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id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England_and_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>England and Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_and_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cornwall_and_Lancashire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cornwall_and_Lancashire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Cornwall and Lancashire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cornwall_and_Lancashire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Northern Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" 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Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bona_vacantia" title="Bona vacantia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bona vacantia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bona_vacantia" title="Bona vacantia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bona vacantia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrenlosigkeit" title="Herrenlosigkeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Herrenlosigkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bienes_mostrencos" title="Bienes mostrencos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bienes mostrencos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bona_vacantia" title="Bona vacantia – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bona vacantia" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biens_sans_ma%C3%AEtre" title="Biens sans maître – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biens sans maître" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bona_vacantia" title="Bona vacantia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bona vacantia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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searchaux" style="display:none">Property that lacks an owner</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg/150px-Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg/225px-Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg/300px-Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2666" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> Part of the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> series</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">Personal property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_property" title="Community property">Community property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">Real property</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Unowned property</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Acquisition</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gift_(law)" title="Gift (law)">Gift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_possession" title="Adverse possession">Adverse possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">Deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_doctrine" title="Discovery doctrine">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_(property_law)" title="Accession (property law)">Accession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost,_mislaid,_and_abandoned_property" title="Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property">Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_trove" title="Treasure trove">Treasure trove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailment" title="Bailment">Bailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License" title="License">License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">Alienation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Estate_in_land" title="Estate in land">Estates in land</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allodial_title" title="Allodial title">Allodial title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fee_simple" title="Fee simple">Fee simple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fee_tail" title="Fee tail">Fee tail</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Life_estate" title="Life estate">Life estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeasible_estate" title="Defeasible estate">Defeasible estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_interest" title="Future interest">Future interest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remainder_(law)" title="Remainder (law)">remainder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_estate" title="Concurrent estate">Concurrent estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leasehold_estate" title="Leasehold estate">Leasehold estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condominium_(living_space)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condominium (living space)">Condominiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Conveyancing" title="Conveyancing">Conveyancing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bona_fide_purchaser" title="Bona fide purchaser"><i>Bona fide</i> purchaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrens_title" title="Torrens title">Torrens title</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Strata_title" title="Strata title">Strata title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeds_registration" title="Deeds registration">Deeds registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estoppel_by_deed" title="Estoppel by deed">Estoppel by deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quitclaim" title="Quitclaim">Quitclaim deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_law" title="Mortgage law">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equitable_conversion" title="Equitable conversion">Equitable conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_title" title="Quiet title">Action to quiet title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escheat" title="Escheat">Escheat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Future_interest" title="Future interest">Future use</a> control</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restraint_on_alienation" title="Restraint on alienation">Restraint on alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_against_perpetuities" title="Rule against perpetuities">Rule against perpetuities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_in_Shelley%27s_Case" title="Rule in Shelley's Case">Rule in <i>Shelley's Case</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_worthier_title" title="Doctrine of worthier title">Doctrine of worthier title</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Nonpossessory_interest_in_land" title="Nonpossessory interest in land">Nonpossessory interest</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lien" title="Lien">Lien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">Easement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(real_property)" title="Profit (real property)">Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">Usufruct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(law)" title="Covenant (law)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equitable_servitude" title="Equitable servitude">Equitable servitude</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixture_(property_law)" title="Fixture (property law)">Fixtures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_(law)" title="Waste (law)">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_(law)" title="Partition (law)">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practicing_without_a_license" title="Practicing without a license">Practicing without a license</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">Mineral rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Water rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prior-appropriation_water_rights" title="Prior-appropriation water rights">prior appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_water_rights" title="Riparian water rights">riparian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_and_subjacent_support" title="Lateral and subjacent support">Lateral and subjacent support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assignment_(law)" title="Assignment (law)">Assignment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nemo_dat_quod_non_habet" title="Nemo dat quod non habet">Nemo dat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quicquid_plantatur_solo,_solo_cedit" title="Quicquid plantatur solo, solo cedit">Quicquid plantatur</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_property_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict of property laws">Conflict of property laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackacre" title="Blackacre">Blackacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_deposit" title="Security deposit">Security deposit</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contract law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">Tort law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Will (law)">Wills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trusts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">estates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li></ul> <hr /> <i>Higher category:</i> <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">Common law</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Property_law" title="Template:Property law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Property_law" title="Template talk:Property law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Property_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Property law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Unowned property</b> includes tangible, physical things that are capable of being reduced to being <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a> owned by a person but are not owned by anyone. <i><b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Bona vacantia</i></span></b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for "ownerless goods") is a legal concept associated with the unowned property, which exists in various jurisdictions, with a consequently varying application, but with origins mostly in English law. </p><p>Nearly every piece of land on the Earth is a property and has a maintainer (owner). The class of objects, "unowned things", are objects which are not yet property; either because it has been agreed by sovereign nations that no one can own them, or because no person, or other entity, has made a claim of ownership. The most common unowned things are <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a>. The UN's <a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a> does not address the issue of private ownership of natural objects in space. All asteroids remain unowned things until some person or entity makes a claim of property right to one of them. </p><p>In an experimental legal <a href="/wiki/Case_of_first_impression" class="mw-redirect" title="Case of first impression">case of first impression</a>, a lawsuit for a <a href="/wiki/Declaratory_judgment" title="Declaratory judgment">declaratory judgment</a> was filed in a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Federal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Federal Court">United States Federal Court</a> to determine the lawful owner of Asteroid <a href="/wiki/433_Eros" title="433 Eros">433 Eros</a>. 433 Eros was claimed as property by Gregory W. Nemitz of Orbital Development. According to the <a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">homestead principle</a>, Nemitz argued that he had the right to claim ownership of any <a href="/wiki/Celestial_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial body">celestial body</a> that he made use of; he claimed he had designated Eros a spacecraft parking facility and wished to charge <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> a parking and storage fee of twenty cents per year for its <a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> that is permanently stored there. Nemitz's case was dismissed due to lack of <a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">standing</a> and an appeal denied.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ferae_naturae"><i>Ferae naturae</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unowned_property&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ferae naturae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ferae naturae</i> (lit. "wild animals of nature") is a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> legal term referring to wild animals, in contrast to <i>domitae naturae</i> (lit. "<a href="/wiki/Domestic_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic animal">tamed [animals] of nature</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">property law</a>, <i>ferae naturae</i> residing on unowned <a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">real property</a> are not predisposed to one party or another in regards to possession. </p><p><i>See: <a href="/wiki/Pierson_v._Post" title="Pierson v. Post">Pierson v. Post</a></i> (3 Cai. R. 175, 2 Am. Dec. 264) (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of New York">Supreme Court of New York</a> 1805) </p><p>In the event that the animals are on a private entity's estate, the owner of the estate, if pursuing or attempting to apprehend <i>ferae naturae</i> is likely to be deemed, by the court, the rightful possessor to the title of the animal. </p><p>See: <i><a href="/wiki/Keeble_v_Hickeringill" title="Keeble v Hickeringill">Keeble v Hickeringill</a></i>, 11 East 574, 103 Eng. Rep. 1127 OR 3 Salk. 9 (as <i>Keeble v Hickeringhall</i>) <a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(England)" title="Court of King's Bench (England)">Queen's Bench</a>, 1707 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unowned_property&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Bona vacantia</i> is applied according to the laws of the relevant province, and the roots of the laws may be traced to Roman law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unowned_property&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similarly to England, unclaimed money will mostly <a href="/wiki/Escheat" title="Escheat">escheat</a> to <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who may then make further distribution. Unclaimed property other than money might also be claimed on behalf of the Crown but (as with the UK jurisdictions) this is not inevitable.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unowned_property&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unowned_property&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: England and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Bona vacantia</i> is partly a <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a> and partly found in statute. It deals with: </p> <ul><li>Assets of dissolved companies that have failed to be distributed<sup id="cite_ref-wmn_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wmn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or have been disclaimed by the <a href="/wiki/Official_receiver" title="Official receiver">official receiver</a>.</li> <li>Assets of dissolved <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">unincorporated associations</a> that have failed to be distributed</li> <li>Assets of the estates of deceased persons that have failed to be distributed due to intestacy and a lack of known persons entitled to inherit<sup id="cite_ref-wmn_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wmn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some failed trust property</li></ul> <p>For most of <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, the Bona Vacantia Division of the <a href="/wiki/Government_Legal_Department" title="Government Legal Department">Government Legal Department</a> is responsible for dealing with <i>bona vacantia</i> assets on behalf of the Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-BVD_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BVD-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-doc_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If no heirs to an estate can be found then the assets are realised and the balance is transferred to HM Treasury. The division deals only with solvent estates whose net value exceeds £500.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assets of dissolved companies automatically pass to the Crown by law. They are realised by the division and the revenue passed to the Exchequer, although the division has a power to disclaim onerous assets.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liabilities associated with assets do not automatically follow those assets into <i>bona vacantia</i>. Care should be taken to distinguish between assets remaining when dissolution commences (which might be distributed to shareholders or others in that process) and those that for various valid reasons remain undistributed at the end of dissolution. Some assets might only come to notice after dissolution has taken place. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cornwall_and_Lancashire">Cornwall and Lancashire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unowned_property&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cornwall and Lancashire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For assets based in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> and within the traditional boundaries of the <a href="/wiki/County_palatine" title="County palatine">county palatine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farrer_%26_Co" title="Farrer & Co">Farrer & Co</a> solicitors deal with <i>bona vacantia</i> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall" title="Duchy of Cornwall">Duchy of Cornwall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Duchy of Lancaster">Duchy of Lancaster</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-doc_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both cases, if no rightful owner is found for the assets, the assets legally pass to the respective duchies. It has been stated that current practice for both is to donate these assets to charity. However, there is evidence that these funds have been used for personal profit of The Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Lancaster the beneficiaries are the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Lancaster_Benevolent_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duchy of Lancaster Benevolent Fund (page does not exist)">Duchy of Lancaster Benevolent Fund</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Lancaster_Jubilee_Trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duchy of Lancaster Jubilee Trust (page does not exist)">Duchy of Lancaster Jubilee Trust</a>, while in Cornwall <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Duke_of_Cornwall%27s_Benevolent_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Duke of Cornwall's Benevolent Fund (page does not exist)">The Duke of Cornwall's Benevolent Fund</a> receives the assets.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> established in 1230 the Office of the Royal Escheator to centralize <i>bona vacantia</i>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund,_2nd_Earl_of_Cornwall" title="Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall">Earl Edmund of Cornwall</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (August 2020)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Unowned_property#Dubious" title="Talk:Unowned property">discuss</a></i>]</sup> pressed his claim to <i>bona vacantia</i> by having his viscounts continue to handle them. Until the 1337 and 1338 Duchy Charters, the issue was contentious between the king and earl. In the Duchy Charters, the king formalized the <i>bona vacantia</i> right with the duchy.<sup id="cite_ref-wmn_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wmn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (August 2015)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When Lancaster was made a <a href="/wiki/County_palatine" title="County palatine">county palatine</a> in 1351 by <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a>, the Royal Escheator's powers over Lancaster ended, and <i>bona vacantia</i> property escheated to the duchy instead of the Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Ireland">Northern Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unowned_property&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Northern Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, <i>bona vacantia</i> is dealt with by the Crown Solicitor as the Treasury Solicitor's agent. The value of the assets collected in Northern Ireland are separately identified in the annual report of HM Procurator General and Treasury Solicitor Accounts for the Crown's Nominee. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotland">Scotland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unowned_property&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <i>bona vacantia</i> deals with assets of dissolved companies, the assets of missing persons and lost or abandoned property; lost or abandoned property involves a statutory saving for the Crown in ss.67–79 of the <a href="/wiki/Civic_Government_(Scotland)_Act_1982" title="Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982">Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is mostly controlled by common law with some statutes dealing with specific matters such as lost property; the concept also extends to such matters as <a href="/wiki/Treasure_trove" title="Treasure trove">treasure trove</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The separate doctrine of <i><a href="/wiki/Ultimus_haeres" title="Ultimus haeres">ultimus haeres</a></i> states that the assets of those who die intestate leaving no other person entitled to inherit pass to the Crown. Both of these rights, together with treasure trove, are administered by the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_and_Lord_Treasurer%27s_Remembrancer" title="King's and Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer">King's and Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer</a>, an office held by the Crown Agent, the senior official in the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Office_and_Procurator_Fiscal_Service" title="Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service">Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service</a> (COPFS).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Bona vacantia</i> assets in Scotland are not aggregated with those from elsewhere in the United Kingdom, being paid directly into the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Consolidated_Fund" title="Scottish Consolidated Fund">Scottish Consolidated Fund</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crown_dependencies">Crown dependencies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unowned_property&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Crown dependencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guernsey">Guernsey</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unowned_property&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Guernsey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Guernsey, assets of dissolved companies may become <i>bona vacantia</i> under s.369 of the Companies (Guernsey) Law, as amended, and are administered by the Receiver-General (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521165259/http://www.gov.gg/ccm/navigation/government/law-officers/"><i>HM Procureur</i></a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unowned_property&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Bona vacantia</i> was inherited from English common law and continues in the form of <a href="/wiki/Lost,_mislaid,_and_abandoned_property" title="Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property">lost, mislaid, and abandoned property</a>, applied only to personal property that has left the owner's possession, as opposed to an estate left in <a href="/wiki/Intestacy" title="Intestacy">intestacy</a> after death. Intangible personal assets such as checks, account balances, and securities are under unclaimed property law, varying by state. The states do not take permanent possession, but act as the custodian of the property in perpetuity on behalf of the rightful owner.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unowned_property&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claims_Conference" title="Claims Conference">Claims Conference</a>, administers compensation funds and recovers unclaimed Jewish property</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escheat" title="Escheat">Escheat</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Res_nullius" title="Res nullius">Res nullius</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unowned_property&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erosproject.com/appeal/apindex.html">The Eros Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">4 <i><a href="/wiki/American_Jurisprudence" title="American Jurisprudence">American Jurisprudence</a></i> 2d ed. Animals § 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treasury.govt.nz/services/unclaimedmoney">The Treasurer (New Zealand) – Unclaimed Money</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treasury.govt.nz/services/bonavacantia">treasury.govt.nz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101129010448/http://www.treasury.govt.nz/services/bonavacantia">Archived</a> November 29, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wmn-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wmn_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wmn_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wmn_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westernmorningnews.co.uk/Laws-surrounding-Duchy-Cornwall-seen-mysterious/story-13893783-detail/story.html">"Laws surrounding Duchy of Cornwall seen as 'mysterious, complex and arcane'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Western Morning News</i>. Local World. November 19, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Morning+News&rft.atitle=Laws+surrounding+Duchy+of+Cornwall+seen+as+%27mysterious%2C+complex+and+arcane%27&rft.date=2011-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westernmorningnews.co.uk%2FLaws-surrounding-Duchy-Cornwall-seen-mysterious%2Fstory-13893783-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnowned+property" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BVD-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BVD_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/bona-vacantia">"Bona Vacantia"</a>. <i>Bona Vacantia Division</i>. gov.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bona+Vacantia+Division&rft.atitle=Bona+Vacantia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Forganisations%2Fbona-vacantia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnowned+property" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doc-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doc_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doc_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://duchyofcornwall.org/bona-vacantia.html">"Bona Vacantia and the Duke of Cornwall's Benevolent Fund"</a>. <i>Duchy of Cornwall.org</i>. Duchy of Cornwall<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Duchy+of+Cornwall.org&rft.atitle=Bona+Vacantia+and+the+Duke+of+Cornwall%27s+Benevolent+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fduchyofcornwall.org%2Fbona-vacantia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnowned+property" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/refer-a-deceased-persons-estate-to-the-treasury-solicitor">"Refer a deceased person's estate to the Treasury Solicitor"</a>. 12 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Refer+a+deceased+person%27s+estate+to+the+Treasury+Solicitor&rft.date=2018-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Frefer-a-deceased-persons-estate-to-the-treasury-solicitor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnowned+property" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/bona-vacantia-dissolved-companies-bvc1/bona-vacantia-dissolved-companies-bvc1#disclaimers">"Bona vacantia dissolved companies (BVC1)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bona+vacantia+dissolved+companies+%28BVC1%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Fbona-vacantia-dissolved-companies-bvc1%2Fbona-vacantia-dissolved-companies-bvc1%23disclaimers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnowned+property" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/duties-of-the-duchy/bona-vacantia/">"Bona Vacantia"</a>. <i>duchyoflancaster.co.uk</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+King+Charles+secretly+profiting+from+the+assets+of+dead+citizens&rft.date=2023-11-23&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=McClenaghan&rft.aufirst=Maeve&rft.au=Evans%2C+Rob&rft.au=Dyer%2C+Henry&rft.au=Hunter-Green%2C+Zeke&rft.au=Kalanaki%2C+Marjan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2023%2Fnov%2F23%2Frevealed-king-charles-secretly-profiting-from-the-assets-of-dead-citizens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnowned+property" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westernmorningnews.co.uk/Inside-Duchy-Cornwall/story-26913549-detail/story.html#ixzz3jq6QnhYf">"Inside the Duchy of Cornwall - part four"</a>. <i>Western Morning News</i>. Local World. July 16, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Morning+News&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Duchy+of+Cornwall+-+part+four&rft.date=2015-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westernmorningnews.co.uk%2FInside-Duchy-Cornwall%2Fstory-26913549-detail%2Fstory.html%23ixzz3jq6QnhYf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnowned+property" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C228">"Records of the Palatinate of Lancaster"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archives (UK)">National Archives</a></i>. <q>On 6 March 1351, Edward III conferred on his cousin Henry, fourth Earl of Lancaster, the dukedom of Lancaster. In the same charter he raised the county of Lancaster to a county palatine [...] The profits of justice belonged to the new duke. The King['s] ... escheator for the north-western counties of England was instructed to take no further action in the Palatinate. The Duke appointed his own escheator, who presumably accounted to the Duke at his Exchequer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives&rft.atitle=Records+of+the+Palatinate+of+Lancaster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fr%2FC228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnowned+property" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crownoffice.gov.uk/About/roles/qltr/Bona-Vacantia">Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service – Bona Vacantia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2003/11/18319/27604">http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2003/11/18319/27604</a> – Review of Treasure Trove Arrangements in Scotland</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copfs.gov.uk/About/roles/qltr/Bona-vacantia">Official Website of the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service of Scotland</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unowned_property&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/bonavacantia">Bona Vacantia</a></li> <li><a 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