CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91343186ec889fd4',cH: 'IoCRdifn4VR3VMt3zv0IC8G3NFbG3pYPeXkU7c33xyc-1739778699-1.2.1.1-eQ76ZHmm4If26hroBgW4ss6r6kRPcmz6Ro.MI.swouQN426oSN9uEsAt0p1WV_GR',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=improvement%20score&__cf_chl_tk=bjSC.zGSBhW_hsCuZG4vA3JoO5axOjnzogSEfvwQX3M-1739778699-1.0.1.1-qzLLGpPKdRlQIqcvx69kiyBAIOPvXxKEISr7.waqAsM",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739778699',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=improvement%20score&__cf_chl_f_tk=bjSC.zGSBhW_hsCuZG4vA3JoO5axOjnzogSEfvwQX3M-1739778699-1.0.1.1-qzLLGpPKdRlQIqcvx69kiyBAIOPvXxKEISr7.waqAsM",md: "Qt2K3eCEscMCbeOVNAA_ZWwb29nMc8KeOGchhh8qA4U-1739778699-1.2.1.1-ucro5WroeAhuh5S9pmJTZ80H7ok2fwATHMCAiMLWvoUHLRJwxSv72xlMSMBXfI35yywcZ6ujftrhK_c5ugW9PTN7IIoJQc35Aaib8yeZ3xHEw_eZk5Yo2_i_08.RkSnXk6COngs6On039GCWealU9GG_yeWKvZFQUS3fwobCbmhO3Vv3nHhQHf._G6SF1hwggCWyhEhgUPxMwf_bUVXZpxQk52OFL0sxoaamGHOecgJlnxnPEPzyiQBfN_Z2O13E4KoCeZnbR9UCTXq8SZ3aaZH2YdOv3DpUqjOtpJWuALFI2lUR6PMz.SgQORRLbzCxUBROmIwh5EDec3LaDUoQgbUgRkXqE6GV8AkHyCFEfxNv7S3uYOegwBAtAcTCI25QuxfNPJcmZckhGm6mcsQ8sg8eBnafOW0dPf.hVrGO3aEgZ7AZXyGsNawOG0dyhFTmi1XIVfyeiGS6SEtH0iIdw7Z3TM6daq20U_1JVyKs2L6OTJRIBp6p.qTPK8HpiD4wCP8bMaWtyzdyv7bIXr9R0ZjFprG2_0nF40zm7435wzo5LGgFQxPsZnHR3WyI5oYKyeE.9RXgoPR0DjrEcaBJ2dLg5TwdRB6EnPUjQgtEKheUNFJexYCjJeWc8A1JOns7iYf6ZuRAe.9Lr5PzDkfmWWYrqMrz9QqGGbut1kOqfTnghP4sX1zQdJS6FJZicFbaaEOEJpfd94QEXRRziq4Ifxlz7auV64UbqIBd9ESTKEebeS6tAkdriltDfx_4_0d3o3QhBXe5ksDpDM93osCB6B.VkEAVfJH0.d4TgLYL02kIWXXvYS_KHrml.sgJhQbVOps5TDZFEL74Mb7pQqnd1akQuN.5SOI0ojgNw936Mcu3NxMWP5LS_mQjEQj9auk9EKuie1egDlhqH8DNU1nRw.KoeKu1LQipT7za3YcbjTNHtkjgUrmCtbuA4fJIciBTVAqUSy_tDrLj.kL.yFhBxlNETOpXSfrkw5fnIyz83B6tVZ0WKb6vYMPiSefY7xDu51TRDsJYYy3P3G.HjS_394i.TOVZ3W4B_BeaujNEYhI1TDFqF6.Z5uOx0Fbz0sC2FR6K8upTFg.kKOw2FAKK7VvbHtGKBQeI098To2JJ_93OBJmHoEmVGMI_Fc4Vzgtoq.mlBBOIwqoOxCAAcswS9SsZW4KwsGQOYMFHbzHl7j6kvwL8uX6D0i9K8D25q5DmhHAzF.y7vOnbrML69N6D8VpPtA2BdnGggcbdmWyC0eqEKZGAXQjl.e3YenlbSODExE6YmRVwDsxnwp2yWpO7YJicAG1y8imgZUTyFYdqauyXX2FI8xLGvG5znlktrmY87c6gkDWeLnxMQyrlNEaDHLjj7UENA0W.QGNFMMgJ2ycGmspCd5H.wfHXL71J9CEGwhaHMsaxiLDR9ai09KTxV5kIlnJAQ678nfek_H1Db6e9wtjxD4Q7Hl8Mh1nvtseBD528oPoWKyA.7bmTx3_1CuVIl6WPQoKuuGeGICHbwigdLl8p0TTncr7VaikQHYMm5ESXZv4bI.BDOcvCQ0HfbVXIr.Oeq0vMUuW5kQTsRiAg5Cp5kTToHMK7BmJ5Xysy7XsvqgZDU_Ya6JYLiecSHVfWdTVWRYgDOHsSS_SBrj_SnyRc5Y0rusC4fAbsVYHsdaSbXNeaSFdXQwDg97HW2djFDmZQz_8m8QjNzOUhEduTt5jyoMNLGl9f.hVRu3fywEjNkd8sBh_5IsXAY92lRpY59M7kc11kacVj2d03dpeVfFnd7LotARUKMs_AaLc9dfa_EpfqA0qNIXU8nDYJDlBqTkBlc5sKYPzTDZI8CuGMg09mXLreaEmz2X7WtcQlITcL98c7nA8Zz0XVjM02LywH3tiULmlJ4mjbXijhrtMCojX0Vj4mymzL1qof4k4VRQE_gYBHx60holr.1jdKckoDy0ISA.GotNJp4XL6rus",mdrd: "pAr3zQmKngHPWUqCcDNKFVVVc3viAx8SHjZwm4wmKhw-1739778699-1.2.1.1-6pVpbHONgA9k_5vqrY_q_VSmf4meHnl5f_x2PoGT7vZ15kadV0P0GSHPQ9nLpkV.1zhH0yAvT2rDth27JL0GnfxY2PQX57TbpGaii0zMowxPAnaZJAlk0pU3oqZgrA8MmsjJrXYSnXGZfmVITGXl.VV8Lpc3K3IMPckfJEK66trp.DFsju7ZzxEbT2gzS.72FF17xUZO_82SG1i2FHCKpETRcQEVFneSe4kqTwHBIlf_6M2MKCx2ceS.CcKxl43FQocRDVsxFzIwboBb3.vh0lcAa8LmEFaqQ0YrKrL5sazP6e_crCRVVoeDA37A0KyJtW7u7VjQIpKth619e2QTy6rnNEC70xghrRLbFNWMtjVFHSERok1_7baiBh2Y7aFMz2cwSO4a5nhFgdFkZ2HG64KkTaWIcAFvdqONo0GG8bg8WG2V5hSSU.TOHzFXVzcZ_agzIWodEjFSVmQaLcN7N9b5Gbau2QngmyGVb.Dzq96cq_eQJbVZLfHgRmRXW8Yk3UtDUhFQWmR8Mqs5kE8dzbH3426nyKOfK04VB25VpwfCllgqwRDlGEmSP6NEIjXN5V4PVAnb2LoHeD_ecd4Mok7wlTwMOMe5d5anA0M4ldE1jNxPaUcTALbwNtZMf5SlJ5Ml.f5SL.dL3MZQ8SHF0fTf.5sU9Mek6U4EWNW2kF3qsj56mcEQZSfD42DaWY6Wc7zdaIwIcC4CwELOex6LJvW4_BF_BF7qWndlGcIMRGzs3R1b6AbF6MR3z9VvKVna4ZfwIjbxxVWEPA4osnhIrG8AFUe8Lq_gCPUWeYf7xfDjcRPfJYxNuYi_KRauq7uGKr5QFR_MlcYD.litP_wmsRz7EnKw0qCi3mjVW_T3H5he5DRQWz.3xQmTINQaA7gDwHI5UlI05NBZQfBZtkoSzbrlltRWReR0pZiD4FQJ_j5jMcWSWpp5eplQGVGeTYm1Sbpw8tZEhlX2aULDVhIWKRqyO2zxFUx5rexXKLKbMVIrAduVDfzJ9TFQz2Aq6TzP1nbgAdO_RXpdYzO7foEU6pVJCPCOeRiUDLrGLoowvDUTUb0txOBPW5I0mbqHEBvAwT9Q.DPNx5rolDCttIlH7ynCjEINqGZjz1UMUZK6MSwIY1xT4OCQD0AVG0JCkAjcdxVfnxQ0tLShWzyEs6f2_RND5DElBqXAelxK9M78n5nEk3l92HXjHa_IDq4TIPGm4IjOP4fmqoOBtRYinyyWfololtthJziYO.jczh3KYqrI3E3O94eoacB8dyCoYjEmp_4lv4q25HZ.9uWU7d3HBOZHHO7JcEdJu1bY9_gxjA0vaU09UPL_Qlk0DvN9fHwI6vGPXI3GlVNqCmrK_t.IPFhzeG6dXL.ho_o5AjCXWP.3BJ1kb1jduV3g_J0UBYLmZNBFe1s2TDtDoS3djiccZvyid6OB3SQHFK1S10pN6oAMu7fgRURYLoI12Wa8MZ66a21TSZ.m2CdFGB5fDLqfgCWpMsfNE1dYW3vw3mNIv1sLjl5bZVBPT81OCsZgaM6hUoISK5up8MnT_i38QwKG8ss4UZ6k04unOobMYYBEhs2Kj4I_kkiN.QgGuYFRyR8s8.QmIaRXdv8cSriJvCYdW8fSdvMXvmJ5uWjEgjwoAb_hGpwu2ZBLtM2u_7X5uBDDBCs7IA_ENPLlHxlEkGJfkwjFAVoBA22FKyDKBVIjg8Au63hFTmtgqFk4P3dA3kCtbQCzAb.B6.A4SKoanCCSynjc7p2gfSHy9AyzEKX3X3hRWXjQhQQlpDaD.yUMDrmTuM3UhhYd_4z8NPNN4Lz0BP6gMq51NJnPk0rwQYKz5QYvhWFKb7ekFe7bhtpyYi8bv6r1lvJetxa.tnvGbK_NfQQ2LLyk5pYOT8KFvqHSnH5gjuNf.YyvtB38laBTbXrQzPTOe4x2ZqzBzioD7gaLR9A_7yl8y5C3K2ZiEX8tBoEK5BufvNm_6Vs_xUeQOHwu"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91343186ec889fd4';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=improvement%20score&__cf_chl_rt_tk=bjSC.zGSBhW_hsCuZG4vA3JoO5axOjnzogSEfvwQX3M-1739778699-1.0.1.1-qzLLGpPKdRlQIqcvx69kiyBAIOPvXxKEISr7.waqAsM" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>