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<input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hlavní menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hlavní menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hlavní menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigace </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hlavn%C3%AD_strana" title="Navštívit Hlavní stranu [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Hlavní strana</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1pov%C4%9Bda:Obsah" title="Místo, kde najdete pomoc"><span>Nápověda</span></a></li><li id="n-helpdesk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Pot%C5%99ebuji_pomoc" title="Pokud si nevíte rady, zeptejte se ostatních"><span>Potřebuji pomoc</span></a></li><li id="n-featuredcontent" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Nejlep%C5%A1%C3%AD_%C4%8Dl%C3%A1nky" title="Přehled článků, které jsou považovány za nejlepší na české Wikipedii"><span>Nejlepší články</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:N%C3%A1hodn%C3%A1_str%C3%A1nka" title="Přejít na náhodně vybranou stránku [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Náhodný článek</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Posledn%C3%AD_zm%C4%9Bny" title="Seznam posledních změn na této wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Poslední změny</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Port%C3%A1l_Wikipedie" title="O projektu, jak můžete pomoci, kde 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vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Hled%C3%A1n%C3%AD" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Prohledat tuto wiki [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Hledání</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Hledat na Wikipedii" aria-label="Hledat na Wikipedii" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Prohledat tuto wiki [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Speciální:Hledání"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Hledat</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Osobní nástroje"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Vzhled"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Změnit vzhled velikosti písma, šířky stránky a barvy" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vzhled" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vzhled</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cs.wikipedia.org&uselang=cs" class=""><span>Podpořte Wikipedii</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Vytvo%C5%99it_%C3%BA%C4%8Det&returnto=%EA%9D%9C" title="Doporučujeme vytvořit si účet a přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné" class=""><span>Vytvoření účtu</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:P%C5%99ihl%C3%A1sit&returnto=%EA%9D%9C" title="Doporučujeme vám přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Přihlášení</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Další možnosti" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Osobní nástroje" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Osobní nástroje</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Uživatelské menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cs.wikipedia.org&uselang=cs"><span>Podpořte Wikipedii</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Vytvo%C5%99it_%C3%BA%C4%8Det&returnto=%EA%9D%9C" title="Doporučujeme vytvořit si účet a přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Vytvoření účtu</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:P%C5%99ihl%C3%A1sit&returnto=%EA%9D%9C" title="Doporučujeme vám přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Přihlášení</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stránky pro odhlášené editory <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1pov%C4%9Bda:%C3%9Avod" aria-label="Více informací o editování"><span>dozvědět se více</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Moje_p%C5%99%C3%ADsp%C4%9Bvky" title="Seznam editací provedených z této IP adresy [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Příspěvky</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Moje_diskuse" title="Diskuse o editacích provedených z této IP adresy [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskuse</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Obsah" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Obsah</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(úvod)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Přepnout obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Přepnout obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ꝝ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Přejděte k článku v jiném jazyce. Je dostupný v 2 jazycích" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-2" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">2 jazyky</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%9D%9C" title="Ꝝ – francouzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ꝝ" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francouzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%9D%9C" title="Ꝝ – polština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ꝝ" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16686283#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editovat mezijazykové odkazy" class="wbc-editpage">Upravit odkazy</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Jmenné prostory"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%EA%9D%9C" title="Zobrazit obsahovou stránku [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Článek</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskuse:%EA%9D%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskuse ke stránce (stránka neexistuje) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskuse</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Změnit variantu jazyka" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">čeština</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Zobrazení"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%EA%9D%9C"><span>Číst</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9D%9C&veaction=edit" title="Editovat tuto stránku [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editovat</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9D%9C&action=edit" title="Editovat zdrojový kód této stránky [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editovat zdroj</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9D%9C&action=history" title="Starší verze této stránky. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Zobrazit historii</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Nástroje ke stránce"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Nástroje" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Nástroje</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Nástroje</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Další možnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Akce </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%EA%9D%9C"><span>Číst</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9D%9C&veaction=edit" title="Editovat tuto stránku [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editovat</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9D%9C&action=edit" title="Editovat zdrojový kód této stránky [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editovat zdroj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9D%9C&action=history"><span>Zobrazit historii</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Obecné </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Co_odkazuje_na/%EA%9D%9C" title="Seznam všech wikistránek, které sem odkazují [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Odkazuje sem</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Souvisej%C3%ADc%C3%AD_zm%C4%9Bny/%EA%9D%9C" rel="nofollow" title="Nedávné změny stránek, na které je odkazováno [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Související změny</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=cs" title="Nahrát obrázky či jiná multimédia [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Načíst soubor</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_str%C3%A1nky" title="Seznam všech speciálních stránek [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Speciální stránky</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9D%9C&oldid=17124438" title="Trvalý odkaz na současnou verzi této stránky"><span>Trvalý odkaz</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9D%9C&action=info" title="Více informací o této stránce"><span>Informace o stránce</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Citovat&page=%EA%9D%9C&id=17124438&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informace o tom, jak citovat tuto stránku"><span>Citovat stránku</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcs.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25EA%259D%259C"><span>Získat zkrácené URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcs.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25EA%259D%259C"><span>Stáhnout QR kód</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tisk/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Kniha&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%EA%9D%9C"><span>Vytvořit knihu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:DownloadAsPdf&page=%EA%9D%9C&action=show-download-screen"><span>Stáhnout jako PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9D%9C&printable=yes" title="Tato stránka v podobě vhodné k tisku [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Verze k tisku</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Na jiných projektech </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16686283" title="Odkaz na propojenou položku datového úložiště [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Položka Wikidat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Nástroje ke stránce"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Vzhled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vzhled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedie, otevřené encyklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cs" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg/220px-Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg/330px-Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg/440px-Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1011" /></a><figcaption>Kaligraficky provedené knižní písmo z roku 1407, nap prvním řádku první slovo suarum (suaꝝ), na druhém singulorum (gloꝝ)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ꝝ</b> (<a href="/wiki/Minuskule" title="Minuskule">minuskule</a> <b>ꝝ</b>) je speciální znak latinky. Nazývá se <b>rum rotunda</b>. V současnosti již není používáno. Do kódování UNICODE zaveden pro potřeby transliterace <a href="/wiki/St%C5%99edov%C4%9Bk" title="Středověk">středověkých</a> a raněnověkých textů, kde se zvláštní znaky používaly pro <a href="/wiki/Abreviatura" title="Abreviatura">zkracování</a> běžných latinských koncovek, koncovky <b>-rom</b> a <b>-rum</b> se vyznačovaly předepsaním písmena r, kterému se proškrtla dotažnice. Znak ꝝ je škrtlé <a href="/wiki/Okrouhl%C3%A9_r" title="Okrouhlé r">okrouhlé r</a> (ꝛ), existuje i varianta škrtlého stojatého r: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9D%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ꝵ (stránka neexistuje)">ꝵ</a>. </p><p>V <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> má <b>Ꝝ</b> a <b>ꝝ</b> tyto kódy: </p><p><b>Ꝝ</b> U+A75C </p><p><b>ꝝ</b> U+A75D </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9D%9C&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editace sekce: Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9D%9C&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Reference"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="plainlinks"><i>V tomto článku byl použit <a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:WikiProjekt_P%C5%99eklad/Rady" title="Wikipedie:WikiProjekt Překlad/Rady">překlad</a> textu z článku <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%9D%9C?oldid=146738549"><span class="cizojazycne" lang="fr" title="francouzština">Ꝝ</span></a> na francouzské Wikipedii.</i></span> </p> <table class="plainlinks metadata noprint pahyl" cellpadding="2" style="background: transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pahýl"><img alt="Pahýl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a><figcaption>Pahýl</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><i>Tento článek je příliš stručný nebo <a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Pah%C3%BDl" title="Wikipedie:Pahýl">postrádá důležité informace</a>.<br />Pomozte Wikipedii tím, že jej vhodně <a class="external text" href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%EA%9D%9C&action=edit">rozšíříte</a>. Nevkládejte však <a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Autorsk%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo#Publikování_cizích_autorských_děl" title="Wikipedie:Autorské právo">bez oprávnění</a> cizí texty.</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox noprint" title="Latinka"><table title="" class="navbox-navbox mw-collapsible autocollapse nowraplinks noprint" cellspacing="0" data-collapsetext="skrýt" data-expandtext="zobrazit"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r17064757">.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal}</style><tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <span class="navbox-titletext"><a href="/wiki/Latinka" title="Latinka">Latinka</a></span> </th> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Základní písmena dle <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO</a>*</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"> <div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Aa</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">Bb</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">Cc</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">Dd</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">Ee</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">Ff</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">Gg</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">Hh</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">Ii</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">Jj</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">Kk</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">Ll</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">Mm</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">Nn</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">Oo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">Pp</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qq</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">Rr</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">Ss</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">Tt</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">Uu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">Vv</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">Ww</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">Xx</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Yy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Zz</a></li></ul></div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Další písmena</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist"> <div> <li><a href="/wiki/%C6%8F" title="Ə">Əə</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C6%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ǝ (stránka neexistuje)">Ǝǝ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C6%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɛ">Ɛɛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C6%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɣ">Ɣɣ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C6%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ɩ (stránka neexistuje)">Ɩɩ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%B1%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ɐ (stránka neexistuje)">Ɐɐ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9D%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ꝺ (stránka neexistuje)">Ꝺꝺ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ">Þþ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9E%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ꞇ (stránka neexistuje)">Ꞇꞇ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9E%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ʇ (stránka neexistuje)">Ʇʇ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">Ŋŋ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C6%86" title="Ɔ">Ɔɔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dlouh%C3%A9_s" title="Dlouhé s">ſ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9E%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ꞵ (stránka neexistuje)">Ꞵꞵ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C6%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ƨ (stránka neexistuje)">Ƨƨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C6%B2" title="Ʋ">Ʋʋ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C6%B1" title="Ʊ">Ʊʊ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9D%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ꝩ (stránka neexistuje)">Ꝩꝩ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9D%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ꝡ (stránka neexistuje)">Ꝡꝡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ẜ">ẜẝ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9E%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ꞅ (stránka neexistuje)">Ꞅꞅ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9D%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ꝭ (stránka neexistuje)">Ꝭꝭ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C6%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ʒ (stránka neexistuje)">Ʒʒ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C6%B8" title="Ƹ">Ƹƹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%A2" title="Ȣ">Ȣȣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C9%85" title="Ʌ">Ʌʌ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9E%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ꞁ (stránka neexistuje)">Ꞁꞁ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%BC" title="Ỽ">Ỽỽ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ʚ (stránka neexistuje)">ʚꞝ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C6%A2" title="Ƣ">Ƣƣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B8" title="ĸ">Kʼĸ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%B7" title="Ƿ">Ƿƿ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%84%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ⅎ (stránka neexistuje)">Ⅎⅎ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9D%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ꝼ (stránka neexistuje)">Ꝼꝼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%9D%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ꝛ">Ꝛꝛ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C6%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ʀ (stránka neexistuje)">Ʀʀ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9D%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ᵹ (stránka neexistuje)">Ᵹᵹ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9D%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ꝿ (stránka neexistuje)">Ꝿꝿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%AC_(latinka)" title="Ь (latinka)">Ьь</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9E%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ʞ (stránka neexistuje)">Ʞʞ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%9C" title="Ȝ">Ȝȝ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%9D%AA" title="Ꝫ">Ꝫꝫ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%9C%AC" title="Ꜭ">Ꜭꜭ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9E%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ɥ (stránka neexistuje)">Ɥɥ</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ꝝꝝ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C6%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ƽ (stránka neexistuje)">Ƽƽ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%9D%AE" title="Ꝯ">Ꝯꝯ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C9%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ɂ (stránka neexistuje)">Ɂɂ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C7%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ƕ (stránka neexistuje)">Ƕƕ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9C%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ꜧ (stránka neexistuje)">Ꜧꜧ</a></li></div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Spřežky a ligatury</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"> <div> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">Ææ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ">Œœ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">ẞß</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%BA" title="Ỻ">Ỻỻ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BE" title="Dž">Ǆǅǆ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dz_(digraf)" title="Dz (digraf)">Ǳǲǳ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C7%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ǈ (stránka neexistuje)">Ǉǈǉ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C7%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ǋ (stránka neexistuje)">Ǌǋǌ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ȸ (stránka neexistuje)">ȸ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ȹ (stránka neexistuje)">ȹ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ĳ (stránka neexistuje)">Ĳĳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch" title="Ch">ch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cz_(digraf)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cz (digraf) (stránka neexistuje)">cz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gb_(digraf)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gb (digraf) (stránka neexistuje)">gb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gh_(digraf)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gh (digraf) (stránka neexistuje)">gh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gy_(digraf)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gy (digraf) (stránka neexistuje)">gy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ll_(digraf)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ll (digraf) (stránka neexistuje)">ll</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ly_(digraf)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ly (digraf) (stránka neexistuje)">ly</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nh_(digraf)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nh (digraf) (stránka neexistuje)">nh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ny_(digraf)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ny (digraf) (stránka neexistuje)">ny</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rr_(sp%C5%99e%C5%BEka)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rr (spřežka) (stránka neexistuje)">rr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh_(digraf)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sh (digraf) (stránka neexistuje)">sh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sz_(digraf)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sz (digraf) (stránka neexistuje)">sz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th_(digraf)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Th (digraf) (stránka neexistuje)">th</a></li></div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">* tučně jsou písmena původní latinské abecedy<br /> <a href="/wiki/Seznam_jazyk%C5%AF_pou%C5%BE%C3%ADvaj%C3%ADc%C3%ADch_latinku" title="Seznam jazyků používajících latinku">Seznam jazyků používajících latinku</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Citováno z „<a dir="ltr" href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ꝝ&oldid=17124438">https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ꝝ&oldid=17124438</a>“</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1pov%C4%9Bda:Kategorie" title="Nápověda:Kategorie">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:P%C3%ADsmena_latinky" title="Kategorie:Písmena latinky">Písmena latinky</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_p%C3%ADsmena_latinky" title="Kategorie:Speciální písmena latinky">Speciální písmena latinky</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Nepou%C5%BE%C3%ADvan%C3%A1_p%C3%ADsmena_latinky" title="Kategorie:Nepoužívaná písmena latinky">Nepoužívaná písmena latinky</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Skryté kategorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Monitoring:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_p%C5%99elo%C5%BEen%C3%A9_z_frwiki" title="Kategorie:Monitoring:Články přeložené z frwiki">Monitoring:Články přeložené z frwiki</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Pah%C3%BDly" title="Kategorie:Pahýly">Pahýly</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Stránka byla naposledy editována 7. 4. 2019 v 16:18.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text je dostupný pod <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.cs">licencí Creative Commons Uveďte původ – Zachovejte licenci</a>, případně za dalších podmínek. 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