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越南语 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-歷史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关歷史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-越南語發展史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#越南語發展史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>越南語發展史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-越南語發展史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文字史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文字史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>文字史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文字史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-越南歷史上的語言表記法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#越南歷史上的語言表記法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>越南歷史上的語言表記法</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-越南歷史上的語言表記法-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关越南歷史上的語言表記法子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-越南歷史上的語言表記法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-概要" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概要"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>概要</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-概要-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-三種文書系統" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#三種文書系統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>三種文書系統</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-三種文書系統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-傳統漢字" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#傳統漢字"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>傳統漢字</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-傳統漢字-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-本土喃字的出現" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#本土喃字的出現"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>本土喃字的出現</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-本土喃字的出現-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-羅馬字的興起" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#羅馬字的興起"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>羅馬字的興起</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-羅馬字的興起-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-譜系分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#譜系分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>譜系分類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-譜系分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-方言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#方言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>方言</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-方言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音韻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音韻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>音韻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音韻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>語法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-词汇" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#词汇"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>词汇</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-词汇-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关词汇子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-词汇-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-汉语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#汉语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>汉语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-汉语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-法语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>法语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-法语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-英语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#英语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>英语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-英语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-日语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#日语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>日语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-日语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-纯越南语词汇" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#纯越南语词汇"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>纯越南语词汇</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-纯越南语词汇-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-俚语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#俚语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>俚语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-俚语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-略語" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#略語"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>略語</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-略語-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-越南語認證" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#越南語認證"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>越南語認證</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-越南語認證-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-越南語國語字" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#越南語國語字"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>越南語國語字</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-越南語國語字-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关越南語國語字子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-越南語國語字-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-字母表" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#字母表"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>字母表</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-字母表-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸閱讀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸閱讀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>延伸閱讀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸閱讀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">越南语</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。140种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-140" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">140种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa_Wat_Tunong" title="Bahsa Wat Tunong – 亚齐语" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa Wat Tunong" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="亚齐语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%ABtnamees" title="Viëtnamees – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Viëtnamees" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%AC%E1%89%B5%E1%8A%93%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%9B" title="ቬትናምኛ – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቬትናምኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="वियतनामी भाषा – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="वियतनामी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الفيتنامية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الفيتنامية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89" title="ڤييتنامى – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ڤييتنامى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam%C3%ADn" title="Vietnamín – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vietnamín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyetnam_dili" title="Vyetnam dili – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vyetnam dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Вьетнам теле – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вьетнам теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Vi%C3%A9tnam" title="Basa Viétnam – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Viétnam" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Bietnamita" title="Tataramon na Bietnamita – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Bietnamita" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="В’етнамская мова – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="В’етнамская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Віетнамская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Віетнамская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Виетнамски език – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Виетнамски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ভিয়েতনামী ভাষা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভিয়েতনামী ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnameg" title="Vietnameg – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vietnameg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamita" title="Vietnamita – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vietnamita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%8Fk-n%C3%A0ng-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Uŏk-nàng-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Uŏk-nàng-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Вьетнамхойн мотт – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Вьетнамхойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binyetnamita" title="Binyetnamita – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Binyetnamita" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A4%DB%8C%DB%8E%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="زمانی ڤیێتنامی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ڤیێتنامی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam%C5%A1tina" title="Vietnamština – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vietnamština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fietnameg" title="Fietnameg – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fietnameg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamesisk_(sprog)" title="Vietnamesisk (sprog) – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vietnamesisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamesische_Sprache" title="Vietnamesische Sprache – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vietnamesische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamki" title="Vietnamki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Vietnamki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Βιετναμική γλώσσα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιετναμική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Vietnamese language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetnama_lingvo" title="Vjetnama lingvo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vjetnama lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_vietnamita" title="Idioma vietnamita – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma vietnamita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnami_keel" title="Vietnami keel – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vietnami keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamera" title="Vietnamera – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vietnamera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luenga_vietnamita" title="Luenga vietnamita – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Luenga vietnamita" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="زبان ویتنامی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان ویتنامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamin_kieli" title="Vietnamin kieli – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vietnamin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamien" title="Vietnamien – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vietnamien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%AAtnamien" title="Viêtnamien – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Viêtnamien" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wjetnameesk_spriak" title="Wjetnameesk spriak – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wjetnameesk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_V%C3%ADtneaimis" title="An Vítneaimis – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Vítneaimis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_vietnamita" title="Lingua vietnamita – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua vietnamita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%CC%8Dt-n%C3%A0m-ng%C3%AE" title="Ye̍t-nàm-ngî – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ye̍t-nàm-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="וייטנאמית – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וייטנאמית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="वियतनामी भाषा – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वियतनामी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_bhasa" title="Vietnamese bhasa – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Vietnamese bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijetnamski_jezik" title="Vijetnamski jezik – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vijetnamski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Vietnamšćina – 上索布语" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Vietnamšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietn%C3%A1mi_nyelv" title="Vietnámi nyelv – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vietnámi nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Վիետնամերեն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիետնամերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Vietnam" title="Jaku Vietnam – 伊班语" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Vietnam" title="Bahasa Vietnam – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Bietnamis" title="Pagsasao a Bietnamis – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Bietnamis" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamana_linguo" title="Vietnamana linguo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vietnamana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADetnamska" title="Víetnamska – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Víetnamska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_vietnamita" title="Lingua vietnamita – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua vietnamita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%88%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A0%E8%AA%9E" title="ベトナム語 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベトナム語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Vi%C3%A8tnam" title="Basa Viètnam – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Viètnam" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ვიეტნამური ენა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიეტნამური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%A9y%C9%9Bt%C9%A9nam%C9%A9y%C9%9B_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Fɩyɛtɩnamɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Fɩyɛtɩnamɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Vietnam" title="Bahasa Vietnam – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Вьетнам тілі – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вьетнам тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98" title="ភាសាវៀតណាម – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាវៀតណាម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ವಿಯೆಟ್ನಾಮಿನ ಭಾಷೆ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಯೆಟ್ನಾಮಿನ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8%EB%82%A8%EC%96%B4" title="베트남어 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베트남어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_viyetnam%C3%AE" title="Zimanê viyetnamî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê viyetnamî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Въет кыв – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Въет кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Вьетнам тили – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вьетнам тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Vietnamensis" title="Lingua Vietnamensis – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Vietnamensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_vietnameza" title="Lingua vietnameza – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua vietnameza" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_(lingua)" title="Viet (lingua) – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Viet (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamees" title="Vietnamees – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vietnamees" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1" title="ພາສາຫວຽດນາມ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາຫວຽດນາມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba" title="Vietnamiečių kalba – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vietnamiečių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetnamie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Vjetnamiešu valoda – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vjetnamiešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_vietnamiana" title="Fiteny vietnamiana – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny vietnamiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Whitin%C4%81mu" title="Reo Whitināmu – 毛利语" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Whitināmu" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="毛利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Виетнамски јазик – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Виетнамски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="വിയറ്റ്നാമീസ് ഭാഷ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിയറ്റ്നാമീസ് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Вьетнам хэл – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вьетнам хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯚꯤꯌꯦꯠꯅꯥꯃꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯚꯤꯌꯦꯠꯅꯥꯃꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="व्हियेतनामी भाषा – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्हियेतनामी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Vietnam" title="Bahasa Vietnam – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဗီယက်နမ်ဘာသာစကား – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗီယက်နမ်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="ویتنامی – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ویتنامی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="भियतनामी भाषा – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भियतनामी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="भियतनामी भाषा – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भियतनामी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamees" title="Vietnamees – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vietnamees" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamesisk" title="Vietnamesisk – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vietnamesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamesisk" title="Vietnamesisk – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vietnamesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamian" title="Vietnamian – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vietnamian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Вьетнамаг æвзаг – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Вьетнамаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਵੀਅਤਨਾਮੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੀਅਤਨਾਮੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_wietnamski" title="Język wietnamski – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język wietnamski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_vietnam%C3%A8isa" title="Lenga vietnamèisa – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga vietnamèisa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ویتنامی بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ویتنامی بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="ويتنامي ژبه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ويتنامي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_vietnamita" title="Língua vietnamita – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua vietnamita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witnam_simi" title="Witnam simi – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Witnam simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_vietnamez%C4%83" title="Limba vietnameză – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba vietnameză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Вьетнамский язык – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вьетнамский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="वियतनामीभाषा – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वियतनामीभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Вьетнам тыла – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Вьетнам тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_leid" title="Vietnamese leid – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vietnamese leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="ويتنامي ٻولي – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ويتنامي ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijetnamski_jezik" title="Vijetnamski jezik – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vijetnamski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vietnamese language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam%C4%8Dina" title="Vietnamčina – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vietnamčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Vietnamščina – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vietnamščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Viatename" title="Faʻa Viatename – 萨摩亚语" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Viatename" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="萨摩亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivhiyetinamu" title="Chivhiyetinamu – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chivhiyetinamu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_vietnameze" title="Gjuha vietnameze – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha vietnameze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Вијетнамски језик – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вијетнамски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Vi%C3%A9tnam" title="Basa Viétnam – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Viétnam" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamesiska" title="Vietnamesiska – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vietnamesiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivietnam" title="Kivietnam – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kivietnam" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wjetnamsk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Wjetnamskŏ gŏdka – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wjetnamskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="வியட்நாமிய மொழி – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வியட்நாமிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="వియత్నామీస్ భాష – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వియత్నామీస్ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D3%A3" title="Забони вйетнамӣ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони вйетнамӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="ภาษาเวียดนาม – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเวียดนาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Biyetnamita" title="Wikang Biyetnamita – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Biyetnamita" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetnami_zyvon" title="Vjetnami zyvon – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Vjetnami zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Vietnam" title="Tok Vietnam – 托克皮辛语" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托克皮辛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamca" title="Vietnamca – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vietnamca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Вьет теле – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вьет теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%D9%8A%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ۋيېتنام تىلى – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋيېتنام تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%27%D1%94%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="В'єтнамська мова – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="В'єтнамська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ویتنامی زبان – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ویتنامی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyetnam_tili" title="Vyetnam tili – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vyetnam tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Tiếng Việt – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Việt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Vietnamänapük – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Vietnamänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyetnamita" title="Biyetnamita – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Biyetnamita" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E" title="越南語 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="越南語" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ვიეტნამური ნინა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვიეტნამური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A9" title="וויעטנאמעזיש – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וויעטנאמעזיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Fi%E1%BA%B9tn%C3%A1m" title="Èdè Fiẹtnám – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Fiẹtnám" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vah_Yiednamz" title="Vah Yiednamz – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vah Yiednamz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E" title="越南語 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="越南語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oa%CC%8Dt-l%C3%A2m-g%C3%BA" title="Oa̍t-lâm-gú – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Oa̍t-lâm-gú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%96%87" title="越南文 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="越南文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9199#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&oldid=84446112" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&id=84446112&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%25B6%258A%25E5%258D%2597%25E8%25AF%25AD"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%25B6%258A%25E5%258D%2597%25E8%25AF%25AD"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vietnamese_language" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E" hreflang="zh"><span>维基教科书</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD%E4%BC%9A%E8%AF%9D%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C" hreflang="zh"><span>维基导游</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9199" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科,自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><b>注意</b>:本页有<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E9%9F%93%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E8%A1%A8%E6%84%8F%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="中日韓統一表意文字">Unihan</a>新版汉字:「<span><span class="plainlinks" style="font-family: sans-serif, 'FZSongS-Extended', 'FZSongS-Extended(SIP)', 'WenQuanYi Zen Hei Mono', 'BabelStone Han', 'HanaMinB', 'I.MingCP', 'I.Ming', 'FZSong-Extended', 'Arial Unicode MS', Code2002, DFSongStd, 'STHeiti SC', unifont, SimSun-ExtB, TH-Tshyn-P0, TH-Tshyn-P1, TH-Tshyn-P2, Jigmo3, Jigmo2, Jigmo, ZhongHuaSongPlane15, ZhongHuaSongPlane02, ZhongHuaSongPlane00, LastResort;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=35C2">㗂</a></span>、<span class="plainlinks" style="font-family: sans-serif, 'FZSongS-Extended', 'FZSongS-Extended(SIP)', 'WenQuanYi Zen Hei Mono', 'BabelStone Han', 'HanaMinB', 'I.MingCP', 'I.Ming', 'FZSong-Extended', 'Arial Unicode MS', Code2002, DFSongStd, 'STHeiti SC', unifont, SimSun-ExtB, TH-Tshyn-P0, TH-Tshyn-P1, TH-Tshyn-P2, Jigmo3, Jigmo2, Jigmo, ZhongHuaSongPlane15, ZhongHuaSongPlane02, ZhongHuaSongPlane00, LastResort;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=21982">𡦂</a></span></span>」,這些字符可能會<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%82%E7%A2%BC" title="亂碼">错误显示</a>,詳见<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unicode%E6%89%A9%E5%B1%95%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97" title="Wikipedia:Unicode扩展汉字">Unicode扩展汉字</a>。</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span>此條目介紹的是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E6%97%8F" title="京族">越南民族</a>的通用<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%87" title="语文">語文</a>。关于<b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國">中華人民共和國</a></b>境內的少数民族语言,请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%AC%E8%AA%9E" title="中國京語">中國京語</a></b>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84596247">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{display:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-问题条目 plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>本條目存在以下問題</b>,請協助<b><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit">改善本條目</a></b>或在<b><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="Talk:越南语">討論頁</a></b>針對議題發表看法。 <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>可能包含<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%9D%9E%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%9B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="Wikipedia:非原创研究">原创研究</a>。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2013年12月6日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充参考资料、添加<a href="/wiki/Template:Original_research_inline" title="Template:Original research inline">相关内联标签</a>和删除原创研究内容以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>。详细情况请参见<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="Talk:越南语">讨论页</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2013年12月6日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。<br />致使用者:请搜索一下条目的标题(来源搜索:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD%22">"越南语"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%22%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%22%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD%22">图像</a></span>),以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>)。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div><span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84078810">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="color: black; background-color: lightcoral;">越南語</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold; color: black; background-color: lightcoral;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span title="越南语國語字"><span lang="vi">Tiếng Việt</span></span>/<span title="漢喃文"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80129570">.mw-parser-output .han-nom{font-family:"Gothic Nguyen","Han-Nom Gothic","Minh Nguyen","Han-Nom Minh","Nom Na Tong","HAN NOM A","HAN NOM B","TH-Khaai-TP0","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP0","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP0","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP0","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP0","TH-Ming-JP2","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-UNI-H","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","FZKaiT-Extended","FZKaiT-Extended(SIP)","FZKaiS-Extended","FZKaiS-Extended(SIP)","Sun-ExtA","Sun-ExtB","MingLiU","MingLiU-ExtB","MingLiU_HKSCS","MingLiU_HKSCS-ExtB","SimSun","SimSun-ExtB",sans-serif}</style><span lang="vi-hani"><span class="han-nom">㗂越</span></span></span><sup></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">母语国家和地区</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/22px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/33px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/44px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="中国"><img alt="中国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國">中國大陸</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="广西">广西</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><b>区域</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="東南亞">東南亞</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">族群</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E6%97%8F" title="京族">京族</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">母语使用人数</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">9,000-9,300萬人<br />9,500萬(第一和第二語言使用者合計)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%B3%BB%E5%B1%9E%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="语言系属分类">語系</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="南亞語系">南亞語系</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F-%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="孟-高棉語族">孟-高棉語族</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A-%E8%8A%92%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="越-芒語支">越-芒語支</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><b>越南語</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母">拉丁字母</a>之<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="越南文字母">国语字</a>(在越南)<br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="漢字">漢字</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%83%E5%AD%97" title="喃字">喃字</a>(古代越南、今<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="廣西">廣西</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E8%88%88%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="東興市">東興市</a>的京族人使用)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightcoral;;">官方地位</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="官方语言">作为官方语言</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/22px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/33px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/44px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a> <hr /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg/22px-Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg/33px-Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg/44px-Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="东南亚国家联盟">东南亚国家联盟</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">承认少数语言</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="臺灣地區">臺灣</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚">澳大利亞</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B" title="捷克">捷克</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">管理机构</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">越南社会科学院语言学研究所(<span title="越南语國語字"><span lang="vi">Viện Ngôn ngữ học, Viện Khoa học xã hội Việt Nam</span></span>/<span title="漢喃文"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80129570"><span lang="vi-hani"><span class="han-nom">院言語學,院科學社會越南</span></span></span><sup><small><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Wikipedia:格式手冊/越南相關條目"><span style="font: bold 80% sans-serif; text-decoration: none; padding: 0 .1em;">?</span></a></small></sup>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightcoral;;">語言代碼</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=vi">vi</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/vie" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:vie">vie</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/vie" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:vie">vie</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Natively_Vietnamese-speaking_areas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Natively_Vietnamese-speaking_areas.png/270px-Natively_Vietnamese-speaking_areas.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Natively_Vietnamese-speaking_areas.png/405px-Natively_Vietnamese-speaking_areas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Natively_Vietnamese-speaking_areas.png/540px-Natively_Vietnamese-speaking_areas.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="758" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right" style="width:22em;font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Chu_nom.svg/33px-Chu_nom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Chu_nom.svg/49px-Chu_nom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Chu_nom.svg/66px-Chu_nom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="779" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>本页面有<a class="mw-selflink selflink">越南语</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%83%E5%AD%97" title="喃字">喃字</a></b>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="操作系统">操作系统</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E9%A1%B5%E6%B5%8F%E8%A7%88%E5%99%A8" title="网页浏览器">浏览器</a>須<a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E#字符支持相關" title="Help:越南語">支持特殊字母与符号</a>才能正確显示为<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%83%E5%AD%97" title="喃字">喃字</a>,否则可能變成<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%82%E7%A2%BC" title="亂碼">乱码</a>、问号、空格等其它符号。</div></div> </div> <p><b>越南語</b>(<span title="越南语國語字"><span lang="vi">Tiếng Việt</span></span>/<span title="漢喃文"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80129570"><span lang="vi-hani"><span class="han-nom">㗂越</span></span></span><sup></sup>),又稱<b>越語</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(<span title="越南语國語字"><span lang="vi">Việt Ngữ</span></span>/<span title="漢喃文"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80129570"><span lang="vi-hani"><span class="han-nom">越語</span></span></span><sup></sup>)、<b>京語</b><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(<span title="越南语國語字"><span lang="vi">Tiếng Kinh</span></span>/<span title="漢喃文"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80129570"><span lang="vi-hani"><span class="han-nom">㗂京</span></span></span><sup></sup>)、<b>國語</b>(<span title="越南语國語字"><span lang="vi">Quốc Ngữ</span></span>/<span title="漢喃文"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80129570"><span lang="vi-hani"><span class="han-nom">國語</span></span></span><sup></sup>),除此之外,還有一個現代少用的前法國殖民地名稱<b>安南語</b>(<span title="越南语國語字"><span lang="vi">Tiếng An Nam</span></span>/<span title="漢喃文"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80129570"><span lang="vi-hani"><span class="han-nom">㗂安南</span></span></span><sup></sup>)。 </p><p>越南語是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="國家語言">國家語言</a>,有85至90%的越南人將之作為<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E8%AA%9E" title="母語">母語</a>,另外居住在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96" class="mw-disambig" title="海外">海外</a>的3百萬<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%83%91" title="越僑">越僑</a>、住在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="廣西">廣西</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E6%97%8F" title="京族">京族</a>亦使用越南語。歷史上,越南語曾經使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="漢字">漢字</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%83%E5%AD%97" title="喃字">喃字</a>表記(即<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%96%83%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="漢喃文">漢喃文</a>),現代則使用以<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母">拉丁字母</a>為基礎,添加若干個新字母及聲調符號的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="國語字">國語字</a>(<span title="越南语國語字"><span lang="vi">Chữ Quốc Ngữ</span></span>/<span title="漢喃文"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80129570"><span lang="vi-hani"><span class="han-nom">𡨸國語</span></span></span><sup></sup>)書寫。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节:歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="越南語發展史"><span id=".E8.B6.8A.E5.8D.97.E8.AA.9E.E7.99.BC.E5.B1.95.E5.8F.B2"></span>越南語發展史</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节:越南語發展史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>上古時期的越南語很可能具有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="南亞語系">南亞語系</a>其他語言現在具有的一些共同特徵,例如在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%88%E6%8A%98%E8%AF%AD" title="屈折语">屈折方面</a>較發達,具有豐富的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3" title="复辅音">複輔音</a>等。這些特徵已不再存於現代的越南語中,據認為是由於越南語地處東南亞的“<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="语言联盟">語言聯盟</a>”中,受到周邊有<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" title="聲調">聲調</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="孤立語">孤立語</a>漢語的影響,也變成了一種有聲調的孤立語。形態上的孤立和聲調的存在可能並非來源自<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="原始南亞語">原始南亞語</a>,周邊的無親屬關係的語言,例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%AF%E4%BE%97%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="壯侗語系">壯侗語系</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="泰語">泰語</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B3%B6%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="南島語系">南島語系</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E8%BE%89%E8%AF%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="回辉话">回辉话</a>(与古代占婆国的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="占语">占语</a>同源),也都具有聲調。 </p><p>原始越南語的家園在現今越南北部的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="紅河">紅河</a>流域地區。在越南人接下來的向南擴張和占领中,中南部<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E5%A9%86%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="占婆國">占婆国</a>(又称<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E5%9F%8E" title="占城">占城</a>)的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E6%97%8F" title="占族">占族</a>人和南部<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%84%E5%85%AC%E6%B2%B3" title="湄公河">湄公河</a>三角洲地區(今<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%BF%97%E6%98%8E%E5%B8%82" title="胡志明市">胡志明市</a>附近)的<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="高棉人">高棉人</a>被征服,越南語也被傳入現今越南的中南部地區,各種方言在聲調上逐漸產生差異。 </p><p>越南語在發展的過程中受到了<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語">漢語</a>的強烈影響,尤其是在詞彙方面,據統計越南語中的漢語借詞可達60%。越南語中有多個層次的漢語借詞,其中最重要的是在唐代前後借入的“<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%B6%8A%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢越語">漢越語</a>”這一個漢字的整套音讀系統,它與<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E9%9F%BB" title="切韻">切韻</a>音存在整齊的對應。還有是所謂<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%B6%8A%E8%AA%9E" title="古漢越語">古漢越語</a>,是比唐代更古的語言殘跡;以及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E8%B6%8A%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="漢語越化(页面不存在)">越化的漢語詞</a>,即本來的漢語詞,隨越南口語變化、脫離漢越語系統而產生的越語詞。漢越語比朝鮮、日本的漢字音保留更多的存古特徵,中古漢語的聲韻調與漢越音均存在規律系統的對應,因此漢越音對<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="中古漢語">中古漢語</a>語音本體的研究具有很重要的價值。而對古漢越語的研究,則可幫助目前對<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="上古漢語">上古漢語</a>的構擬。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BC%AF%E6%A8%82" class="mw-disambig" title="馬伯樂">馬伯樂</a>將越語史分為五個階段。以下再加上“前越南語”一個階段,成為六個階段: </p> <ol><li><b>前越南語</b>或稱<b>原始越芒語</b>,是越-芒語支的祖語。</li> <li><b>原始越南語</b>是越南語最早的形式,年代上早於漢越音的引入(唐代)。這一階段的越南語有三個聲調。</li> <li><b>上古越南語</b>,引入漢越音後的越南語(約10世紀)。</li> <li><b>古越南語</b>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%83%E5%AD%97" title="喃字">喃字</a>(約15世紀)和《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E5%A4%B7%E8%AF%91%E8%AF%AD" title="华夷译语">華夷譯語</a>》(16世紀)時期的越南語。在這一階段,聲母清濁對立消失,調類分為六種。</li> <li><b>中古越南語</b>,《<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E8%91%A1%E6%8B%89%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8" title="越葡拉詞典">越葡拉詞典</a>》(17世紀)時期的越南語。</li> <li><b>現代越南語</b>,自19世紀至今。</li></ol> <p>越南語現今使用的書寫系統——<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="國語字">國語字</a>,在很大基礎上保留了法國傳教士<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="亞歷山大·羅德">亞歷山大·羅德</a>於1651年所著的《<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E8%91%A1%E6%8B%89%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8" title="越葡拉詞典">越葡拉詞典</a>》中對越南語的羅馬字表記。羅德記錄的是當時的中古越南語的河內音。與現在的河內方言相比,羅德記錄的韻母音值在近幾百年間似乎並沒有發生很大的變化,不過各方言聲母的演變卻很迅速。因而越南國語字的聲母系統與現代越南語的任何方言都有差異,它與西貢方言的接近程度比河內方言要高。 </p> <hr /> <p>中古越南語的音系見下表: </p> <dl><dd><table border="1" cellpadding="4" style="border-collapse: collapse; background: #f9f9f9; margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid #ccc; line-height: 1.3em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr style="background: #efefef;"> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="唇音">唇音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒音">齒音</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒齦音">齒齦音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌音">捲舌音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E9%A1%8E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="硬顎音">硬顎音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E6%A0%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="舌根音">舌根音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E9%9F%B3" title="聲門音">聲門音</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left; background: #efefef;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a> </th> <td style="text-align: left; background: #efefef;"><small>清</small> </td> <td><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><i>p</i></span> <p><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[p]</span><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" id="ref_p"><sup><a href="#endnote_p">1</a></sup></span></span> </p> </td> <td><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><i>t</i></span> <p><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t]</span></span> </p> </td> <td><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><i>tr</i></span> <p><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʈ]</span></span> </p> </td> <td><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><i>ch</i></span> <p><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[c]</span></span> </p> </td> <td><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><i>c/k</i></span> <p><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[k]</span></span> </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; background: #efefef;"><small>送氣</small> </td> <td><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><i>ph</i></span> <p><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[pʰ]</span></span> </p> </td> <td><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><i>th</i></span> <p><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tʰ]</span></span> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><i>kh</i></span> <p><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[kʰ]</span></span> </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; background: #efefef;"><small>濁吸氣</small> </td> <td><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><i>b</i></span> <p><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɓ]</span></span> </p> </td> <td><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><i>đ</i></span> <p><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɗ]</span></span> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left; background: #efefef;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a> </th> <td style="text-align: left; background: #efefef;"><small>清</small> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><i>s</i></span> <p><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʂ]</span></span> </p> </td> <td><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><i>x</i></span> <p><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɕ]</span></span> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><i>h</i></span> <p><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[h]</span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; background: #efefef;"><small>濁</small> </td> <td><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><i><a href="/wiki/%EA%9E%96" title="Ꞗ">ꞗ</a></i></span> <p><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[β]</span></span> </p> </td> <td><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><i>d</i></span> <p><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ð]</span></span> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><i>gi</i></span> <p><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʝ]</span></span> </p> </td> <td><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><i>g/gh</i></span> <p><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɣ]</span></span> </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left; background: #efefef;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="鼻塞音">鼻音</a> </th> <td><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><i>m</i></span> <p><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[m]</span></span> </p> </td> <td><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><i>n</i></span> <p><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[n]</span></span> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td><i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">nh</span></i> <p><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɲ]</span></span> </p> </td> <td><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><i>ng/ngh</i></span> <p><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ŋ]</span></span> </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left; background: #efefef;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="近音">近音</a> </th> <td><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><i>v/u/o</i></span> <p><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[w]</span></span> </p> </td> <td><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><i>l</i></span> <p><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[l]</span></span> </p> </td> <td><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><i>r</i></span> <p><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɹ]</span></span> </p> </td> <td><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><i>y/i/<a href="/wiki/%C4%94" title="Ĕ">ĕ</a></i></span> <p><span lang="vi" dir="ltr"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[j]</span><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" id="ref_yod"><sup><a href="#endnote_yod">3</a></sup></span></span> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <ol><li><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_p"><b><a href="#ref_p">^1</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[p]</span> 僅在音節末出現。</li> <li><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_yod"><b><a href="#ref_yod">^3</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[j]</span> 不在音節首出現。它在音節末出現時,根據前面元音的長短而相應記為 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">i</span></i> 或 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">y</span></i>。它也可在 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ð/</span> 和 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/β/</span> 後出現,這時它寫作 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">ĕ</span></i>;這種情況的 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">ĕ</span></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[j]</span> 已不見於現代語中。</li></ol> <p>不存在 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">b</span></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɓ]</span> 和 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">p</span></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[p]</span> 的對立,因此它們是<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%95%B0%E9%9F%B3" title="同位異音">同位異音</a>。<i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">gi</span></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʝ]</span> 和 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">y/i/ĕ</span></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[j]</span> 也是同位異音。 </p><p>中古越南語有三種詞首的複輔音,它們在現代語中均不再是複輔音: </p> <ul><li><i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">tl</span></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tl]</span> > 現代語 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">tr</span></i></li> <li><i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">bl</span></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɓl]</span> > 現代語 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">gi</span></i>(北部方言),<i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">tr</span></i>(南部方言)</li> <li><i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">ml</span></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ml]</span> > <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">mnh</span></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[mɲ]</span> > 現代語 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">nh</span></i></li></ul> <p>越南國語字與現代發音的一些不尋常的對應可以歸咎為中古越南語的發音,包括: </p> <ul><li>羅德的表記系統有兩個“字母 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">b</span></i>”:一個普通的 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">b</span></i> 和一個帶鉤的 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">b</span></i>(上面注解1)。後者代表的是<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁雙唇擦音">濁雙唇擦音</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[β]</span>,它在一個世紀后與 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[w]</span> 合流為 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[v]</span>,現代寫作 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">v</span></i>。</li> <li>羅德記錄的介音 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">ĕ</span></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[j]</span> 可在詞首 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">d</span></i> 和帶鉤 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">b</span></i> 後出現,該介音後來消失。</li> <li><i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">đ</span></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɗ]</span> (至今一直)為<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒齦音">齒齦音</a>,而 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">d</span></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ð]</span> 為齒音。選用 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">d</span></i> 來表示 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ð/</span> 是因為當時(和現在)的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="西班牙語">西班牙語</a>中 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[d]</span> 是齒音,而且有 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ð]</span> 的同位異音。羅德在選用 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɗ]</span> 和 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɓ]</span> 的符號時似乎並沒有顧及到兩者的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="內爆音">內爆</a>性,因為前者在與 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[β]</span> 的對立中被羅德視為較“常見”的一個音,從而用普通的 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">b</span></i> 表示,而後者在與 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ð]</span> 的對立中則被視為較“不常見”的一個音,用帶附加符的 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">đ</span></i> 表示。</li> <li><i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">x</span></i> 是<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%A6%E9%A1%8E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齦顎音">齦顎音</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɕ/</span> 而非齒音 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/s/</span>,現代語亦然。17世紀的<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" title="葡萄牙語">葡萄牙語</a>(羅德的母語)中,<i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">s</span></i> 是舌尖齒齦咝音 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̺]</span>(現今西班牙大部和葡萄牙一部分地區也保留了這個發音),<i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">x</span></i> 是齦顎音 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʃ]</span>。在羅德看來,舌尖齦音 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̺]</span> 與越南語的捲舌音 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʂ]</span> 更為接近,因此他用 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">x</span></i> 表示 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɕ]</span>,用 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">s</span></i> 表示 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʂ]</span>。</li></ul> <hr /> <p>相比下,原始越芒語的音系和與現代越南語的對應如下:<sup id="cite_ref-ferlus1992_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferlus1992-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ferlus2009_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferlus2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thompson1976_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thompson1976-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table border="1" cellpadding="4" style="border-collapse: collapse; background: #f9f9f9; margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid #ccc; line-height: 1.3em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr style="background: #efefef;"> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="唇音">唇音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%96%93%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒間音">齒間音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒音">齒音</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒齦音">齒齦音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%A6%E9%A1%8E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齦顎音">齦顎音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌音">捲舌音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E9%A1%8E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="硬顎音">硬顎音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E6%A0%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="舌根音">舌根音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E9%9F%B3" title="聲門音">聲門音</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left; background: #efefef;" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="塞擦音">塞擦音</a> </th> <td style="text-align: left; background: #efefef;"><small>清</small> </td> <td><span lang="zh" dir="ltr"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">p</span> > <i>b</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">t</span> > <i>đ</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">tʃ</span> > <i>x</i> <span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" id="ref_newsounds"><sup><a href="#endnote_newsounds">1</a></sup></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">c</span> > <i>ch</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">k</span> > <i>k/c/q</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʔ</span> > <i>#</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; background: #efefef;"><small>濁</small> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">b</span> > <i>b</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">d</span> > <i>đ</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɟ</span> > <i>ch</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɡ</span> > <i>k/c/q</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; background: #efefef;"><small>送氣</small> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">pʰ</span> > <i>ph</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">tʰ</span> > <i>th</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">kʰ</span> > <i>kh</i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; background: #efefef;"><small>濁吸氣</small> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɓ</span> > <i>m</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɗ</span> > <i>n</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʄ</span> > <i>nh</i> <span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" id="ref_newsounds"><sup><a href="#endnote_newsounds">1</a></sup></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left; background: #efefef;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">m</span> > <i>m</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">n</span> > <i>n</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɲ</span> > <i>nh</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ŋ</span> > <i>ng/ngh</i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left; background: #efefef;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a> </th> <td style="text-align: left; background: #efefef;"><small>清</small> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">s</span> > <i>t</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɕ</span> > <i>th</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">h</span> > <i>h</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; background: #efefef;"><small>濁</small> <span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" id="ref_fricative"><sup><a href="#endnote_fricative">2</a></sup></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">(β)</span> > <i>v</i> <span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" id="ref_v"><sup><a href="#endnote_v">3</a></sup></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">(ð)</span> > <i>d</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">(ς)</span> > <i>r</i> <span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" id="ref_sigma"><sup><a href="#endnote_sigma">4</a></sup></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">(ʝ)</span> > <i>gi</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">(ɣ)</span> > <i>g/gh</i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left; background: #efefef;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="近音">近音</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">w</span> > <i>v</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">l</span> > <i>l</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">r</span> > <i>r</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">j</span> > <i>d</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <ol><li><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_newsounds"><b><a href="#ref_newsounds">^1</a></b></span> 不是所有學者都接受 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/tʃ/</span> 和 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ʄ/</span> 的構擬。Ferlus (1992)<sup id="cite_ref-ferlus1992_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferlus1992-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前聲門化(页面不存在)">前聲門化</a>的 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ʔj/</span> 代替<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="內爆音">內爆音</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ʄ/</span>(雖然兩者差異並不大),並且多構擬出一個 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/dʒ/</span> 音。</li> <li><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_fricative"><b><a href="#ref_fricative">^2</a></b></span> 括號中的擦音是從一個半音節中元音間的主音節塞音弱化發展而來。芒語這些擦音的缺失表明原始越芒語中無這些擦音,但它們顯然存在於後期的原始越南語中。接下來發生的前綴脫落使這些擦音成為獨立音位。Ferlus (1992)<sup id="cite_ref-ferlus1992_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferlus1992-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>指出濁擦音和清擦音在最初是都存在的,但2009年<sup id="cite_ref-ferlus2009_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferlus2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>他改變了看法,認為塞音是大約在同時完成弱化和濁化的過程的,按照如下規則: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/p, b/</span> > <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/β/</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/t, d/</span> > <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ð/</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/k, ɡ/</span> > <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɣ/</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/s, ɕ/</span> > <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ς/</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/c, ɟ/</span> 與 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/tʃ/</span> > <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ʝ/</span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_v"><b><a href="#ref_v">^3</a></b></span> 該音在中古越南語中演變為 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/β/</span>,見上注1。</li> <li><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_sigma"><b><a href="#ref_sigma">^4</a></b></span> 目前尚不清楚該音的音值。Ferlus (1992)<sup id="cite_ref-ferlus1992_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferlus1992-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>認為上古越南語時它是 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɽ/</span> 音,與 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/r/</span> 是不同的兩個音。</li></ol> <p>詞首複輔音方面,存在如下的組合,其演變過程也一併標出: </p> <ul><li>pr, br, tr, dr, kr, gr > <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/kʰr/</span> > <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ks/</span> > <i>s</i></li> <li>pl, bl > 中古 <i>bl</i> > 北部方言 <i>gi</i>,南部方言 <i>tr</i></li> <li>kl, gl > 中古 <i>tl</i> > <i>tr</i></li> <li>ml > 中古 <i>ml</i> > <i>mnh</i> > <i>nh</i></li> <li>kj > <i>gi</i></li></ul> <p>大量漢越詞的借入使上古越南語產生了捲舌音 <i>s</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ʂ/</span> 和 <i>tr</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ʈ/</span>。 </p> <hr /> <p>在聲調方面,原始越芒語是沒有聲調的。越南語的聲調是後起的,聲調與韻尾和聲母的對應如下表: </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>音 </th> <th>聲母 </th> <th>開尾/鼻尾韻 </th> <th>塞音尾 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/-ʔ/</span> </th> <th>擦音尾 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/-s/, /-h/</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th>高 </th> <td>清 </td> <td>平聲(A1 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">ngang</span></i>) </td> <td>銳聲(B1 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">sắc</span></i>) </td> <td>問聲(C1 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">hỏi</span></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>低 </th> <td>濁 </td> <td>玄聲(A2 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">huyền</span></i>) </td> <td>重聲(B2 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">nặng</span></i>) </td> <td>跌聲(C2 <i><span lang="vi" dir="ltr">ngã</span></i>) </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>與其他東亞、東南亞語言的聲調發展史類似,越南語在某一階段發生了聲母清濁決定的調類的分化,伴隨著濁音清化的過程。濁聲母音節在發聲時,帶有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A3%E5%97%93%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氣嗓音(页面不存在)">氣嗓音</a>或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%98%8E%E8%A3%82%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="嘎裂音(页面不存在)">嘎裂音</a>的特徵,讀低調;清聲母字則相反。表現在現代河內方言中的兩者的分別主要在音質方面,而在南部的西貢方言則分別主要體現在音高方面。在這一聲調分化過程中,內爆塞音作為清音參與演變,這是東南亞有內爆音語言共同體現的特徵。 </p><p>原始越芒語有帶有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A1%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="次音節(页面不存在)">次音節</a>前綴的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%80%E5%80%8B%E5%8D%8A%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="一個半音節(页面不存在)">一個半音節</a>”的詞彙,次音節是獨立於後接的可以有詞首輔音叢的主音節的。在這些詞中主音節的聲母處於元音間的位置,發生弱化變為濁擦音(見上注2)。在越南語中次音節最終丟失,在次音節脫落時上述提到的調類分化已經開始,因而現代越南語中有濁擦音聲母的字在6個聲調都有分佈。至於具體是高調還是低調的字則與原始越芒語中該詞次音節前綴輔音的清濁有關,與主音節聲母清濁無關。同樣地,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/l/</span> 和 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ŋ/</span> 聲母的字也都在高調和低調有出現。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文字史"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.AD.97.E5.8F.B2"></span>文字史</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节:文字史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>東南亞大部分國家的語言受<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>文化影響較大,而越南語卻與<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%AA%9E" title="朝鮮語">朝鮮語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="日語">日語</a>一樣自古受到<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="漢字文化">漢字文化</a>的深遠影響。在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>自公元一世紀至十世紀的統治下,越南語引入龐大的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="漢字">漢字</a>詞匯,其發音(<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%B6%8A%E9%9F%B3" title="漢越音">漢越音</a>)類似古漢語<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E9%9F%B3" title="中古音">中古音</a>,但其<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="語法">語法</a>承襲了大量<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="高棉語">高棉語</a>的特色,雖然與中文一樣並無時態及動詞變化,亦同為聲調語言,但其詞序恰恰與中文相反置,情況近似<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="泰語">泰語</a>。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I_speak_Vietnamese.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/I_speak_Vietnamese.png/220px-I_speak_Vietnamese.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/I_speak_Vietnamese.png/330px-I_speak_Vietnamese.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/I_speak_Vietnamese.png/440px-I_speak_Vietnamese.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>圖片的越南文寫的是「我說越南語」;第一行是用國語字寫的越南文,第二行是用漢喃混寫的越南文。黑色的字為<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%83%E5%AD%97" title="喃字">喃字</a></figcaption></figure> <p>早期的時候,越南人並沒有為自己的語言發明適合的書寫系統。大約從<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%BC%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="東漢">東漢</a>開始,<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="漢字">漢字</a>(越南人稱之為「<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AD%97" title="儒字">儒字</a>」)開始有系統和大規模的傳入越南。到了<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E6%9C%9D_(%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97)" title="陳朝 (越南)">越南陳朝</a>以後,漢字已經成為越南政府以及民間的主要文字,此時大量的漢字著作開始出現,最著名的就是15世紀編撰的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B6%8A%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="大越史記全書">大越史記全書</a>》。值得注意是,這些以漢字寫成的文章基本上並不按照越南語的文法規則書寫,也不採用越南語的辭彙,而是純粹的用<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="中古漢語">古漢語</a>的文法寫成。故此,這些漢字著作是<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="漢字">漢文</a>著作,而与当时的越南语口语有很大差异。 </p><p>由于越南口语与汉语不同,文言文无法准确纪录越南本民族语言(与古代朝鲜一样,书面使用文言文,但民间的口语是本民族语言),在漢字在越南逐渐傳播开后,一些人開始嘗試以漢字作為基礎,以創造新的文字來紀錄越南本民族语言,這些字就是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E5%96%83" class="mw-redirect" title="字喃">喃字</a>(<span title="越南语國語字"><span lang="vi">Chữ Nôm</span></span>/<span title="漢喃文"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80129570"><span lang="vi-hani"><span class="han-nom">𡦂喃</span></span></span><sup></sup>)。大約在8世紀的時候喃字開始出現,13世紀的時候,越南文人開始用喃字進行文學創作。此間最著名的文學作品莫過於<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE%E6%94%B8" title="阮攸">阮攸</a>(<span lang="vi">Nguyễn Du</span>)19世紀寫成的《<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E9%9B%B2%E7%BF%B9%E5%82%B3" title="金雲翹傳">金雲翹傳</a>》(<span lang="vi">Truyện Kiều</span>)。越南上層社會由於有很濃厚的「尊漢」思想,一直很排斥這種文字,國家教育機關也沒有將它作為正式文字看待,也沒有對它進行整理規範的工作。儘管此間的<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%9C%9D" title="胡朝">胡朝</a>(1400年-1407年)或者是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%B1%B1%E9%98%AE%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="西山阮朝">西山阮朝</a>富春朝廷(1788年-1802年)政權之統治者曾經重視喃字,並且將其提升到國家文書用字的地位。 </p><p>現在的越南語使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母">拉丁字母</a>書寫,叫做<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="越南語字母">國語字</a>(<span lang="vi">Chữ Quốc Ngữ</span>)。它是由17世紀到越南的法國傳教士<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="亞歷山大·羅德">亞歷山大·羅德</a>(法語:<span lang="fr">Alexandre de Rhodes</span>,<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="越南語">越南語</a>:<span lang="vi">A-Lịch-Sơn Đắc-Lộ</span>),1591年-1660年)根據先前傳教士的拼寫原則的基礎上整合而成。在19世紀<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a>佔領越南時期,這種書寫體系流行起來,並於20世紀全面開始使用。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="越南歷史上的語言表記法"><span id=".E8.B6.8A.E5.8D.97.E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2.E4.B8.8A.E7.9A.84.E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80.E8.A1.A8.E8.A8.98.E6.B3.95"></span>越南歷史上的語言表記法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节:越南歷史上的語言表記法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="概要"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E8.A6.81"></span>概要</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节:概要"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>越南<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8" class="mw-disambig" title="古典">古典</a>文書多用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古漢語">古漢語</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%A8%80%E6%96%87" title="文言文">文言文</a>寫成、字典裡的<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="單詞">單詞</a>有70%以上為<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%B6%8A%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢越詞">漢越詞</a>(<span title="越南语國語字"><span lang="vi">từ Hán Việt</span></span>/<span title="漢喃文"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80129570"><span lang="vi-hani"><span class="han-nom">詞漢越</span></span></span><sup></sup>),近代以前多使用漢字以及本民族發明的文字<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%83%E5%AD%97" title="喃字">喃字</a>,正式文書一般由完全使用漢字的文言文作成、普通文書一般使用漢字和喃字混合使用的越南文作成。1919年越南<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%88%89" class="mw-redirect" title="科舉">科舉</a>廢止、1945年<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE%E6%9C%9D" title="阮朝">阮朝</a>滅亡以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="越南民主共和國">越南民主共和國</a>的成立促使漢字和喃字的使用逐漸減少。 </p><p>取而代之的是17世紀<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="基督教會">基督教會</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%95%99%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="傳教士">傳教士</a>發明的、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a>殖民地化政策極力普及的使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁文字">羅馬字</a>表記的「<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="越南語字母">國語字</a>」(<span title="越南语國語字"><span lang="vi">Chữ Quốc Ngữ</span></span>/<span title="漢喃文"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80129570"><span lang="vi-hani"><span class="han-nom">𡦂國語</span></span></span><sup></sup>)。殖民地時期國語字被法國殖民者稱之為的「法國人的禮物」、「『文明化』的象徵」,獨立運動推進以後、民族主義者認為漢字和喃字具有不便性和非效率性,國語字成為了獨立後的越南語的正式表記法,一般越南國民都毫無異議地把國語字作為正式標記法。<sup id="cite_ref-越羅2a_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-越羅2a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="三種文書系統"><span id=".E4.B8.89.E7.A8.AE.E6.96.87.E6.9B.B8.E7.B3.BB.E7.B5.B1"></span>三種文書系統</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节:三種文書系統"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>歷史上,越南共出現過三種文書系統,包括: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%A8%80%E6%96%87" title="文言文">漢文</a>(文言文)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%96%83%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="漢喃文">漢喃文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="國語字">國語字</a>文(越南羅馬字)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="傳統漢字"><span id=".E5.82.B3.E7.B5.B1.E6.BC.A2.E5.AD.97"></span>傳統漢字</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节:傳統漢字"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>漢文</b>(<span title="越南语國語字"><span lang="vi">Hán Văn</span></span>/<span title="漢喃文"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80129570"><span lang="vi-hani"><span class="han-nom">漢文</span></span></span><sup></sup>)是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a>過去官方主要採用的文書系统,貴族、知识分子也多使用汉文写作。汉文(文言文)也是古代<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="東亞">東亞</a>諸國的共通文書系統,朝鮮、日本也同樣被使用。漢語與越南本民族的越南語差異較大,書面與越南口語無法統一。 </p><p>漢字於越南使用約莫趙佗的「<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%B6%8A%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="南越國">南越國</a>」時期。古中國直接治理時期一直延用漢字為書寫系統。即使10世紀越南自立為王,越南朝廷大力推廣「儒學」 與建立「科舉制度」, 使得漢字的傳統在20世紀前未曾改變。越南亦稱漢字為「儒字」, 意指儒家所用的文字。當其時,漢字用於行政、教育(科舉)、學術著述、和古典文學創作。<sup id="cite_ref-越羅2a_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-越羅2a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="本土喃字的出現"><span id=".E6.9C.AC.E5.9C.9F.E5.96.83.E5.AD.97.E7.9A.84.E5.87.BA.E7.8F.BE"></span>本土喃字的出現</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节:本土喃字的出現"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>越南在借用漢字後,發覺漢字無法完整表達越南的日常用語,於是民間慢慢發展出具越南特色的「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%83%E5%AD%97" title="喃字">喃字</a></b>」(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">越南语</a>:<span title="越南语國語字"><span lang="vi">Chữ Nôm</span></span>/<span title="漢喃文"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80129570"><span lang="vi-hani"><span class="han-nom">𡨸喃/𡦂喃/字喃</span></span></span><sup></sup>)。「字喃」是照越南语的構詞順序來寫,若照中文順序則為「<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%83%E5%AD%97" title="喃字">喃字</a>」。所謂的「喃字」是指南方(相對於中國)的文字的意思;因為缺乏標準化,它也可以寫作「<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80129570"><span lang="vi-hani"><span class="han-nom">𡨸喃</span></span>」或「<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80129570"><span lang="vi-hani"><span class="han-nom">𡦂喃</span></span>」等。據推測,喃字大概是從10世紀越南脫離中國的直接統治後,才開始發展出來。早期的喃字主要作為漢字的輔助工具,用在記錄地名、人名及地方特產等。在累積數百年使用的經驗後,在13世紀才有一些字喃的文學作品出現, 而於16至18世紀達到高潮。譬如<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE%E6%94%B8" title="阮攸">阮攸</a>的字喃著作《<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E9%9B%B2%E7%BF%B9%E5%82%B3" title="金雲翹傳">金雲翹傳</a>》等。<sup id="cite_ref-越羅3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-越羅3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>字喃的使用者大致為平民、落魄文人、僧侶、及少數具強烈民族意識的精英。概括來說,喃字主要用在紀錄民間口傳文學、創作純越語文學、翻譯佛經、及替漢字作註解。<sup id="cite_ref-越羅2a_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-越羅2a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>喃字的發展和台灣「<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E4%BB%94%E5%86%8A" title="歌仔冊">歌仔冊</a>」裏<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="台語漢字">台語漢字</a>的發展类似,都是建立在既有的漢字基礎上有所調整。喃字的發展在早期以漢字借音為主,後期則以模仿漢字的「形聲」造字原則來造字。 譬如漢語裡頭的「孩子」在越語裡读做 /kon/;/kon/ 在早期的喃字(譬如在「黎朝」時期)寫做「<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80129570"><span lang="vi-hani"><span class="han-nom">昆</span></span>」(「漢越音」讀作 /kon/),後來(「阮朝」時期)又寫做「<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80129570"><span lang="vi-hani"><span class="han-nom">𡥵</span></span>」,由「子」(表示孩子)及「昆」(表音)來構成。由於喃字沒有得到當權的漢字既得利益者的支持,也沒有經由完整規劃、而是隨個人所好而恣意創造出來的,再加上漢字本身作為文字基礎的缺點, 致使它呈現相當混亂的文字使用現象。這現象就如同广西的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%9D%97%E5%A3%AE%E5%AD%97" title="方块壮字">方块壮字</a>書寫一樣,文字的使用並未達成相當的標準化。 </p><p>雖然喃字很早就在越南出現了,又是越南人自造的「土產」,卻始終沒有辦法取代漢字或與漢字並駕齊驅,<a href="/wiki/%E8%94%A3%E7%82%BA%E6%96%87" title="蔣為文">蔣為文</a>(2005)指出主要有三大原因:<sup id="cite_ref-越羅2a_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-越羅2a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style> </p> <blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>第一,受中國觀念之影響。因為中國視漢字為唯一的正統文字,而越南又把中國奉為宗主國,致使越南各朝代均把漢字奉為圭臬,不敢對之不敬。唯一少數欲推行喃字的例子為<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%AD%A3%E7%8A%9B" title="胡季犛">胡季犛</a>(<span lang="vi">Hồ Quý Ly</span>,1400–1407)及<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E4%B8%AD%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="光中帝">光中帝</a>(<span lang="vi">Quang Trung Hoàng đế</span>,1788–1792)等,然而他們在位期間甚短,致使對喃字的發展影響有限。 </p><p>第二,受科舉制度之束縛。因各朝代均以漢字為正統、並列在科舉考試之內,致使想當官的文人不得不學漢字,背誦儒家經典。當這些人考試入取,功成名就後,就會繼續擁護漢字的正統地位,以維護他們的既得利益。相形之下,那些沒錄取、略懂漢字的文人因生活周遭與勞苦大眾接觸,為了反應實際需要,就傾向於使用喃字。 </p><p> 第三,喃字受先天文字限制。喃字主要是按形聲方式,結合二個漢字(一個表音、一個表意)來造成一個新字。要懂喃字,一般要先會讀漢字。由於喃字的複雜及未標準化,使得喃字在推行上困難重重。</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="羅馬字的興起"><span id=".E7.BE.85.E9.A6.AC.E5.AD.97.E7.9A.84.E8.88.88.E8.B5.B7"></span>羅馬字的興起</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节:羅馬字的興起"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>到17世紀,紀錄「<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="語音">音素</a>」(phoneme)的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬字">羅馬字</a>出现,并最终成为今日越南语书写文字。羅馬字在17世纪已出現,到20世紀逐步完全取代漢字的地位。羅馬字在越南的發展可以分做四個階段: </p> <ol><li>17世紀初到19世紀中期的教會使用期;</li> <li>19世紀後半期的法國殖民者推廣使用期;</li> <li>20世紀前半期的越南民族主義者推動使用期;</li> <li>1945年以後的正統地位時期。<sup id="cite_ref-越羅2a_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-越羅2a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>16世紀末、17世紀初的時候,歐洲傳教士逐漸到越南來傳教。傳教士們為了容易學好越語並與當地越南人溝通,於是利用歐洲人熟悉的羅馬字,來替越南語設計一套新的書寫系統。和多數的文字發展歷史一樣,越南羅馬字的發展並不是由一人於一天之內發明出來的,而是在一段不短的時間內、由一群人共同累積經驗而「約定俗成」起來的。在經歷各傳教士的努力下,第一本越南羅馬字的詞典《<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E8%91%A1%E6%8B%89%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8" title="越葡拉詞典">越葡拉詞典</a>》 於1651年由法籍傳教士<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="亞歷山大·羅德">亞歷山大·羅德</a>出版。亞歷山大·羅德的羅馬字拼字系統在歷經不同時期的稍微修改後,成為當今越南人普遍使用的「國語字」。 </p><p>在19世紀後半段之前,越南羅馬字主要只在<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="教会">教會</a>之中流傳。隨著法國殖民者的到來,羅馬字才逐漸提升地位與普遍被使用。譬如,法國殖民者將羅馬字列入學校課程, 而且於1865年在越南南部由當時的官方發行第一份羅馬字報紙 “Gia Định báo”(<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%A0%B1" title="嘉定報">嘉定報</a>);越南羅馬字也從這時起叫做 “Chữ Quốc ngữ”(國語字)。 </p><p>雖然在法國殖民者的推動下,越南羅馬字在19世紀後期日渐流行,然而它的推行成效仍然相當有限。羅馬字的推行要在20世紀初,透過越南本土的民族主義者的鼓吹後才有顯著的進展。原因是:在反對法國殖民主義的氣氛下,使用外來的羅馬字被視為是趨附外來殖民政權的行為。然而當越南民族主義者感受到羅馬字簡單、好學,是教育民眾的好工具時,他們已把羅馬字本土化當成對抗外來統治的利器。 </p><p>鼓吹羅馬字的民族主義運動的代表性團體首推「<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E7%BE%A9%E5%A1%BE" title="東京義塾">東京義塾</a>」的成員。「東京義塾」的成員主要是一些留學日本的越南知識份子。他們於1907年在「河內」設立「東京義塾」學校,用來傳授西方思想與科學新知等。他們認為要達成啟發民智的目的,非得透過越南羅馬字不可。所以他們的第一要務就是要普及羅馬字;透過羅馬字來教育民眾、讓大眾有知識,以對抗法國殖民統治。「東京義塾」雖然成立只有短短一年,旋即被法國殖民者強制關閉,然而他們的主張在知識份子中卻廣受認同與支持。 </p><p>之後,「推廣羅馬字」逐漸成為越南民族主義者中的普遍主張與推動要點,並興起一股興學、辦羅馬字報的風潮。據估計,至1930年,全越南共有75種羅馬字報紙。羅馬字在1945年<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%BF%97%E6%98%8E" title="胡志明">胡志明</a>宣布越南獨立並成立<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="越南民主共和國">越南民主共和國</a>後,進一步提升為國家唯一正式書寫文字。隨即於9月8日又公佈政府全面推行羅馬字教育。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="譜系分類"><span id=".E8.AD.9C.E7.B3.BB.E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>譜系分類</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节:譜系分類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>越南語的語系歸屬尚未確定。現在被廣泛接受的觀點是屬<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="南亞語系">南亞語系</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F-%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="孟-高棉語族">孟-高棉語族</a>,如<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E5%AF%86%E7%89%B9" class="mw-disambig" title="施密特">施密特</a>根據越南語與<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="孟語">孟語</a>跟<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="高棉語">高棉語</a>有大量同源的基本詞彙,且語法結構基本相同來判定,部份中國學者從越南語的底層入手,發現越南語和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A4%E6%97%8F" title="佤族">佤族</a>語言同源來判定等。另一些語言學者則認為越南語是一種<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="孤立語言">孤立語言</a>。 </p><p>20世紀語言學界的另一種觀點是認為越南語屬於<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="漢藏語系">漢藏語系</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%AF%E4%BE%97%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="壯侗語系">壯侗語系</a>,如<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BC%AF%E6%A8%82" class="mw-disambig" title="馬伯樂">馬伯樂</a>根據越南語音節有固定<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" title="聲調">聲調</a>,單音節詞佔大多數,以及詞序和虛詞是表達語法意義的主要手段來判定。這種觀點現在已不再流行,不過<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="圖書館學">圖書館學</a>常用的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E6%B3%95" title="中国图书馆分类法">中國圖書館分類法</a>仍把越南語相關書籍編入漢藏語系相關書籍之下<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>总的来说,越南语同南亚语或者侗台语的关系比较密切,同源的基本词汇较多。与同属<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%88" class="mw-redirect" title="汉字文化圈">汉字文化圈</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="日语">日语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鲜语">朝鲜语</a>一样,越南语借用的古汉语亦主要为高级词汇,常用于文化语、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A6%E9%9D%A2%E8%AF%AD" title="书面语">书面语</a>或较正式的场合,而在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%AF%AD" title="口语">口语</a>中的使用频率则相对较低。 </p><p>越南語與<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%92%E8%AA%9E" title="芒語">芒語</a>的親屬關係最為接近。主流學者普遍將越南語歸入<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="南亞語系">南亞語系</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F-%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="孟-高棉語族">孟-高棉語族</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A-%E8%8A%92%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="越-芒語支">越-芒語支</a>;按人口來算,越南語是南亞語系中使用人數最多的一門語言。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="方言"><span id=".E6.96.B9.E8.A8.80"></span>方言</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节:方言"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="越南語方言">越南語方言</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="越南語方言">越南語方言</a>種類比較簡單,大致分做3類。三者間的差異主要在音韻和詞彙上,文法上的差異非常小。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="音韻"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E9.9F.BB"></span>音韻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节:音韻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="越南語音系">越南語音系</a></div> <p>越南語和漢語類似,構詞絕大多數以單音節(或稱字)為單位。和多數漢語言以及壯泰語言一樣,越南語的音節可由聲母、介音、韻腹、韻尾、聲調五部份構成。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="語法"><span id=".E8.AA.9E.E6.B3.95"></span>語法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节:語法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="越南語語法">越南語語法</a></div> <p>越南語是<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E8%AF%AD" title="分析语">分析語</a>,動詞沒有型態變化,<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞">名詞</a>既沒有文法上的<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="性 (语法)">性別</a>跟<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="数 (语法)">數</a>的形式,也沒有文法上<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="格 (语法)">格</a>的變化,<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E8%AF%8D" title="形容词">形容詞</a>也不需要跟被修飾的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞">名詞</a>保持文法上的性、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="数 (语法)">數</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="格 (语法)">格</a>上的一致。文句內的詞通過<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%8F" title="語序">詞序</a>來表達文法作用,所以詞序對越南語非常的重要,更改了詞的排序也就更改了句子的意思。這跟漢語一樣。越南語的文句結構是:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%AA%9E" title="主語">主語</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%82%E8%AA%9E" title="謂語">謂語</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E8%AA%9E" title="賓語">賓語</a>(<a href="/wiki/SVO" class="mw-redirect" title="SVO">SVO</a>)。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="词汇"><span id=".E8.AF.8D.E6.B1.87"></span>词汇</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节:词汇"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ph%E1%BB%9F.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ph%E1%BB%9F.png/98px-Ph%E1%BB%9F.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ph%E1%BB%9F.png/147px-Ph%E1%BB%9F.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ph%E1%BB%9F.png/196px-Ph%E1%BB%9F.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>表示“米线汤”的古喃字,国语字为“phở”。左“米”为形旁,右“颇”为声旁</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="汉语"><span id=".E6.B1.89.E8.AF.AD"></span>汉语</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节:汉语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>越南语虽然属于南亚语系,但与汉语的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E6%8E%A5%E8%A7%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="语言接触">语言接触</a>强烈地影响了越南语,使其从越南语中分化出来。例如,越南语词汇quản lý来自汉语“管理”。英语和法语之外,日语借词也成了最近被关注的对象。 </p><p>现代越南语失去了大量<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="原始南亞語">原始南亚语</a>音系、形态特征。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>汉语的影响对应数次<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E5%B1%AC%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="越南北屬時期">越南北属时期</a>。早期,语言学家们认为这意味着越南语中的汉语词只分两层,即中国统治下的,和越南独立之后吸收的,统称为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%B6%8A%E8%AF%8D" title="汉越词">汉越词</a>。 </p><p>但据John Phan,“安南中古汉语”到公元1世纪就已经分布在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E6%B2%B3" title="红河">红河</a>河谷,其词汇与共存的原始越芒语发生了显著融合。他识别出汉越词三个主要层次:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>早期<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%B6%8A%E8%AF%8D" title="汉越词">汉越词</a>:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89" title="东汉">东汉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%99%8B" title="东晋">东晋</a>;中期汉越词:<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐朝</a>;晚期汉越词:<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明朝</a>及以后。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="法语"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E8.AF.AD"></span>法语</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节:法语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1777年至<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%85%A7%E7%93%A6%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0_(1954%E5%B9%B4)" title="日內瓦會議 (1954年)">日内瓦会议 (1954年)</a>的法国统治时期使得东南亚大陆区域(老挝、柬埔寨、越南)受到强烈的法语影响。越南语中“Cà phê”借自法语café(咖啡)。“酸奶”为“sữa chua”,仿译自法语(yaourt>da ua-/j/a ua)。Phô mai表示奶酪,也来自法语fromage。nốt(或nốt nhạc)“<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6" title="音符">音符</a>”借自法语note de musique。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="英语"><span id=".E8.8B.B1.E8.AF.AD"></span>英语</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节:英语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一些英语单词也被借用到越南语中,例如“TV”被借用为“tivi”或者直接用TV,但其正式名称仍然是 truyền hình。一些其他的借用是摹借(calque),例如“software”被翻译为“phần mềm”(字面意思是“软的部分”)。一些科学术语,例如“biological cell”(生物细胞)是借自汉语,例如单词 tế bào 就是汉字“細胞”,而一些其他的科学名词,例如“acetylcholine”(乙酰胆碱),则保持不变。像“peptide”(肽)这样的单词,可能被写作 peptit。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="日语"><span id=".E6.97.A5.E8.AF.AD"></span>日语</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节:日语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>越南语中的日语借词最近才被学界注意到,Nguyen & Le(2020)识别出3个层次的日语借词,第三层由研究日语的越南人使用,前两层是主要的借词层。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>第一层包含表示西方学术概念的和制汉语词,至19世纪末左右它们广泛进入了亚洲其他语言。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这第一层也被称作日源汉越词。例如,越南语“俱乐部”câu lạc bộ借自汉语“俱乐部”,汉语又借自日语“倶楽部/クラブ/kurabu”,原本音译自英语club。 </p><p>第二层借词则是在1940-1945的短暂日据时期产生的。然而,实际上日本文化在1980年代后对越南的影响深远得多,这一层借词不同于上述日源汉越词,是直接从日语借来的与日本文化有关的词,如kimono(着物“和服”)、sumo(相扑)、samurai(士/“武士”)、bonsai(盆栽)等,以有调整的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%87%E5%BC%8F%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%97" title="平文式罗马字">平文式罗马字</a>表示。这些借词即所谓“新日语借词”。有大量新日语借词实际上也来自汉语,有时同一个概念既有日源汉越词形式(第一层)也有新日语借词形式(第二层)。例如,“柔道”既可以是judo也可以是nhu đạo。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="纯越南语词汇"><span id=".E7.BA.AF.E8.B6.8A.E5.8D.97.E8.AF.AD.E8.AF.8D.E6.B1.87"></span>纯越南语词汇</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节:纯越南语词汇"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>muôn thuở(万课)“永远”是完全的越南语本土词汇合成词。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="俚语"><span id=".E4.BF.9A.E8.AF.AD"></span>俚语</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节:俚语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>越南语<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9A%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="俚语">俚语</a>(<span title="越南语國語字"><span lang="vi">Tiếng Lóng</span></span>/<span title="漢喃文"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80129570"><span lang="vi-hani"><span class="han-nom">㗂弄</span></span></span><sup></sup>)随时间变化。越南语俚语包含纯越南语词汇及借自<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="官话">官话</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="印欧语系">印欧语系</a>的词汇。<sup id="cite_ref-:02_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>报纸中调查的数据显示,源自官话的越南语俚语很低,约为4.6%。<sup id="cite_ref-:02_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>来自印欧语的俚语占约12%,在日常生活中更加常用。<sup id="cite_ref-:02_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这些借词可能以<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%86%99" class="mw-redirect" title="转写">转写</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E8%AF%9D" title="地方话">地方话</a>的形式借入。<sup id="cite_ref-:02_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 例如: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>词 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="国际音标">国际音标</a> </th> <th>描述 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ex </td> <td>/ɛk̚/、/ejk̚/ </td> <td>地方话俚语,借自英语,意为“前任情人”,发音常同于<span title="越南语國語字"><span lang="vi">ếch</span></span>/<span title="漢喃文"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80129570"><span lang="vi-hani"><span class="han-nom">螠</span></span></span><sup></sup>“青蛙”。<sup id="cite_ref-:02_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sô </td> <td><big>/ʂoː/</big> </td> <td>转写俚语,借自英语show,意为“展示;开演”,常与chạy“跑”组合为chạy sô,日常生活中意为“必须在短时间内做许多事”。<sup id="cite_ref-:02_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>随着互联网社区的兴起,新的俚语经<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94" title="社群媒體">社群媒体</a>的传播形成。年轻人间更常用这些更现代的俚语。大都是纯越南语词汇,几乎所有词都是<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E9%9F%B3%E8%AF%8D" title="同音词">同音词</a>或某种<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F" title="文字游戏">文字游戏</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>词 </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>描述 </th></tr> <tr> <td>vãi </td> <td>/vǎːj/ </td> <td>“娓”,越南语最著名的俚语之一。取决于语境可以是动词或名词,名词形式指女性宝塔游客,动词形式指使某物溢出。今日一般用于增强形容词或动词,例如ngon vãi(“真好吃”)、sợ vãi(“真吓人”)。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>trẻ trâu </td> <td>/ʈɛ̌ːʈəw/ </td> <td>“稚㺏”,名词,本指“小水牛”。常用于指行为像小孩的人。<sup id="cite_ref-:22_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>gấu </td> <td><big>/ɣə̆́w/</big> </td> <td>名词,本指“熊”。常用于指爱人。<sup id="cite_ref-:12_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>gà </td> <td><big>/ɣàː/</big> </td> <td>“鵸”,名词,本指“鸡”。常用于指某人缺乏完成任务或竞争的能力。<sup id="cite_ref-:22_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>cá sấu </td> <td><big>/káːʂə́w/</big> </td> <td>“个丑”,名词,意为“鳄鱼”。常用于指某人丑。<sup id="cite_ref-:12_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>thả thính </td> <td>/tʰǎːtʰí<big>ŋ̟/</big> </td> <td>“且听”,动词,描述将熟<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E9%BA%B8" title="麦麸">麦麸</a>作鱼饵钓鱼的行为。现在也描述做引起别人注意的动作。<sup id="cite_ref-:12_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nha(及其他变体) </td> <td>/ɲaː/ </td> <td>其他变体:nhé、nghe、nhỉ、nhá,可用在句末,表示确认。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dzô </td> <td>/zoː/,/jow/ </td> <td>vô“在...里”的增强形式,实际上越南语不用的字母z可用于增强俚语短句的语气。<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="略語"><span id=".E7.95.A5.E8.AA.9E"></span>略語</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节:略語"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>越南语采用越南国语字书写后,也有截取各音节首字母來代表部分词汇,例如: </p> <ul><li><span lang="vi">ĐTDĐ</span> - Điện Thoại Di Động(移动電話)</li> <li><span lang="vi">ĐC</span> - Địa Chỉ(住所)</li> <li><span lang="vi">CTy</span> - Công Ty(公司、企业)</li> <li><span lang="vi">CSGT</span> - Cảnh Sát Giao Thông(交通警察)</li> <li><span lang="vi">UBND</span> - (<span title="越南语國語字"><span lang="vi">Ủy ban Nhân dân</span></span>/<span title="漢喃文"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80129570"><span lang="vi-hani"><span class="han-nom">委班人民</span></span></span><sup></sup>)<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="人民委员会 (越南)" data-lang-code="vi" data-lang-name="越南语" data-foreign-title="Ủy ban nhân dân"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83_(%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97)" title="人民委員會 (越南)">人民委员会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">越南语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%A6y_ban_nh%C3%A2n_d%C3%A2n" class="extiw" title="vi:Ủy ban nhân dân"><span lang="vi" dir="auto">Ủy ban nhân dân</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span lang="vi">THCS</span> - Trung Học Cơ Sở(初级中学)</li> <li><span lang="vi">BVĐK</span> - Bệnh viện Đa khoa (综合医院)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="越南語認證"><span id=".E8.B6.8A.E5.8D.97.E8.AA.9E.E8.AA.8D.E8.AD.89"></span>越南語認證</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节:越南語認證"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="越南語認證(页面不存在)">越南語認證</a></div> <p>目前台灣辦理越南語認證的單位主要為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="國立成功大學">國立成功大學</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cvs.twl.ncku.edu.tw/">越南研究中心</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220719141123/https://cvs.twl.ncku.edu.tw/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>),該中心辦理的越南語認證稱為「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cvs.twl.ncku.edu.tw/ivpt/">國際越南語認證</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220617080524/https://cvs.twl.ncku.edu.tw/ivpt/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)」(iVPT)。國際越南語認證為台灣自行研發,國際認可的單位,目前已獲越南、日本、美國、澳洲及台灣許多學術機構均採認。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="越南語國語字"><span id=".E8.B6.8A.E5.8D.97.E8.AA.9E.E5.9C.8B.E8.AA.9E.E5.AD.97"></span>越南語國語字</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节:越南語國語字"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="越南語字母">越南語字母</a></div> <p>1527年,<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99" title="葡萄牙">葡萄牙</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教">天主教</a>傳教士來到<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a>,他們創製了用於<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E5%AF%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="轉寫">轉寫</a>紀錄越南語的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬字">羅馬字</a>,這種文字最初只是用在教學及傳教上。後來,來自<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a>跟<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利">義大利</a>的傳教士也開始用羅馬字紀錄越南語,但是不同國家的傳教士有不同的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="拼音">拼音</a>規則,而修改整合的工作也同時進行着。 </p><p>17世紀,法籍傳教士<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="亞歷山大·羅德">亞歷山大·羅德</a>用他自己創製的越南<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬字">羅馬字</a>出版了《<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E8%91%A1%E6%8B%89%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8" title="越葡拉詞典">越葡拉詞典</a>》(<span lang="vi">Từ điển Việt-Bồ-La</span>,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80129570"><span lang="vi-hani"><span class="han-nom">字典越葡拉</span></span>),這標誌着越南語羅馬字記音系統修改整合的階段性成功以及越南國語字的誕生。 </p><p>目前越南語字母使用除 <span lang="la"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a>(f)、<a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a>(j)、<a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a>(w)、<a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a>(z)</span>之外的22個<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母">拉丁字母</a>以及 <span lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/%C4%82" title="Ă">Ă</a>(ă)、<a href="/wiki/%C3%82" title="Â">Â</a>(â)、<a href="/wiki/%C4%90" title="Đ">Đ</a>(đ)、<a href="/wiki/%C3%8A" title="Ê">Ê</a>(ê)、<a href="/wiki/%C3%94" title="Ô">Ô</a>(ô)、<a href="/wiki/%C6%A0" title="Ơ">Ơ</a>(ơ)、<a href="/wiki/%C6%AF" title="Ư">Ư</a>(ư)</span>7個變音字母。<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="元音">元音</a>字母通過上加或下添符號來表達聲調種類,國語字用了5個符號表達6個聲調(有一個聲調沒用符號):(以a為例)<span lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/%C3%80" title="À">à</a>、<a href="/wiki/%C3%81" title="Á">á</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ả">ả</a>、<a href="/wiki/%C3%83" title="Ã">ã</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ạ">ạ</a></span>。在書寫的時候,按照音節隔寫,外來語雙音節的詞彙或音譯詞用短橫連接每個音節,比如:<span lang="vi">Ra-đi-ô</span>(<span lang="en">radio</span>)。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L-2360-a_0008_1_t24-C-R0072.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/L-2360-a_0008_1_t24-C-R0072.jpg/220px-L-2360-a_0008_1_t24-C-R0072.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/L-2360-a_0008_1_t24-C-R0072.jpg/330px-L-2360-a_0008_1_t24-C-R0072.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/L-2360-a_0008_1_t24-C-R0072.jpg 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>越葡拉詞典內頁</figcaption></figure> <p>現代國語字的複合字母中,仍可見得傳教士母語文字的殘跡: </p> <ul><li><span lang="vi">ph、nh</span> 來自<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" title="葡萄牙語">葡萄牙語</a></li> <li><span lang="vi">gi、gh</span> 來自<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利語">意大利語</a></li> <li><span lang="vi">tr</span> 來自<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="法語">法語</a></li></ul> <p>近年,由於越南修改放寬了聲調符號的標註規則(主要涉及介音上標註聲調符號的規則),而海外越僑並沒有接受修改後的新規則,所以今天越南越南語跟海外越南語在聲調符號的標註上產生了差異,但是這些差異絲毫不影響到閱讀理解,而且人們一般也不容易察覺。比如:「<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>」今天在越南的拼寫是 <span lang="vi">văn h<b>oá</b></span>,而越僑的標註方式(也是修訂規則以前的標註方式)是 <span lang="vi">văn h<b>óa</b></span>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="字母表"><span id=".E5.AD.97.E6.AF.8D.E8.A1.A8"></span>字母表</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节:字母表"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="margin:0.2em auto;padding:0;border:1px solid #ced8df;clear:both;width:36em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="30" style="background:#efefef;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">越南语</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="越南语字母">国语字</a> </th></tr> <tr lang="vi"> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%82" title="Ă">Ă</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%82" title="Ă">ă</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%82" title="Â">Â</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%82" title="Â">â</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90" title="Đ">Đ</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90" title="Đ">đ</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8A" title="Ê">Ê</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8A" title="Ê">ê</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a> </td></tr> <tr lang="vi"> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%94" title="Ô">Ô</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%94" title="Ô">ô</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%C6%A0" title="Ơ">Ơ</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C6%A0" title="Ơ">ơ</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%C6%AF" title="Ư">Ư</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C6%AF" title="Ư">ư</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节:參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-count:2; column-width:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%AC%E8%AA%9E" title="中國京語">中國京语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="越南語音系">越南語音系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="越南語字母">越南語字母</a>(國語字)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%B6%8A%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢越詞">漢越詞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%B6%8A%E8%AA%9E" title="古漢越語">古漢越語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%83%E5%AD%97" title="喃字">喃字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AD%97" title="儒字">儒字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VISCII" class="mw-redirect" title="VISCII">VISCII</a>越南語字符集</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIQR" title="VIQR">VIQR</a>越南語輸入法</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="越南法语(页面不存在)">越南法语</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节:注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">字面义即“<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E6%97%8F" title="京族">京族</a>使用的语言”。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节:参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asean.org/asean/asean-member-states">Languages of ASEAN</a>. <span 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title="陈至立">陈至立</a>.<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9E%E6%B5%B7" title="辞海">辞海</a>. 7版网络版.上海:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%BE%9E%E4%B9%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="上海辞书出版社">上海辞书出版社</a>, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ferlus1992-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ferlus1992_5-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ferlus1992_5-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ferlus1992_5-2"><sup><b>4.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ferlus1992_5-3"><sup><b>4.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite id="CITEREFFerlus1992" class="citation">Ferlus, Michael, Histoire abrégée de l'évolution des consonnes initiales du Vietnamien et du Sino-Vietnamien, Mon–Khmer Studies, 1992, <b>20</b>: 111–125</cite><span 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Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, 2009, <b>1</b>: 95–109 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-02-16</span>]</span>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jseals.org/JSEALS-1.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2018-11-13)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=A+layer+of+Dongsonian+vocabulary+in+Vietnamese&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Ferlus&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Southeast+Asian+Linguistics+Society&rft.pages=95-109&rft.volume=1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jseals.org%2FJSEALS-1.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thompson1976-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thompson1976_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite id="CITEREFThompson" class="citation">Thompson, Laurence C., Proto-Viet–Muong Phonology, Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications, Austroasiatic Studies Part II (University of Hawai'i Press): 1113–1203, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/20019198"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 20019198</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Proto-Viet%E2%80%93Muong+Phonology&rft.aufirst=Laurence+C.&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics+Special+Publications&rft.pages=1113-1203&rft.volume=13&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20019198&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-越羅2a-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-越羅2a_8-0"><sup><b>7.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-越羅2a_8-1"><sup><b>7.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-越羅2a_8-2"><sup><b>7.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-越羅2a_8-3"><sup><b>7.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-越羅2a_8-4"><sup><b>7.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebook.de-han.org/ggk/index.htm">越南「去殖民化」與「去中國化」的語言政策</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140224005628/http://ebook.de-han.org/ggk/index.htm">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>),收錄於蔣為文2005《語言、認同與去殖民》台南:國立成功大學。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-越羅3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-越羅3_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebook.de-han.org/bbi/index.htm">越南文學發展史 kap 伊對台灣文學 ê 啟示</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140224005121/http://ebook.de-han.org/bbi/index.htm">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>),收錄於蔣為文2011《民族、母語kap音素文字》台南:國立成功大學。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808085442/http://www.lib.sjtu.edu.cn/chinese/virtual_reference_desk/clc_h4.htm">中图法简表</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2006-01-07</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.sjtu.edu.cn/chinese/virtual_reference_desk/clc_h4.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2007-08-08).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BE%E6%B3%95%E7%AE%80%E8%A1%A8&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.sjtu.edu.cn%2Fchinese%2Fvirtual_reference_desk%2Fclc_h4.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">LaPolla, Randy J. <span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>Language Contact and Language Change in the History of the Sinitic Languages.<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2010, <b>2</b> (5): 6858–6868. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1877-0428"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 1877-0428</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2010.05.036"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.05.036</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=%22Language+Contact+and+Language+Change+in+the+History+of+the+Sinitic+Languages.%22&rft.aufirst=Randy+J.&rft.aulast=LaPolla&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1877-0428&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Procedia+-+Social+and+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.pages=6858-6868&rft.volume=2&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2010.05.036&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Phan, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/33867">Lacquered Words: The Evolution Of Vietnamese Under Sinitic Influences From The 1St Century Bce Through The 17Th Century Ce</a>. 2013-01-28 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-01-18</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617074509/https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/33867">存档</a>于2022-06-17) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到美国英语网页">(美国英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Lacquered+Words%3A+The+Evolution+Of+Vietnamese+Under+Sinitic+Influences+From+The+1St+Century+Bce+Through+The+17Th+Century+Ce&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Phan&rft.date=2013-01-28&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecommons.cornell.edu%2Fhandle%2F1813%2F33867&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Phan, John D. & de Sousa, Hilário. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hilario.bambooradical.com/downloadables/Phan-de-Sousa-2016-03-11-Rutgers-Southwester-Middle-Chinese.pptx.pdf">(Paper presented at the International workshop on the history of Colloquial Chinese – written and spoken, Rutgers University, New Brunswick NJ, 11–12 March 2016.)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 2016. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617074511/https://hilario.bambooradical.com/downloadables/Phan-de-Sousa-2016-03-11-Rutgers-Southwester-Middle-Chinese.pptx.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2022-06-17).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&rft.au=Phan%2C+John+D.+%26+de+Sousa%2C+Hil%C3%A1rio&rft.btitle=%28Paper+presented+at+the+International+workshop+on+the+history+of+Colloquial+Chinese+%E2%80%93+written+and+spoken%2C+Rutgers+University%2C+New+Brunswick+NJ%2C+11%E2%80%9312+March+2016.%29&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhilario.bambooradical.com%2Fdownloadables%2FPhan-de-Sousa-2016-03-11-Rutgers-Southwester-Middle-Chinese.pptx.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Phan, John. <span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>Re-Imagining 'Annam': A New Analysis of Sino–Viet–Muong Linguistic Contact<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>. Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies. 2010, <b>4</b>: 3–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=%22Re-Imagining+%27Annam%27%3A+A+New+Analysis+of+Sino%E2%80%93Viet%E2%80%93Muong+Linguistic+Contact%22&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Phan&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Southern+Diaspora+Studies&rft.pages=3-24&rft.volume=4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><b>14.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><b>14.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nguyen & Le. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/bitstream/10108/94521/1/AALL014010.pdf">Japanese Loanwords Adopted into the Vietnamese Language</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Asian and African Languages and Linguistics. 2020, <b>14</b>: 21 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-01-18</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515113551/http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/bitstream/10108/94521/1/AALL014010.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2021-05-15).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Japanese+Loanwords+Adopted+into+the+Vietnamese+Language&rft.au=Nguyen+%26+Le&rft.date=2020&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+and+African+Languages+and+Linguistics&rft.pages=21&rft.volume=14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.tufs.ac.jp%2Fbitstream%2F10108%2F94521%2F1%2FAALL014010.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Chung. Some returned loans, Japanese loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin. Language Change in East Asia. 2001: 161–179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Some+returned+loans%2C+Japanese+loanwords+in+Taiwan+Mandarin&rft.au=Chung&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Change+in+East+Asia&rft.pages=161-179&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_17-0"><sup><b>16.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_17-1"><sup><b>16.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_17-2"><sup><b>16.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_17-3"><sup><b>16.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_17-4"><sup><b>16.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_17-5"><sup><b>16.5</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://khoavanhoc-ngonngu.edu.vn/en/uncategorised/4251-ting-long-tren-cac-phng-tin-truyn-thong-hin-nay.html">Tiếng lóng trên các phương tiện truyền thông hiện nay</a>. khoavanhoc-ngonngu.edu.vn. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-01-18</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617064216/http://khoavanhoc-ngonngu.edu.vn/en/uncategorised/4251-ting-long-tren-cac-phng-tin-truyn-thong-hin-nay.html">存档</a>于2022-06-17).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Ti%E1%BA%BFng+l%C3%B3ng+tr%C3%AAn+c%C3%A1c+ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng+ti%E1%BB%87n+truy%E1%BB%81n+th%C3%B4ng+hi%E1%BB%87n+nay&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=khoavanhoc-ngonngu.edu.vn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkhoavanhoc-ngonngu.edu.vn%2Fen%2Funcategorised%2F4251-ting-long-tren-cac-phng-tin-truyn-thong-hin-nay.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tbtvn.org/vai-la-gi-tai-sao-cac-ban-tre-lai-hay-su-dung-tu-nay/">Vãi là gì? Tại sao các bạn trẻ lại hay sử dụng từ này?</a>. tbtvn.org. 2020-07-18 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-01-18</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617064218/https://tbtvn.org/vai-la-gi-tai-sao-cac-ban-tre-lai-hay-su-dung-tu-nay/">存档</a>于2022-06-17).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=V%C3%A3i+l%C3%A0+g%C3%AC%3F+T%E1%BA%A1i+sao+c%C3%A1c+b%E1%BA%A1n+tr%E1%BA%BB+l%E1%BA%A1i+hay+s%E1%BB%AD+d%E1%BB%A5ng+t%E1%BB%AB+n%C3%A0y%3F&rft.date=2020-07-18&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tbtvn.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftbtvn.org%2Fvai-la-gi-tai-sao-cac-ban-tre-lai-hay-su-dung-tu-nay%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_19-0"><sup><b>18.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_19-1"><sup><b>18.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vnexpress.net/10-tu-long-thuong-dung-cua-gioi-tre-ngay-nay-3425491-p2.html">10 từ lóng thường dùng của giới trẻ ngày nay</a>. vnexpress.net. 2016-06-25 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-01-18</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617072633/https://vnexpress.net/10-tu-long-thuong-dung-cua-gioi-tre-ngay-nay-3425491-p2.html">存档</a>于2022-06-17).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=10+t%E1%BB%AB+l%C3%B3ng+th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+d%C3%B9ng+c%E1%BB%A7a+gi%E1%BB%9Bi+tr%E1%BA%BB+ng%C3%A0y+nay&rft.date=2016-06-25&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vnexpress.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvnexpress.net%2F10-tu-long-thuong-dung-cua-gioi-tre-ngay-nay-3425491-p2.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_20-0"><sup><b>19.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_20-1"><sup><b>19.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_20-2"><sup><b>19.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vnexpress.net/10-tu-long-thuong-dung-cua-gioi-tre-ngay-nay-3425491.html">10 từ lóng thường dùng của giới trẻ ngày nay</a>. vnexpress.net. 2016-06-25 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-01-18</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617072629/https://vnexpress.net/10-tu-long-thuong-dung-cua-gioi-tre-ngay-nay-3425491.html">存档</a>于2022-06-17).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=10+t%E1%BB%AB+l%C3%B3ng+th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+d%C3%B9ng+c%E1%BB%A7a+gi%E1%BB%9Bi+tr%E1%BA%BB+ng%C3%A0y+nay&rft.date=2016-06-25&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vnexpress.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvnexpress.net%2F10-tu-long-thuong-dung-cua-gioi-tre-ngay-nay-3425491.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hinative.com/en-US/questions/5240316">What is the difference between "nhé" and "nha, nghe, nhà, nhỉ" ? "nhé" vs "nha, nghe, nhà, nhỉ" ?</a>. hinative.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-03-14</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617072614/https://hinative.com/en-US/questions/5240316">存档</a>于2022-06-17) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=What+is+the+difference+between+%22nh%C3%A9%22+and+%22nha%2C+nghe%2C+nh%C3%A0%2C+nh%E1%BB%89%22+%3F+%22nh%C3%A9%22+vs+%22nha%2C+nghe%2C+nh%C3%A0%2C+nh%E1%BB%89%22+%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hinative.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhinative.com%2Fen-US%2Fquestions%2F5240316&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vietnamnet.vn/xahoi/201005/Va-mo-hoi-giai-ma-tieng-long-tuoi-teen-911455/index.htm?mode=mobile">Vã mồ hôi "giải mã" tiếng lóng tuổi teen - Xã hội - VietNamNet</a>. vietnamnet.vn. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-04-06</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814221623/https://vietnamnet.vn/xahoi/201005/Va-mo-hoi-giai-ma-tieng-long-tuoi-teen-911455/index.htm?mode=mobile">存档</a>于2021-08-14).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=V%C3%A3+m%E1%BB%93+h%C3%B4i+%22gi%E1%BA%A3i+m%C3%A3%22+ti%E1%BA%BFng+l%C3%B3ng+tu%E1%BB%95i+teen+-+X%C3%A3+h%E1%BB%99i+-+VietNamNet&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vietnamnet.vn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvietnamnet.vn%2Fxahoi%2F201005%2FVa-mo-hoi-giai-ma-tieng-long-tuoi-teen-911455%2Findex.htm%3Fmode%3Dmobile&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸閱讀"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.96.B1.E8.AE.80"></span>延伸閱讀</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节:延伸閱讀"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>蔣為文 2006 《牽手學台語、越南語》台南:國立成功大學。<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/957-8845-98-7" title="Special:网络书源/957-8845-98-7">957-8845-98-7</a></li> <li>蔣為文 2013 《越南七桃lóng毋驚:越‧台‧中三語手比冊》台南:亞細亞國際傳播社。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-986-85418-7-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-986-85418-7-0">978-986-85418-7-0</a>。</li> <li>蔣為文 2013 《校園進階越南語》台南:成大越南研究中心&亞細亞國際傳播社。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-986-85418-6-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-986-85418-6-3">978-986-85418-6-3</a>。</li> <li>蔣為文 2017 《越南魂:語言、文字與反霸權》台南:成大越南研究中心&亞細亞國際傳播社。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789869447904" title="Special:网络书源/9789869447904">9789869447904</a>。</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节:外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">维基百科提供如下语言版本:<b><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="vi:"> Vietnamese 維基百科</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a>有此种语言版本:<b><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/vi:" class="extiw" title="s:vi:">越南语维基文库</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">關於一系列與越南语有關的詞語,參見<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="維基詞典">維基詞典</a>上<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:越南語"><b>越南語</b>的詞語目錄</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%8E%E9%81%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="維基導遊">維基導遊</a>上的相關旅行指南:<b><a href="https://zh.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD%E4%BC%9A%E8%AF%9D%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C" class="extiw" title="voy:越南语会话手册">越南语会话手册</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源:<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vietnamese_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vietnamese language"><span style="font-weight:bold;">越南语</span></a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soccer-cjkv.com/hn/wi"><span lang="vi">韋那威箕(Vi na Uy ki)</span></a> - 漢喃字版百科全書</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061005041011/http://www27.brinkster.com/hanosoft/default.asp">線上漢越字典</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314021943/http://dcs.lacviet.com.vn/webmtd/webmtd.aspx">在线越英、英越、越法、法越、越汉、汉越字典</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vdict.com">VDict</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20191019063436/http://vdict.com/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>): Vietnamese online dictionaries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150415112431/http://vietdic.www.dantri.com.vn/">VietDic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nomfoundation.org/">喃遺產保存會</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20050829091312/http://nomfoundation.org/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvs.twl.ncku.edu.tw/">國立成功大學越南研究中心</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140226065555/http://cvs.twl.ncku.edu.tw/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebook.de-han.org/khan/online2/index.html">《牽手學台語‧越南語——台語kap越南語發音入門》台南:亞細亞國際傳播社。(網路免費版)</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170530091516/http://ebook.de-han.org/khan/online2/index.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebook.de-han.org/mkiann/online/index.html">《越南七桃lóng毋驚:越‧台‧中三語手比冊》台南:亞細亞國際傳播社。(網路免費版)</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170307041554/http://ebook.de-han.org/mkiann/online/index.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mail.tku.edu.tw/cfshih/ln/paper04.htm">蔣為文:〈越南「去殖民化」與「去中國化」的語言政策〉</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20050205212029/http://mail.tku.edu.tw/cfshih/ln/paper04.htm">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.de-han.org/vietnam/chuliau/lunsoat/poj_cqn/index.html">蔣為文:〈台灣白話字hām越南羅馬字ê文字方案比較〉</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20071029043108/http://www.de-han.org/vietnam/chuliau/lunsoat/poj_cqn/index.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013093753/http://www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~duc/Dict/index.html">Từ điển tiếng Việt, The Free Vietnamese Dictionary Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150419122853/http://nomfoundation.org/nom-tools/Nom-Lookup-Tool">Nôm Lookup Tool</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvs.twl.ncku.edu.tw/ivpt">國際越南語認證(iVPT)</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170530094051/http://cvs.twl.ncku.edu.tw/ivpt">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://language.nutc.edu.tw/files/14-1033-38394,r156-1.php">2016年第2期越南語能力檢定測驗</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160915065909/http://language.nutc.edu.tw/files/14-1033-38394,r156-1.php">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:南亚语系(页面不存在)"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:南亚语系"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="南亚语系" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="南亚语系">南亚语系</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="巴拿語支">巴拿語支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">北部</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="叶语">叶语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%9C%97%E8%AF%AD" title="哈朗语">哈朗语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E5%BA%B8%E8%AF%AD" title="歌庸语">歌庸语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E4%B9%94%E8%AF%AD" title="卡乔语">卡乔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%A2%E5%8F%A4%E8%AF%AD" title="谢古语">谢古语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E4%BE%AC%E8%AF%AD" title="莫侬语">莫侬语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="祖查语">祖查语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%95%B6%E8%AA%9E" title="色當語">色當語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%95%96%E8%AF%AD" title="卢敖语">卢敖语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E8%80%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="赫耶语">赫耶语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="端语">端语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E9%A1%BB%E8%AF%AD" title="歌须语">歌须语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">西部</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="拉维语">拉维语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E7%9B%A7%E8%AA%9E" title="吉盧語">吉盧語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%87%E8%AF%AD" title="拉文语">拉文语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%AF%AD_(%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB)" title="苏语 (南亚语系)">苏语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="朱克语">朱克语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E8%AF%AD" title="洪语">洪语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%BD%98%E8%AF%AD" title="萨潘语">萨潘语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E4%BE%9D%E8%AF%AD_(%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB)" title="奥依语 (南亚语系)">奥依语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%8A%B3%E8%AF%AD" title="布劳语">布劳语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">中部</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="阿拉克语">阿拉克语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%85%E8%AA%9E" title="堅語">堅語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E6%99%AE%E6%B8%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="坦普温语">坦普温语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E8%AF%AD" title="巴拿语">巴拿语</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="北部" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">北部</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%AE%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="遮罗语">遮罗语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E8%B4%BA%E8%AF%AD" title="格贺语">格贺语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="斯丁语">斯丁语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%BF%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉翁语">拉翁语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E4%BE%AC%E8%AF%AD" title="墨侬语">墨侬语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%8B%92-%E5%8D%A1%E7%BF%81%E8%AF%AD" title="梅勒-卡翁语">梅勒-卡翁语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E8%92%99%E8%AF%AD" title="特蒙语">特蒙语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">东部</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E8%AF%AD_(%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB)" title="戈语 (南亚语系)">戈语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E9%83%BD%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="戈都语支">戈都语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E9%83%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="戈都语">戈都语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="方语">方语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E8%AF%AD" title="布鲁语">布鲁语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E8%AF%AD" title="归语">归语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%88%88%E8%AF%AD" title="帕戈语">帕戈语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E6%B8%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="达渥语">达渥语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="越語支">越語支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">越芒语支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">越南语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80_(%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD)" class="mw-redirect" title="北部方言 (越南语)">北部</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="清化方言" data-lang-code="vi" data-lang-name="越南语" data-foreign-title="Phương ngữ Thanh Hóa"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E5%8C%96%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="清化方言(页面不存在)">清化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">越南语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ng%E1%BB%AF_Thanh_H%C3%B3a" class="extiw" title="vi:Phương ngữ Thanh Hóa"><span lang="vi" dir="auto">Phương ngữ Thanh Hóa</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="化方言" data-lang-code="vi" data-lang-name="越南语" data-foreign-title="Phương ngữ Huế"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="化方言(页面不存在)">順化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">越南语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ng%E1%BB%AF_Hu%E1%BA%BF" class="extiw" title="vi:Phương ngữ Huế"><span lang="vi" dir="auto">Phương ngữ Huế</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="南部方言 (越南语)" data-lang-code="vi" data-lang-name="越南语" data-foreign-title="Phương ngữ Nam Bộ (tiếng Việt)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80_(%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南部方言 (越南语)(页面不存在)">南部</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">越南语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ng%E1%BB%AF_Nam_B%E1%BB%99_(ti%E1%BA%BFng_Vi%E1%BB%87t)" class="extiw" title="vi:Phương ngữ Nam Bộ (tiếng Việt)"><span lang="vi" dir="auto">Phương ngữ Nam Bộ (tiếng Việt)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%AC%E8%AA%9E" title="中國京語">广西防城</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国越南语" data-lang-code="vi" data-lang-name="越南语" data-foreign-title="Tiếng Việt tại Hoa Kỳ"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国越南语(页面不存在)">美国</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">越南语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Vi%E1%BB%87t_t%E1%BA%A1i_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" class="extiw" title="vi:Tiếng Việt tại Hoa Kỳ"><span lang="vi" dir="auto">Tiếng Việt tại Hoa Kỳ</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%92%E8%AA%9E" title="芒語">芒語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%90%E8%AF%AD" title="源语">源语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">土语</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%AF%AD_(%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97)" title="土语 (越南)">土语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">哲语支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%96%E6%96%87%E8%AF%AD" title="他文语">他文语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E8%AA%9E" title="哲語">哲語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A5%9E%E8%AF%AD" title="阿楞语">阿楞语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E6%A5%9E%E8%AF%AD" title="麻楞语">麻楞语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD_(%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB)" title="克里语 (南亚语系)">克里语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%9C%A8%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="克木语支">克木语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%9C%A8%E8%AF%AD" title="克木语">克木语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%86%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="姆拉布里语">姆拉布里语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BE%E8%AF%AD" title="派语">派语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%8B%92%E8%AF%AD" title="马勒语">马勒语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A3%E9%97%A8%E8%AF%AD" title="欣门语">欣门语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E9%83%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="俄都语">俄都语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%B9%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="克年语">克年语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E8%AF%AD" title="抗语">考语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A4%E5%BE%B7%E6%98%82%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="佤德昂语支">佤德昂语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E8%84%91%E8%AF%AD" title="达脑语">达脑语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%98%82%E8%AF%AD" title="德昂语">德昂语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%98%82%E8%AF%AD" title="日昂语">日昂语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%A2%A8%E8%AF%AD" title="拉墨语">拉墨语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="焦尔语">焦尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BD%E8%AF%9D" title="宽话">宽话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E9%9B%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="蒙雷语">蒙雷语</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B7%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="户语支">户语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="户语">户语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="乌语">乌语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%94%91%E8%AF%AD" title="克蔑语">克蔑语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="莫克语">莫克语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="木阿克语">木阿克语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="瓦语">瓦语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A4%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="佤语支">佤语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97%E8%AF%AD" title="布朗语">布朗语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%A8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉威语">拉威语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A4%E8%AA%9E" title="佤語">佤語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E4%BA%91%E8%AF%AD" title="蒙云语">蒙云语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%80%80%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="萨怀克语">萨怀克语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%85%B4%E2%80%94%E6%8A%97%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="布兴—抗语支">布兴—抗语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%85%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="布兴语">布兴语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E6%9E%97%E8%AF%AD" title="广林语">广林语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E8%AF%AD" title="抗语">抗语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%8A%92%E8%AF%AD" title="布芒语">布芒语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">祖语</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BD%A4%E5%BE%B7%E6%98%82%E8%AF%AD" title="原始佤德昂语">原始佤德昂语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%A5%BF%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="卡西语支">卡西语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%A5%BF%E8%AF%AD" title="卡西语">卡西语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%A6%E9%82%A3%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="浦那尔语">浦那尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="瓦尔语">瓦尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%94%98%E8%AF%AD" title="林甘语">林甘语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%BD%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="莽语支">莽语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="莽语">莽语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%90%89%E8%AF%AD" title="巴琉语">巴琉语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%B5%93%E8%AF%AD" title="布赓语">布赓语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E8%AF%AD" title="高棉语">高棉语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">古代语言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E8%AF%AD" title="原始高棉语">原始高棉语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E8%AF%AD" title="古高棉语">古高棉语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E8%AF%AD" title="中古高棉语">中古高棉语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">现代语言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E8%AF%AD#方言" title="高棉语">中部高棉语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E8%AF%AD" title="北部高棉语">北部高棉语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A8%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E8%AF%AD" title="西部高棉语">西部高棉语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="南部高棉语">南部高棉语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E4%B8%81%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E8%AF%AD" title="上丁高棉语">上丁高棉语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="比尔语支">比尔语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="比尔语">比尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="绥语">绥语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%A5%A5%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%AD" title="萨奥基语">萨奥基语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B2%E8%AF%AD" title="仲语">西部仲语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B2%E8%AF%AD" title="仲语">中部仲语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B2%E8%AF%AD" title="仲语">北部仲语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="孟语支">孟语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E8%AF%AD" title="孟语">孟语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E5%9B%BA%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="涅固尔语">涅固尔语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="亚斯里语支">亚斯里语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="原始亚斯里语">原始亚斯里语</a></i>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E6%B5%B7%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="嘉海語支">嘉海語支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BB%E7%BF%81%E8%AF%AD" title="彻翁语">彻翁语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="巴特克语">巴特克语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E6%B5%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="嘉海語">嘉海語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="杰德克语">杰德克语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="明里克语">明里克语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E8%92%82%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="明蒂尔语">明蒂尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="金塔克语">金塔克语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E4%BC%91%E8%AF%AD" title="肯休语">肯休语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BB%E5%9F%83%E4%B8%B9%E8%AA%9E" title="登埃丹語">登埃丹語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="威拉语">威拉语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%88%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="塞迈语支">塞迈语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%88%E8%AF%AD" title="塞迈语">塞迈语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="特米亚尔语">特米亚尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%BA%E8%AF%AD" title="拉诺语">拉诺语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%AE%BE%E8%AF%AD" title="萨宾语">萨宾语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%A7%86%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="塞姆南语">塞姆南语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%A2%85%E8%8E%B1%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="塞梅莱语支">塞梅莱语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E8%8E%AB%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="特莫克语">特莫克语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%A2%85%E8%8E%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="塞梅莱语">塞梅莱语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%8E%AB%E5%85%8B%E8%B4%9D%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="塞莫克贝里语">塞莫克贝里语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%B5%AB%E6%A2%85%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="马赫梅里语">马赫梅里语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">未分类</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BA%B3%E5%8D%9A%E4%BC%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="克纳博伊语">克那博依语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E8%83%A1%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="贾胡特语">贾胡特语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%B7%B4%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="尼科巴语支">尼科巴语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%B7%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="卡尔尼科巴语">卡尔尼科巴语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="焦拉语">焦拉语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E9%9B%B7%E6%B2%99%E8%AF%AD" title="特雷沙语">特雷沙语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%B7%B4%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="中尼科巴语支">中尼科巴语支</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%A0%E8%80%83%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="楠考里语">楠考里语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E8%8E%AB%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%AD" title="格莫尔达语">格莫尔达语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%BD%BB%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="卡彻尔语">卡彻尔语</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%B7%B4%E8%AA%9E" title="南尼科巴語">南尼科巴語</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E5%BD%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="尚彭語">绍姆班语</a>?</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="蒙达语族">蒙达语族</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">北蒙达语支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E5%BA%93%E8%AF%AD" title="科尔库语">科尔库语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E7%93%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="科尔瓦语">科尔瓦语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="桑塔利语">桑塔利语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="图里语">图里语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%B0%94%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="比尔霍尔语">比尔霍尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E8%BE%BE%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="蒙达里语">蒙达里语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E8%AF%AD" title="霍语">霍语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%AD" title="科达语">科达语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="科尔语">科尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%8B%8F%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="阿苏尔语">阿苏尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%BE%E8%AF%AD" title="比尔贾语">比尔贾语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="阿加利亚语">阿加利亚语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">南蒙达语支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="卡利亚语">卡利亚语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%98%82%E8%AF%AD" title="朱昂语">朱昂语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%A1%94%E8%AF%AD" title="格塔语">格塔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E8%8E%AB%E8%AF%AD" title="雷莫语">雷莫语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%89%98%E5%B8%83%E8%AF%AD" title="古托布语">古托布语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E9%B2%81%E5%A7%86%E8%AF%AD" title="戈鲁姆语">戈鲁姆语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="索拉语">索拉语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E8%8E%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="朱莱语">朱莱语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="罗地语">罗地语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">祖语</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%92%99%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%AD" title="原始蒙达语">原始蒙达语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E8%AA%9E" title="祖語">祖語</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="原始南亞語">原始南亚语</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=&#124;class=notpageimage_越南语言" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="Template:越南语言"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:越南语言(页面不存在)"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:越南语言"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=&#124;class=notpageimage_越南语言" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/22px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/33px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/44px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a><a class="mw-selflink selflink">语言</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">官方语言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">越南语</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80_(%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD)" class="mw-redirect" title="北部方言 (越南语)">北部</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="清化方言" data-lang-code="vi" data-lang-name="越南语" data-foreign-title="Phương ngữ Thanh Hóa"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E5%8C%96%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="清化方言(页面不存在)">清化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">越南语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ng%E1%BB%AF_Thanh_H%C3%B3a" class="extiw" title="vi:Phương ngữ Thanh Hóa"><span lang="vi" dir="auto">Phương ngữ Thanh Hóa</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80_(%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中部方言 (越南语)(页面不存在)">中部</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="南部方言 (越南语)" data-lang-code="vi" data-lang-name="越南语" data-foreign-title="Phương ngữ Nam Bộ (tiếng Việt)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80_(%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南部方言 (越南语)(页面不存在)">南部</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">越南语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ng%E1%BB%AF_Nam_B%E1%BB%99_(ti%E1%BA%BFng_Vi%E1%BB%87t)" class="extiw" title="vi:Phương ngữ Nam Bộ (tiếng Việt)"><span lang="vi" dir="auto">Phương ngữ Nam Bộ (tiếng Việt)</span></a></span>)</span></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">本地语言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="南亚语系">南亚语系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="巴拿語支">巴拿語支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%AE%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="遮罗语">遮罗语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E8%AF%AD" title="巴拿语">巴拿语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E8%AF%AD_(%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB)" title="戈语 (南亚语系)">戈语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="端语">端语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%9C%97%E8%AF%AD" title="哈朗语">哈朗语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E8%80%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="赫耶语">赫耶语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="叶语">叶语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E9%A1%BB%E8%AF%AD" title="歌须语">歌须语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E5%BA%B8%E8%AF%AD" title="歌庸语">歌庸语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E8%B4%BA%E8%AF%AD" title="格贺语">格贺语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E8%B4%BA%E8%AF%AD" title="格贺语">麻语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E4%BE%AC%E8%AF%AD" title="莫侬语">莫侬语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%95%96%E8%AF%AD" title="卢敖语">卢敖语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%95%B6%E8%AA%9E" title="色當語">色當語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="斯丁语">斯丁语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%A2%E5%8F%A4%E8%AF%AD" title="谢古语">谢古语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%85%E8%AA%9E" title="堅語">堅語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="祖查语">祖查语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E9%83%BD%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="戈都语支">戈都语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E8%AF%AD" title="布鲁语">布鲁语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E9%83%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="戈都语">戈都语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%88%88%E8%AF%AD" title="帕戈语">帕戈语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E6%B8%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="达渥语">达渥语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E8%8A%92%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="越芒語支">越芒語支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A5%9E%E8%AF%AD" title="阿楞语">阿楞语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E8%AA%9E" title="哲語">哲語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%AF%AD_(%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97)" title="土语 (越南)">土语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E6%A5%9E%E8%AF%AD" title="麻楞语">麻楞语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD_(%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB)" title="克里语 (南亚语系)">克里语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%92%E8%AA%9E" title="芒語">芒語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%90%E8%AF%AD" title="源语">源语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E8%AF%AD" title="高棉语">高棉语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="莽语">莽语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E6%9E%97%E8%AF%AD" title="广林语">广林语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E8%AF%AD" title="抗语">抗语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B3%B6%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="南島語系">南島語系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E8%AA%9E" title="占語">占語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E9%B2%81%E8%AF%AD" title="朱鲁语">朱鲁语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E8%8E%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="嘉莱语">嘉莱语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="埃地语">埃地语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E8%8E%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="拉格莱语">拉格莱语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E7%91%B6%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="苗瑶语系">苗瑶语系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E8%AF%AD%E5%B7%9D%E9%BB%94%E6%BB%87%E6%AC%A1%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="苗语川黔滇次方言">赫蒙语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%89%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="勉方言">优勉语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%AD" title="麻标语">麻标语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E8%8B%97%E8%AF%AD" title="那苗语">那苗语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="巴哼语">巴哼语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%97%8F%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="汉藏语系">汉藏语系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%A4%E8%AF%AD" title="粤语">粤语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A6%E5%BB%89%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="钦廉片">钦廉片</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%92%E8%A1%97%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1" title="芒街白話">芒街白話</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%B1%E8%A9%B1" title="山由話">山由話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="广府片">广府片</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E7%99%BD%E8%AF%9D" title="越南白话">越南白话</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%9D" title="客家话">客家话</a>(<a href="/wiki/%F0%A0%8A%8E%E8%A9%B1" title="𠊎話">𠊎话</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="潮州话">潮州话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%89%E6%BC%B3%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="泉漳話">泉漳话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="西南官话">西南官话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="阿卡语">阿卡语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="哈尼语">哈尼语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%BD%99%E8%AF%AD" title="拉余语">拉余语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E8%80%86%E8%AF%AD" title="模耆语">红倮倮语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%AE%E4%BE%97%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="壮侗语系">壯侗语系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%AC%84%E8%AA%9E" title="高欄語">高栏语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="恩語">𣗼語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A1%E4%BD%AC%E8%AF%AD" title="仡佬语">仡佬语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉基语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lachi language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E8%AA%9E" title="拉基語">拉基语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachi_language" class="extiw" title="en:Lachi language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lachi language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉哈语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Laha language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%93%88%E8%AA%9E" title="拉哈語">拉哈语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laha_language" class="extiw" title="en:Laha language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Laha language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%82%E8%AA%9E" title="儂語">儂語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%AD" title="普标语">普标语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%88%AC%E8%AA%9E" title="沙爬語">沙爬語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A3%E4%BA%AE%E8%AF%AD" title="傣亮语">傣亮语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A3%E6%8B%85%E8%AF%AD" title="傣担语">傣担语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A3%E7%AB%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="傣端语">傣端语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E5%BD%A4%E5%82%A3%E8%AA%9E" title="行彤傣語">行彤傣語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A3%E4%BB%82%E8%AA%9E" title="傣仂語">傣仂語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%B1%E4%BE%9D%E8%AF%AD" title="岱依语">岱依语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%B0%E5%82%A3%E8%AA%9E" title="德地傣語">德地傣語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9C%E8%80%81%E8%AA%9E" title="卜老語">卜老語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主要外语</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="越南法语(页面不存在)">法语</a> <ul><li><s><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%99%AA%E8%AF%AD" title="西陪语">西陪语</a></s></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="越式英语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vietlish"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%BC%8F%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="越式英语(页面不存在)">越式英语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietlish" class="extiw" title="en:Vietlish"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vietlish</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">汉语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="现代标准汉语">标准汉语</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="越南手语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vietnamese sign languages"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%89%8B%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="越南手语(页面不存在)">越南手语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_sign_languages" class="extiw" title="en:Vietnamese sign languages"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vietnamese sign languages</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="河内手语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hanoi Sign Language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E5%86%85%E6%89%8B%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="河内手语(页面不存在)">河内手语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi_Sign_Language" class="extiw" title="en:Hanoi Sign Language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hanoi Sign Language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海防手语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Haiphong Sign Language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E9%98%B2%E6%89%8B%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海防手语(页面不存在)">海防手语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiphong_Sign_Language" class="extiw" title="en:Haiphong Sign Language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Haiphong Sign Language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="胡志明市手语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%A1%E5%BF%97%E6%98%8E%E5%B8%82%E6%89%8B%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胡志明市手语(页面不存在)">胡志明市手语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Sign_Language" class="extiw" title="en:Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=&#124;class=notpageimage_柬埔寨语言(英语:-&#123;Languages_of_Cambodia&#125;-)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="Template:柬埔寨语言"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:柬埔寨语言(页面不存在)"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:柬埔寨语言"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=&#124;class=notpageimage_柬埔寨语言(英语:-&#123;Languages_of_Cambodia&#125;-)" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8" title="柬埔寨">柬埔寨</a><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="柬埔寨语言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Languages of Cambodia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柬埔寨语言(页面不存在)">语言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Cambodia" class="extiw" title="en:Languages of Cambodia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Languages of Cambodia</span></a></span>)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">官方語言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E8%AF%AD" title="高棉语">高棉语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">本地語言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="南亚语系">南亚语系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%8A%B3%E8%AF%AD" title="布劳语">布劳语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B2%E8%AF%AD" title="仲语">中部仲语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E4%B9%94%E8%AF%AD" title="卡乔语">卡乔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E8%AF%AD" title="归语">归语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E4%BE%AC%E8%AF%AD" title="墨侬语">墨侬语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="比尔语">比尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B2%E8%AF%AD" title="仲语">西部仲语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%A5%A5%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%AD" title="萨奥基语">萨奥基语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B2%E8%AF%AD" title="仲语">北部仲语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="斯丁语">斯丁语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="绥语">绥语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E6%99%AE%E6%B8%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="坦普温语">坦普温语</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">越南语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E8%AA%9E" title="占語">占語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E8%8E%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="嘉莱语">嘉莱语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E8%AF%AD" title="老挝语">老挝语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%98%E8%AA%9E" title="潘語">潘语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="泰语">泰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">漢语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主要外語</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="柬埔寨法语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="French language in Cambodia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柬埔寨法语(页面不存在)">法语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language_in_Cambodia" class="extiw" title="en:French language in Cambodia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">French language in Cambodia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=&#124;class=notpageimage_-&#123;zh-cn:老挝;zh-hk:老撾;zh-my:寮国;zh-sg:寮国;zh-tw:寮國;&#125;-语言" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="Template:老挝语言"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:老挝语言(页面不存在)"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:老挝语言"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=&#124;class=notpageimage_-&#123;zh-cn:老挝;zh-hk:老撾;zh-my:寮国;zh-sg:寮国;zh-tw:寮國;&#125;-语言" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/22px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/33px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/44px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D" title="老挝">老挝</a>语言</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">官方語言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E8%AF%AD" title="老挝语">老挝语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">本地語言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="南亚语系" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="南亚语系">南亚语系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴拿语支" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bahnaric languages"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="巴拿語支">巴拿语支</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahnaric_languages" class="extiw" title="en:Bahnaric languages"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bahnaric languages</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="阿拉克语">阿拉克语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="端语">端语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%9C%97%E8%AF%AD" title="哈朗语">哈朗语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="叶语">叶语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E7%9B%A7%E8%AA%9E" title="吉盧語">吉盧語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="朱克语">朱克语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%87%E8%AF%AD" title="拉文语">拉文语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="拉维语">拉维语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E8%AF%AD" title="洪语">洪语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E4%BE%9D%E8%AF%AD_(%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB)" title="奥依语 (南亚语系)">奥依语 (南亚语系)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%BD%98%E8%AF%AD" title="萨潘语">萨潘语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%95%B6%E8%AA%9E" title="色當語">色當語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%AF%AD_(%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB)" title="苏语 (南亚语系)">苏语 (南亚语系)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E9%83%BD%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="戈都语支">戈都语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E8%AF%AD" title="布鲁语">布鲁语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%8A%B3%E8%AF%AD" title="布劳语">布劳语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E9%83%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="戈都语">戈都语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E8%AF%AD" title="归语">归语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E6%B8%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="达渥语">达渥语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%9C%A8%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="克木语支">克木语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%9C%A8%E8%AF%AD" title="克木语">克木语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%86%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="姆拉布里语">姆拉布里语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%B9%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="克年语">克年语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A4%E5%BE%B7%E6%98%82%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="佤德昂语支">佤德昂语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%85%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="布兴语">布兴语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="焦尔语">焦尔语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉密特语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lamet language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E5%AF%86%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉密特语(页面不存在)">拉密特语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamet_language" class="extiw" title="en:Lamet language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lamet language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="越語支">越語支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A5%9E%E8%AF%AD" title="阿楞语">阿楞语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E8%AA%9E" title="哲語">哲語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%AF%AD_(%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97)" title="土语 (越南)">土语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E6%A5%9E%E8%AF%AD" title="麻楞语">麻楞语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%90%E8%AF%AD" title="源语">源语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%96%E6%96%87%E8%AF%AD" title="他文语">他文语</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">越南语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E7%91%B6%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="苗瑶语系">苗瑶语系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E8%AF%AD%E5%B7%9D%E9%BB%94%E6%BB%87%E6%AC%A1%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="苗语川黔滇次方言">赫蒙语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%89%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="勉方言">优勉语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%97%8F%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="汉藏语系">汉藏语系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="阿克语">阿克语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="阿卡语">阿卡语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E5%A1%98%E8%AF%AD" title="班塘语">班塘语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%96%E5%9D%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="尖坦语">尖坦语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E9%9C%8D%E8%AF%AD" title="焦霍语">焦霍语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%90%93%E6%A2%AD%E8%AF%AD" title="搓梭语">搓梭语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="哈尼语">哈尼语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%86%85%E8%AF%AD" title="普内语">普内语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%A7%E7%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="碧约语">碧约语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B4%E8%90%A8%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="兴萨里语">兴萨里语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%AF%E4%BE%97%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="壯侗語族">壯侗語族</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A3%E8%89%AE%E8%AF%AD" title="傣艮语">傣艮语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E6%B3%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="北部泰语">北部泰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%98%E8%AA%9E" title="潘語">潘语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="石語">石語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A3%E4%BA%AE%E8%AF%AD" title="傣亮语">傣亮语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A3%E6%8B%85%E8%AF%AD" title="傣担语">傣担语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A3%E4%BB%82%E8%AA%9E" title="傣仂語">傣仂語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A7%E4%BE%9D%E8%AF%AD" title="尧依语">尧依语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主要外語</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="老挝法语">法语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">手語</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="老挝手语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Laotian sign languages"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E6%89%8B%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="老挝手语(页面不存在)">老挝手语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laotian_sign_languages" class="extiw" title="en:Laotian sign languages"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Laotian sign languages</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="中国语言" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="Template:中國語言"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="Template talk:中國語言"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:中國語言"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="中国语言" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="中国语言">中国语言</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%97%8F%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="汉藏语系">汉藏语系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="汉语族">汉白语族</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">漢語支</a><br /><span class="nowrap">(<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="汉语方言">汉语方言</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E" title="通用語">通用語</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%9B%BD%E9%9F%B3" title="老国音">老国音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="現代標準漢語">現代標準漢語</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="新國音">新國音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="中華民國國語">國語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%AF%9D" title="普通话">普通话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="臺灣國語">臺灣國語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%A6%AC%E8%8F%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="新馬華語">新馬華語</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="官话">官话</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="北京官话">北京官话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="东北官话">东北官话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8E%9F%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="中原官话">中原官话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%80%E9%B2%81%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="冀鲁官话">冀鲁官话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B6%E8%BE%BD%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="胶辽官话">胶辽官话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E9%93%B6%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="兰银官话">兰银官话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="西南官话">西南官话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%B7%AE%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="江淮官话">江淮官话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E8%AF%9D" title="天津话">天津話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%B7%E6%B1%9F%E8%AF%9D" title="岷江话">岷江话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A3%E6%A6%86%E8%AF%9D" title="赣榆话">赣榆话</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="晋语">晋语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="吴语">吴语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="徽语">徽语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%98%E8%AF%AD" title="湘语">湘语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E" title="贛語">贛語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%9D" title="客家话">客家话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%A4%E8%AF%AD" title="粤语">粤语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="闽语">闽语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E6%9D%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="閩東語">閩東語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%86%E4%BB%99%E8%AA%9E" title="莆仙語">莆仙語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%BD%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="闽南语">闽南语</a></li> <li><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B3%E5%92%B1%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纳咱语(页面不存在)">纳咱语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%83%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="拉烏語">拉烏語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%80%E5%B3%A8%E8%AF%AD" title="崀峨语">崀峨语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%8F%A4%E8%AF%AD" title="塔古语">塔古语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E7%94%B0%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水田語(页面不存在)">水田語</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%BC%E4%BD%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="泼佩语">泼佩语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E8%8B%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="纳若语">纳若語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B3%E5%84%92%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纳儒語(页面不存在)">纳儒語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="支里語(页面不存在)">支里語</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%9D" title="跨恩斯话">跨恩斯话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E7%8E%9B%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%9D" title="跨玛斯话">跨玛斯话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E5%85%B9%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%9D" title="莱兹斯话">莱兹斯话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E9%80%8B%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%9D" title="子逋斯话">子逋斯话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%81%E5%86%85%E5%98%8E%E8%AF%9D" title="锁内嘎话">锁内嘎话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%9B%E6%9F%94%E8%AF%9D" title="俄毛柔话">俄毛柔话</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%98%BF%E4%B9%8C%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北阿乌語(页面不存在)">北阿乌語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8C%E4%B9%8C%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="里乌語(页面不存在)">里乌語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塔尔语(页面不存在)">塔尔语</a></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid red; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AD%E5%BE%97%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="六得語(页面不存在)">六得語</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid red; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%96%E5%BF%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="他志语(页面不存在)">他志语</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="哈尼语支">哈尼语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>哈尼-阿卡方言 <ul><li>哈尼语群 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="哈尼语">哈尼语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%AF%E7%BE%8E%E8%AF%AD" title="糯美语">糯美语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%AF%E6%AF%94%E8%AF%AD" title="糯比语">糯比语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%8A%E7%B1%B3%E8%AF%AD" title="腊米语">腊米语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E7%BC%85%E8%AF%AD" title="罗缅语">罗缅语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%82%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="昂罗语">昂罗语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%AD%E5%90%88%E8%AF%AD" title="郭合语">郭合语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E4%BD%9C%E8%AF%AD" title="果作语">果作语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%B4%BB%E8%AF%AD" title="格活语">格活语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%95%E8%BD%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="奕车语">奕车语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9F%E5%BC%9F%E8%AF%AD" title="期弟语">期弟语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%88%AB%E8%AF%AD" title="卡别语">卡别语</a></li></ul></li> <li>雅尼语群 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="阿卡语">阿卡语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E7%9A%AE%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="切皮亚语">切皮亚语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E5%90%9E%E8%AF%AD" title="木吞语">木吞语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%AD" title="木达语">木达语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8C%9B%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="猛語(页面不存在)">猛語</a></li></ul></li> <li>豪白语群 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%AA%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="豪尼语">豪尼语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%9D%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="窝尼语">窝尼语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%AE%8F%E8%AF%AD" title="白宏语">白宏语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%AD%94%E8%AF%AD" title="布孔语">布孔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%83%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="布都语">布都语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%AD%E6%AF%94%E8%AF%AD" title="梭比语">梭比语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="多尼语">多尼语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%A1%94%E8%AF%AD" title="多塔语">多塔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A2%AD%E8%AF%AD" title="阿梭语">阿梭语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%9C%A8%E8%AF%AD" title="阿木语">阿母语</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>碧卡方言 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%A7%E7%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="碧约语">碧约语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E8%AF%AD" title="西摩洛语">峨努语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A4%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="卡多语">卡多语</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD%E7%BE%A4" title="西拉语群">西拉语群</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%90%93%E6%A2%AD%E8%AF%AD" title="搓梭语">搓梭语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E9%82%A3%E8%AF%AD" title="帕那语">帕那语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="阿克语">阿克语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%BE%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="勾克语">勾克语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="西拉语">西拉语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="基尔语">基尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%9C%AD%E8%AF%AD" title="帕札语">帕札语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E5%A5%87%E8%AF%AD" title="木奇语">木奇语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B2%81%E7%8E%9B%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鲁玛语(页面不存在)">鲁玛语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="普拉语">帕拉语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西达语(页面不存在)">西达语</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E8%AF%AD%E7%BE%A4" title="毕苏语群">毕苏语群</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E8%AF%AD%E7%BB%84" class="mw-redirect" title="毕苏语组">毕苏语组</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E8%AF%AD" title="毕苏语">毕苏语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B7%AE%E5%B8%95%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="淮帕语(页面不存在)">淮帕语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%BE%E8%80%83%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="达考语(页面不存在)">达考语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E8%AF%AD" title="毕苏语">老缅语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%93%81%E8%AF%AD" title="老品语">老品语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%87%E8%AF%AD_(%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E8%AF%AD%E7%BE%A4)" title="片语 (毕苏语群)">片语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%BD%98%E8%AF%AD" title="老潘语">老潘语</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E8%AF%AD%E7%BE%A4" title="毕苏语群">兴萨里语组</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%86%85%E8%AF%AD" title="普内语">普内语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B4%E8%90%A8%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="兴萨里语">兴萨里语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%96%E5%9D%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="尖坦语">尖坦语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E7%9B%9B%E8%AF%AD" title="老盛语">老盛语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%93%AC%E5%BA%93%E8%AF%AD" title="蓬库语">蓬库语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%93%AC%E5%A1%9E%E8%AF%AD" title="蓬塞语">蓬塞语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E5%B0%A7%E8%AF%AD" title="彭尧语">彭尧语</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E8%8B%8F%E8%AF%AD%E7%BE%A4" title="毕苏语群">贡语组</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A1%E8%AF%AD_(%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97)" title="贡语 (越南)">贡语</a> <ul><li>金贡语</li> <li>银贡语</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E5%AD%94%E8%AF%AD" title="桑孔语">桑孔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E5%AD%94%E8%AF%AD" title="楚孔语">楚孔语</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E9%9C%8D%E8%AF%AD" title="焦霍语">焦霍语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E5%A1%98%E8%AF%AD" title="班塘语">班塘语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E6%92%92%E8%AF%AD" title="孔撒语">孔撒语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%A4%87%E8%AF%AD" title="哈备语">哈备语</a></li></ul></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid grey; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%86%E6%AF%95%E8%AF%AD" title="姆毕语">姆毕语</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E8%AB%BE%E8%AA%9E" title="基諾語">基諾語</a> <ul><li>攸乐基諾語</li> <li>补远基諾語</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他彝语支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid red; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E8%BE%BE%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三达語(页面不存在)">三达語</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid red; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%BE%E5%A4%B4%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="达头语(页面不存在)">达头语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid red; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%AC%A1%E5%98%8E%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿次嘎语(页面不存在)">阿次嘎语</a></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%8E%E4%BE%9D%E9%A2%87%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="扎依颇语(页面不存在)">扎依颇语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%AD%90%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="曼子语支">曼子语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%8E%E8%8B%8F%E8%AF%9D" title="嘎苏话">嘎苏话</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%8F%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="透语(页面不存在)">透语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%AD%90%E8%AF%AD" title="曼子语">曼子语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E8%80%86%E8%AF%AD" title="模耆语">模耆语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%AB%E6%9C%9F%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莫期语(页面不存在)">莫期语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AB%E6%98%82%E8%AF%AD" title="末昂语">末昂语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%B0%E6%B6%A1%E8%AF%AD_(%E9%BA%BB%E5%B3%A8)" title="估涡语 (麻峨)">估涡语 (麻峨)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%B0%E6%B6%A1%E8%AF%AD_(%E9%BA%BB%E9%98%BF)" title="估涡语 (麻阿)">估涡语 (麻阿)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%99%97%E8%AF%AD" title="孟噗语">孟噗语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%A0%87%E5%BD%9D%E8%AF%AD" title="普标彝语">普标彝语</a>(麻榭)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%8F%B5%E4%BF%96%E8%AF%AD" title="䏵俖语">䏵俖语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%9B%E9%83%A8%E8%AF%AD" title="矛部语">矛部语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%9C%AC%E8%AF%AD" title="老本语">老本语</a>(莫当)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="緬語支">緬語支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%BD%E7%93%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="载瓦语">载瓦语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%98%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="阿昌语">阿昌语</a> <ul><li>陇川话</li> <li>梁河话</li> <li>潞西话</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AA%E9%80%9F%E8%AF%AD" title="浪速语">浪速语</a> <ul><li>干诺话</li> <li>塔咯话</li> <li>拉钦话</li> <li>浪苏话</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%AA%E5%AE%8B%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="浪宋话(页面不存在)">浪宋话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E6%9C%9F%E8%AF%AD" title="勒期语">勒期语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%B6%E5%B1%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="茶山语">茶山语</a>(峨昌)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="波拉语">波拉语</a></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid red; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%99%E5%B2%9B%E8%AF%AD" title="仙岛语">仙岛语</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他语群</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="萨尔语群" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD%E7%BE%A4" title="萨尔语群">萨尔语群</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E9%A2%87%E8%AF%AD" title="景颇语">景颇语</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%AC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="侬语支">侬语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E9%BE%99%E8%AF%AD" title="独龙语">独龙语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BE%AC%E8%AF%AD" title="阿侬语">阿侬语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%97%BA%E8%AF%AD" title="日旺语">日旺语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="达尼语支">达尼语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BF%AA%E8%AF%AD" title="阿迪语">阿迪语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%98%8E%E5%B0%94%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="博嘎尔方言">博嘎尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E8%8E%AB%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉莫语(页面不存在)">拉莫语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%BE%E9%87%8C%E6%B3%A2%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="派里波语(页面不存在)">派里波语</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%9A%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="博日語(页面不存在)">博日語</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E8%92%99%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希蒙语(页面不存在)">希蒙语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡可语(页面不存在)">卡可语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%AF%E9%BB%98%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柯默卡语(页面不存在)">柯默卡语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%A6%E5%A4%9A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="邦多语(页面不存在)">邦多语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B4%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿兴语(页面不存在)">阿兴语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E6%91%A9%E5%BC%BA%E6%B3%A2%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波摩强波语(页面不存在)">波摩强波语</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="苗语支">苗语族</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">巴哼语支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="巴哼语">巴哼语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%94%E5%A5%88%E8%AF%AD" title="唔奈语">唔奈语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">东部语支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%98%E8%A5%BF%E8%8B%97%E8%AF%AD" title="湘西苗语">湘西苗语</a> <ul><li>东</li> <li>西</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">畲语支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>畲-炯奈语 <ul><li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid red; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B2%E8%AF%AD" title="畲语">畲语</a></span>(活聂语)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%82%AF%E5%A5%88%E8%AF%AD" title="炯奈语">炯奈语</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%98%E8%AF%BA%E8%AF%AD" title="优诺语">优诺语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%82%A3%E8%AF%AD" title="巴那语">巴那语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">中部语支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E8%AF%AD%E9%BB%94%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="苗语黔东方言">黔东苗语</a> <ul><li>东</li> <li>北</li> <li>西 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%95%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="绕家语">绕家语</a></li></ul></li> <li>南</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">西部语支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%8A%AA%E8%AF%AD" title="布努语">布努语</a> <ul><li>布努语</li> <li>包瑙语</li> <li>努茂语</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E8%AF%AD%E5%B7%9D%E9%BB%94%E6%BB%87%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="苗语川黔滇方言">川黔滇苗语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E9%BB%94%E6%BB%87%E8%8B%97%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="川黔滇苗語">川黔滇</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E9%BB%94%E6%BB%87%E8%8B%97%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="川黔滇苗語">第一土语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%8A%B1%E8%8B%97%E8%AF%9D" title="小花苗话">第二土语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%A7%80%E8%8B%97%E8%AF%AD" title="西秀苗语">第三土语</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E8%AF%AD%E6%BB%87%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E6%AC%A1%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="苗语滇东北次方言">滇东北</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E9%98%B3%E8%8B%97%E8%AF%AD" title="贵阳苗语">贵阳</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%AD" title="麻标语">麻标语</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E6%B0%B4%E8%8B%97%E8%AF%AD" title="惠水苗语">惠水</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E8%AF%AD%E9%BA%BB%E5%B1%B1%E6%AC%A1%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="苗语麻山次方言">麻山</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E8%AF%AD%E7%BD%97%E6%B3%8A%E6%B2%B3%E6%AC%A1%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="苗语罗泊河次方言">罗泊河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%F0%B1%8E%BC%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%9D" title="𱎼家话">重安江</a> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C4%9B-chinese.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/G%C4%9B-chinese.svg/14px-G%C4%9B-chinese.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/G%C4%9B-chinese.svg/21px-G%C4%9B-chinese.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/G%C4%9B-chinese.svg/28px-G%C4%9B-chinese.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span>家话</li> <li>东家话</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%A1%98%E8%8B%97%E8%AF%AD" title="平塘苗语">平塘</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%B6%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="瑶语支">瑶语族</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%BB%E6%95%8F%E8%AF%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="藻敏话">藻敏话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E6%95%8F%E8%AF%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="标敏话">标敏话</a> <ul><li>东山标敏话</li> <li>灌阳标敏话</li> <li>石口标敏话</li> <li>牛尾寨标敏话</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%9D" title="标曼话">标曼话</a> <ul><li>长坪标曼话</li> <li>罗香标曼话</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E9%97%A8%E8%AF%9D" title="金门话">金门话</a> <ul><li>滇桂金门话</li> <li>防海金门话 <ul><li>海南门语</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%89%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="勉方言">勉方言</a> <ul><li>广滇勉语</li> <li>湘南勉语</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B3%E6%98%A5%E6%8E%92%E7%91%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="阳春排瑶语">阳春排瑶语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">混合語</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%B6%E8%AF%9D" title="伶话">伶话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%AB%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%9D" title="猫家话">猫家话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%98%E5%BF%B5%E8%AF%9D" title="优念话">优念话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E9%94%B9%E8%AF%9D" title="三锹话">三锹话</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BD%E7%9F%B3%E8%8B%97%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="白石苗语(页面不存在)">白石苗语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="南亚语系">南亚语系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A4%E5%BE%B7%E6%98%82%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="佤德昂语支">佤德昂语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>德昂语支 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%98%82%E8%AF%AD" title="德昂语">德昂语</a>(巴朗语) <ul><li>普乐语</li> <li>若買语</li> <li>达让语</li> <li>纳盎语</li> <li>布雷語</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%98%82%E8%AF%AD" title="日昂语">日昂语</a> <ul><li>郎日昂语</li> <li>籁日昂语</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E8%84%91%E8%AF%AD" title="达脑语">达脑语</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B7%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="户语支">户语支</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="瓦语">瓦语</a> <ul><li>北瓦语</li> <li>南瓦语</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="乌语">乌语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="户语">户语</a>(昆格)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%82%E5%BA%93%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="昂库语(页面不存在)">昂库语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%94%91%E8%AF%AD" title="克蔑语">克蔑语</a>(曼咪)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="莫克语">莫克语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="木阿克语">木阿克语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%BE%E8%B4%A1%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="达贡语(页面不存在)">达贡语</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A4%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="佤语支">佤语支</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A4%E8%AA%9E" title="佤語">佤語</a> <ul><li>巴饒克</li> <li>阿佤</li> <li>佤</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E7%93%A6%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉维瓦语(页面不存在)">拉维瓦语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%A8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉威语">拉威语</a> <ul><li>东拉威语</li> <li>西拉威语</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97%E8%AF%AD" title="布朗语">布朗语</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BD%A4%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿尔佤语(页面不存在)">阿尔佤语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%AD%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="彭语(页面不存在)">彭语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%AF%E5%BE%B7%E6%B6%85%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肯德涅语(页面不存在)">肯德涅语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A1%91%E9%99%B6%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="桑陶语(页面不存在)">桑陶语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E7%93%A6%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡瓦语(页面不存在)">卡瓦语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%94%E5%9B%BE%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孔图语(页面不存在)">孔图语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%81%E5%BD%AD%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="旁彭语(页面不存在)">旁彭语</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E9%9B%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="蒙雷语">蒙雷语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%BD%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="都语(页面不存在)">都语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%80%80%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="萨怀克语">萨怀克语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%97%AF%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="嗯语(页面不存在)">嗯语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A8%E5%A7%86%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萨姆语(页面不存在)">萨姆语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%82%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="颂语(页面不存在)">颂语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%8A%E4%BD%A4%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腊佤语(页面不存在)">腊佤语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克拉语(页面不存在)">克拉语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%A5%E8%BF%87%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="补过语(页面不存在)">补过语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%81%E5%88%80%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="叁刀语(页面不存在)">叁刀语</a></li></ul></li> <li>拉墨语支 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%A2%A8%E8%AF%AD" title="拉墨语">拉墨语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B2%81%E9%98%BF%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鲁阿语(页面不存在)">鲁阿语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="焦尔语">焦尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%A7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="控语(页面不存在)">控语</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%85%B4%E2%80%94%E6%8A%97%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="布兴—抗语支">布兴语支</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%85%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="布兴语">布兴语</a>(佧米)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%8A%92%E8%AF%AD" title="布芒语">布芒语</a>(曼丈)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E6%9E%97%E8%AF%AD" title="广林语">广林语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E8%AF%AD" title="抗语">抗语</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%9C%A8%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="克木语支">克木语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%9C%A8%E8%AF%AD" title="克木语">克木语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E6%B8%A9%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克温语(页面不存在)">克温语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BD%E8%AF%9D" title="宽话">宽话</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%BD%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="莽语支">莽语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="莽语">莽语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%90%89%E8%AF%AD" title="巴琉语">俫语</a>(珀琉)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%B5%93%E8%AF%AD" title="布赓语">布赓语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="越語支">越語支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%AC%E8%AA%9E" title="中國京語">京语</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">越南语</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B3%B6%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="南島語系">南島語系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%8D%97%E5%B3%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="台灣南島語言">台灣南島語言</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5-%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="马来-波利尼西亚语族">马来-波利<br />尼西亚语族</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%B8%B9%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A4" title="巴丹語群">巴丹語群</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E6%82%9F%E8%AA%9E" title="達悟語">達悟語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%B8%B9%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A4" title="巴丹語群">伊巴雅語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%B8%B9%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A4" title="巴丹語群">伊巴丹語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%B8%B9%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A4" title="巴丹語群">巴布延語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%BD%8A-%E5%8D%A0%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="亞齊-占語群">亞齊-占語群</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E8%BC%9D%E8%A9%B1" title="回輝話">回輝話</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">混合語</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B3%87%E5%B3%87%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="峇峇話">峇峇話</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%BF%AB%E6%91%BB%E8%A9%B1" title="相濫摻話">相濫摻話</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="突厥语系">突厥语系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="西伯利亞語支">西伯利亞語支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A8%E8%A3%95%E5%9B%BA%E8%AF%AD" title="西部裕固语">西部裕固语</a>(堯呼爾語)</li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid pink; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%BA%93%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="雅库特语">雅库特语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid pink; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a 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border:1px solid pink; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E5%A5%87%E8%AA%9E" title="烏爾奇語">烏爾奇語</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid pink; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%84%82%E7%BD%97%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="鄂罗克语">鄂罗克語</a></span> <ul><li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid pink; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%8C%E4%BE%9D%E5%8B%92%E5%A1%94%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乌依勒塔語(页面不存在)">乌依勒塔語</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">西南通古斯语群</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="满语">满语</a> <ul><li>黑河(瑷珲)</li> <li>三家子</li> <li>依布气</li> <li>拉林</li> <li>宁古塔</li> <li>阿城</li> <li>奉天</li> <li>北京</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%96%87" title="满文">满语书面语</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="锡伯语">锡伯语</a></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" title="海西女真">扈倫語</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E8%AA%9E" title="巴拉語">巴拉语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E6%A5%9A%E5%96%80%E8%AF%AD" title="阿勒楚喀语">阿勒楚喀语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%B0%E5%96%80%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="恰喀拉语">恰喀拉语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B5%B7%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="东海女真">庫爾喀語</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B5%B7%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="东海女真">瓦爾喀语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F%E8%AA%9E" title="女真語">女真語</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">古通古斯语</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%83%E6%85%8E" title="肃慎">肃慎语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%B9%E5%A8%84" title="挹娄">挹娄语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%BA%E9%9E%A8" title="靺鞨">靺鞨语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%BA%E9%9E%A8" title="靺鞨">勿吉语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A4%E6%B5%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="渤海語">渤海語</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B6%E9%A4%98%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="扶餘語系">扶余語系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%A5%E9%BA%97%E8%AA%9E" title="高句麗語">高句麗語</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%8A%E8%B2%8A%E8%AA%9E" title="濊貊語">濊貊语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B6%E4%BD%99%E8%AF%AD" title="扶余语">扶余语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E6%B2%AE" title="沃沮">沃沮语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%BF%8A" title="東濊">東濊语</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E7%90%89%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="日琉語系">日琉语系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%92%E6%BA%AA%E8%AA%9E" title="寒溪語">寒溪語</a></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="日語">日語</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="台灣日語">台灣日語</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E8%AA%9E" title="琉球語">琉球語</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="朝鲜语系">朝鲜语系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%AA%9E" title="朝鮮語">朝鮮語</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%AA%9E" title="中國朝鮮語">中國朝鮮語</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%9D%9E%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="亚非语系">亚非语系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="希伯来语">希伯来语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="敘利亞語">叙利亚语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉姆語">阿拉姆語</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="阿拉伯语">阿拉伯语</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="印欧语系">印欧语系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="印度-伊朗语族">印度-伊朗语族</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E5%8B%92%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="色勒库尔语">色勒库尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E7%BD%95%E8%AF%AD" title="瓦罕语">瓦罕语</a></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西徐亞語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Scythian languages"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%90%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西徐亞語(页面不存在)">西徐亞語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythian_languages" class="extiw" title="en:Scythian languages"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Scythian languages</span></a></span>)</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="塞語">塞語</a></span> <ul><li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="塞語">于阗语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="塞語">扜弥语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="塞語">图木舒克语</a>(据史德语)</span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="塞語">坎杰克语</a>(康居语)</span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="粟特语">粟特语</a></span> <ul><li>老粟特语</li> <li>新粟特语 <ul><li>景教粟特语</li> <li>摩尼教粟特语</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="中古波斯语">钵罗婆语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%81%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="安息语">安息语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%8F%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="大夏语">大夏语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B-%E8%B4%B5%E9%9C%9C%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊塞克-贵霜语(页面不存在)">伊塞克-贵霜语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%AF%E9%99%80%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="阿维斯陀语">阿维斯陀语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%89%8C%E5%AD%90%E6%A8%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="花剌子模语">花剌子模语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA-%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="猶太-波斯語">猶太-波斯語</a></span> <ul><li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA-%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="猶太-波斯語">蓝帽回回语</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="新波斯语">新波斯语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="波斯语">波斯语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="達利語">達利語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="伊朗波斯語">伊朗波斯語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%90%89%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="塔吉克语">塔吉克语</a></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E5%9B%9E%E8%AF%AD" title="回回语">回回语</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E4%BB%80%E5%9B%BE%E8%AF%AD" title="普什图语">普什图语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BE%E8%B7%AF%E6%94%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="俾路支语">俾路支语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="尼泊尔语">尼泊尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%BE%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="达曼语(页面不存在)">达曼语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%93%A6%E8%AA%9E" title="科瓦語">科瓦語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E4%BB%80%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E" title="克什米爾語">克什米爾語</a></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD" title="梵语">梵语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" title="佛教混合梵文">佛教混合梵语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E9%A9%AE%E9%80%BB%E8%AF%AD" title="健驮逻语">健驮逻语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; 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title="台灣手語">台灣手語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E8%AF%AD%E6%89%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="藏语手语">藏语手语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E5%AF%AB%E6%B3%95" title="手語拼寫法">手语字母</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%89%8B%E6%8C%87%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="汉语手指字母(页面不存在)">汉语手指字母</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD%E6%89%8B%E6%8C%87%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="维吾尔语手指语(页面不存在)">维吾尔语手指语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E8%AF%AD%E6%89%8B%E6%8C%87%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朝鲜语手指语(页面不存在)">朝鲜语手指语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%8F%E6%96%87%E6%89%8B%E6%8C%87%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藏文手指字母(页面不存在)">藏文手指字母</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%AF%AD#外语教学与能力" title="外语">外語教學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E6%8B%9B%E7%94%9F%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E8%80%83%E8%AF%95#外语" title="普通高等学校招生全国统一考试">作爲中国大陸高考科目的外語</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2#中国大陆的英語教育" title="語言教育">英語</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="俄語在中國" data-lang-code="ru" data-lang-name="俄语" data-foreign-title="Русский язык в Китае"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%84%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="俄語在中國(页面不存在)">俄語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">俄语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Русский язык в Китае"><span lang="ru" dir="auto">Русский язык в Китае</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="日語">日語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语">德语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="西班牙语">西班牙语</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%BA%E5%A4%96%E8%AF%AD%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6" title="汉语作为外语教学">對外華語文教育</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap">註:<span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="絕跡語言">絕跡語言</a></span>(<span style="display:inline; border:1px solid grey; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;">中国境内绝迹语言</span>) ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid red; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;">极危语言</span>(<span style="display:inline; border:1px solid pink; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;">中国境内极危语言</span>) ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid blue; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;">可能存在于中国境内的语言</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap">參見:<a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="Template:中华民族">中國境內的民族和族群一覽(按語言系屬分類)</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7" title="中國漢語方言保護">中國漢語方言保護</a></span><br />关于港澳地区的语言,参见:<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87" title="香港語文">香港語文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80#語言文字" title="澳門">澳门语言</a><br />关于台澎金马的语言,参见:<a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="Template:臺灣語言">台湾语言</a><br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=&#124;class=notpageimage_泰國語言(英语:-&#123;Languages_of_Thailand&#125;-)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="Template:泰國語言"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="Template talk:泰國語言"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:泰國語言"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=&#124;class=notpageimage_泰國語言(英语:-&#123;Languages_of_Thailand&#125;-)" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/22px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/33px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/44px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="泰国">泰國</a><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="泰國語言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Languages of Thailand"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="泰國語言(页面不存在)">語言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Thailand" class="extiw" title="en:Languages of Thailand"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Languages of Thailand</span></a></span>)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="官方語言">官方語言</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="泰语">中部泰語</a> <ul><li>中原泰語</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="西南部台語支">其他泰語</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">素可泰支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="泰语">中部泰語</a> <ul><li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid green; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E6%B3%B0%E8%AA%9E" title="首都泰語">首都泰語</a></span></li> <li>上中泰語</li> <li>西南泰語</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%B5%E5%8F%BB%E6%B3%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="呵叻泰人">呵叻泰語</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E6%B3%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="南部泰语">南部泰語</a> <ul><li>下南泰語</li> <li>上南泰語</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="達拜話" data-lang-code="th" data-lang-name="泰语" data-foreign-title="ภาษาถิ่นตากใบ"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%94%E6%8B%9C%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="達拜話(页面不存在)">達拜話</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">泰语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%9A" class="extiw" title="th:ภาษาถิ่นตากใบ"><span lang="th" dir="auto">ภาษาถิ่นตากใบ</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">寮普泰支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9D%E5%96%84%E8%AA%9E" title="依善語">寮語</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9D%E5%96%84%E8%AA%9E" title="依善語">依善語</a> <ul><li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid green; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;">孔敬寮語</span></li> <li>永珍寮語</li> <li>東部寮語</li> <li>占巴塞寮語</li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="普泰語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phu Thai language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="普泰语">普泰語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phu_Thai_language" class="extiw" title="en:Phu Thai language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phu Thai language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">清盛支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E6%B3%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="北部泰语">北部泰語</a> <ul><li>清邁北泰語</li> <li>清萊北泰語</li> <li>南邦北泰語</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A3%E4%BB%82%E8%AA%9E" title="傣仂語">傣仂語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%98%E8%AA%9E" title="潘語">潘語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%82%A3%E8%AA%9E" title="宋傣語">泰松语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">西北支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A3%E8%89%AE%E8%AF%AD" title="傣艮语">傣艮语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%B8%E8%AF%AD" title="掸语">掸语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A3%E9%82%A3%E8%AF%AD" title="傣那语">傣那语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B8%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="少數民族">少數民族</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B3%B6%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="南島語系">南島語系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="马来语">马来语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="亚维语">北大年馬來語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%89%93%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="吉打马来语">沙敦馬來語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E8%B0%B7%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%9E" title="曼谷馬來語">曼谷馬來語</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E6%8B%89%E6%8B%89%E6%8F%A1%E8%AA%9E" title="烏拉拉握語">烏拉拉握語</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="莫克倫語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Moklen language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%AB%E5%85%8B%E5%80%AB%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莫克倫語(页面不存在)">莫克倫語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moklen_language" class="extiw" title="en:Moklen language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Moklen language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="莫肯語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Moken language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%AB%E8%82%AF%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莫肯語(页面不存在)">莫肯語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moken_language" class="extiw" title="en:Moken language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Moken language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid grey; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E8%AA%9E" title="占語">占語</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="南亚语系">南亚语系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E8%AF%AD" title="高棉语">高棉语</a> <ul><li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid red; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E8%AF%AD" title="北部高棉语">北部高棉语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid red; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A8%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E8%AF%AD" title="西部高棉语">西部高棉语</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid grey; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">越南语</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%96%E6%96%87%E8%AF%AD" title="他文语">他翁語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E8%AF%AD" title="布鲁语">布鲁语</a></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid red; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E8%AF%AD" title="归语">歸語</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid red; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B2%E8%AF%AD" title="仲语">仲語</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid red; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%A5%A5%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%AD" title="萨奥基语">萨奥基语</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%98%82%E8%AF%AD" title="德昂语">德昂语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%86%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="姆拉布里语">姆拉布里語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E6%B5%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="嘉海語">嘉海語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E4%BC%91%E8%AF%AD" title="肯休语">肯秀語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="金塔克语">金塔克语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BB%E5%9F%83%E4%B8%B9%E8%AA%9E" title="登埃丹語">登恩語</a></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid pink; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E8%AF%AD" title="孟语">孟语</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid red; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E5%9B%BA%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="涅固尔语">涅固尔语</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E7%B7%AC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="藏緬語族">藏緬語系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="阿卡语">阿卡語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%88%E5%83%B3%E8%AF%AD" title="傈僳语">傈僳语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%9D%E8%AF%AD%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="彝语北部方言">諾蘇语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%86%E6%AF%95%E8%AF%AD" title="姆毕语">姆畢語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="贡语">貢語</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="北波克倫語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Northern Pwo language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%8B%E5%80%AB%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北波克倫語(页面不存在)">北波克倫語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Pwo_language" class="extiw" title="en:Northern Pwo language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Northern Pwo language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="北波克倫語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Northern Pwo language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%8B%E5%80%AB%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北波克倫語(页面不存在)">北波克倫語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Pwo_language" class="extiw" title="en:Northern Pwo language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Northern Pwo language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="帕波克倫語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phrae Pwo language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%8B%E5%80%AB%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕波克倫語(页面不存在)">帕波克倫語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrae_Pwo_language" class="extiw" title="en:Phrae Pwo language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phrae Pwo language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%80%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="克耶语">克耶语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%AB%98%E5%85%8B%E4%BC%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="斯高克伦语">斯高克伦语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E7%91%B6%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="苗瑶语系">苗瑶语系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E8%AF%AD%E5%B7%9D%E9%BB%94%E6%BB%87%E6%AC%A1%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="苗语川黔滇次方言">赫蒙语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%89%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="勉方言">优勉语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="汉语族">漢語系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%BD%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="闽南语">闽南语</a> <ul><li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid pink; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E9%98%B3%E8%AF%9D" title="潮阳话">潮陽話</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid grey; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%89%E6%BC%B3%E7%89%87" title="泉漳片">泉漳話</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid grey; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%9D" title="海南话">海南话</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid grey; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E6%9D%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="閩東語">閩東語</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid grey; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%9D" title="客家话">客家語</a></span> <ul><li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid grey; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="惠州话">惠州话</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid grey; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%8E%BF%E8%AF%9D" title="梅县话">梅州話</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%A4%E8%AF%AD" title="粤语">粤语</a> <ul><li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid grey; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="广州话">广州话</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid pink; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%89%E6%9E%97%E8%A9%B1" title="玉林話">玉林話</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">非土著語</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%AF%AD" title="外语">移民語言</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="印度斯坦语">印度斯坦语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="印地语">印地语</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%81%E9%81%AE%E6%99%AE%E8%AA%9E" title="旁遮普語">旁遮普語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD" title="俄语">俄语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8%E8%AF%AD" title="缅甸语">缅甸语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="官话">華語</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="西南官话">西南官话</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="工作语言">工作语言</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="日语">日语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%AA%9E" title="朝鮮語">高麗語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">手語</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E6%89%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="泰國手語">泰國手語</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="班廓手語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ban Khor Sign Language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8F%AD%E5%BB%93%E6%89%8B%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="班廓手語(页面不存在)">班廓手語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Khor_Sign_Language" class="extiw" title="en:Ban Khor Sign Language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ban Khor Sign Language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>註:<span style="display:inline; border:1px solid green; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E" title="通用語">通用語</a></span></li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid red; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;">极危语言</span>(<span style="display:inline; border:1px solid pink; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;">泰国境内极危语言</span>)</li> <li><span style="display:inline; border:1px solid black; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="絕跡語言">絕跡語言</a></span>(<span style="display:inline; border:1px solid grey; min-height:1em; padding: 1px 1px;">泰国境内绝迹语言</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="Template:美国语言">Template:美国语言</a><!-- WARNING: template omitted, post-expand include size too large --> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9199#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9199#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9199#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1166814/">FAST</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX539665">西班牙</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933788c">法国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933788c">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4117376-4">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538901205171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85143298">美国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560640">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="vietnamština"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127101&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300389525">AAT</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027255700">IdRef</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐vlr7t Cached time: 20241123123739 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.416 seconds Real time usage: 2.911 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 47289/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1983939/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 75172/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 33/100 Expensive parser function count: 311/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 192181/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.946/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 22156466/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities 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