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How did the film become iconic of the glamor and pathos of the first golden age of Chinese filmmaking? How did Goddess respond to popular cinematic genres such as melodrama, or to the reality of pervasive prostitution in the city […]" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-3-goddess-1934/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Chinese Film Classics" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2021-04-23T19:56:52+00:00" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="3 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-3-goddess-1934/","url":"https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-3-goddess-1934/","name":"Module 3: Goddess (1934) - Chinese Film Classics","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://chinesefilmclassics.org/#website"},"datePublished":"2020-10-17T04:48:58+00:00","dateModified":"2021-04-23T19:56:52+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-3-goddess-1934/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-3-goddess-1934/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-3-goddess-1934/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://chinesefilmclassics.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Chinese Film Classics Course","item":"https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Module 3: Goddess (1934)"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://chinesefilmclassics.org/#website","url":"https://chinesefilmclassics.org/","name":"Chinese Film Classics","description":"Just another CMS @ UBC site","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://chinesefilmclassics.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}</script>  <meta name="description" content="Module 3: Goddess (1934) Why is Goddess the most celebrated Chinese film of the silent era? 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menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3970"><a href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-2-sports-queen-1934/">Module 2: Sports Queen (1934)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4020" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-3919 current_page_item menu-item-4020 active"><a href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-3-goddess-1934/">Module 3: Goddess (1934)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4027" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4027"><a href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-4-the-great-road-1934/">Module 4: The Great Road (1934)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4028" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4028"><a href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-5-new-women-1935/">Module 5: New Women (1935)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4024" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4024"><a href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-6-song-at-midnight-1937/">Module 6: Song at Midnight (1937)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4023" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4023"><a href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-7-street-angels-1937/">Module 7: Street Angels (1937)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4022" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4022"><a href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-8-long-live-the-missus-1947/">Module 8: Long Live the Missus! (1947)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4021" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4021"><a href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-9-spring-river-flows-east-1947/">Module 9: Spring River Flows East (1947)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4026" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4026"><a href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-10-spring-in-a-small-town-1948/">Module 10: Spring in a Small Town (1948)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4025" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4025"><a href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-11-crows-and-sparrows-1949/">Module 11: Crows and Sparrows (1949)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4059" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4059"><a href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-12-course-wrap-up/">Module 12: Course Wrap-Up</a></li> </ul></div> </li> <li id="menu-item-3958" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3958"><a href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/book/">Book</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3957" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3957"><a href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/learn-more/">Resources on Early Chinese Cinema</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="row-fluid content expand"> <div class="utility span12"> <div id="section-37" class="widget section-widget widget-section-widget"><div class="widget-wrap widget-inside"> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-180658070-1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'UA-180658070-1'); </script></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="container" class="expand" > <div class="expand row-fluid" role="main"> <div id="primary" class="sidebar aside span3"> <div id="olt-subpages-navigation-widget-4" class="widget widget_subpages_navigation widget-widget_subpages_navigation"><div class="widget-wrap widget-inside"> <div class="accordion sidenav simple subpages-navi subpages-navi-widget subpages-navi-exclusive subpages-navi-collapsible subpages-navi-auto-expand" id="parent-olt-subpages-navigation-widget-40"> <div class='single'> <a href='https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-1-laborers-love-1922/'><div class='ubc7-arrow right-arrow'></div> Module 1: Laborer's Love (1922)</a> </div>  <div class='single'> <a href='https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-2-sports-queen-1934/'><div class='ubc7-arrow right-arrow'></div> Module 2: Sports Queen (1934)</a> </div>  <div class='single'> <a class=' opened' href='https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-3-goddess-1934/'><div class='ubc7-arrow right-arrow'></div> Module 3: Goddess (1934)</a> </div>  <div class='single'> <a href='https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-4-the-great-road-1934/'><div class='ubc7-arrow right-arrow'></div> Module 4: The Great Road (1934)</a> </div>  <div class='single'> <a href='https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-5-new-women-1935/'><div class='ubc7-arrow right-arrow'></div> Module 5: New Women (1935)</a> </div>  <div class='single'> <a href='https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-6-song-at-midnight-1937/'><div class='ubc7-arrow right-arrow'></div> Module 6: Song at Midnight (1937)</a> </div>  <div class='single'> <a href='https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-7-street-angels-1937/'><div class='ubc7-arrow right-arrow'></div> Module 7: Street Angels (1937)</a> </div>  <div class='single'> <a href='https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-8-long-live-the-missus-1947/'><div class='ubc7-arrow right-arrow'></div> Module 8: Long Live the Missus! (1947)</a> </div>  <div class='single'> <a href='https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-9-spring-river-flows-east-1947/'><div class='ubc7-arrow right-arrow'></div> Module 9: Spring River Flows East (1947)</a> </div>  <div class='single'> <a href='https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-10-spring-in-a-small-town-1948/'><div class='ubc7-arrow right-arrow'></div> Module 10: Spring in a Small Town (1948)</a> </div>  <div class='single'> <a href='https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-11-crows-and-sparrows-1949/'><div class='ubc7-arrow right-arrow'></div> Module 11: Crows and Sparrows (1949)</a> </div>  <div class='single'> <a href='https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/module-12-course-wrap-up/'><div class='ubc7-arrow right-arrow'></div> Module 12: Course Wrap-Up</a> </div>  </div> </div></div> </div> <div id="content" class="hfeed content span6"> <div id="post-3919" class="hentry page publish post-1 odd author-leannalc"> <div class="entry-content"> <h1>Module 3: <em>Goddess</em> (1934)</h1> <p>Why is <em>Goddess </em>the most celebrated Chinese film of the silent era? How did the film become iconic of the glamor and pathos of the first golden age of Chinese filmmaking? How did <em>Goddess</em> respond to popular cinematic genres such as melodrama, or to the reality of pervasive prostitution in the city of Shanghai? What makes <em>Goddess</em> a work of art? How does its style differ from other films about vulnerable women, like <em>New Women</em> (1935)? How does set design, camera work, or narrative set <em>Goddess</em> apart? The young director Wu Yonggang (1907-1982), working with a small budget and a set of his own design, created a restrained work of art that captures lead actor Ruan Lingyu at her most radiant.</p> <p>This module corresponds to chapter 4 in the book <em><a href="https://chinesefilmclassics.sites.olt.ubc.ca/book/">Chinese Film Classics, 1922-1949</a>.</em></p> <h2>The film:</h2> <p><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/EWo470hfB5A" width="560" height="315" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p> <p><em>Shennü</em><br /> Alternative English title: <em>The Goddess</em><br /> Written and directed by Wu Yonggang<br /> Lianhua Film Studio<br /> Released on December 7, 1934<br /> Cast: Ruan Lingyu, Li Keng, Zhang Zhizhi, Li Junpan<br /> English subtitles translated by Christopher Rea</p> <p>Widely regarded as the finest Chinese silent film, <em>Goddess</em> is a stylistic masterpiece. A single mother working as a streetwalking prostitute finds herself trapped in a relationship with a thuggish gambler, and desperately fights to escape. How should society respond to her sacrifices? An exemplary melodrama featuring legendary actress Ruan Lingyu at her most radiant. Child actor Li Keng (Henry Lai, Lai Hang) also appears in films <em>Sports Queen</em> (1934) and <em>Song of China</em> (1935).</p> <h2>Video lecture 1: Legends of the fall</h2> <p><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ri6BlP3VXXA" width="560" height="315" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><br /> 11:21 minutes</p> <p><strong>Contents:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Plot summary</li> <li>“Goddess” as a “fallen woman film”: the genre in China and around the world</li> <li>How “Goddess” responds to the New Life Movement, launched by the Nationalist government in 1934</li> <li>Chinese “maternal melodramas” about the long-suffering, self-sacrificing mother</li> </ul> <h2>Video lecture 2: The gaze of a goddess</h2> <p><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/17mgE_Ni7sw" width="560" height="315" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><br /> 13:50 minutes</p> <p><strong>Contents:</strong></p> <ul> <li>De-sensationalizing prostitution: Wu Yonggang’s minimalist depiction of everyday life in the city</li> <li>Cinematography: Framing male domination through camera angle and screen space</li> <li>Representing a double life through narrative structure: Contrasting indoor and outdoor, night and day, private and public spaces</li> <li>The aura of the gaze of a goddess</li> </ul> <h2>Learn more</h2> <p><strong>Clips from <em>Goddess</em></strong><br /> An early sequence that concisely establishes the woman’s nightly routine:<br /> <iframe loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/KNc96MZkpD8" width="560" height="315" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p> <p>Example of symbolism in set design: Ruan Lingyu, “the Chinese Garbo,” appears in front of an ad for “Garbo Brand” cigarettes in this early scene in <em>Goddess</em>:<br /> <iframe loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Uxzde2RE7AQ" width="560" height="315" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><br /> The thug tracks down the woman at her new apartment:<br /> <iframe loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lm2vmGPi-UU" width="560" height="315" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><br /> Son shows mom how to get in shape, in a scene that alludes to the Nationalist government’s New Life Movement (1934), which encouraged citizens to be strong and healthy:<br /> <iframe loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Bu1jblz8Rzg" width="560" height="315" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><br /> Songs are represented visually in many Chinese films of the silent era, including this song by Henry Lai’s (Li Keng) character. Newspaper boys also appear in films such as <em>Spring River Flows East</em> (1947) and <em>Wanderings of Three-Hairs the Orphan</em> (1949).<br /> <iframe loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/jgotxoP24Fg" width="560" height="315" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><br /> Filmmaker Wu Yonggang said in his memoir that the principal character (played by Li Junpan) was a mouthpiece for Wu’s own views:<br /> <iframe loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qHAzr5IJXPM" width="560" height="315" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p> <h2>Related Posts</h2> <hr /> </p> <div class="module-box"><div class="row-fluid"><div class="span6"><p> <a target="_self" href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/teaching-resources-early-chinese-cinema/" title="Teaching Resources for Early Chinese Cinema" class="">Teaching Resources for Early Chinese Cinema</a><br /> The Chinese Film Classics Project is a research, teaching, and translation initiative aimed at making early Chinese cinema more accessible to the general public</p> </div><div class="span6"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="2560" height="1350" src="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2022/02/ChineseFilmLogo_Layout_03-scaled.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="EEA 2021-fall" srcset="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2022/02/ChineseFilmLogo_Layout_03-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2022/02/ChineseFilmLogo_Layout_03-300x158.jpg 300w, https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2022/02/ChineseFilmLogo_Layout_03-1024x540.jpg 1024w, https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2022/02/ChineseFilmLogo_Layout_03-768x405.jpg 768w, https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2022/02/ChineseFilmLogo_Layout_03-1536x810.jpg 1536w, https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2022/02/ChineseFilmLogo_Layout_03-2048x1080.jpg 2048w, https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2022/02/ChineseFilmLogo_Layout_03-270x142.jpg 270w" sizes="(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px" /> </div></div></div> <hr /> <p></p> <div class="module-box"><div class="row-fluid"><div class="span6"><p> <a target="_self" href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/chinese-film-classics-1922-1949-rea/" title="Chinese Film Classics, 1922-1929 (2021), by Christopher Rea" class="">Chinese Film Classics, 1922-1929 (2021), by Christopher Rea</a><br /> An essential guide to the first golden age of Chinese cinema, offering detailed introductions to fourteen films.</p> </div><div class="span6"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1707" height="2560" src="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2021/04/rea-18812_front_revised_1-1-scaled.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="Chinese Film Classics 1922-1949 by Christopher Rea" srcset="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2021/04/rea-18812_front_revised_1-1-scaled.jpg 1707w, https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2021/04/rea-18812_front_revised_1-1-200x300.jpg 200w, https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2021/04/rea-18812_front_revised_1-1-683x1024.jpg 683w, https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2021/04/rea-18812_front_revised_1-1-768x1152.jpg 768w, https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2021/04/rea-18812_front_revised_1-1-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2021/04/rea-18812_front_revised_1-1-1365x2048.jpg 1365w, https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2021/04/rea-18812_front_revised_1-1-240x360.jpg 240w" sizes="(max-width: 1707px) 100vw, 1707px" /> </div></div></div> <hr /> <p></p> <div class="module-box"><div class="row-fluid"><div class="span6"><p> <a target="_self" href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/ruan-lingyu/" title="Ruan Lingyu 阮玲玉" class="">Ruan Lingyu 阮玲玉</a><br /> Ruan Lingyu is one of the most iconic actors of China's silent cinema age.</p> </div><div class="span6"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1676" height="947" src="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2021/03/NW-L1-26-Ruan-Lingyu-looking-glamorous-scaled-e1619124613567.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="Ruan Lingyu photo in New Women 1935" srcset="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2021/03/NW-L1-26-Ruan-Lingyu-looking-glamorous-scaled-e1619124613567.jpg 1676w, https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2021/03/NW-L1-26-Ruan-Lingyu-looking-glamorous-scaled-e1619124613567-300x170.jpg 300w, https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2021/03/NW-L1-26-Ruan-Lingyu-looking-glamorous-scaled-e1619124613567-1024x579.jpg 1024w, https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2021/03/NW-L1-26-Ruan-Lingyu-looking-glamorous-scaled-e1619124613567-768x434.jpg 768w, https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2021/03/NW-L1-26-Ruan-Lingyu-looking-glamorous-scaled-e1619124613567-1536x868.jpg 1536w, https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2021/03/NW-L1-26-Ruan-Lingyu-looking-glamorous-scaled-e1619124613567-270x153.jpg 270w" sizes="(max-width: 1676px) 100vw, 1676px" /> </div></div></div> <hr /> <p></p> <div class="module-box"><div class="row-fluid"><div class="span6"><p> <a target="_self" href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/ruan-ling-yu-2005-by-richard-j-meyer/" title="Ruan Ling-Yu (2005), by Richard J. Meyer" class="">Ruan Ling-Yu (2005), by Richard J. Meyer</a><br /> Ruan Ling-yu: The Goddess of Shanghai tells the story of one of the greatest Chinese movie stars of the silent era from humble origins to tragic death at the height of her career.</p> </div><div class="span6"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" src="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2021/04/2005-Ruan-Ling-Yu-by-Richard-J-Meyer.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="Ruan Ling-Yu 2005 by Richard J Meyer" /> </div></div></div> <hr /> <p></p> <div class="module-box"><div class="row-fluid"><div class="span6"><p> <a target="_self" href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/the-little-angel-1935/" title="The Little Angel 小天使 (1935)" class="">The Little Angel 小天使 (1935)</a><br /> Director Wu Yonggang's encore to "Goddess" (1934) focuses on the trials of a poor but loving family and their angelic boy.</p> </div><div class="span6"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1304" height="747" src="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2024/09/The-Little-Angel-1.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="The Little Angel 1935" srcset="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2024/09/The-Little-Angel-1.jpg 1304w, https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2024/09/The-Little-Angel-1-300x172.jpg 300w, https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2024/09/The-Little-Angel-1-1024x587.jpg 1024w, https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2024/09/The-Little-Angel-1-768x440.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1304px) 100vw, 1304px" /> </div></div></div> <hr /> <p></p> <div class="module-box"><div class="row-fluid"><div class="span6"><p> <a target="_self" href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/new-women-1935/" title="New Women 新女性 (1935)" class="">New Women 新女性 (1935)</a><br /> A contemporary social drama about “the woman question.” What are women’s lives like in China today? And what should they be?</p> </div><div class="span6"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" src="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2021/04/New-Women-still-1-e1618428917209.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="New Women 1935" /> </div></div></div> <hr /> <p></p> <div class="module-box"><div class="row-fluid"><div class="span6"><p> <a target="_self" href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/goddess-1934/" title="Goddess 神女 (1934)" class="">Goddess 神女 (1934)</a><br /> Ruan Lingyu stars as a single mother in Shanghai struggling to give her young son an education, in the face of exploitation and social prejudice.</p> </div><div class="span6"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" src="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2020/11/Ruan-Lingyu-in-Goddess-1934-e1618428981560.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="Goddess 1934" /> </div></div></div> <hr /> <p></p> <div class="module-box"><div class="row-fluid"><div class="span6"><p> <a target="_self" href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/the-peach-girl-1931/" title="The Peach Girl 桃花泣血記 (1931)" class="">The Peach Girl 桃花泣血記 (1931)</a><br /> The Peach Girl co-stars Ruan Lingyu and Jin Yan as lovers in rural China tragically separated by social class.</p> </div><div class="span6"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="168" src="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/1931/04/The-Peach-Girl-1931-thumbnail-e1618429102630.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="The Peach Girl (1931)" /> </div></div></div> <hr /> <p></p> <div class="module-box"><div class="row-fluid"><div class="span6"><p> <a target="_self" href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/love-and-duty-1931/" title="Love and Duty 戀愛與義務 (1931)" class="">Love and Duty 戀愛與義務 (1931)</a><br /> A romantic melodrama with paternalistic overtones, Love and Duty was the first Lianhua film to showcase the chemistry between Ruan Lingyu and Jin Yan.</p> </div><div class="span6"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="835" height="497" src="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2022/02/Love-and-Duty-thumbnail.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="Love and Duty 1931" srcset="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2022/02/Love-and-Duty-thumbnail.jpg 835w, https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2022/02/Love-and-Duty-thumbnail-300x179.jpg 300w, https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2022/02/Love-and-Duty-thumbnail-768x457.jpg 768w, https://chinesefilmclassics.org/files/2022/02/Love-and-Duty-thumbnail-270x161.jpg 270w" sizes="(max-width: 835px) 100vw, 835px" /> </div></div></div> <hr /> <p> </div> </div> <div id="utility-after-content" class="sidebar utility "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-fluid expand content"> <div id="subsidiary" class="sidebar aside span-12"> <div id="section-31" class="widget section-widget widget-section-widget"><div 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