internet Watch Foundation and Wikipedia">Internet Watch Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Church of Scientology editing on Wikipedia">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_disaster_Wikipedia_posts" title="Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts">Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisualEditor" title="VisualEditor">VisualEditor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1Lib1Ref" title="1Lib1Ref">#1Lib1Ref</a></li> <li>Wikimedia Foundation actions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Wikimedia_Foundation_actions_on_the_Chinese_Wikipedia" title="2021 Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Chinese Wikipedia">on the Chinese Wikipedia</a> <ul><li>2021</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Wikimedia_Foundation_actions_on_the_Arabic_and_Persian_Wikipedias" title="2022 Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Arabic and Persian Wikipedias">on the Arabic and Persian Wikipedias</a> <ul><li>2022</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_controversies" title="List of Wikipedia controversies">Controversies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_MacMasters_hoax" title="Alan MacMasters hoax">Alan MacMasters hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Bandeirense_Mirand%C3%B3polis_hoax" title="Carlos Bandeirense Mirandópolis hoax">Carlos Bandeirense Mirandópolis hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_edit_wars_on_Wikipedia" title="List of edit wars on Wikipedia">Edit wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essjay_controversy" title="Essjay controversy">Essjay controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Batuta_hoax" title="Henryk Batuta hoax">Henryk Batuta hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar%27Edo_Wens_hoax" title="Jar'Edo Wens hoax">Jar'Edo Wens hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Seigenthaler_biography_incident" title="Wikipedia Seigenthaler biography incident">Seigenthaler biography incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Star_Trek_Into_Darkness_debate" title="Wikipedia Star Trek Into Darkness debate">Star Trek Into Darkness debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_staff_edits_to_Wikipedia" title="United States congressional staff edits to Wikipedia">United States congressional staff edits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhemao_hoaxes" title="Zhemao hoaxes">Zhemao hoaxes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coverage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_American_politics" title="Wikipedia coverage of American politics">American politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_Donald_Trump" title="Wikipedia coverage of Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Wikipedia and the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_death" title="Wikipedia coverage of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Wikipedia and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Wikipedia and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/274301_Wikipedia" title="274301 Wikipedia">274301 Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_angustifolia" title="Viola angustifolia">Viola angustifolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Monument" title="Wikipedia Monument">Wikipedia Monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">References and analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia" title="Academic studies about Wikipedia">Academic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Wikipedia" title="Bibliography of Wikipedia">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_in_culture" title="Wikipedia in culture">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_Wikipedia" title="List of films about Wikipedia">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listen_to_Wikipedia" title="Listen to Wikipedia">Listen to Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipediocracy" title="Wikipediocracy">Wikipediocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_mobile_applications" title="List of Wikipedia mobile applications">Apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QRpedia" title="QRpedia">QRpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapedia" title="Wapedia">Wapedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Zero" title="Wikipedia Zero">Wikipedia Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiReader" title="WikiReader">WikiReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikiwand" title="Wikiwand">Wikiwand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Content use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DBpedia" title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depths_of_Wikipedia" title="Depths of Wikipedia">Depths of Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Google_and_Wikipedia" title="Relationship between Google and Wikipedia">Google and Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_information_on_Wikipedia" title="Health information on Wikipedia">Health information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwix" title="Kiwix">Kiwix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_information_on_Wikipedia" title="Science information on Wikipedia">Science information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia-based_education" title="Wikipedia-based education">Wikipedia-based education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Iraq_War:_A_Historiography_of_Wikipedia_Changelogs" title="The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs">The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_and_Wikipedia" title="LGBTQ and Wikipedia">LGBTQ and Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta_(An_Embroidery)" title="Magna Carta (An Embroidery)">Magna Carta (An Embroidery)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_imprisoned_for_editing_Wikipedia" title="List of people imprisoned for editing Wikipedia">People imprisoned for editing Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_Wikipedia" title="Print Wikipedia">Print Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_rabbit_hole" title="Wiki rabbit 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