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additives</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: fuel additives"> <meta name="keywords" content="fuel additives"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="fuel additives"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1975</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: fuel additives</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1975</span> Production, Characterisation and Assessment of Biomixture Fuels for Compression Ignition Engine Application</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Masera">K. Masera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20K.%20Hossain"> A. K. Hossain</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hardly any neat biodiesel satisfies the European EN14214 standard for compression ignition engine application. To satisfy the EN14214 standard, various additives are doped into biodiesel; however, biodiesel additives might cause other problems such as increase in the particular emission and increased specific fuel consumption. In addition, the additives could be expensive. Considering the increasing level of greenhouse gas GHG emissions and fossil fuel depletion, it is forecasted that the use of biodiesel will be higher in the near future. Hence, the negative aspects of the biodiesel additives will likely to gain much more importance and need to be replaced with better solutions. This study aims to satisfy the European standard EN14214 by blending the biodiesels derived from sustainable feedstocks. Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) and Animal Fat Oil (AFO) are two sustainable feedstocks in the EU (including the UK) for producing biodiesels. In the first stage of the study, these oils were transesterified separately and neat biodiesels (W100 & A100) were produced. Secondly, the biodiesels were blended together in various ratios: 80% WCO biodiesel and 20% AFO biodiesel (W80A20), 60% WCO biodiesel and 40% AFO biodiesel (W60A40), 50% WCO biodiesel and 50% AFO biodiesel (W50A50), 30% WCO biodiesel and 70% AFO biodiesel (W30A70), 10% WCO biodiesel and 90% AFO biodiesel (W10A90). The prepared samples were analysed using Thermo Scientific Trace 1300 Gas Chromatograph and ISQ LT Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). The GS-MS analysis gave Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) breakdowns of the fuel samples. It was found that total saturation degree of the samples was linearly increasing (from 15% for W100 to 54% for A100) as the percentage of the AFO biodiesel was increased. Furthermore, it was found that WCO biodiesel was mainly (82%) composed of polyunsaturated FAMEs. Cetane numbers, iodine numbers, calorific values, lower heating values and the densities (at 15 <sup>o</sup>C) of the samples were estimated by using the mass percentages data of the FAMEs. Besides, kinematic viscosities (at 40 °C and 20<strong> °</strong>C), densities (at 15 °C), heating values and flash point temperatures of the biomixture samples were measured in the lab. It was found that estimated and measured characterisation results were comparable. The current study concluded that biomixture fuel samples W60A40 and W50A50 were perfectly satisfying the European EN 14214 norms without any need of additives. Investigation on engine performance, exhaust emission and combustion characteristics will be conducted to assess the full feasibility of the proposed biomixture fuels. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodiesel" title="biodiesel">biodiesel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blending" title=" blending"> blending</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=characterisation" title=" characterisation"> characterisation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CI%20engine" title=" CI engine"> CI engine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81726/production-characterisation-and-assessment-of-biomixture-fuels-for-compression-ignition-engine-application" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81726.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">165</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1974</span> A Review of Ethanol-Diesel Blend as a Fuel in Compression-Ignition Engine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20Yahuza">Ibrahim Yahuza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Habou%20Dandakouta"> Habou Dandakouta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of ethanol blended with diesel is receiving more attention by many researchers in the recent time. It was shown that ethanol–diesel blends were technically acceptable for existing diesel engines. Ethanol, as an attractive alternative fuel, is a renewable bio-based resource and it is oxygenated, thereby providing the potential to reduce particulate emissions in compression–ignition engines. In this review, the properties and specifications of ethanol blended with diesel fuel are discussed. Special emphasis is placed on the factors critical to the potential commercial use of these blends. These factors include blend properties such as stability, viscosity and lubricity, safety and materials compatibility. The effect of the fuel on engine performance, durability and emissions is also considered. The formulation of additives to correct certain key properties and maintain blend stability is suggested as a critical factor in ensuring fuel compatibility with engines. However, maintaining vehicle safety with these blends may require special materials and modification of the fuel tank design. Further work is required in specifying acceptable fuel characteristics, confirming the long-term effects on engine durability, and ensuring safety in handling and storing ethanol–diesel blends. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethanol" title="ethanol">ethanol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renewable" title=" renewable"> renewable</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blend" title=" blend"> blend</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-fuel" title=" bio-fuel"> bio-fuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diesel%20engines" title=" diesel engines"> diesel engines</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28145/a-review-of-ethanol-diesel-blend-as-a-fuel-in-compression-ignition-engine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28145.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">325</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1973</span> Tribological Behavior of EP Additives with Different Percentage of Sulfur </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salete%20Martins%20Alves">Salete Martins Alves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jos%C3%A9%20Josemar%20de%20Oliveira%20Junior"> José Josemar de Oliveira Junior</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The current efforts on design of lubricants are based in attending the new requirement of modern equipment with the focus on the choice of base oil and additives. Nowadays, there are different types of lubricant oils’ bases, such as mineral oils, synthetic oils, re-refined oils and vegetable oils. The lubrication in the boundary condition is controlled mainly by EP additives that interact with the surface forming very thin films. Therefore, the study’s goal is to evaluate the action of three EP additives, with different percentage of sulfur, on friction and wear reduction. They were evaluated in mineral and synthetic oils. Lubricants were prepared with synthetic and mineral oils and added 3 % and 5 % of EP additives. The friction and wear characteristics were studied using HFRR test. In this test, a normal load of 10 N was applied at a frequency of 20 Hz. The analysis of results has appointed that the percentage of sulfur in mineral oil has influenced on wear reduction. However, synthetic oil had good performance with low sulfur content. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boundary%20lubrication" title="boundary lubrication">boundary lubrication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EP%20additives" title=" EP additives"> EP additives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sulfur" title=" sulfur"> sulfur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wear" title=" wear"> wear</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10706/tribological-behavior-of-ep-additives-with-different-percentage-of-sulfur" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10706.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">404</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1972</span> Study the Efficiency of Some Homopolymers as Lube Oil Additives</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amal%20M.%20Nassar">Amal M. Nassar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nehal%20S.%20Ahmed"> Nehal S. Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rasha%20S.%20Kamal"> Rasha S. Kamal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Some lube oil additives improve the base oil performance such as viscosity index improvers and pour point depressants which are the most important type of additives. In the present work, some homopolymeric additives were prepared by esterification of acrylic acid with different alcohols (1-dodecyl, 1-hexadecyl, and 1-octadecyl )and then homopolymerization of the prepared esters with different ratio of benzoyl peroxide catalyst (0.25%& 0.5 % and 1%). Structure of the prepared esters was confirmed by Infra-Red Spectroscopy. The molecular weights of the prepared homopolymers were determined by using Gel Permeation Chromatograph. The efficiency of the prepared homopolymers as viscosity index improvers and pour point depressants for lube oil was the investigation. It was found that all the prepared homopolymers are effective as viscosity index improvers and pour point depressants. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lube%20oil%20additives" title="lube oil additives">lube oil additives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=homopolymerization" title=" homopolymerization"> homopolymerization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=viscosity%20index%20improver" title=" viscosity index improver"> viscosity index improver</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pour%20point%20depressant" title=" pour point depressant"> pour point depressant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90608/study-the-efficiency-of-some-homopolymers-as-lube-oil-additives" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90608.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">233</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1971</span> Effect of Carbon Nanotubes Functionalization with Nitrogen Groups on Pollutant Emissions in an Internal Combustion Engine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Gamboa">David Gamboa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bernardo%20Herrera"> Bernardo Herrera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karen%20Cacua"> Karen Cacua</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nanomaterials have been explored as alternatives to reduce particulate matter from diesel engines, which is one of the most common pollutants of the air in urban centers. However, the use of nanomaterials as additives for diesel has to overcome the instability of the dispersions to be considered viable for commercial use. In this work, functionalization of carbon nanotubes with amide groups was performed to improve the stability of these nanomaterials in a mix of 90% petroleum diesel and 10% palm oil biodiesel (B10) in concentrations of 50 and 100 ppm. The resulting nano fuel was used as the fuel for a stationary internal combustion engine, where the particulate matter, NOx, and CO were measured. The results showed that the use of amide groups significantly enhances the time for the carbon nanotubes to remain suspended in the fuel, and at the same time, these nanomaterials helped to reduce the particulate matter and NOx emissions. However, the CO emissions with nano fuel were higher than those ones with the combustion of B10. These results suggest that carbon nanotubes have thermal and catalytic effects on the combustion of B10. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20nanotubes" title="carbon nanotubes">carbon nanotubes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diesel" title=" diesel"> diesel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=internal%20combustion%20engine" title=" internal combustion engine"> internal combustion engine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particulate%20matter" title=" particulate matter"> particulate matter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156085/effect-of-carbon-nanotubes-functionalization-with-nitrogen-groups-on-pollutant-emissions-in-an-internal-combustion-engine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156085.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1970</span> Motorist Driving Strategy-Related Factors Affecting Vehicle Fuel Efficiency</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aydin%20Azizi">Aydin Azizi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdurrahman%20Tanira"> Abdurrahman Tanira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the onset of climate change and limited fuel resources, improving fuel efficiency has become an important part of the motor industry. To maximize fuel efficiency, development of technologies must come hand-in-hand with awareness of efficient driving strategies. This study aims to explore the various driving habits that can impact fuel efficiency by reviewing available literature. Such habits include sudden and unnecessary acceleration or deceleration, improper hardware maintenance, driving above or below optimum speed and idling. By studying such habits and ultimately applying it to driving techniques, in combination with improved mechanics of the car, will optimize the use of fuel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20efficiency" title="fuel efficiency">fuel efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=driving%20techniques" title=" driving techniques"> driving techniques</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimum%20speed" title=" optimum speed"> optimum speed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimizing%20fuel%20consumption" title=" optimizing fuel consumption"> optimizing fuel consumption</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44070/motorist-driving-strategy-related-factors-affecting-vehicle-fuel-efficiency" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44070.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">460</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1969</span> Determination of the Optimal Content of Commercial Superplasticizer Additives in Cements with Calcined Clay</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amanda%20R.%20Teixeira">Amanda R. Teixeira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jo%C3%A3o%20H.%20S.%20Rego"> João H. S. Rego</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gabriel%20F.%20S.%20Brito"> Gabriel F. S. Brito</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fabricio%20M.%20Silva"> Fabricio M. Silva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of superplasticizer additives has provided several advances for the civil construction industry, enabling gains in the rheological behavior and mechanical properties of cementitious matrices. These compounds act at the solid-liquid interface of colloidal suspensions of cement pastes, preventing agglomeration of the particles. Although the use in the concrete industry is wide, the mechanisms of dispersion of concrete admixtures composed of polycarboxylate in cement with supplementary cementitious materials have ample opportunity to be investigated, providing the attainment of increasingly compatible and efficient cement-addition-additive systems. The cements used in the research are Portland Cement CPV and two cements Portland Cement Composite (CPIV) with calcined clay contents of 20% and 28% and three commercial additives based on polycarboxylate. The performance of the additives and obtaining the optimal content was determined by the Marsh Cone test and spread by Mini-Slump. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcined%20clay" title="calcined clay">calcined clay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite%20cements" title=" composite cements"> composite cements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=superplasticizer%20additives" title=" superplasticizer additives"> superplasticizer additives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polycarboxylate" title=" polycarboxylate"> polycarboxylate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159324/determination-of-the-optimal-content-of-commercial-superplasticizer-additives-in-cements-with-calcined-clay" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159324.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">106</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1968</span> Ultra-Low NOx Combustion Technology of Liquid Fuel Burner</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sewon%20Kim">Sewon Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Changyeop%20Lee"> Changyeop Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A new concept of in-furnace partial oxidation combustion is successfully applied in this research. The burner is designed such that liquid fuel is prevaporized in the furnace then injected into a fuel rich combustion zone so that a partial oxidation reaction occurs. The effects of equivalence ratio, thermal load, injection distance and fuel distribution ratio on the NOx and CO are experimentally investigated. This newly developed burner showed very low NOx emission level, about 15 ppm when light oil is used as a fuel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=burner" title="burner">burner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20NOx" title=" low NOx"> low NOx</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20fuel" title=" liquid fuel"> liquid fuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partial%20oxidation" title=" partial oxidation"> partial oxidation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2603/ultra-low-nox-combustion-technology-of-liquid-fuel-burner" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2603.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">342</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1967</span> A Review on New Additives in Deep Soil Mixing Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meysam%20Mousakhani">Meysam Mousakhani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reza%20Ziaie%20Moayed"> Reza Ziaie Moayed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Considering the population growth and the needs of society, the improvement of problematic soils and the study of the application of different improvement methods have been considered. One of these methods is deep soil mixing, which has been developed in the past decade, especially in soft soils due to economic efficiency, simple implementation, and other benefits. The use of cement is criticized for its cost and the damaging environmental effects, so these factors lead us to use other additives along with cement in the deep soil mixing. Additives that are used today include fly ash, blast-furnace slag, glass powder, and potassium hydroxide. The present study provides a literature review on the application of different additives in deep soil mixing so that the best additives can be introduced from strength, economic, environmental and other perspectives. The results show that by replacing fly ash and slag with about 40 to 50% of cement, not only economic and environmental benefits but also a long-term strength comparable to cement would be achieved. The use of glass powder, especially in 3% mixing, results in desirable strength. In addition to the other benefits of these additives, potassium hydroxide can also be transported over longer distances, leading to wider soil improvement. Finally, this paper suggests further studies in terms of using other additives such as nanomaterials and zeolite, with different ratios, in different conditions and soils (silty sand, clayey sand, carbonate sand, sandy clay and etc.) in the deep mixing method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20soil%20mix" title="deep soil mix">deep soil mix</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20stabilization" title=" soil stabilization"> soil stabilization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fly%20ash" title=" fly ash"> fly ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ground%20improvement" title=" ground improvement"> ground improvement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133452/a-review-on-new-additives-in-deep-soil-mixing-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133452.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">148</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1966</span> Implications of Fuel Reloading in Heterogeneous Thorium-Based Fuel Designs for Improved Fuel Cycle Characteristics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hendrik%20Bernard%20Van%20Der%20Walt">Hendrik Bernard Van Der Walt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frik%20Van%20Niekerk"> Frik Van Niekerk</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fuel models render a reduction in BOL when thorium is added to a reactor core. Thorium emulates the role of a fertile poison, and is beneficial for reducing beginning of cycle (BOC) excess reactivity. In spite of the build-up of 233U over the duration of a fuel cycle, the effects of fuel reloading have a significant impact on fuel viability, especially in the case of heterogeneous thorium-based fuels. The most common practice of compensating for the reduction of BOC reactivity is the addition of fissile isotopes (uranium fuel with increased enrichment or plutonium). This study introduces a heterogeneous thorium-based fuel with minimal fissile isotope additions. A pseudo reloading scheme was developed for numerical simulations of an infinite reactor based on the North-Anna 1 reactor operating in Virginia, USA. Use of this reloading pattern allows new thorium-based fuel to be loaded into the reactor model as part of a phasing in strategy at the end of any conventional reactor cycle. Results demonstrate the effects of thorium-based fuel on fuel cycle characteristics such as fuel cycle length, neutron economy and material matrix. Application of the above mentioned approach delivered promising results and presents a heterogeneous thorium-based fuel which could replace conventional fuel of typical, currently operating (or future) reactors without the need for expensive reactor redesign or fuel recycling strategies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nuclear%20fuel" title="nuclear fuel">nuclear fuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nuclear%20characteristics" title=" nuclear characteristics"> nuclear characteristics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nuclear%20fuel%20cycle" title=" nuclear fuel cycle"> nuclear fuel cycle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thorium-based%20fuel" title=" thorium-based fuel"> thorium-based fuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heterogeneous%20design" title=" heterogeneous design"> heterogeneous design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20reloading" title=" fuel reloading"> fuel reloading</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122557/implications-of-fuel-reloading-in-heterogeneous-thorium-based-fuel-designs-for-improved-fuel-cycle-characteristics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122557.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">135</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1965</span> Dry Binder Mixing of Field Trial Investigation Using Soil Mix Technology: Case Study on Contaminated Site Soil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mary%20Allagoa">Mary Allagoa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abir%20Al-Tabbaa"> Abir Al-Tabbaa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study explores the use of binders and additives, such as Portland cement, pulverized fuel ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and MgO, to decrease the concentration and leachability of pollutants in contaminated site soils. The research investigates their effectiveness and associated risks of using the binders, with a focus on Total Heavy metals (THM) and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH). The goal of this research is to evaluate the performance and effectiveness of binders and additives in remediating soil pollutants. The study aims to assess the suitability of the mixtures for ground improvement purposes, determine the optimal dosage, and investigate the associated risks. The research utilizes physical (unconfined compressive strength) and chemical tests (batch leachability test) to assess the efficacy of the binders and additives. A completely randomized design one-way ANOVA is used to determine the significance within mix binders of THM. The study also employs incremental lifetime cancer risk assessments (ILCR) and other indexes to evaluate the associated risks. The study finds that Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS): MgO is the most effective binder for remediation, particularly when using low dosages of MgO combined with higher dosages of GGBS binders on TPH. The results indicate that binders and additives can encapsulate and immobilize pollutants, thereby reducing their leachability and toxicity. The mean unconfined compressive strength of the soil ranges from 285.0- 320.5 kPa, while THM levels are less than 10 µg/l in GGBS: MgO and CEM: PFA but below 1 µg/l in CEM I based. The ILCR ranged from 6.77E-02 - 2.65E-01 and 5.444E-01 – 3.20 E+00, with the highest values observed under extreme conditions. The hazard index (HI), Risk allowable daily dose intake (ADI), and Risk chronic daily intake (CDI) were all less than 1 for the THM. The study identifies MgO as the best additive for use in soil remediation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20ADI" title="risk ADI">risk ADI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20CDI" title=" risk CDI"> risk CDI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ILCR" title=" ILCR"> ILCR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=novel%20binders" title=" novel binders"> novel binders</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=additives%20binders" title=" additives binders"> additives binders</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hazard%20index" title=" hazard index"> hazard index</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166678/dry-binder-mixing-of-field-trial-investigation-using-soil-mix-technology-case-study-on-contaminated-site-soil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166678.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">811</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1964</span> Study of Ether Species Effects on Physicochemical Properties of Palm Oil Ether Monoesters as Novel Biodiesels </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hejun%20Guo">Hejun Guo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shenghua%20Liu"> Shenghua Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Five palm oil ether monoesters utilized as novel biodiesels were synthesized and structurally identified in the paper. Investigation was made on the effect of ether species on physicochemical properties of the palm oil ether monoesters. The results showed that density, kinematic viscosity, smoke point, and solidifying point increase linearly with their CH2 group number in certain relationships. Cetane number is enhanced whereas heat value decreases linearly with CH2 group number. In addition, the influencing regularities of volumetric content of the palm oil ether monoesters on the fuel properties were also studied when the ether monoesters are used as diesel fuel additives. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodiesel" title="biodiesel">biodiesel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=palm%20oil%20ether%20monoester" title=" palm oil ether monoester"> palm oil ether monoester</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ether%20species" title=" ether species"> ether species</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physicochemical%20property" title=" physicochemical property"> physicochemical property</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1852/study-of-ether-species-effects-on-physicochemical-properties-of-palm-oil-ether-monoesters-as-novel-biodiesels" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1852.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">268</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1963</span> Online Measurement of Fuel Stack Elongation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sung%20Ho%20Ahn">Sung Ho Ahn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jintae%20Hong"> Jintae Hong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chang%20Young%20Joung"> Chang Young Joung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tae%20Ho%20Yang"> Tae Ho Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sung%20Ho%20Heo"> Sung Ho Heo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seo%20Yun%20Jang"> Seo Yun Jang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The performances of nuclear fuels and materials are qualified at an irradiation system in research reactors operating under the commercial nuclear power plant conditions. Fuel centerline temperature, coolant temperature, neutron flux, deformations of fuel stack and swelling are important parameters needed to analyze the nuclear fuel performances. The dimensional stability of nuclear fuels is a key parameter measuring the fuel densification and swelling. In this study, the fuel stack elongation is measured using a LVDT. A mockup LVDT instrumented fuel rod is developed. The performances of mockup LVDT instrumented fuel rod is evaluated by experiments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=axial%20deformation" title="axial deformation">axial deformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elongation%20measurement" title=" elongation measurement"> elongation measurement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in-pile%20instrumentation" title=" in-pile instrumentation"> in-pile instrumentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LVDT" title=" LVDT"> LVDT</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46795/online-measurement-of-fuel-stack-elongation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46795.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">534</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1962</span> Polysaccharides as Pour Point Depressants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20M.%20EL-Soll">Ali M. EL-Soll</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Physical properties of Sarir waxy crude oil was investigated, pour-point was determined using ASTM D-79 procedure, paraffin content and carbon number distribution of the paraffin was determined using gas liquid Chromatography(GLC), polymeric additives were prepared and their structures were confirmed using IR spectrophotometer. The molecular weight and molecular weigh distribution of these additives were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). the performance of the synthesized additives as pour-point depressants was evaluated, for the mentioned crude oil. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sarir" title="sarir">sarir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waxy" title=" waxy"> waxy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crude" title=" crude"> crude</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pour%20point" title=" pour point"> pour point</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=depressants" title=" depressants"> depressants</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8204/polysaccharides-as-pour-point-depressants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8204.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">452</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1961</span> Investigating of the Fuel Consumption in Construction Machinery and Ways to Reduce Fuel Consumption</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reza%20Bahboodian">Reza Bahboodian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the most important factors in the use of construction machinery is the fuel consumption cost of this equipment. The use of diesel engines in off-road vehicles is an important source of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. Emissions of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter 10 in off-road vehicles (construction and mining) may be high. Due to the high cost of fuel, it is necessary to minimize fuel consumption. Factors affecting the fuel consumption of these cars are very diverse. Climate changes such as changes in pressure, temperature, humidity, fuel type selection, type of gearbox used in the car are effective in fuel consumption and pollution, and engine efficiency. In this paper, methods for reducing fuel consumption and pollutants by considering valid European and European standards are examined based on new methods such as hybridization, optimal gear change, adding hydrogen to diesel fuel, determining optimal working fluids, and using oxidation catalysts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=improve%20fuel%20consumption" title="improve fuel consumption">improve fuel consumption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20machinery" title=" construction machinery"> construction machinery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pollutant%20reduction" title=" pollutant reduction"> pollutant reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=determining%20the%20optimal%20working%20cycle" title=" determining the optimal working cycle"> determining the optimal working cycle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136399/investigating-of-the-fuel-consumption-in-construction-machinery-and-ways-to-reduce-fuel-consumption" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136399.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">161</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1960</span> Effect of Fuel Lean Reburning Process on NOx Reduction and CO Emission</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Changyeop%20Lee">Changyeop Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sewon%20Kim"> Sewon Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Reburning is a useful technology in reducing nitric oxide through injection of a secondary hydrocarbon fuel. In this paper, an experimental study has been conducted to evaluate the effect of fuel lean reburning on NOx/CO reduction in LNG flame. Experiments were performed in flames stabilized by a co-flow swirl burner, which was mounted at the bottom of the furnace. Tests were conducted using LNG gas as the reburn fuel as well as the main fuel. The effects of reburn fuel fraction and injection manner of the reburn fuel were studied when the fuel lean reburning system was applied. The paper reports data on flue gas emissions and temperature distribution in the furnace for a wide range of experimental conditions. At steady state, temperature distribution and emission formation in the furnace have been measured and compared. This paper makes clear that in order to decrease both NOx and CO concentrations in the exhaust when the pulsated fuel lean reburning system was adapted, it is important that the control of some factors such as frequency and duty ratio. Also it shows the fuel lean reburning is also effective method to reduce NOx as much as reburning. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20lean%20reburn" title="fuel lean reburn">fuel lean reburn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NOx" title=" NOx"> NOx</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO" title=" CO"> CO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LNG%20flame" title=" LNG flame"> LNG flame</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17315/effect-of-fuel-lean-reburning-process-on-nox-reduction-and-co-emission" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17315.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">425</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1959</span> Enhancing Reused Lubricating Oil Performance Using Novel Ionic Liquids Based on Imidazolium Derivatives</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Deyab">Mohamed Deyab</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The global lubricant additives market size was USD 14.35 billion in 2015. The industry is characterized by increasing additive usage in base oil blending for longer service life and performance. These additives improve the viscosity of oil, act as detergents, defoamers, antioxidants, and antiwear agents. Since additives play a significant role in base oil blending and subsequent formulations as they are critical materials in improving specification and performance of oils. Herein, we report on the synthesis and characterization of three imidazolium derivatives and their application as antioxidants, detergents and antiwear agents. The molecular structure and characterizations of these ionic liquids were confirmed by elemental analysis, FTIR, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and 1HNMR spectroscopy. Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), is used to study the degradation and thermal stability of the studied base stock samples. It was found that all the prepared ionic liquids additives have excellent power of dispersion and detergency. The ionic liquids as additives to engine oil reduced the friction (38%) and wear volume (76%) of steel balls. The obtained results show that the ionic liquids have an oxidation inhibitor up to 95%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reused%20lubricating%20oil" title="reused lubricating oil">reused lubricating oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste" title=" waste"> waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petroleum" title=" petroleum"> petroleum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ionic%20liquids" title=" ionic liquids"> ionic liquids</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145781/enhancing-reused-lubricating-oil-performance-using-novel-ionic-liquids-based-on-imidazolium-derivatives" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145781.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1958</span> Probabilistic Safety Assessment of Koeberg Spent Fuel Pool</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sibongiseni%20Thabethe">Sibongiseni Thabethe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ian%20Korir"> Ian Korir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effective management of spent fuel pool (SFP) safety has been raised as one of the emerging issues to further enhance nuclear installation safety after the Fukushima accident on March 11, 2011. Before then, SFP safety-related issues have been mainly focused on (a) controlling the configuration of the fuel assemblies in the pool with no loss of pool coolants and (b) ensuring adequate pool storage space to prevent fuel criticality owing to chain reactions of the fission products and the ability for neutron absorption to keep the fuel cool. A probabilistic safety (PSA) assessment was performed using the systems analysis program for hands-on integrated reliability evaluations (SAPHIRE) computer code. Event and fault tree analysis was done to develop a PSA model for the Koeberg SFP. We present preliminary PSA results of events that lead to boiling and cause fuel uncovering, resulting in possible fuel damage in the Koeberg SFP. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computer%20code" title="computer code">computer code</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20assemblies" title=" fuel assemblies"> fuel assemblies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=probabilistic%20risk%20assessment" title=" probabilistic risk assessment"> probabilistic risk assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spent%20fuel%20pool" title=" spent fuel pool"> spent fuel pool</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131191/probabilistic-safety-assessment-of-koeberg-spent-fuel-pool" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131191.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">169</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1957</span> An Experimental Investigation on the Fuel Characteristics of Nano-Aluminium Oxide and Nano-Cobalt Oxide Particles Blended in Diesel Fuel </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Singh">S. Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Patel"> P. Patel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Kachhadiya"> D. Kachhadiya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Swapnil%20Dharaskar"> Swapnil Dharaskar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The research objective is to integrate nanoparticles into fuels- i.e. diesel, biodiesel, biodiesel blended with diesel, plastic derived fuels, etc. to increase the fuel efficiency. The metal oxide nanoparticles will reduce the carbon monoxide emissions by donating oxygen atoms from their lattices to catalyze the combustion reactions and to aid complete combustion; due to this, there will be an increase in the calorific value of the blend (fuel + metal nanoparticles). Aluminium oxide and cobalt oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized by sol-gel method. The characterization was done by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The size of the particles was determined by XRD to be 28.6 nm and 28.06 nm for aluminium oxide and cobalt oxide nanoparticles respectively. Different concentration blends- 50, 100, 150 ppm were prepared by adding the required weight of metal oxides in 1 liter of diesel and sonicating for 30 minutes at 500W. The blend properties- calorific value, viscosity, and flash point were determined by bomb calorimeter, Brookfield viscometer and pensky-martin apparatus. For the aluminum oxide blended diesel, there was a maximum increase of 5.544% in the calorific value, but at the same time, there was an increase in the flash point from 43°C to 58.5°C and an increase in the viscosity from 2.45 cP to 3.25 cP. On the other hand, for the cobalt oxide blended diesel there was a maximum increase of 2.012% in the calorific value while the flash point increased from 43°C to 51.5°C and the viscosity increased from 2.45 cP to 2.94 cP. There was a linear increase in the calorific value, viscosity and flash point when the concentration of the metal oxide nanoparticles in the blend was increased. For the 50 ppm Al₂O₃ and 50 ppm Co₃O₄ blend the increasing the calorific value was 1.228 %, and the viscosity changed from 2.45 cP to 2.64 cP and the flash point increased from 43°C to 50.5°C. Clearly the aluminium oxide nanoparticles increase the calorific value but at the cost of flash point and viscosity, thus it is better to use the 50 ppm aluminium oxide, and 50 ppm cobalt oxide blended diesel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aluminium%20oxide%20nanoparticles" title="aluminium oxide nanoparticles">aluminium oxide nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cobalt%20oxide%20nanoparticles" title=" cobalt oxide nanoparticles"> cobalt oxide nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20additives" title=" fuel additives"> fuel additives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20characteristics" title=" fuel characteristics"> fuel characteristics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72707/an-experimental-investigation-on-the-fuel-characteristics-of-nano-aluminium-oxide-and-nano-cobalt-oxide-particles-blended-in-diesel-fuel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72707.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">322</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1956</span> Air Conditioning Variation of 1kW Open-Cathode Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Syahirin%20Aisha">Mohammad Syahirin Aisha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khairul%20Imran%20Sainan"> Khairul Imran Sainan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The PEM fuel cell is a device that generate electric by electrochemical reaction between hydrogen fuel and oxygen in the fuel cell stack. PEM fuel cell consists of an anode (hydrogen supply), a cathode (oxygen supply) and an electrolyte that allow charges move between the two positions of the fuel cell. The only product being developed after the reaction is water (H2O) and heat as the waste which does not emit greenhouse gasses. The performance of fuel cell affected by numerous parameters. This study is restricted to cathode parameters that affect fuel cell performance. At the anode side, the reactant is not going through any changes. Experiments with variation in air velocity (3m/s, 6m/s and 9m/s), temperature (10oC, 20oC, 35oC) and relative humidity (50%, 60%, and 70%) have been carried out. The experiments results are presented in the form of fuel cell stack power output over time, which demonstrate the impacts of the various air condition on the execution of the PEM fuel cell. In this study, the experimental analysis shows that with variation of air conditions, it gives different fuel cell performance behavior. The maximum power output of the experiment was measured at an ambient temperature of 25oC with relative humidity and 9m/s velocity of air. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air-breathing%20PEM%20fuel%20cell" title="air-breathing PEM fuel cell">air-breathing PEM fuel cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cathode%20side" title=" cathode side"> cathode side</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance" title=" performance"> performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variation%20in%20air%20condition" title=" variation in air condition"> variation in air condition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24926/air-conditioning-variation-of-1kw-open-cathode-proton-exchange-membrane-pem-fuel-cell" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24926.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">461</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1955</span> Numerical Investigation on the Effect of Aluminium Nanoparticles on Characteristic Velocity of Kerosene-Oxygen Combustion</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Al%20Ameen%20H.">Al Ameen H.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rakesh%20P."> Rakesh P.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To improve the combustion efficiency of fuels and to reduce the emissions of pollutants as well as to improve heat transfer characteristics of fuels, both non-metallic and metallic nanoparticles can be added into it. By varying the concentration and size of nano particles added into the fuels, behaviour of droplet combustion and hence heat generated can be altered. In case of solid or liquid fuels, surface area of the fuel in contact with oxidizer(gaseous) is small because of higher density compared to gases. If the surface area of fuel exposed to the oxidizer is very small, then the combustion will not occur, because the combustion rate is proportional to the surface area of fuel droplet. To avoid such instance there is a way to increase the exposed surface area. To increase the specific surface area available for reaction, the particle size can be reduced. If the additives are solid then by reducing the particles size the specific surface area of liquid fuel can be increased. For the liquid fuels the exposed surface area available for combustion can be increased by suspending nanoparticles. Addition of non-metallic and metallic nanoparticles in fuels improves its combustion efficiency by enhancing the thermo-physical properties. The burn rate constants and temperatures of Kerosene-Oxygen combustion for fuel droplet sizes of 50μm, 75μm, 100μm and 125μm under varying concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% are studied numerically and its characteristic velocities are determined. Later the burn rate constants of fuel with concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% by weight of aluminium nanoparticles are added. The spray combustion characteristics of such nano-fuel has improved the combustion temperature by the addition of aluminium nanoparticles. Thus, aluminium nanoparticles have improved burn rate and characteristic velocity of Kerosene-Oxygen combustion. An increase of 40% in characteristic velocity is observed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=burn%20rate" title="burn rate">burn rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=characteristic%20velocity" title=" characteristic velocity"> characteristic velocity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combustion" title=" combustion"> combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermo-physical%20properties" title=" thermo-physical properties"> thermo-physical properties</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129405/numerical-investigation-on-the-effect-of-aluminium-nanoparticles-on-characteristic-velocity-of-kerosene-oxygen-combustion" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129405.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1954</span> Valorization of Marine Seaweed Biomass: Furanic Platform Chemicals and Beyond</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Kumar">Sanjay Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saikat%20Dutta"> Saikat Dutta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Devendra%20S.%20Rawat"> Devendra S. Rawat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jitendra%20K.%20Pandey"> Jitendra K. Pandey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pankaj%20Kumar"> Pankaj Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Exploding demand for various types of fuels and gradually growing impacts of atmospheric carbon dioxide have forced the researchers to search biofuels in general and algae-based biofuels in particular. However, strain identification in terms of fuel productivity and over all economics of fuel generation remains a debatable challenge. Utilization of marine biomass, especially the ones important in the Indian subcontinent, in forming furanic fuels and specialty chemicals would likely to be a better value-addition pathway. Seaweed species e.g. Ulva, Sarconema, and Gracilaria species have been found more productive than land-based biomass sources due to their higher growth rate. Additionally, non-recalcitrant nature of marine biomass unlike lignocellulosics has attracted much attention in recent years towards producing bioethanol. Here we report the production of renewable, biomass-derived platform molecules such as furfural and 5-(chloromethyl) furfural (CMF) from a seaweed species which are abundant marine biomass. These products have high potential for synthetic upgradation into various classes of value-added compounds such as fuels, fuel-additives, and monomers for polymers, solvents, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seaweeds" title="seaweeds">seaweeds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ulva" title=" Ulva"> Ulva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CMF" title=" CMF"> CMF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=furan" title=" furan"> furan</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57159/valorization-of-marine-seaweed-biomass-furanic-platform-chemicals-and-beyond" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57159.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">454</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1953</span> The Study of Tire Pyrolysis Fuel in CI Diesel Engine for Spray Combustion Character and Performance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chun%20Pao%20Kuo">Chun Pao Kuo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chi%20Tong%20Lin"> Chi Tong Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study explored atomization characteristics of tire pyrolysis fuel and its impacts on using three types of fuel: diesel oil mixed with 10% of tire pyrolysis fuel (called T10), diesel oil mixed with 20% tire pyrolysis (called T20), and consumer-grade diesel oil (D100). The investigators used the fuel for simulation and tests at various fuel injection timing, engine speed, and fuel injection speed to inspect impacts from fuel type on oil droplet atomization speed and output power. Actual vehicle tests were conducted using a 5-ton sedan (Hino) with 3660 cc displacement and a front-end inline four-cylinder diesel engine, and this type of vehicle is easily available from the market. A dynamometer was used to set up three engine speeds for the dynamometer testing at different injection timing and pressure. Next, an exhaust analyzer was used to measure exhaust pollution at different conditions to explore the effect of fuel types and injection speeds on output power in order to establish the best operation conditions for tire pyrolysis fuel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diesel%20engine" title="diesel engine">diesel engine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exhaust%20pollution" title=" exhaust pollution"> exhaust pollution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20injection%20timing" title=" fuel injection timing"> fuel injection timing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tire%20pyrolysis%20oil" title=" tire pyrolysis oil"> tire pyrolysis oil</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31810/the-study-of-tire-pyrolysis-fuel-in-ci-diesel-engine-for-spray-combustion-character-and-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31810.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">408</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1952</span> Application of Robotics to Assemble a Used Fuel Container in the Canadian Used Fuel Packing Plant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dimitrie%20Marinceu">Dimitrie Marinceu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The newest Canadian Used Fuel Container (UFC)- (called also “Mark II”) modifies the design approach for its Assembly Robotic Cell (ARC) in the Canadian Used (Nuclear) Fuel Packing Plant (UFPP). Some of the robotic design solutions are presented in this paper. The design indicates that robots and manipulators are expected to be used in the Canadian UFPP. As normally, the UFPP design will incorporate redundancy of all equipment to allow expedient recovery from any postulated upset conditions. Overall, this paper suggests that robot usage will have a significant positive impact on nuclear safety, quality, productivity, and reliability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=used%20fuel%20packing%20plant" title="used fuel packing plant">used fuel packing plant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robotic%20assembly%20cell" title=" robotic assembly cell"> robotic assembly cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=used%20fuel%20container" title=" used fuel container"> used fuel container</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20geological%20repository" title=" deep geological repository"> deep geological repository</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56119/application-of-robotics-to-assemble-a-used-fuel-container-in-the-canadian-used-fuel-packing-plant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56119.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">291</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1951</span> Study of Temperature Distribution in Coolant Channel of Nuclear Power with Fuel Cylinder Element Using Fluent Software</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elham%20Zamiri">Elham Zamiri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this research, we have focused on numeral simulation of a fuel rod in order to examine distribution of heat temperature in components of fuel rod by Fluent software by providing steady state, single phase fluid flow, frequency heat flux in a fuel rod in nuclear reactor to numeral simulation. Results of examining different layers of a fuel rod consist of fuel layer, gap, pod, and fluid cooling flow, also examining thermal properties and fluids such as heat transition rate and pressure drop. The obtained results through analytical method and results of other sources have been compared and have appropriate correspondence. Results show that using heavy water as cooling fluid along with few layers of gas and pod have the ability of reducing the temperature from above 300 <sup>◦</sup>C to 70 <sup>◦</sup>C. This investigation is developable for any geometry and material used in the nuclear reactor. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nuclear%20fuel%20fission" title="nuclear fuel fission">nuclear fuel fission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numberal%20simulation" title=" numberal simulation"> numberal simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20rod" title=" fuel rod"> fuel rod</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reactor" title=" reactor"> reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fluent%20software" title=" Fluent software"> Fluent software</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108202/study-of-temperature-distribution-in-coolant-channel-of-nuclear-power-with-fuel-cylinder-element-using-fluent-software" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108202.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1950</span> Effect of the Addition of Additives on the Improvement of the Performances of Lead–Acid Batteries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malika%20Foudia">Malika Foudia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Larbi%20Zerroual"> Larbi Zerroual </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this work is to improve the electrical proprieties of lead-acid battery with the addition of additives in electrolyte and in the cured plates before oxidation. The results showed that the addition of surfactant in sulfuric acid and 3% mineral additive in the cured plates change the morphology and the crystallite size of PAM after oxidation. The discharge capacity increases with the decrease of the crystallite size and the resistance of the active mass. This shows that the addition of mineral additive and the surfactant additive to the PAM, the electrical performance and the cycle life of lead- acid battery are significantly increases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lead-acid%20battery" title="lead-acid battery">lead-acid battery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=additives" title=" additives"> additives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=positive%20plate" title=" positive plate"> positive plate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impedance%20%28EIS%29." title=" impedance (EIS). "> impedance (EIS). </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23332/effect-of-the-addition-of-additives-on-the-improvement-of-the-performances-of-lead-acid-batteries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23332.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">418</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1949</span> Combustion Characteristics of Bioethanol-Biodiesel-Diesel Fuel Blends Used in a Common Rail Diesel Engine </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hasan%20Aydogan">Hasan Aydogan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The changes in the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of bioethanol-safflower biodiesel and diesel fuel blends used in a common rail diesel engine were investigated in this experimental study. E20B20D60 (20% bioethanol, 20% biodiesel, 60% diesel fuel by volume), E30B20D50, E50B20D30 and diesel fuel (D) were used as fuel. The tests were performed at full throttle valve opening and variable engine speeds. The results of the tests showed decreases in engine power, engine torque, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) and smoke density values with the use of bioethanol-biodiesel and diesel fuel blends, whereas, increases were observed in nitrogen oxide (NOx) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) values. When combustion characteristics were examined, it was seen that the values were close to one another. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioethanol" title="bioethanol">bioethanol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodiesel" title=" biodiesel"> biodiesel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safflower" title=" safflower"> safflower</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combustion%20characteristics" title=" combustion characteristics"> combustion characteristics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6129/combustion-characteristics-of-bioethanol-biodiesel-diesel-fuel-blends-used-in-a-common-rail-diesel-engine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6129.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">524</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1948</span> Experimental Investigation of Performance Anode Side of PEM Fuel Cell with Spin Method Coated with YSZ+SDC</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G%C3%BCrol%20%C3%96nal">Gürol Önal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kevser%20Din%C3%A7er"> Kevser Dinçer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salih%20Yayla"> Salih Yayla</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, performance of proton exchange membrane PEM fuel cell was experimentally investigated. Coating on the anode side of the PEM fuel cell was accomplished with the spin method by using YSZ+SDC. A solution having 0,1 gr YttriaStabilized Zirconia (YSZ) + 0,1 Samarium-Doped Ceria (SDC) + 10 mL methanol was prepared. This solution was taken out and filled into a micro-pipette. Then the anode side of PEM fuel cell was coated with YSZ+ SDC by using spin method. In the experimental study, current, voltage and power performances before and after coating were recorded and then compared to each other. It was found that the efficiency of PEM fuel cell increases after the coating with YSZ+SDC. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20cell" title="fuel cell">fuel cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Polymer%20Electrolyte%20Membrane%20%28PEM%29" title=" Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM)"> Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=membrane" title=" membrane"> membrane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spin%20method" title=" spin method"> spin method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8063/experimental-investigation-of-performance-anode-side-of-pem-fuel-cell-with-spin-method-coated-with-yszsdc" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8063.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">562</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1947</span> Speed Optimization Model for Reducing Fuel Consumption Based on Shipping Log Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayudhia%20P.%20Gusti">Ayudhia P. Gusti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Semin"> Semin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is known that total operating cost of a vessel is dominated by the cost of fuel consumption. How to reduce the fuel cost of ship so that the operational costs of fuel can be minimized is the question that arises. As the basis of these kinds of problem, sailing speed determination is an important factor to be considered by a shipping company. Optimal speed determination will give a significant influence on the route and berth schedule of ships, which also affect vessel operating costs. The purpose of this paper is to clarify some important issues about ship speed optimization. Sailing speed, displacement, sailing time, and specific fuel consumption were obtained from shipping log data to be further analyzed for modeling the speed optimization. The presented speed optimization model is expected to affect the fuel consumption and to reduce the cost of fuel consumption. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maritime%20transportation" title="maritime transportation">maritime transportation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reducing%20fuel" title=" reducing fuel"> reducing fuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shipping%20log%20data" title=" shipping log data"> shipping log data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speed%20optimization" title=" speed optimization"> speed optimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61808/speed-optimization-model-for-reducing-fuel-consumption-based-on-shipping-log-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61808.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">568</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1946</span> A Global Fuel Combustion Data Product and Its Application</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shu%20Tao">Shu Tao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rong%20Wang"> Rong Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huizhong%20Shen"> Huizhong Shen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ye%20Huang"> Ye Huang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> High-resolution mapping of fuel combustion is essential for reducing uncertainties in assessments of greenhouse gases and air pollutant emissions. Such inventories provide valuable information for inferring carbon sinks, modeling pollutant transport, and developing control strategies. Previous inventories included only a few fuel types and were derived using national population proxies which may distort the geographical variation within countries. In this study, a global 0.1 degree by 0.1 degree geo-referenced inventory of fuel combustion (PKU-FUEL-2007) was developed for 64 fuel sub-types along with uncertainty analysis for the year 2007. Sub-national fuel consumption of large countries and major power-station locations were used. The disaggregation error can be reduced significantly by using the sub-nationally energy data, because the uneven distribution of per-capita fuel consumption within countries is taken into consideration. The PKU-FUEL was used to generate global emission inventories of CO2 (PKU-CO2-2007), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PKU-PAHs-2007), and black carbons (PKU-BC-2007). Atmospheric transport modeling and expsoure assessment were conducted for BC and PAHs based on the inventory. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel" title="fuel">fuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emission" title=" emission"> emission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BC" title=" BC"> BC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PAHs" title=" PAHs"> PAHs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atmospheric%20transport" title=" atmospheric transport"> atmospheric transport</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exposure" title=" exposure"> exposure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5743/a-global-fuel-combustion-data-product-and-its-application" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5743.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">329</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20additives&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20additives&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20additives&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20additives&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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