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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Paris </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Touring_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Touring_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Touring Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Touring_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Affair_with_Countess_Marie_d'Agoult" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affair_with_Countess_Marie_d'Agoult"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Affair with Countess Marie d'Agoult </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affair_with_Countess_Marie_d'Agoult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Ivory_Duel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Ivory_Duel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 The Ivory Duel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Ivory_Duel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lisztomania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lisztomania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 Lisztomania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lisztomania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weimar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weimar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Weimar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weimar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_New_German_School_and_the_War_of_the_Romantics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_New_German_School_and_the_War_of_the_Romantics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 The New German School and the War of the Romantics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_New_German_School_and_the_War_of_the_Romantics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Rome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Tripartite_existence"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Tripartite_existence""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 "Tripartite existence" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Tripartite_existence"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Final years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_with_other_composers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_with_other_composers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Relationships with other composers </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationships_with_other_composers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Relationships with other composers subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Relationships_with_other_composers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hector_Berlioz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hector_Berlioz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Hector Berlioz </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hector_Berlioz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frédéric_Chopin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frédéric_Chopin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Frédéric Chopin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frédéric_Chopin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robert_and_Clara_Schumann" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robert_and_Clara_Schumann"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Robert and Clara Schumann </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robert_and_Clara_Schumann-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Richard_Wagner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Richard_Wagner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Richard Wagner </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Richard_Wagner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pianist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pianist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Pianist </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pianist-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pianist subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pianist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Performing_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Performing style </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concert_repertoire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concert_repertoire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Concert repertoire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concert_repertoire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Instruments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Keyboard_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keyboard_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Keyboard music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keyboard_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Piano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Piano </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Organ </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transcriptions_and_paraphrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transcriptions_and_paraphrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Transcriptions and paraphrases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transcriptions_and_paraphrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Songs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Program_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Program_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Program music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Late works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Writings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Compositions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Teaching </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Franz Liszt</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" > 100 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="فرانز ليست – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرانز ليست" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferens_List" title="Ferens List – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ferens List" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="ফ্রান্‌ৎস লিস্ট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রান্‌ৎস লিস্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liszt_Ferenc" title="Liszt Ferenc – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Liszt Ferenc" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Ференц Лист – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ференц Лист" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82" title="Ферэнц Ліст – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ферэнц Ліст" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82" title="Фэрэнц Ліст – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фэрэнц Ліст" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Ференц Лист – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ференц Лист" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_Liszt" title="Ferenc Liszt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ferenc Liszt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_Liszt" title="Ferenc Liszt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ferenc Liszt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%82_%CE%9B%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84" title="Φραντς Λιστ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φραντς Λιστ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="فرانتس لیست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانتس لیست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%80%EC%B8%A0_%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8" title="프란츠 리스트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프란츠 리스트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%81_%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF" title="Ֆերենց Լիստ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆերենց Լիստ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A5_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98" title="פרנץ ליסט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרנץ ליסט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ფერენც ლისტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფერენც ლისტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Ференц Лист – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ференц Лист" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Лист Ференц – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Лист Ференц" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Ференц Лист – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ференц Лист" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82,_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Лист, Ференц – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Лист, Ференц" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_Liszt" title="Franciscus Liszt – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Franciscus Liszt" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferencs_Lists" title="Ferencs Lists – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ferencs Lists" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_Liszt" title="Ferenc Liszt – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ferenc Liszt" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liszt_Ferenc" title="Liszt Ferenc – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Liszt Ferenc" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Франц Лист – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Франц Лист" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="فرانز ليست – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرانز ليست" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Ференц Лист – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ференц Лист" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%87%E1%80%B9%E1%80%87" title="ဖရန့် လဇ္ဇ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖရန့် လဇ္ဇ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%84%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="フランツ・リスト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランツ・リスト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_Liszt" title="Ferenc Liszt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ferenc Liszt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82,_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Лист, Ференц – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лист, Ференц" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="فرانز لیست – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فرانز لیست" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Франц Лист – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Франц Лист" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="பிரான்சு லிசித்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரான்சு லிசித்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C" title="ฟรันทซ์ ลิสท์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟรันทซ์ ลิสท์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Ференс Лист – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ференс Лист" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Franz Liszt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82" title="Ференц Ліст – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ференц Ліст" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="فرانز لیست – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hungarian composer and pianist (1811–1886)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Liszt" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Liszt_(surname)" title="Liszt (surname)">Liszt (surname)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">The native form of this <a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">personal name</a> is Liszt Ferenc. This article uses <a href="/wiki/Personal_name#Western_name_order" title="Personal name">Western name order</a> when mentioning individuals.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Franz Liszt</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Liszt_1858.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Franz_Liszt_1858.jpg/220px-Franz_Liszt_1858.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Franz_Liszt_1858.jpg/330px-Franz_Liszt_1858.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Franz_Liszt_1858.jpg/440px-Franz_Liszt_1858.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="962" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Liszt in 1858</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">22 October 1811 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Raiding,_Austria" title="Raiding, Austria">Doborján</a>, Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">31 July 1886(1886-07-31) (aged 74) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth" title="Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a>, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Works</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Franz_Liszt" title="List of compositions by Franz Liszt">List of compositions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partners</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_d%27Agoult" title="Marie d'Agoult">Marie d'Agoult</a> (1833–1839)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Carolyne_zu_Sayn-Wittgenstein" title="Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein">Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein</a> (1847)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3, including <a href="/wiki/Cosima_Wagner" title="Cosima Wagner">Cosima Wagner</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Liszt%27s_signature_(transparent).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Liszt%27s_signature_%28transparent%29.png/150px-Liszt%27s_signature_%28transparent%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Liszt%27s_signature_%28transparent%29.png/225px-Liszt%27s_signature_%28transparent%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Liszt%27s_signature_%28transparent%29.png/300px-Liszt%27s_signature_%28transparent%29.png 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="443" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Franz Liszt<a href="#cite_note-1">[n 1]</a> (22 October 1811 – 31 July 1886) was a Hungarian composer, <a href="/wiki/Virtuoso" title="Virtuoso">virtuoso</a> pianist, conductor and teacher of the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic period</a>. With a diverse <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Franz_Liszt" title="List of compositions by Franz Liszt">body of work</a> spanning more than six decades, he is considered to be one of the most prolific and influential composers of his era, and his piano works continue to be widely performed and recorded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBotstein2011-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§28-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeaville200556-4">[3]</a> Liszt achieved success as a concert pianist from an early age, and received lessons from esteemed musicians <a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Carl Czerny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Salieri" title="Antonio Salieri">Antonio Salieri</a>. He gained further renown for his performances during tours of Europe in the 1830s and 1840s, developing a reputation for technical brilliance as well as physical attractiveness. In a phenomenon dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Lisztomania" title="Lisztomania">Lisztomania</a>", he rose to a degree of stardom and popularity among the public not experienced by the virtuosos who preceded him. During this period and into his later life, Liszt was a friend, musical promoter and benefactor to many composers of his time, including <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">Clara Schumann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, among others. Liszt coined the terms "<a href="/wiki/Transcription_(music)" title="Transcription (music)">transcription</a>" and "paraphrase", and would perform arrangements of his contemporaries' music to popularise it. Alongside Wagner, Liszt was one of the most prominent representatives of the <a href="/wiki/New_German_School" title="New German School">New German School</a>, a progressive group of composers involved in the "<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Romantics" title="War of the Romantics">War of the Romantics</a>" who developed ideas of <a href="/wiki/Programmatic_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Programmatic music">programmatic music</a> and harmonic experimentation. Liszt taught piano performance to hundreds of students throughout his life, <a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_K_to_M#Franz_Liszt" title="List of music students by teacher: K to M">many of whom</a> went on to become notable performers. He left behind an extensive and diverse body of work that influenced his forward-looking contemporaries and anticipated 20th-century ideas and trends. Among Liszt's musical contributions were the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">symphonic poem</a>, innovations in <a href="/wiki/Thematic_transformation" title="Thematic transformation">thematic transformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">Impressionism in music</a>, and the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Masterclass" class="mw-redirect" title="Masterclass">masterclass</a> as a method of teaching performance. In a radical departure from his earlier compositional styles, many of <a href="/wiki/Late_works_of_Franz_Liszt" title="Late works of Franz Liszt">Liszt's later works</a> also feature experiments in <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonality</a>, foreshadowing developments in <a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th-century classical music</a>. Today he is best known for his original piano works, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Rhapsodies" title="Hungarian Rhapsodies">Hungarian Rhapsodies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_de_p%C3%A8lerinage" title="Années de pèlerinage">Années de pèlerinage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_%C3%89tudes" title="Transcendental Études">Transcendental Études</a>, "<a href="/wiki/La_campanella" title="La campanella">La campanella</a>", and the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_in_B_minor_(Liszt)" title="Piano Sonata in B minor (Liszt)">Piano Sonata in B minor</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:195px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Adam_Liszt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Adam_Liszt.jpg/138px-Adam_Liszt.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Adam_Liszt.jpg/207px-Adam_Liszt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Adam_Liszt.jpg/276px-Adam_Liszt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="801" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:168px;max-width:168px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:195px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Anna_Lager.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Maria_Anna_Lager.jpg/166px-Maria_Anna_Lager.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Maria_Anna_Lager.jpg/249px-Maria_Anna_Lager.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Maria_Anna_Lager.jpg 2x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="364" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Franz Liszt's father <a href="/wiki/Adam_Liszt" title="Adam Liszt">Adam Liszt</a> (left), and mother Anna Liszt (right)</div></div></div></div> Franz Liszt was born to Anna Liszt (née Maria Anna Lager)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1987xviii-5">[4]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Liszt" title="Adam Liszt">Adam Liszt</a> on 22 October 1811, in the village of <a href="/wiki/Raiding,_Austria" title="Raiding, Austria">Doborján</a> (German: Raiding) in <a href="/wiki/Sopron_County" title="Sopron County">Sopron County</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197315-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[n 2]</a> Liszt's father was a land steward in the service of <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_II,_Prince_Esterh%C3%A1zy" title="Nikolaus II, Prince Esterházy">Prince Nikolaus II Esterházy</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197315-6">[5]</a> a keen amateur musician, he played the piano, cello, guitar and flute,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamann18827-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197316-9">[7]</a> and knew <a href="/wiki/Haydn" class="mw-redirect" title="Haydn">Haydn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a> personally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamann18828–9-10">[8]</a> A renowned <a href="/wiki/Child_prodigy" title="Child prodigy">child prodigy</a>, Franz began to improvise at the piano from before the age of five, and his father diligently encouraged his progress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197316-9">[7]</a> Franz also found exposure to music through attending Mass, as well as travelling <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> bands that toured the Hungarian countryside.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamann188221–23-11">[9]</a> His first public concert was in <a href="/wiki/Sopron" title="Sopron">Sopron</a> in 1820 at the age of nine; its success led to further appearances in <a href="/wiki/Pressburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressburg">Pressburg</a> and for Prince Nikolaus' court in <a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a>. The publicity led to a group of wealthy sponsors offering to finance Franz's musical education in Vienna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197316–17-12">[10]</a> There, Liszt received piano lessons from <a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Carl Czerny</a>, who in his own youth had been a student of Beethoven and Hummel. Czerny, already extremely busy, had only begrudgingly agreed to hear Liszt play, and had initially refused to entertain the idea of regular lessons. Being so impressed by the initial audition, however, Czerny taught Liszt regularly, free of charge, for the next eighteen months, at which point he felt he had nothing more to teach.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197318–19,_23-13">[11]</a> Liszt remained grateful to his former teacher,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamann188260-14">[12]</a> later dedicating to him the <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_%C3%89tudes" title="Transcendental Études">Transcendental Études</a> on their 1830 republication.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESitwell196757-15">[13]</a> Liszt also received lessons in composition from <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Salieri" title="Antonio Salieri">Antonio Salieri</a>, the accomplished music director of the Viennese court who had previously taught <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2002-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertagnolli2021-17">[15]</a> Like Czerny, Salieri was highly impressed by Liszt's improvisation and sight-reading abilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertagnolli2021-17">[15]</a> Liszt's public debut in Vienna on 1 December 1822 was a great success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamann188267–69-18">[16]</a> He was greeted in Austrian and Hungarian aristocratic circles and met Beethoven and <a href="/wiki/Schubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Schubert">Schubert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESitwell196710–11-19">[17]</a> To build on his son's success, Adam Liszt decided to take the family to Paris, the centre of the artistic world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitelaw2021-20">[18]</a> At Liszt's final Viennese concert on 13 April 1823, Beethoven was reputed to have walked onstage and kissed Liszt on the forehead, to signify a kind of artistic christening. There is debate, however, on the extent to which this story is apocryphal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§1-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197020-22">[20]</a> The family briefly returned to Hungary, and Liszt played a concert in traditional Hungarian dress, in order to emphasise his roots, in May 1823.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§1-21">[19]</a> In 1824 a piece Liszt had written at the age of 11 – his <a href="/wiki/Variation_on_a_Waltz_by_Diabelli_(Liszt)" title="Variation on a Waltz by Diabelli (Liszt)">Variation on a Waltz by Diabelli</a> (S. 147) – appeared in Part II of <a href="/wiki/Vaterl%C3%A4ndischer_K%C3%BCnstlerverein" title="Vaterländischer Künstlerverein">Vaterländischer Künstlerverein</a> as his first published composition. This volume, commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Anton_Diabelli" title="Anton Diabelli">Anton Diabelli</a>, includes 50 variations on his waltz by 50 different composers (Part I being taken up by Beethoven's 33 variations on the same theme, which are now separately better known simply as his <a href="/wiki/Diabelli_Variations" title="Diabelli Variations">Diabelli Variations</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Beer20086-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatham2002357-24">[22]</a> Liszt was the youngest contributor to the project, described in it as "a boy of eleven years old";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamann188262-25">[23]</a> Czerny was also a participant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197323-26">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paris">Paris</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Paris">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%AEmes,Beaux_Arts086,Liszt_vers_14-15_ans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/N%C3%AEmes%2CBeaux_Arts086%2CLiszt_vers_14-15_ans.jpg/220px-N%C3%AEmes%2CBeaux_Arts086%2CLiszt_vers_14-15_ans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/N%C3%AEmes%2CBeaux_Arts086%2CLiszt_vers_14-15_ans.jpg/330px-N%C3%AEmes%2CBeaux_Arts086%2CLiszt_vers_14-15_ans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/N%C3%AEmes%2CBeaux_Arts086%2CLiszt_vers_14-15_ans.jpg/440px-N%C3%AEmes%2CBeaux_Arts086%2CLiszt_vers_14-15_ans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2951" data-file-height="3593" /></a><figcaption>Liszt in 1826 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Vignaud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Vignaud (page does not exist)">Jean Vignaud</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Vignaud" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Vignaud">fr</a>]</figcaption></figure> Having made significant sums from his concerts, Liszt and his family moved to Paris in 1823, with the hope of his attending the <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_de_Paris" title="Conservatoire de Paris">Conservatoire de Paris</a>. The director <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Luigi Cherubini</a> refused his entry, however, as the Conservatoire did not accept foreigners. Nevertheless, Liszt studied under <a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Anton Reicha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Paer" title="Ferdinando Paer">Ferdinando Paer</a>, and gave a series of highly successful concerts debuting on 8 March 1824. Paer was involved in the Parisian theatrical and operatic scene, and through his connections Liszt staged his only opera, <a href="/wiki/Don_Sanche" title="Don Sanche">Don Sanche</a>, which premiered shortly before his fourteenth birthday. The premiere was warmly received, but the opera only ran for four performances, and is now obscure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitelaw2021-20">[18]</a> Accompanied by his father, Liszt toured France and England, where he played for <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">King George IV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197324–26-27">[25]</a> Adam Liszt died suddenly of <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a> in the summer of 1827, and for the next eight years Liszt continued to live in Paris with his mother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitelaw2021-20">[18]</a> He gave up touring, and in order to earn money, he gave lessons on piano and composition, often from early morning until late at night. His students were scattered across the city and he had to cover long distances. Because of this, he kept uncertain hours and also took up smoking and drinking, habits he would continue throughout his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESearle199530-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1987131-29">[27]</a> During this period Liszt fell in love with one of his pupils, Caroline de Saint-Cricq, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a>'s minister of commerce, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Saint-Cricq" title="Pierre de Saint-Cricq">Pierre de Saint-Cricq</a>. Her father, however, insisted that the affair be broken off.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197326–27-30">[28]</a> Liszt fell very ill, to the extent that an obituary notice was printed in a Paris newspaper, and he underwent a long period of religious doubts and introspection. He stopped playing the piano and giving lessons, and developed an intense interest in religion, having many conversations with <a href="/wiki/Hugues_Felicit%C3%A9_Robert_de_Lamennais" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugues Felicité Robert de Lamennais">Abbé de Lamennais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_Urhan" title="Chrétien Urhan">Chrétien Urhan</a>, a German-born violinist who introduced him to the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Simonianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Simonianism">Saint-Simonists</a>. Lamennais dissuaded Liszt from becoming a monk or priest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197327–28-31">[29]</a> Urhan was an early champion of Schubert, inspiring Liszt's own lifelong love of <a href="/wiki/Schubert%27s_song_cycles" title="Schubert's song cycles">Schubert's songs</a>. Much of Urhan's emotive music which moved beyond the <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical</a> paradigm, such as Elle et moi, La Salvation angélique and Les Regrets, may have helped to develop Liszt's taste and style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1987137–138-32">[30]</a> During this period Liszt came into contact with many of the leading authors and artists of his day, including <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Alphonse de Lamartine</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Alfred de Vigny</a>. He composed practically nothing in the years between his father's death and the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution of 1830</a>, which inspired him to sketch a symphony based on the events of the "three glorious days" (this piece was left unfinished, and later reworked as <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ro%C3%AFde_fun%C3%A8bre_(Liszt)" title="Héroïde funèbre (Liszt)">Héroïde funèbre</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitelaw2021-20">[18]</a> Liszt met <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a> on 4 December 1830, the day before the premiere of the <a href="/wiki/Symphonie_fantastique" title="Symphonie fantastique">Symphonie fantastique</a>. Berlioz's music made a strong impression on Liszt, and the two quickly became friends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2005§17-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom199864-34">[32]</a> Liszt also befriended <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a> around this time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197336-35">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niccolo_Paganini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Niccolo_Paganini.jpg/170px-Niccolo_Paganini.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Niccolo_Paganini.jpg/255px-Niccolo_Paganini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Niccolo_Paganini.jpg/340px-Niccolo_Paganini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Niccolò Paganini (1828)</figcaption></figure> After attending a concert featuring <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Niccolò Paganini</a> in April 1832,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§5-36">[34]</a> Liszt resolved to become as great a virtuoso on the piano as Paganini was on the violin. He dramatically increased his practice, sometimes practising for up to fourteen hours a day, and in 1838 published the six Études d'exécution transcendante d'après Paganini (later revised as <a href="/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9tudes_de_Paganini" title="Grandes études de Paganini">Grandes études de Paganini</a>), aiming to represent Paganini's virtuosity on the keyboard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197331–32-37">[35]</a> The process of Liszt completely redeveloping his technique is often described as a direct result of attending Paganini's concert, but it is likely that he had already begun this work previously, during the period 1828–1832.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison200638–39-38">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Touring_Europe">Touring Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Touring Europe">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Affair_with_Countess_Marie_d'Agoult">Affair with Countess Marie d'Agoult</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Affair with Countess Marie d'Agoult">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_d%E2%80%99Agoult_by_Henri_Lehmann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Marie_d%E2%80%99Agoult_by_Henri_Lehmann.jpg/170px-Marie_d%E2%80%99Agoult_by_Henri_Lehmann.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Marie_d%E2%80%99Agoult_by_Henri_Lehmann.jpg/255px-Marie_d%E2%80%99Agoult_by_Henri_Lehmann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Marie_d%E2%80%99Agoult_by_Henri_Lehmann.jpg/340px-Marie_d%E2%80%99Agoult_by_Henri_Lehmann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1571" /></a><figcaption>Marie d'Agoult (1843)</figcaption></figure> In 1833, Liszt began a relationship with the Countess <a href="/wiki/Marie_d%27Agoult" title="Marie d'Agoult">Marie d'Agoult</a>, who was married to a French cavalry officer but living independently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§6-39">[37]</a> In order to escape scandal they moved to <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> in 1835;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§7-40">[38]</a> their daughter Blandine was born there on 18 December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmes201654–55-41">[39]</a> Liszt taught at the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_de_Musique_de_Gen%C3%A8ve" title="Conservatoire de Musique de Genève">Geneva Conservatoire</a> and contributed essays for <a href="/wiki/L%27Artiste" title="L'Artiste">L'Artiste</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Revue_et_gazette_musicale_de_Paris" title="Revue et gazette musicale de Paris">Revue et gazette musicale de Paris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelenza2021-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§7-40">[38]</a> For the next four years, Liszt and the countess lived together. In 1835 and 1836 they travelled around Switzerland, and from August 1837 until November 1839 they toured Italy. It was these travels that later inspired the composer to write his cycle of piano collections entitled <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_de_p%C3%A8lerinage" title="Années de pèlerinage">Années de pèlerinage</a> (Years of Pilgrimage).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJost2021-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJost2020-44">[42]</a> Their daughter, <a href="/wiki/Cosima_Wagner" title="Cosima Wagner">Cosima</a>, was born in <a href="/wiki/Como" title="Como">Como</a> on 24 December 1837, and their son Daniel on 9 May 1839 in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmes201665,_59-45">[43]</a> That autumn relations between them became strained. Liszt heard that plans for a <a href="/wiki/Beethoven_Monument" title="Beethoven Monument">Beethoven Monument</a> in Bonn were in danger of collapse for lack of funds and pledged his support, raising funds through concerts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§7-40">[38]</a> The countess returned to Paris with the children, while Liszt gave six concerts in Vienna, then toured Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESearle199530-28">[26]</a> Liszt would later spend holidays with Marie and their children on the island of <a href="/wiki/Nonnenwerth" title="Nonnenwerth">Nonnenwerth</a> on the Rhine in the summers of 1841 and 1843. In May 1844, the couple finally separated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmes201673,_85-46">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Ivory_Duel">The Ivory Duel</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Ivory Duel">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigismond_Thalberg_(by_Grevedon).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sigismond_Thalberg_%28by_Grevedon%29.jpeg/170px-Sigismond_Thalberg_%28by_Grevedon%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sigismond_Thalberg_%28by_Grevedon%29.jpeg/255px-Sigismond_Thalberg_%28by_Grevedon%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sigismond_Thalberg_%28by_Grevedon%29.jpeg/340px-Sigismond_Thalberg_%28by_Grevedon%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="4400" /></a><figcaption>Sigismond Thalberg (1836)</figcaption></figure> Swiss pianist <a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Sigismond Thalberg</a> moved to Paris in 1835 after several successful years of touring. His concerts there were extremely well received, and Liszt, at the time living in Geneva, received news of them from his friends in Paris. In the autumn of 1836 Liszt published an unfavourable review of several of Thalberg's compositions in the Gazette musicale, calling them "boring" and "mediocre". A published exchange of views ensued between Liszt and Thalberg's supporter, the critic <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_F%C3%A9tis" title="François-Joseph Fétis">François-Joseph Fétis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-SwadleyLiszt201217–18-47">[45]</a> Liszt heard Thalberg perform for the first time at the Paris Conservatoire in February 1837, and to settle the disagreement the two pianists each arranged a performance for the public to compare them the following month. Liszt performed his own Grande fantaisie sur des motifs de Niobe and Weber's <a href="/wiki/Konzertst%C3%BCck_in_F_minor_(Weber)" title="Konzertstück in F minor (Weber)">Konzertstück in F minor</a>. This was considered to be inconclusive, so the two agreed to perform at the same concert for comparison on 31 March, at the salon of the <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Trivulzio_Belgiojoso" title="Cristina Trivulzio Belgiojoso">Princess of Belgiojoso</a>, in aid of Italian refugees. Thalberg opened with his Fantasia on Rossini's "Moses", then Liszt performed his Niobe fantasy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-SwadleyLiszt201218-48">[46]</a> The result of this "duel" is disputed. Critic <a href="/wiki/Jules_Janin" title="Jules Janin">Jules Janin</a>'s report in <a href="/wiki/Journal_des_d%C3%A9bats" title="Journal des débats">Journal des débats</a> asserted that there was no clear winner: "Two victors and no vanquished; it is fitting to say with the poet 'et adhuc sub judice lis est". Belgiojoso declined to declare a winner, famously concluding that "Thalberg is the first pianist in the world – Liszt is unique."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§7-40">[38]</a> The biographer <a href="/wiki/Alan_Walker_(musicologist)" title="Alan Walker (musicologist)">Alan Walker</a>, however, believes that "Liszt received the ovation of the evening and all doubts about his supremacy were dispelled. As for Thalberg, his humiliation was complete. He virtually disappeared from the concert platform after this date."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197340-49">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lisztomania">Lisztomania</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lisztomania">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lisztomania" title="Lisztomania">Lisztomania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Liszt_by_Herman_Biow-_1843.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Franz_Liszt_by_Herman_Biow-_1843.png/180px-Franz_Liszt_by_Herman_Biow-_1843.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Franz_Liszt_by_Herman_Biow-_1843.png/270px-Franz_Liszt_by_Herman_Biow-_1843.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Franz_Liszt_by_Herman_Biow-_1843.png/360px-Franz_Liszt_by_Herman_Biow-_1843.png 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption>Earliest known photograph of Liszt (1843) by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Biow" title="Hermann Biow">Hermann Biow</a> </figcaption></figure> After his separation from Marie, Liszt continued to tour Europe. His concerts in Berlin in the winter of 1841–1842 marked the start of a period of immense public enthusiasm and popularity for his performances, dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Lisztomania" title="Lisztomania">Lisztomania</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a> in 1844.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPesceEckhardtMueller2023§1.iii-50">[48]</a> In a fashion that has been described as similar to "the mass hysteria associated with revivalist meetings or 20th-century rock stars", women fought over his cigar stubs and coffee dregs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§8-51">[49]</a> and his silk handkerchiefs and velvet gloves, which they ripped to shreds as souvenirs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1987289-52">[50]</a> This atmosphere was fuelled in great part by the artist's mesmeric personality and stage presence: he was regarded as handsome,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHensher2016-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton-Hill2016-54">[52]</a> and Heine wrote of his showmanship during concerts: "How powerful, how shattering was his mere physical appearance".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1987289-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmes201673-55">[53]</a> It is estimated that Liszt appeared in public well over one thousand times during this eight-year period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§8-51">[49]</a> Moreover, his great fame as a pianist, which he would continue to enjoy long after he had officially retired from the concert stage, was based mainly on his accomplishments during this time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1987285-56">[54]</a> Adding to his reputation was that Liszt gave away much of the proceeds of his work to charity and humanitarian causes. He donated large sums to the building fund of <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Basilica" title="St. Stephen's Basilica">St. Stephen's Basilica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pest,_Hungary" title="Pest, Hungary">Pest</a>, and made private donations to public services such as hospitals and schools, as well as charitable organizations such as the Leipzig Musicians Pension Fund. After the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Fire of Hamburg">Great Fire of Hamburg</a> in May 1842, he gave concerts in aid of those left homeless.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1987290-57">[55]</a> During a tour of Ukraine in 1847, Liszt played in <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, where he met the Polish Princess <a href="/wiki/Carolyne_zu_Sayn-Wittgenstein" title="Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein">Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein</a>. For some time he had been considering retiring from the life of a travelling virtuoso to concentrate on composition, and at this point he made the decision to take up a court position in <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>. Having known Liszt for only a few weeks, Carolyne resolved to join him there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197355–56-58">[56]</a> After a tour of Turkey and Russia that summer,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPredota2019-59">[57]</a> Liszt gave the final paid concert of his career at <a href="/wiki/Elizabetgrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabetgrad">Elizabetgrad</a> in September,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197355-60">[58]</a> then spent the winter with the princess at her estate in Woronińce.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESearle199531-61">[59]</a> By retiring from the concert platform at the age of 35, while still at the height of his powers, Liszt succeeded in keeping the legend of his playing untarnished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1987442-62">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weimar">Weimar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Weimar">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barabas-liszt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Barabas-liszt.jpg/170px-Barabas-liszt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Barabas-liszt.jpg/255px-Barabas-liszt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Barabas-liszt.jpg/340px-Barabas-liszt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>Franz Liszt, portrait by Hungarian painter <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Barab%C3%A1s" title="Miklós Barabás">Miklós Barabás</a>, 1847</figcaption></figure> In July 1848 Liszt settled in Weimar, where he had been appointed the honorary title of "<a href="/wiki/Kapellmeister" title="Kapellmeister">Kapellmeister</a> Extraordinaire" six years previously. He acted as the official court kapellmeister at the expense of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Pavlovna_of_Russia_(1786%E2%80%931859)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia (1786–1859)">Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia</a> until 1859,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmes2016101,_115–117-63">[61]</a> jointly with <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Andr%C3%A9_Jean_Baptiste_Ch%C3%A9lard" title="Hippolyte André Jean Baptiste Chélard">Hippolyte André Jean Baptiste Chélard</a> until his retirement in 1852.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECormac2021b-64">[62]</a> During this period Liszt acted as conductor at court concerts and on special occasions at the theatre, arranged several festivals celebrating the work of Berlioz and Wagner, and produced the premiere of <a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)" title="Lohengrin (opera)">Lohengrin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmes201636,_119-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§12-66">[64]</a> He gave lessons to a number of pianists, including the great virtuoso <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Hans von Bülow">Hans von Bülow</a>, who married Liszt's daughter Cosima in 1857 (she would later marry Wagner).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197377,_92-67">[65]</a> Liszt's work during this period made Weimar a nexus for modern music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECormac2021b-64">[62]</a> As kapellmeister Liszt was required to submit every programme to the court <a href="/wiki/Intendant" title="Intendant">Intendant</a> for prior approval. This did not cause large problems until the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Dingelstedt" title="Franz von Dingelstedt">Franz von Dingelstedt</a> in 1857, who reduced the number of music productions, rejected Liszt's choices of repertoire, and even organised a demonstration against Liszt's 1858 premiere of <a href="/wiki/Der_Barbier_von_Bagdad" title="Der Barbier von Bagdad">Der Barbier von Bagdad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECormac2021b-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197368-68">[66]</a> Faced with this opposition, Liszt resigned in 1858.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197368-68">[66]</a> At first, after arriving in Weimar, Princess Carolyne lived apart from Liszt, in order to avoid suspicions of impropriety. She wished eventually to marry Liszt, but since her husband, Russian military officer Prince Nicholas von Sayn-Wittgenstein, was still alive, she had to convince the Roman Catholic authorities that her marriage to him had been invalid. Her appeal to the Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St Petersburg">St Petersburg</a> for an <a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">annulment</a>, lodged before leaving Russia, was ultimately unsuccessful, and the couple abandoned pretence and began to live together in the autumn of 1848.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmes2016113-69">[67]</a> Nicholas was aware that the couple's marriage had effectively ended, and Carolyne and Nicholas reached an agreement to annul in 1850 whereby the prince would receive some of Carolyne's estates. However, this arrangement was struck down in 1851 by the <a href="/wiki/Consistory_court" title="Consistory court">consistory court</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zhytomyr" title="Zhytomyr">Zhytomyr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmes2016143–144-70">[68]</a> Throughout the decade the couple would continue to negotiate through the complex situation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmes2016142–175-71">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_New_German_School_and_the_War_of_the_Romantics">The New German School and the War of the Romantics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The New German School and the War of the Romantics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/New_German_School" title="New German School">New German School</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Romantics" title="War of the Romantics">War of the Romantics</a></div> In 1859 <a href="/wiki/Franz_Brendel" title="Franz Brendel">Franz Brendel</a> coined the name "<a href="/wiki/New_German_School" title="New German School">New German School</a>" in his publication <a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a>, to refer to the musicians associated with Liszt while he was in Weimar. The most prominent members other than Liszt were Wagner and Berlioz (although Wagner rejected the label), and the group also included <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cornelius" title="Peter Cornelius">Peter Cornelius</a>, Hans von Bülow and <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Raff" title="Joachim Raff">Joachim Raff</a>. The School was a loose confederation of progressive composers, mainly grouped together as a challenge to supposed conservatives such as Mendelssohn and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a>, and so the term is considered to be of limited use in describing a particular movement or set of unified principles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarrack2002-72">[70]</a> What commonalities the composers had were around the development of <a href="/wiki/Programmatic_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Programmatic music">programmatic music</a>, harmonic experimentation, wide-ranging modulation and formal innovations such as the use of <a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">leitmotifs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thematic_transformation" title="Thematic transformation">thematic transformation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrey2001-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeaville2021-74">[72]</a> The disagreements between the two factions is often described as the "<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Romantics" title="War of the Romantics">War of the Romantics</a>". The "war" was largely carried out through articles, essays and reviews. Each side claimed <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a> as its predecessor. A number of festivals were arranged to showcase the music of the New German School, notably in Leipzig in 1859 and Weimar in 1861. The <a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_Deutsche_Musikverein" class="mw-redirect" title="Allgemeine Deutsche Musikverein">Allgemeine Deutsche Musikverein</a>, intrinsically linked to the School, was founded at this time, with Liszt becoming its honorary president in 1873. However, as most of Liszt's work from the 1860s and 1870s received little attention, and Brendel and Berlioz died in the late 1860s, the focus of the progressive movement in music moved to <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth" title="Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a> with Wagner in the 1870s, who definitively moved on from the School and the Neue Zeitschrift.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeaville2021-74">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rome">Rome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rome">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liszt-1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Liszt-1870.jpg/170px-Liszt-1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Liszt-1870.jpg/255px-Liszt-1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Liszt-1870.jpg/340px-Liszt-1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1191" /></a><figcaption>Liszt, photo (mirror-imaged) by Franz Hanfstaengl, June 1870</figcaption></figure> After a visit to Rome and an audience with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> in 1860, Carolyne finally secured an annulment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmes2016181-75">[73]</a> It was planned that she and Liszt would marry in Rome, on 22 October 1861, Liszt's 50th birthday. Liszt arrived in Rome on 21 October, but a Vatican official had arrived the previous day in order to stop the marriage. This was a result of the machinations of <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Adolf,_Cardinal_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst" title="Gustav Adolf, Cardinal Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst">Cardinal Hohenlohe</a>, who wanted to protect a complex inheritance agreement brokered by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Tsar Alexander II</a>. Carolyne subsequently gave up all attempts to marry Liszt, even after her husband's death in 1864;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§20-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESitwell1967224-77">[75]</a> she became a recluse, working for the rest of her life on a long work critical of the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197371–72-78">[76]</a> The 1860s were a period of great sadness in Liszt's private life. On 13 December 1859, he lost his 20-year-old son Daniel to an unknown illness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmes2016177-79">[77]</a> On 11 September 1862 his 26-year-old daughter Blandine also died, having contracted <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a> after surgery on a breast growth which developed shortly after giving birth to a son she named in memory of Daniel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmes2016189-80">[78]</a> In letters to friends, Liszt announced that he would retreat to a solitary living.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmes2016191–192-81">[79]</a> He moved to the monastery Madonna del Rosario, just outside Rome, where on 20 June 1863 he took up quarters in a small, spartan apartment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmes2016191–192-81">[79]</a> He had a piano in his cell, and he continued to compose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197374-82">[80]</a> He had already joined the <a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Third Order of Saint Francis</a> previously, on 23 June 1857.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurger1986209-83">[81]</a> On 25 April 1865 he received the <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsure</a> at the hands of Cardinal Hohenlohe, who had previously worked against Carolyne's efforts to secure an annulment; the two men became close friends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmes2016181,_197-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197379-85">[83]</a> On 31 July 1865 Liszt received the four minor orders of <a href="/wiki/Ostiarius" title="Ostiarius">porter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lector" title="Lector">lector</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exorcist" title="Exorcist">exorcist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acolyte" title="Acolyte">acolyte</a>. After this ordination he was often called "<a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9" title="Abbé">Abbé</a> Liszt". On 14 August 1879, he was made an honorary <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">canon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Albano_Laziale" title="Albano Laziale">Albano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§21-86">[84]</a> In 1867 Liszt was commissioned to write a piece for the coronation ceremony of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Joseph">Franz Joseph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth of Bavaria">Elisabeth of Bavaria</a>, and he travelled to <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> to conduct it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197380-87">[85]</a> The Hungarian Coronation Mass was performed on 8 June 1867, at the coronation ceremony in the <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Church" title="Matthias Church">Matthias Church</a> by <a href="/wiki/Buda_Castle" title="Buda Castle">Buda Castle</a> in a six-section form. After the first performance, the Offertory was added and, two years later, the Gradual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFendNoiray2005542-88">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Tripartite_existence"">"Tripartite existence"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: "Tripartite existence"">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liszt_Ferenc_Zenem%C5%B1v%C3%A9szeti_Egyetem_2013-ban_fel%C3%BAj%C3%ADtott_homlokzata.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Liszt_Ferenc_Zenem%C5%B1v%C3%A9szeti_Egyetem_2013-ban_fel%C3%BAj%C3%ADtott_homlokzata.JPG/220px-Liszt_Ferenc_Zenem%C5%B1v%C3%A9szeti_Egyetem_2013-ban_fel%C3%BAj%C3%ADtott_homlokzata.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Liszt_Ferenc_Zenem%C5%B1v%C3%A9szeti_Egyetem_2013-ban_fel%C3%BAj%C3%ADtott_homlokzata.JPG/330px-Liszt_Ferenc_Zenem%C5%B1v%C3%A9szeti_Egyetem_2013-ban_fel%C3%BAj%C3%ADtott_homlokzata.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Liszt_Ferenc_Zenem%C5%B1v%C3%A9szeti_Egyetem_2013-ban_fel%C3%BAj%C3%ADtott_homlokzata.JPG/440px-Liszt_Ferenc_Zenem%C5%B1v%C3%A9szeti_Egyetem_2013-ban_fel%C3%BAj%C3%ADtott_homlokzata.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="2148" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt_Academy_of_Music" title="Franz Liszt Academy of Music">Liszt Ferenc Academy of Music</a> in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> </figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexander,_Grand_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Grand Duke Charles Alexander</a> had been attempting to arrange Liszt's return to Weimar ever since he had left, and in January 1869 Liszt agreed to a residency to give masterclasses in piano playing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197382-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200586-90">[88]</a> He was based in the Hofgärtnerei (court gardener's house), where he taught for the next seventeen years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197383-91">[89]</a> From 1872 until the end of his life, Liszt made regular journeys between Rome, Weimar and Budapest, continuing what he called his vie trifurquée ("<a href="/wiki/Tripartite_(theology)" title="Tripartite (theology)">tripartite</a> existence").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197387-92">[90]</a> It is estimated that he travelled at least 4,000 miles a year during this period in his life – an exceptional figure given his advancing age and the rigors of road and rail in the 1870s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§24-93">[91]</a> Liszt's time in Budapest was the result of efforts from the Hungarian government in attracting him to work there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197387-92">[90]</a> The plan of the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt_Academy_of_Music" title="Franz Liszt Academy of Music">Royal Academy of Music</a> was agreed upon by the Hungarian Parliament in 1873, and in March 1875 Liszt was nominated its president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmes2016262-94">[92]</a> The academy was officially opened on 14 November 1875 with Liszt's colleague <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Ferenc Erkel</a> as director and <a href="/wiki/Korn%C3%A9l_%C3%81br%C3%A1nyi" title="Kornél Ábrányi">Kornél Ábrányi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Volkmann" title="Robert Volkmann">Robert Volkmann</a> on the staff.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiszt_Museumn.d.-95">[93]</a> Liszt himself only arrived to deliver lessons in March 1876.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmes2016263-96">[94]</a> From 1881 when in Budapest he would stay in an apartment in the Academy, where he taught pupils in much the same way as he did in Weimar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPesce201450-97">[95]</a> In 1925 the institution was renamed in honour of Liszt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooker2021-98">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years">Final years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Final years">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Liszt_by_Nadar,_March_1886.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Franz_Liszt_by_Nadar%2C_March_1886.png/170px-Franz_Liszt_by_Nadar%2C_March_1886.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Franz_Liszt_by_Nadar%2C_March_1886.png/255px-Franz_Liszt_by_Nadar%2C_March_1886.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Franz_Liszt_by_Nadar%2C_March_1886.png/340px-Franz_Liszt_by_Nadar%2C_March_1886.png 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2292" /></a><figcaption>Liszt in March 1886, four months before his death, photographed by <a href="/wiki/Nadar" title="Nadar">Nadar</a> </figcaption></figure> Liszt fell down a flight of stairs at the Hofgärtnerei in July 1881, and remained bedridden for several weeks after this accident.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200587-99">[97]</a> He had been in good health up to that point,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197394-100">[98]</a> but a number of ailments subsequently manifested, such as a <a href="/wiki/Cataract" title="Cataract">cataract</a> in the left eye, dental issues and fatigue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmalhausen200214,_16-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197394-100">[98]</a> Since around 1877 he had become increasingly plagued by feelings of desolation, despair and preoccupation with death—feelings that he expressed in his <a href="/wiki/Late_works_of_Franz_Liszt" title="Late works of Franz Liszt">works from this period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200587,_90-102">[100]</a> As he told <a href="/wiki/Lina_Ramann" title="Lina Ramann">Lina Ramann</a>, "I carry a deep sadness of the heart which must now and then break out in sound."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§25-103">[101]</a> On 13 January 1886, while <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a> was staying at the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Medici" title="Villa Medici">Villa Medici</a> in Rome, Liszt met him there with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Vidal" title="Paul Vidal">Paul Vidal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_H%C3%A9bert" title="Ernest Hébert">Ernest Hébert</a>, director of the French Academy. Liszt played "<a href="/wiki/Au_bord_d%27une_source" title="Au bord d'une source">Au bord d'une source</a>" from <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_de_p%C3%A8lerinage" title="Années de pèlerinage">Années de pèlerinage</a>, as well as his arrangement of <a href="/wiki/Ave_Maria_(Schubert)" title="Ave Maria (Schubert)">Schubert's Ave Maria</a> for the musicians. Debussy in later years described Liszt's pedalling as "like a form of breathing."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1997475–476-104">[102]</a> Liszt travelled to <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth" title="Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a> in the summer of 1886. This was in order to support his daughter Cosima, who was running the <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival" title="Bayreuth Festival">festival</a> but struggling to generate sufficient interest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmalhausen20022,_192-105">[103]</a> The festival was dedicated to the works of her husband Richard Wagner, and had opened ten years previously; Wagner had died in 1883.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillingtonDeathridgeDahlhausBailey2009§6,_§8-106">[104]</a> Already frail, in his final week of life Liszt's health deteriorated further, as he experienced a fever, cough and delirium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197396–97-107">[105]</a> He died during the festival, near midnight on 31 July 1886, at the age of 74—officially as a result of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, which he had contracted prior to arriving in Bayreuth, although the true cause of death may have been a <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmalhausen20021,_15-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§27-109">[107]</a> He was buried on 3 August 1886, in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_cemetery_of_Bayreuth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Municipal cemetery of Bayreuth (page does not exist)">municipal cemetery of Bayreuth</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedh%C3%B6fe_in_Bayreuth" class="extiw" title="de:Friedhöfe in Bayreuth">de</a>], according to Cosima's wishes; despite controversy over this as his final resting place, Liszt's body was never moved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmalhausen2002151,_166,_181-110">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationships_with_other_composers">Relationships with other composers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Relationships with other composers">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hector_Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hector Berlioz">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Kriehuber,_Ein_Matin%C3%A9e_bei_Liszt,_1846.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Joseph_Kriehuber%2C_Ein_Matin%C3%A9e_bei_Liszt%2C_1846.jpg/220px-Joseph_Kriehuber%2C_Ein_Matin%C3%A9e_bei_Liszt%2C_1846.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Joseph_Kriehuber%2C_Ein_Matin%C3%A9e_bei_Liszt%2C_1846.jpg/330px-Joseph_Kriehuber%2C_Ein_Matin%C3%A9e_bei_Liszt%2C_1846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Joseph_Kriehuber%2C_Ein_Matin%C3%A9e_bei_Liszt%2C_1846.jpg/440px-Joseph_Kriehuber%2C_Ein_Matin%C3%A9e_bei_Liszt%2C_1846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>Berlioz (standing, left) listening to Liszt play the piano (1846)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a> and Liszt first met on 4 December 1830, the day before the premiere of Berlioz's <a href="/wiki/Symphonie_fantastique" title="Symphonie fantastique">Symphonie fantastique</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson200027-111">[109]</a> The two quickly became very close friends, exchanging intimate letters on their respective love lives, which also reveal that Liszt was aware of Berlioz's fixation on suicide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom199864-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom201376,_79-112">[110]</a> Liszt acted as a witness at Berlioz's wedding to <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Smithson" title="Harriet Smithson">Harriet Smithson</a> in 1833, despite cautioning Berlioz against it, and they worked together at several concerts over the following three years, and again in 1841 and 1844.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom201381-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson200030-114">[112]</a> In Weimar the two composers revised <a href="/wiki/Benvenuto_Cellini_(opera)" title="Benvenuto Cellini (opera)">Benvenuto Cellini</a>, and Liszt organised a "Berlioz Week", which included <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_et_Juliette_(Berlioz)" title="Roméo et Juliette (Berlioz)">Roméo et Juliette</a> and part of <a href="/wiki/La_damnation_de_Faust" title="La damnation de Faust">La damnation de Faust</a>, later dedicated to Liszt (in return, Liszt dedicated his <a href="/wiki/Faust_Symphony" title="Faust Symphony">Faust Symphony</a> to Berlioz).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2005§5-115">[113]</a> The orchestration of Berlioz had an influence on Liszt, especially with regards to his symphonic poems. Berlioz saw orchestration as part of the compositional process, rather than a final task to undertake after the music had already been written.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2005§17-33">[31]</a> Berlioz joined Liszt and Wagner as a figurehead of the <a href="/wiki/New_German_School" title="New German School">New German School</a>, but an unwilling one, as he was unconvinced by Wagner's ideas about the "<a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Future" title="Music of the Future">music of the future</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson200095–96-116">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frédéric_Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Frédéric Chopin">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a> and Liszt first met in the early 1830s, both moving in the same circles of artists residing in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197336-35">[33]</a> Liszt attended Chopin's first Paris performance at the <a href="/wiki/Salle_Pleyel" title="Salle Pleyel">Salle Pleyel</a> on 26 February 1832, which he admired greatly, and by mid-1833 the two had become close friends. They performed together a number of times, often for charity, and since Chopin only performed in public about 12 times, these events comprise a large proportion of his total appearances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-SwadleyLiszt201131–32-117">[115]</a> Their relationship cooled in the early 1840s, and several reasons have been suggested for this, including that <a href="/wiki/Marie_d%27Agoult" title="Marie d'Agoult">Marie d'Agoult</a> was infatuated with Chopin, or Liszt with <a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a>, or that Liszt used Chopin's home for a rendezvous with <a href="/wiki/Marie_Pleyel" title="Marie Pleyel">Marie Pleyel</a>, the wife of Chopin's friend <a href="/wiki/Camille_Pleyel" title="Camille Pleyel">Camille</a>. The two musicians had very different personalities, with Liszt being extroverted and outgoing while Chopin was more introverted and reflective, so it is possible that the two never had an extremely close friendship to begin with, and the fact that they did not live physically close together would have been another barrier. On the topic, Liszt commented to Chopin's biographer <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Niecks" title="Frederick Niecks">Frederick Niecks</a> that Marie d'Agoult and George Sand had frequently disagreed, and the musicians had felt obliged to side with their respective partners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-SwadleyLiszt201130–33-118">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alex_Szilasi" title="Alex Szilasi">Alex Szilasi</a> suggests that Chopin took offence at an equivocal 1841 review by Liszt, and was perhaps jealous of Liszt's popularity, while Liszt in turn may have been jealous of Chopin's reputation as a serious composer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilasi2011-119">[117]</a> Very shortly after Chopin's death in 1849, Liszt had a monument erected in his memory and began to write a biography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilasi2011-119">[117]</a> Chopin's relatives and friends found the timing of this insensitive, and many declined to help with Liszt's enquiries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-SwadleyLiszt201117–18-120">[118]</a> Scholars disagree on the extent to which Chopin and Liszt influenced each others' compositions. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Charles Rosen</a> identifies similarities between Chopin's <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tude_Op._10,_No._9_(Chopin)" title="Étude Op. 10, No. 9 (Chopin)">Étude Op. 10, No. 9</a> and the early version of Liszt's <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_%C3%89tude_No._10_(Liszt)" title="Transcendental Étude No. 10 (Liszt)">Transcendental Étude No. 10</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Alan_Walker_(musicologist)" title="Alan Walker (musicologist)">Alan Walker</a> argues that no such connection exists. Stylistic similarities between other studies, Chopin's <a href="/wiki/Nocturnes_(Chopin)" title="Nocturnes (Chopin)">Nocturnes</a> and Liszt's <a href="/wiki/Consolations_(Liszt)" title="Consolations (Liszt)">Consolations</a>, and even an influence on the ornamentation and fingering of Liszt's works, have been proposed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-SwadleyLiszt201133–34-121">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robert_and_Clara_Schumann">Robert and Clara Schumann</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Robert and Clara Schumann">edit</a>]</div> In 1837 Liszt wrote a positive review of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a>'s Impromptus and piano sonatas <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._1_(Schumann)" title="Piano Sonata No. 1 (Schumann)">no. 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._3_(Schumann)" title="Piano Sonata No. 3 (Schumann)">no. 3</a>. The two began to correspond, and the following year he met Schumann's fiancée <a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">Clara Wieck</a>, to whom he dedicated the early version of <a href="/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9tudes_de_Paganini" title="Grandes études de Paganini">Grandes études de Paganini</a>. Schumann in turn dedicated <a href="/wiki/Fantasie_in_C_(Schumann)" title="Fantasie in C (Schumann)">Fantasie in C</a> to Liszt. The two met for the first time in <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> in 1840.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-SwadleyLiszt201225-122">[120]</a> Schumann resigned as editor of the music journal <a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a> in 1844, ten years after founding it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-SwadleyLiszt201225-122">[120]</a> The journal was taken over the following year by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Brendel" title="Franz Brendel">Franz Brendel</a>, who used it to publicise and support Liszt's New German School, to Schumann's chagrin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197366-123">[121]</a> In 1848 Liszt attended a performance of the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Trio_No._1_(Schumann)" title="Piano Trio No. 1 (Schumann)">Piano Trio No. 1</a> being held in his honour in the Schumanns' home. Liszt arrived two hours late with Wagner (who had not been invited), derided the piece, and spoke ill of the recently deceased <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a>. This upset the Schumanns, and Robert physically assaulted Liszt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-SwadleyLiszt201226,_27-124">[122]</a> The relationship between Liszt and the couple remained frosty. Liszt dedicated his <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_in_B_minor_(Liszt)" title="Piano Sonata in B minor (Liszt)">1854 piano sonata</a> to Robert, who had by that point been committed to a mental institution in <a href="/wiki/Endenich" title="Endenich">Endenich</a>. Clara asked for Liszt's help that year in finding a performance venue in order to earn an income. Liszt arranged an all-Schumann concert with Clara as the star performer and published an extremely positive review, but Clara did not express any gratitude. In a posthumous edition of Robert's works, Clara changed the dedication of the Fantasie from Liszt to herself. After Liszt's death, she wrote in her diary "He was an eminent keyboard virtuoso but a dangerous example for the young. ... As a composer he was terrible."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-SwadleyLiszt201226–27,_29-125">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Richard_Wagner">Richard Wagner</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Richard Wagner">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a> first met Liszt in Paris in 1841,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrippett2021-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrey2008xxi-127">[125]</a> while living in poverty after fleeing <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> to escape creditors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENegusHamilton2021-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrey2008xx-129">[127]</a> Liszt was at this point a famous pianist, whereas Wagner was unknown; unlike Wagner, Liszt did not remember the meeting. In 1844 Liszt attended a performance of Wagner's first major success, the opera <a href="/wiki/Rienzi" title="Rienzi">Rienzi</a>, in Dresden.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENegusHamilton2021-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrippett2021-126">[124]</a> The two met in Berlin at the instigation of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmine_Schr%C3%B6der-Devrient" title="Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient">Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient</a>, and Wagner later sent Liszt the scores of Rienzi and <a href="/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user" title="Tannhäuser">Tannhäuser</a> in an attempt to elicit approval.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrippett2021-126">[124]</a> Liszt settled in Weimar in 1848, and the two grew close, Wagner still being located in Dresden.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENegusHamilton2021-128">[126]</a> Wagner wrote to Liszt a number of times soliciting financial help.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrippett2021-126">[124]</a> In 1849 Liszt sheltered Wagner after the latter's involvement in the failed <a href="/wiki/May_Uprising_in_Dresden" title="May Uprising in Dresden">May Uprising in Dresden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrey200847-130">[128]</a> Liszt arranged a false passport and lent Wagner money to allow him to escape Germany for Switzerland, and for the next ten years continued to send money and visit, as well as petition officials for a pardon which eventually came in 1860.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§12-66">[64]</a> To publicise Wagner's music, Liszt staged Tannhäuser in 1849, for the first time outside Dresden, and published two transcriptions from it, writing to Wagner "Once and for all, number me in future among your most zealous and devoted admirers; near or far, count on me and make use of me."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrippett2021-126">[124]</a> In 1850 he arranged the premiere of <a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)" title="Lohengrin (opera)">Lohengrin</a>, which Wagner dedicated to Liszt, and he also mounted performances of <a href="/wiki/Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder" title="Der fliegende Holländer">Der fliegende Holländer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§12-66">[64]</a> Liszt had intended to dedicate the 1857 <a href="/wiki/Dante_Symphony" title="Dante Symphony">Dante Symphony</a> to Wagner, but upon being told this Wagner replied that, while a fine piece, he would prefer to receive money. Liszt was offended by this comment, and did not publish the dedication.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENegusHamilton2021-128">[126]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Gartenlaube_(1894)_b_521.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Die_Gartenlaube_%281894%29_b_521.jpg/220px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281894%29_b_521.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Die_Gartenlaube_%281894%29_b_521.jpg/330px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281894%29_b_521.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Die_Gartenlaube_%281894%29_b_521.jpg/440px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281894%29_b_521.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>Cosima and Richard Wagner at their home <a href="/wiki/Wahnfried" title="Wahnfried">Wahnfried</a>, with Liszt and <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Wolzogen" title="Hans von Wolzogen">Hans von Wolzogen</a> (1880)</figcaption></figure> By 1864 Wagner had begun an affair with Liszt's daughter <a href="/wiki/Cosima_Wagner" title="Cosima Wagner">Cosima</a>, who was married to Liszt's erstwhile pupil <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Hans von Bülow">Hans von Bülow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillingtonDeathridgeDahlhausBailey2009§6-131">[129]</a> Liszt disapproved of the relationship and broke off contact with the couple for a number of years, only learning of their 1870 marriage from the newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§20-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2000146-132">[130]</a> Nevertheless the relationship recovered: Liszt contributed financially to the building of the <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus" title="Bayreuth Festspielhaus">Bayreuth Festspielhaus</a> in 1871, and he began to correspond with Wagner and Cosima again, frequently visiting their home <a href="/wiki/Wahnfried" title="Wahnfried">Wahnfried</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2000146-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197393-133">[131]</a> Liszt died in 1886 while at the latest incarnation of the <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival" title="Bayreuth Festival">Bayreuth Festival</a>, dedicated to Wagner's work, Wagner having died three years previously.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmalhausen20022-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillingtonDeathridgeDahlhausBailey2009§8-135">[133]</a> Similarities have been suggested between Wagner's <a href="/wiki/Faust_Overture" title="Faust Overture">Faust Overture</a> and Liszt's Faust Symphony, but Liszt claimed that the likenesses of the themes were coincidental.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENegusHamilton2021-128">[126]</a> Scholars also note a similarity between the opening of Liszt's song "Lorelei" and the famous "<a href="/wiki/Tristan_chord" title="Tristan chord">Tristan chord</a>" from the opening of Wagner's later opera <a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a>, although there is no consensus on whether Wagner was influenced by the song.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENegusHamilton2021-128">[126]</a> There are similarities in their musical languages, however, and Wagner once even commented to Cosima that he was looking at <a href="/wiki/The_Bells_of_the_Strasbourg_Cathedral" title="The Bells of the Strasbourg Cathedral">The Bells of the Strasbourg Cathedral</a> to ensure he had not overtly plagiarised the work, the opening theme of <a href="/wiki/Parsifal_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsifal (opera)">Parsifal</a> being very similar to that cantata.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENegusHamilton2021-128">[126]</a> Both composers were also prominent members of the New German School.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§12-66">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pianist">Pianist</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pianist">edit</a>]</div> At his performing peak Liszt was considered the greatest pianist of his time, and was perhaps one of the greatest who ever lived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton-Hill2016-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsteban19714-136">[134]</a> His popularity during the "Lisztomania" period of the 1840s was unrivalled, and the critic <a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Davis" title="Peter G. Davis">Peter G. Davis</a> has written that "Perhaps [Liszt] was not the most transcendent virtuoso who ever lived, but his audiences thought he was, and no pianist since has seriously challenged the legend."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1987-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197330-138">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_style">Performing style</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Performing style">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josef_Danhauser_Liszt_am_Fl%C3%BCgel_1840_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Josef_Danhauser_Liszt_am_Fl%C3%BCgel_1840_01.jpg/300px-Josef_Danhauser_Liszt_am_Fl%C3%BCgel_1840_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Josef_Danhauser_Liszt_am_Fl%C3%BCgel_1840_01.jpg/450px-Josef_Danhauser_Liszt_am_Fl%C3%BCgel_1840_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Josef_Danhauser_Liszt_am_Fl%C3%BCgel_1840_01.jpg/600px-Josef_Danhauser_Liszt_am_Fl%C3%BCgel_1840_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2590" data-file-height="1938" /></a><figcaption>Franz Liszt Fantasizing at the Piano (1840), by <a href="/wiki/Josef_Danhauser" title="Josef Danhauser">Danhauser</a>. The imagined gathering shows seated <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a>, Liszt, and <a href="/wiki/Marie_d%27Agoult" title="Marie d'Agoult">Marie d'Agoult</a>; standing <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Niccolò Paganini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Gioachino Rossini</a>; with a bust of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a> looking on.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis2014140–141-139">[137]</a></figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:rt;" class=""></div> Liszt's performance style changed throughout his life, in his interpretive decisions as well as his physicality (the young Liszt was extremely animated at the keyboard, but in old age he was very still).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2008242-140">[138]</a> No recordings of Liszt exist, so to get an impression of his style scholars must go by contemporary writings and the output of his pupils, while allowing for a certain amount of mythologising around his extraordinary talent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2008225,_229-141">[139]</a> From a young age Liszt had displayed an aptitude for improvisation and sight reading. Czerny observed that Liszt was a natural who played according to feeling—"one saw that Nature herself had formed a pianist."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§1-21">[19]</a> Liszt's fourteen months under Czerny solidified his technical skills as he enthusiastically studied exercises and works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§1-21">[19]</a> In later life, however, he would express the opinion that despite his work under Czerny his early training had been unfocused, and he had excelled mainly "by force of personality".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2008250-142">[140]</a> Reviews of his early concerts especially praise the brilliance, strength, and precision in his playing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamann188280–81-143">[141]</a> At least one also mentions his ability to keep absolute tempo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardt1982165-144">[142]</a> One of the most detailed descriptions of his playing from that time comes from the diary entries of <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Boissier-Butini" title="Caroline Boissier-Butini">Caroline Boissier-Butini</a>, whose daughter Valerie was a pupil of Liszt's from 1831 to 1832, when he was earning a living primarily as a teacher in Paris: <blockquote> Boissier records that Liszt did not keep his hands 'in a rounded position' nor were they 'altogether flat', but rather his fingers were 'so flexible as to possess no fixed position'. ... Mme Boissier writes that Liszt's 'hand is never unwieldy, for he moves it with grace according to his fancy', then she stresses that 'he does not play with his arms or shoulders'. In a later lesson, Liszt instructed Valerie to play 'without exception, entirely with a wrist action' ... without any interference by the arm ... Crucially, Liszt emphasised the role of the wrist, not the arm, in producing a full tone for individual notes, and did so not just in relation to octaves or chords.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison200637–38-145">[143]</a> </blockquote> During his performance career Liszt took unusually bold liberties with the score, changing tempo and adding embellishment at will. In one instance he decided on "a sudden, drastic slowing down" while performing the Scherzo movement of Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Beethoven)">Sixth Symphony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2008228,_234–235-146">[144]</a> In a regretful letter to George Sand from 1837 Liszt admitted that he made such decisions to gain public acclaim: <blockquote> [I]n order to wring bravos from the public that is always slow, in its awesome simplicity, to comprehend beautiful things, I had no qualms about changing the tempos of the pieces or the composers' intentions. In my arrogance I even went so far as to add a host of rapid runs and cadenzas, which, by securing ignorant applause for me, sent me off in the wrong direction—one that I fortunately knew enough to abandon quickly. ... Now I no longer divorce a composition from the era in which it was written, and any claim to embellish or modernize the works of earlier periods seems just as absurd for a musician to make as it would be for an architect, for example, to place a Corinthian capital on the columns of an Egyptian temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2008234–235-147">[145]</a> </blockquote> Despite his apparent contrition, however, Liszt did continue to make large interpretive changes while performing, although he would be more concerned with fidelity to the score and composer's intentions later in life. He would be more open to pupils revising his own compositions, and he himself often produced different versions of his works over the course of his lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2008235–236-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§28-3">[2]</a> This attitude was in keeping with the shift in audience preferences that began in the 1830s, which started to favour a faithfully rendered memorised performance over the improvisation that Liszt employed in these years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMishra201613-149">[147]</a> Certain information about Liszt's style can be inferred from the writings of his many pupils. Musicologist <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Hamilton" title="Kenneth Hamilton">Kenneth Hamilton</a> identifies several themes which occurred through Liszt's teachings, including avoiding excessive sentimentality, imagining the orchestration of the piece, flexibility of tempo, and the importance of a sense of music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2008242–243-150">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amy_Fay" title="Amy Fay">Amy Fay</a> studied under Liszt in his later life, 1869–1875, and her writings align with Boissier's four decades earlier. She also notes that Liszt kept his fingers close to the keyboard to achieve a better legato, and that Liszt discouraged unnecessary hand movements, in contrast to his flamboyant gestures during his prime. Notes by his pupil Pauline Fichtener in the 1870s again stress freedom and flexibility of the wrist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison200639–40-151">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concert_repertoire">Concert repertoire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Concert repertoire">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boesendorfer_Liszt_Franz_Joseph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Boesendorfer_Liszt_Franz_Joseph.jpg/300px-Boesendorfer_Liszt_Franz_Joseph.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Boesendorfer_Liszt_Franz_Joseph.jpg/450px-Boesendorfer_Liszt_Franz_Joseph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Boesendorfer_Liszt_Franz_Joseph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>Liszt giving a concert for Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Joseph I">Franz Joseph I</a> on a <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6sendorfer" title="Bösendorfer">Bösendorfer</a> piano</figcaption></figure> Up to 1840, most concerts featuring a solo pianist included other acts, such as an orchestra, singers and ballet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould200562–63-152">[150]</a> The increasing prominence of the solo piano virtuoso in the 1830s led to other acts on the bill being described as "assistant artists", with Liszt declaring his pre-eminence in a letter to a friend dated June 1839: "Le concert, c'est moi".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould200563–64-153">[151]</a> Liszt is credited as the first pianist to give solo recitals in the modern sense of the word; the term was first applied to Liszt's concert at the <a href="/wiki/Hanover_Square_Rooms" title="Hanover Square Rooms">Hanover Square Rooms</a> in London on 9 June 1840.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§8-51">[49]</a> During his years as a travelling virtuoso Liszt performed an enormous amount of music, usually from memory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197351-154">[152]</a> He was the first to include the full range of repertoire, from <a href="/wiki/J._S._Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="J. S. Bach">J. S. Bach</a> to Chopin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§8-51">[49]</a> His concerts included original compositions such as <a href="/wiki/Grand_galop_chromatique" title="Grand galop chromatique">Grand galop chromatique</a>, Fantaisie romantique sur deux mélodies suisses and Grande Valse di Bravura; and his transcriptions of Schubert's <a href="/wiki/Schwanengesang" title="Schwanengesang">Schwanengesang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symphonie_Fantastique" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphonie Fantastique">Symphonie Fantastique</a> by Berlioz and Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Beethoven)">sixth symphony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeeling1992400–401-155">[153]</a> Liszt would champion Beethoven's work throughout his life, and his concerts helped popularise the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._29_(Beethoven)" title="Piano Sonata No. 29 (Beethoven)">Hammerklavier sonata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diabelli_Variations" title="Diabelli Variations">Diabelli Variations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§8-51">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instruments">Instruments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Instruments">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FranzLisztPiano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/FranzLisztPiano.jpg/300px-FranzLisztPiano.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/FranzLisztPiano.jpg/450px-FranzLisztPiano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/FranzLisztPiano.jpg/600px-FranzLisztPiano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>One of Franz Liszt's pianos from his apartment in Budapest</figcaption></figure> After arriving in Paris in 1823, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_%C3%89rard" title="Sébastien Érard">Sébastien Érard</a> presented Liszt with a grand piano featuring his newly patented double escapement mechanism, a key development in piano technology allowing for faster note repetition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197324–25-156">[154]</a> Among the composer's pianos in Weimar were an Érard, a <a href="/wiki/C._Bechstein" title="C. Bechstein">Bechstein</a>, the Beethovens' <a href="/wiki/John_Broadwood_%26_Sons" title="John Broadwood & Sons">Broadwood</a> grand and a <a href="/wiki/Boisselot_%26_Fils" title="Boisselot & Fils">Boisselot</a>. It is known that Liszt used Boisselot pianos in his Portugal tour<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1987409-157">[155]</a> and then later in 1847 in a tour to Kiev and Odessa. Liszt kept the piano at his Villa Altenburg residence in Weimar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1987b77-158">[156]</a> The earliest records of Liszt playing the organ date from 1836. He developed an interest in J. S. Bach's organ music in the early 1840s, probably due to Mendelssohn's influence. Later, Liszt commissioned a "piano-organ" from the Paris company Alexandre Père et Fils. The instrument was made in 1854 under Berlioz's supervision, using an 1853 Érard piano, and was a combination of piano and harmonium with three manuals and a pedal board.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomokos2019-159">[157]</a> The company called it a "Liszt piano-harmonium" and installed it in Villa Altenburg in July 1854;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocknell200068-160">[158]</a> the instrument is now exhibited in the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde collection in Vienna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomokos2019-159">[157]</a> Liszt owned two other organs which were installed later in his Budapest residence. The first was a "piano-orgue": this was a smaller version of Weimar's instrument, a combination of a 1864 Érard piano and a harmonium, with two independent manuals, the upper for the piano and lower for the harmonium, built again by Alexandre Père et Fils in 1865. The second was a "cabinet organ", a large concert harmonium built by the American company <a href="/wiki/Mason_%26_Hamlin" title="Mason & Hamlin">Mason & Hamlin</a> and given to Liszt in 1877.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomokos2019-159">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Musical_works_of_Franz_Liszt" title="Musical works of Franz Liszt">Musical works of Franz Liszt</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Franz_Liszt" title="List of compositions by Franz Liszt">List of compositions by Franz Liszt</a></div> Liszt was a prolific composer. He is best known for his piano music, which forms the majority of his oeuvre, but he also wrote for orchestra and for other ensembles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESearle19541-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBotstein2011-2">[1]</a> His piano works are often marked by their difficulty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould200567-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§9-163">[161]</a> Some of his works are <a href="/wiki/Program_music" title="Program music">programmatic</a>, based on extra-musical inspirations such as poetry or art.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§15,_§17-164">[162]</a> Liszt is credited with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">symphonic poem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPesceEckhardtMueller2023§1.v-165">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keyboard_music">Keyboard music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Keyboard music">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Piano">Piano</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Piano">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Liszt_-_Second_Hungarian_Rhapsody.ogg" title="File:Franz Liszt - Second Hungarian Rhapsody.ogg">Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="786" data-mwtitle="Franz_Liszt_-_Second_Hungarian_Rhapsody.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Franz_Liszt_-_Second_Hungarian_Rhapsody.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/Franz_Liszt_-_Second_Hungarian_Rhapsody.ogg/Franz_Liszt_-_Second_Hungarian_Rhapsody.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Performed by <a href="/wiki/Martha_Goldstein" title="Martha Goldstein">Martha Goldstein</a> on an 1851 Érard piano</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Liszt-La_Campanella-Greiss.ogg" title="File:Liszt-La Campanella-Greiss.ogg">La Campanella</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="373" data-mwtitle="Liszt-La_Campanella-Greiss.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Liszt-La_Campanella-Greiss.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/Liszt-La_Campanella-Greiss.ogg/Liszt-La_Campanella-Greiss.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> The best-known portion of Liszt's music is his original piano work. During the Weimar period he composed the first 15 <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Rhapsodies" title="Hungarian Rhapsodies">Hungarian Rhapsodies</a>, themselves revisions of his earlier Magyar Dalok/Rhapsódiák, which were influenced by the Romani bands he heard while visiting Hungary. <a href="/wiki/Harmonies_po%C3%A9tiques_et_religieuses" title="Harmonies poétiques et religieuses">Harmonies poétiques et religieuses</a>, also the result of a long gestation, was published around the same time, and dedicated to Princess Carolyne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2000235–237-166">[164]</a> Likewise, the six Grandes Études de Paganini were revised from an earlier 1840 edition and published in 1851; these include the famous piece "<a href="/wiki/La_campanella" title="La campanella">La campanella</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2000226–227-167">[165]</a> Other notable pieces include the thoroughly revised collections of <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_de_p%C3%A8lerinage" title="Années de pèlerinage">Années de pèlerinage</a> ("Years of Pilgrimage"), inspired by his travels around Europe;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§7-40">[38]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_in_B_minor_(Liszt)" title="Piano Sonata in B minor (Liszt)">Piano Sonata in B minor</a>, which has been described as "one of the most original contributions to sonata form to come out of the 19th century";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§17-168">[166]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_%C3%89tudes" title="Transcendental Études">Transcendental Études</a>, which are stylistically varied, technically difficult, and have been described as "Liszt at his most Lisztian".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarm2016-169">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESearle2023-170">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Organ">Organ</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Organ">edit</a>]</div> Liszt wrote his two largest organ works between 1850 and 1855 while he was living in Weimar, a city with a long tradition of organ music, most notably that of J. S. Bach. <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Searle" title="Humphrey Searle">Humphrey Searle</a> calls these works – the <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_and_Fugue_on_the_chorale_%22Ad_nos,_ad_salutarem_undam%22" title="Fantasy and Fugue on the chorale "Ad nos, ad salutarem undam"">Fantasy and Fugue on the chorale "Ad nos, ad salutarem undam"</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_and_Fugue_on_the_Theme_B-A-C-H" title="Fantasy and Fugue on the Theme B-A-C-H">Fantasy and Fugue on the Theme B-A-C-H</a> – Liszt's "only important original organ works";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESearle199546-171">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Derek_Watson_(actor_and_musicologist)" title="Derek Watson (actor and musicologist)">Derek Watson</a> considered them among the most significant organ works of the nineteenth century, heralding the work of such key organist-musicians as <a href="/wiki/Max_Reger" title="Max Reger">Reger</a>, Franck and Saint-Saëns, among others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2000286-172">[170]</a> Liszt also wrote the monumental set of variations on the first section of the second movement chorus from <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bach_cantatas" title="List of Bach cantatas">Bach's cantata</a> <a href="/wiki/Weinen,_Klagen,_Sorgen,_Zagen,_BWV_12" title="Weinen, Klagen, Sorgen, Zagen, BWV 12">Weinen, Klagen, Sorgen, Zagen, BWV 12</a> (which Bach later reworked as the <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_B_minor_structure#Crucifixus" title="Mass in B minor structure">Crucifixus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_B_minor" title="Mass in B minor">Mass in B minor</a>), which he composed after the death of his daughter in 1862.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001Works:_Organ,_harmonium,_pedal_piano-173">[171]</a> He also wrote a Requiem for organ solo, intended to be performed liturgically during the service of the spoken <a href="/wiki/Requiem_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Requiem Mass">Requiem Mass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESearle199546-171">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transcriptions_and_paraphrases">Transcriptions and paraphrases</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Transcriptions and paraphrases">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transcriptions_by_Franz_Liszt" title="Transcriptions by Franz Liszt">Transcriptions by Franz Liszt</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Liszt_Totentanz.ogg" title="File:Liszt Totentanz.ogg">Totentanz</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="931" data-mwtitle="Liszt_Totentanz.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Liszt_Totentanz.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/59/Liszt_Totentanz.ogg/Liszt_Totentanz.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Totentanz_(Liszt)" title="Totentanz (Liszt)">Totentanz: Paraphrase on Dies irae</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Liszt coined the terms "<a href="/wiki/Transcription_(music)" title="Transcription (music)">transcription</a>" and "paraphrase", the former being a faithful reproduction of the source material and the latter a more free reinterpretation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§10-174">[172]</a> He wrote substantial quantities of both over the course of his life, and they form a large proportion of his total output—up to half of his solo piano output from the 1830s and 1840s is transcription and paraphrase, and of his total output only approximately a third is completely original.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPesceEckhardtMueller2023§4.v-175">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedheim196283-176">[174]</a> In the mid-19th century, orchestral performances were much less common than they are today and were not available at all outside major cities; thus, Liszt's transcriptions played a major role in popularising a wide array of music such as <a href="/wiki/Beethoven_Symphonies_(Liszt)" title="Beethoven Symphonies (Liszt)">Beethoven's symphonies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen2012-177">[175]</a> Liszt's transcriptions of Italian opera, Schubert songs and Beethoven symphonies are also significant indicators of his artistic development, the opera allowing him to improvise in concert and the Schubert and Beethoven influence indicating his compositional development towards the Germanic tradition. He also transcribed his own orchestral and choral music for piano in an attempt to make it better known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPesceEckhardtMueller2023§4.v-175">[173]</a> In addition to piano transcriptions, Liszt also transcribed about a dozen works for organ, such as <a href="/wiki/Otto_Nicolai" title="Otto Nicolai">Otto Nicolai</a>'s Ecclesiastical Festival Overture on the chorale "Ein feste Burg", <a href="/wiki/Orlando_di_Lasso" title="Orlando di Lasso">Orlando di Lasso</a>'s motet Regina coeli and excerpts of Bach's <a href="/wiki/BWV_21" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 21">Cantata No. 21</a> and Wagner's <a href="/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_(opera)" title="Tannhäuser (opera)">Tannhäuser</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGárdonyi1985-178">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Songs">Songs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Songs">edit</a>]</div> Today, Liszt's songs are relatively obscure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§19-179">[177]</a> There are 137 secular vocal pieces, 82 of which were original songs with piano accompaniment, mostly composed in the 1840s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPesceEckhardtMueller2023§1.v-165">[163]</a> In most cases the lyrics are in German, but there are also some in Italian and French, three in Hungarian and one in each of Russian and English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2000305-180">[178]</a> The influence of Italian opera can be seen in the songs' use of <a href="/wiki/Arioso" title="Arioso">arioso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitative</a> styles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPesceEckhardtMueller2023§1.v-165">[163]</a> While in Weimar Liszt coached the Court Opera singers, and several prominent musicians sang his songs, including <a href="/wiki/Rosa_von_Milde" title="Rosa von Milde">Rosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Milde" title="Hans von Milde">Hans von Milde</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§19-179">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Program_music">Program music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Program music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Program_music" title="Program music">Program music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poems_(Liszt)" title="Symphonic poems (Liszt)">Symphonic poems (Liszt)</a></div> Liszt coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Program_music" title="Program music">program music</a>" in an 1855 essay on Berlioz's <a href="/wiki/Harold_en_Italie" title="Harold en Italie">Harold in Italy</a>, referring to pieces which are "driven by an overarching poetic image or narrative"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonds2014210-181">[179]</a> (in the case of Harold in Italy, the piece "describes" the scenes witnessed by the character Harold as he travels through Italy).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2005§3-182">[180]</a> This is presented in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Absolute_music" title="Absolute music">absolute music</a>, which stands for itself and is intended to be appreciated without any particular reference to the outside world. This was not a new idea – such pieces had been written since the early 18th century, and Liszt himself had written works such as the early version of Années de pèlerinage which invoked his experiences travelling – but he presented the novel argument that program music was artistically superior, counter to the prevailing view that such work was unserious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonds2014210–211,_213-183">[181]</a> This developed into the idea that the historical development of music as an art form was destined to move from absolute to representational: Beethoven's symphonies had mostly been non-representational, but his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">ninth symphony</a> had included some extramusical elements, and Berlioz had taken this further with Harold in Italy and <a href="/wiki/Symphonie_fantastique" title="Symphonie fantastique">Symphonie fantastique</a>. Wagner saw these developments as a stepping stone to the all-encompassing <a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a>, and in this sense Liszt's programmatic works were part of his vision of the "<a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Future" title="Music of the Future">Music of the Future</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonds2014212–213-184">[182]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelm_von_Kaulbach_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Wilhelm_von_Kaulbach_001.jpg/300px-Wilhelm_von_Kaulbach_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Wilhelm_von_Kaulbach_001.jpg/450px-Wilhelm_von_Kaulbach_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Wilhelm_von_Kaulbach_001.jpg/600px-Wilhelm_von_Kaulbach_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1479" data-file-height="1187" /></a><figcaption>Die Hunnenschlacht, as painted by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Kaulbach" title="Wilhelm von Kaulbach">Wilhelm von Kaulbach</a>, that in turn inspired one of Liszt's symphonic poems</figcaption></figure> Liszt's main contribution to program music was <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poems_(Liszt)" title="Symphonic poems (Liszt)">his thirteen symphonic poems</a>, one-movement orchestral works in which some extramusical program or idea provides a narrative or illustrative element.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPesceEckhardtMueller2023preface-185">[183]</a> The first twelve of these were written between 1848 and 1858,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2001§3-186">[184]</a> and the most well-known are <a href="/wiki/Les_pr%C3%A9ludes" title="Les préludes">Les préludes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mazeppa_(symphonic_poem)" title="Mazeppa (symphonic poem)">Mazeppa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohns199313-187">[185]</a> The symphonic poems were poorly received by critics, especially in Weimar, where Liszt was residing at the time—they criticised Liszt's compositional style as well as the whole idea of program music as the future of music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohns199317–18,_19,_22-188">[186]</a> Believing in the power of music to transcend people's typical quotidian existence, with his program music Liszt attempted to "elevate listeners to a higher realm of consciousness".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonds2014213-189">[187]</a> He argued that its purpose was less to do with depicting a specific scene or experience, and more about allowing the listener to reach a higher state of existence. Such music would act as a more direct method of communication than language, allowing people to share exactly their own experiences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonds2014214-190">[188]</a> This view was endorsed by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Brendel" title="Franz Brendel">Franz Brendel</a>, Wagner and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Theodor_Vischer" title="Friedrich Theodor Vischer">Friedrich Theodor Vischer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonds2014216–217-191">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_works">Late works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Late works">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Late_works_of_Franz_Liszt" title="Late works of Franz Liszt">Late works of Franz Liszt</a></div> Liszt's final period is considered to have started from about 1869,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200586,_88-192">[190]</a> during which he wrote a number of short and independent works, such as the collection <a href="/wiki/Weihnachtsbaum_(Liszt)" title="Weihnachtsbaum (Liszt)">Weihnachtsbaum</a> and a piano version of <a href="/wiki/Via_crucis_(Liszt)" title="Via crucis (Liszt)">Via crucis</a>, although he did continue to write transcriptions and paraphrases as well as sacred vocal music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200589,_90,_99-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPesce2014171,_216-194">[192]</a> Studies of his output from this period typically focus on pieces which display a willingness to push the boundaries of tonality and have an association with death and mourning, such as <a href="/wiki/La_lugubre_gondola" title="La lugubre gondola">La lugubre gondola</a> and Unstern!.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200590,_112,_113-195">[193]</a> The morbid focus on loss may be ascribed to Liszt's mental state in his final decade, when he suffered episodes of depression.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200587–88-196">[194]</a> Many of these pieces remained unpublished in Liszt's lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2005113-197">[195]</a> Liszt's experimentation can be seen in his 1881 piece <a href="/wiki/Nuages_gris" title="Nuages gris">Nuages gris</a>. Its key signature is G minor, but ends in an ambiguous tonality; its texture is generated by a collection of fragments rather than a distinct melody and harmony; and it uses chromaticism and dissonance such as the <a href="/wiki/Tritone" title="Tritone">tritone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPesce2014171-198">[196]</a> Additional examples include <a href="/wiki/Cs%C3%A1rd%C3%A1s_(Liszt)#Csárdás_macabre,_S.224_(1881-82)" title="Csárdás (Liszt)">Czardas macabre</a>, which repeatedly uses a single melodic motif and rhythm accompanied dissonantly or with open fifths, and "Csárdás obstinée", which makes extensive use of <a href="/wiki/False_relation" title="False relation">false relations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPesce2014211-199">[197]</a> Some of his sacred vocal music also shows this type of experimentation, such as Via crucis, which contains some movements without key signatures and with ambiguous tonality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForte1987220-200">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writings">Writings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Writings">edit</a>]</div> Liszt published a number of prose works and letters over the course of his life,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuttoni1979''passim''-201">[199]</a> including his 1863 Life of Chopin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiszt2013-202">[200]</a> Many scholars have doubted that he was their sole author, suggesting that the writings ascribed to Liszt were written partly or solely by Countess Marie d'Agoult or Princess Carolyne, but there is no consensus on this matter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-SwadleyLiszt20114–11-203">[201]</a> It is known that the programs for some of his symphonic poems were ghost-written.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaffle2012xiii-204">[202]</a> One of Liszt's notable written works was his biography of Chopin, started less than a month after Chopin's funeral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-SwadleyLiszt201117-205">[203]</a> F. Chopin was serialised in the journal <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_France_musicale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La France musicale (page does not exist)">La France musicale</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_France_musicale" class="extiw" title="fr:La France musicale">fr</a>] in 1851 and published in book form the following year, having been edited by Carolyne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-SwadleyLiszt201118-206">[204]</a> The book was poorly received. Liszt had approached Chopin's sister <a href="/wiki/Ludwika_J%C4%99drzejewicz" title="Ludwika Jędrzejewicz">Ludwika</a> and pupil <a href="/wiki/Jane_Stirling" title="Jane Stirling">Jane Stirling</a> for information, but they had been uncooperative, finding the timing of his enquiries so soon after Chopin's death to be insensitive. As a result the work contained several factual inaccuracies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-SwadleyLiszt201118,_30-207">[205]</a> Nevertheless <a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a>, who features prominently in one of the chapters, admired the book.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-SwadleyLiszt201118–19-208">[206]</a> English translations garnered attention in the US and UK over the subsequent two decades, leading to a second edition in 1879.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-SwadleyLiszt201119,_41-209">[207]</a> Once again Liszt asked Carolyne to help, but her contribution was so extensive that Liszt considered it over-involvement,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-SwadleyLiszt201119-210">[208]</a> going so far as to describe the book as having been "written by Carolyne".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilasi2011-119">[117]</a> One significant essay by Liszt is "De la situation des artistes" ("On the situation of artists"), which was serialised in the Parisian Gazette musicale in 1835.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-SwadleyLiszt201278,_110-211">[209]</a> This work calls for the reform of theatres: Liszt perceived the physical buildings to be unsafe and unpleasant, and their managers to be incompetent. He argues that they would book the cheapest variety of acts without concern for artistic merit, leading to subpar concert experiences. Furthermore, owners would blacklist performers who had appeared at a rival venue. Liszt was also concerned about the lack of professionalism of educational institutions, which were run by unqualified teachers and charged high tuition. In his view, their courses lacked rigour, and had an undue preference for older music over that of living composers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-SwadleyLiszt201230–32-212">[210]</a> During his Weimar years, Liszt wrote essays for audiences on <a href="/wiki/Harold_en_Italie" title="Harold en Italie">Harold in Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)" title="Lohengrin (opera)">Lohengrin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_und_Estrella" title="Alfonso und Estrella">Alfonso und Estrella</a>. In addition he wrote the book Des Bohémiens et de leur musique en Hongrie (translated as The Gypsy in Music) about the Romani and their influence on <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_folk_music" title="Hungarian folk music">Hungarian folk music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§14,_§_Writings:_Books_and_essays_from_later_years-213">[211]</a> This work proved controversial in the country, with Hungarians disputing Liszt's assertion that Romani communities were responsible for a large contribution to the native music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiotrowska2013132–133-214">[212]</a> The second edition, published in 1881, contains <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> passages included by Princess Carolyne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§14-215">[213]</a> Liszt also worked until at least 1885 on a <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatise</a> on modern harmony entitled Sketches for a Harmony of the Future. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Friedheim" title="Arthur Friedheim">Arthur Friedheim</a>, a pupil of Liszt's at the time, remembered seeing it among Liszt's papers at Weimar. Liszt told Friedheim that the time was not yet ripe to publish the manuscript.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1970362–363-216">[214]</a> This treatise has since been lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1986375-217">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compositions">Compositions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Compositions">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic music</a> generally fell out of favour during the first half of the 20th century, as composers such as <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a> took the art form in new directions. Liszt's music seemed "flamboyant and excessive" in contrast with their leaner styles,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§28-3">[2]</a> and his work had neither become part of the established canon nor received credit for being avant-garde.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeaville200528-218">[216]</a> His piano music received attention from few pianists during this period,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§28-3">[2]</a> and only a few select popular pieces such as the <a href="/wiki/Liebestr%C3%A4ume" title="Liebesträume">Liebesträume</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Rhapsodies" title="Hungarian Rhapsodies">Hungarian Rhapsodies</a> were published in collections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeaville200528-218">[216]</a> Two notable champions were <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Ferruccio Busoni</a>, who delivered all-Liszt recitals in Berlin in 1904–1905 and 1911, and <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Searle" title="Humphrey Searle">Humphrey Searle</a>, who organised concerts of Liszt's chamber and orchestral music in the 1930s and 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoya2021-219">[217]</a> Of his orchestral works, only <a href="/wiki/Les_pr%C3%A9ludes" title="Les préludes">Les préludes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Faust_Symphony" title="Faust Symphony">Faust Symphony</a> were performed regularly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeaville200528-218">[216]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_Revival" title="Romantic Revival">Romantic Revival</a> of the 1950s Liszt's works and writings received greater attention, and scholars now appreciate the wide range and originality of his compositions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§28-3">[2]</a> In the decades since, recordings of the vast majority of his output have become available, and a complete edition of scores is being published, to modernise the previous such collection published by <a href="/wiki/Breitkopf_%26_H%C3%A4rtel" title="Breitkopf & Härtel">Breitkopf & Härtel</a> in 1907–1936.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoya2021-219">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2011b32-220">[218]</a> Liszt competitions occur across the world, and Liszt societies promote his work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2011b32-220">[218]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The great artist's true significance was revealed to me at last. I came to recognize that, for the continued development of musical art, his compositions were more important than either Wagner's or Strauss's. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Béla Bartók on Liszt<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1970364-221">[219]</a></cite> </div> Scholar James Deaville writes that "few composers of the nineteenth century, except possibly Wagner, had the same influence upon succeeding generations as Liszt did. Indeed, one is hard-pressed to think of an innovative composer of the early twentieth century who was not influenced by Liszt's music, especially in its departures from traditional harmonies and novel approaches to form and formal unity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeaville200531-222">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Prokofiev</a> admired Liszt's concertos, which influenced his own, and <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a> remarked that he had "admiration for the great Liszt whose immense talent in composition is underrated."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeaville200544-223">[221]</a> Liszt's piano music had a strong influence on the <a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">Impressionistic</a> music of <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Ravel</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeaville200543-224">[222]</a> one example is Debussy's <a href="/wiki/L%27isle_joyeuse" title="L'isle joyeuse">L'isle joyeuse</a>, which has clear similarities with Les jeux d'eaux à la villa d'Este, a piece he heard Liszt perform in 1884.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1970351–352-225">[223]</a> Liszt also had a marked influence on early 20th-century Hungarian composers, especially <a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Kod%C3%A1ly" title="Zoltán Kodály">Kodály</a> with his <a href="/wiki/Psalmus_Hungaricus_(Kod%C3%A1ly)" title="Psalmus Hungaricus (Kodály)">Psalmus Hungaricus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Dohn%C3%A1nyi" title="Ernst von Dohnányi">Dohnányi</a> in his second string quartet, and Bartók, who admired Liszt's works greatly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeaville200540–41-226">[224]</a> Liszt's method of using Hungarian folk music in his compositions was developed further by these composers and their successors, who integrated such themes more subtly and valued the authenticity of the source material to a greater extent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeaville200540–41-226">[224]</a> It is now held that many of Liszt's late compositions, such as <a href="/wiki/Nuages_gris" title="Nuages gris">Nuages gris</a>, Les jeux d'eaux à la villa d'Este and <a href="/wiki/Cs%C3%A1rd%C3%A1s_(Liszt)#Csárdás_macabre,_S.224_(1881-82)" title="Csárdás (Liszt)">Czardas macabre</a>, anticipated future developments. Their use of parallel fifths, the whole-tone scale, unresolved dissonances and parallel diminished and augmented triads, predates similar compositional techniques used by Ravel and Bartók.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelSiegmeister1973222-227">[225]</a> Liszt also pioneered a tonal language of <a href="/wiki/Quartal_and_quintal_harmony" title="Quartal and quintal harmony">building chords in fourths</a>, which was a technique later used by Schoenberg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1970360–361-228">[226]</a> However, many of Liszt's late works were not available until the publication of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vianna_da_Motta" title="José Vianna da Motta">José Vianna da Motta</a>'s final volume of Liszt's solo pieces in 1927, so much of his more radical experimentation cannot have influenced composers before then.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeaville200531,_254-229">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoya2021-219">[217]</a> Liszt's invention of the symphonic poem had an impact across Europe from the last years of his life through to the 1920s. His friend <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a> wrote <a href="/wiki/Le_Rouet_d%27Omphale" title="Le Rouet d'Omphale">Le Rouet d'Omphale</a> in 1869 and La jeunesse d'Hercule in 1877; <a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a>, another friend, wrote <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1_vlast" title="Má vlast">Má vlast</a> in the 1870s. <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_d%27Indy" title="Vincent d'Indy">d'Indy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a> and Debussy all wrote symphonic poems in the 1880s and 1890s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoya2021-219">[217]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a> was introduced to the music of Liszt through his teacher <a href="/wiki/Martin_Wegelius" title="Martin Wegelius">Martin Wegelius</a>, and the influence of Liszt's symphonic poems is seen in Sibelius' <a href="/wiki/Kullervo_(Sibelius)" title="Kullervo (Sibelius)">Kullervo</a> and <a href="/wiki/En_saga" title="En saga">En saga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeaville200545-230">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a> also wrote <a href="/wiki/Tone_poems_(Strauss)" title="Tone poems (Strauss)">his notable collection of tone poems</a> around this time, and these are similarly indebted to Liszt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeaville200538–39-231">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliamYoumans2010-232">[230]</a> Liszt is also credited with several proto-cinematic innovations which anticipate Wagner's more widely-recognised status as the 'father of <a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">cinema</a>', such as audio-visual performance practices and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinematic_listening&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinematic listening (page does not exist)">cinematic listening</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teaching">Teaching</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Teaching">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For Liszt's notable students, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_K_to_M#Franz_Liszt" title="List of music students by teacher: K to M">List of music students by teacher: K to M § Franz Liszt</a>.</div> From 1827 until the last month of his life, Liszt gave lessons in composition and piano playing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197326-234">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§23-235">[233]</a> He wrote in 1829 that his schedule was "so full of lessons that each day, from half-past eight in the morning till 10 at night, I have scarcely breathing time".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiszt202123_December_1829-236">[234]</a> Estimates of the total number of pupils he taught range as high as over 400, although some of these may only have had one lesson, or perhaps even none at all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§23-235">[233]</a> In Weimar Liszt pioneered the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Master_class" title="Master class">masterclass</a>, in which he would instruct each pupil in turn while the others observed. Students from this time included <a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Karl Tausig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Hans von Bülow">Hans von Bülow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Klindworth" title="Karl Klindworth">Karl Klindworth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bronsart_von_Schellendorff" title="Hans Bronsart von Schellendorff">Hans Bronsart von Schellendorff</a>. Members of these classes would also accompany Liszt to concerts and other events. In later years some in Weimar would criticise the masterclasses as a vanity club more interested in praising Liszt than in learning pianistic excellence, although <a href="/wiki/Carl_Lachmund" title="Carl Lachmund">Carl Lachmund</a> commented that the success of many of its pupils, such as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Friedheim" title="Arthur Friedheim">Arthur Friedheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moriz_Rosenthal" title="Moriz Rosenthal">Moriz Rosenthal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Lamond_(pianist)" title="Frederic Lamond (pianist)">Frederic Lamond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Siloti" title="Alexander Siloti">Alexander Siloti</a>, proved the groups' effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§23-235">[233]</a> Liszt offered his students little technical advice, expecting them to "wash their dirty linen at home", as he phrased it. Instead, he focused on musical interpretation with a combination of anecdote, metaphor, and wit. He advised one student tapping out the opening chords of Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._21_(Beethoven)" title="Piano Sonata No. 21 (Beethoven)">Waldstein Sonata</a>, "Do not chop beefsteak for us." To another who blurred the rhythm in Liszt's Gnomenreigen: "There you go, mixing salad again." Liszt also wanted to avoid creating carbon copies of himself, believing instead in preserving his pupils' artistic individuality. This was in contrast to his contemporaries, who focused on drilling students in a uniform approach.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§23-235">[233]</a> Liszt did not charge for lessons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197394-100">[98]</a> He was troubled when German newspapers revealed that pedagogue <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Kullak" title="Theodor Kullak">Theodor Kullak</a> had earned more than one million marks from teaching: "As an artist, you do not rake in a million marks without performing some sacrifice on the altar of Art".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§23-235">[233]</a> He wrote an open letter to Kullak's sons, published in the <a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_musikalische_Zeitung" title="Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung">Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung</a>, urging them to create an endowment for needy musicians, as Liszt himself frequently did.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§23-235">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈlɪst]</a>; Hungarian: Liszt Ferencz, in modern usage Liszt Ferenc <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">[ˈlist ˈfɛrɛnt͡s]</a>. Liszt's Hungarian passport spelled his given name as "Ferencz". An orthographic reform of the Hungarian language in 1922 (which was 36 years after Liszt's death) changed the letter "cz" to simply "c" in all words except surnames; this has led to Liszt's given name being rendered in modern Hungarian usage as "Ferenc". From 1859 to 1867 he was officially Franz Ritter von Liszt; he was created a <a href="/wiki/Ritter" title="Ritter">Ritter</a> (knight) by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Francis Joseph I</a> in 1859, but never used this title of nobility in public. The title was necessary to marry the Princess <a href="/wiki/Carolyne_zu_Sayn-Wittgenstein" title="Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein">Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein</a> without her losing her privileges, but after the marriage fell through, Liszt transferred the title to his uncle Eduard in 1867. Eduard's son was <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Liszt" title="Franz von Liszt">Franz von Liszt</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> His <a href="/wiki/Liszthaus_Raiding" title="Liszthaus Raiding">birthplace</a> is now a museum. Throughout his life, he claimed to be <a href="/wiki/Magyar_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyar people">Magyar</a>, rather than German, and referred to Hungary as his homeland. When later in his life he gave charity concerts in Hungary, he sometimes appeared wearing national dress.(<a href="#CITEREFWalker1987">Walker 1987</a>, p. 48) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBotstein2011-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBotstein2011_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBotstein2011_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBotstein2011">Botstein 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§28-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§28_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§28_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§28_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§28_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§28_3-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckhardtMuellerWalker2001">Eckhardt, Mueller & Walker 2001</a>, §28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeaville200556-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeaville200556_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeaville2005">Deaville 2005</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1987xviii-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1987xviii_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1987">Walker 1987</a>, p. xviii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197315-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197315_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197315_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1973">Walker 1973</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamann18827-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamann18827_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamann1882">Ramann 1882</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197316-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197316_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197316_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1973">Walker 1973</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamann18828–9-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamann18828–9_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamann1882">Ramann 1882</a>, pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamann188221–23-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamann188221–23_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamann1882">Ramann 1882</a>, pp. 21–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197316–17-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197316–17_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1973">Walker 1973</a>, pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197318–19,_23-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197318–19,_23_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1973">Walker 1973</a>, pp. 18–19, 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamann188260-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamann188260_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamann1882">Ramann 1882</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESitwell196757-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESitwell196757_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSitwell1967">Sitwell 1967</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2002-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2002_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton2002">Hamilton 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertagnolli2021-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertagnolli2021_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertagnolli2021_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertagnolli2021">Bertagnolli 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamann188267–69-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamann188267–69_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamann1882">Ramann 1882</a>, pp. 67–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESitwell196710–11-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESitwell196710–11_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSitwell1967">Sitwell 1967</a>, pp. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitelaw2021-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitelaw2021_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitelaw2021_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitelaw2021_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitelaw2021_20-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitelaw2021">Whitelaw 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§1-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§1_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§1_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§1_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§1_21-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckhardtMuellerWalker2001">Eckhardt, Mueller & Walker 2001</a>, §1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197020-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197020_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1970">Walker 1970</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Beer20086-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Beer20086_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Beer2008">de Beer 2008</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELatham2002357-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatham2002357_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLatham2002">Latham 2002</a>, p. 357. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamann188262-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamann188262_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamann1882">Ramann 1882</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197323-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197323_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1973">Walker 1973</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197324–26-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197324–26_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1973">Walker 1973</a>, pp. 24–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESearle199530-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESearle199530_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESearle199530_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSearle1995">Searle 1995</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1987131-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1987131_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1987">Walker 1987</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197326–27-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197326–27_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1973">Walker 1973</a>, pp. 26–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197327–28-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197327–28_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1973">Walker 1973</a>, pp. 27–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1987137–138-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1987137–138_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1987">Walker 1987</a>, pp. 137–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2005§17-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2005§17_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2005§17_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacdonald2005">Macdonald 2005</a>, §17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom199864-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloom199864_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloom199864_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBloom1998">Bloom 1998</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197336-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197336_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197336_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1973">Walker 1973</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§5-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§5_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckhardtMuellerWalker2001">Eckhardt, Mueller & Walker 2001</a>, §5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197331–32-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197331–32_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1973">Walker 1973</a>, pp. 31–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison200638–39-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison200638–39_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavison2006">Davison 2006</a>, pp. 38–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§6-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§6_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckhardtMuellerWalker2001">Eckhardt, Mueller & Walker 2001</a>, §6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§7-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§7_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§7_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§7_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§7_40-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§7_40-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckhardtMuellerWalker2001">Eckhardt, Mueller & Walker 2001</a>, §7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmes201654–55-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilmes201654–55_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHilmes2016">Hilmes 2016</a>, pp. 54–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECelenza2021-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECelenza2021_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCelenza2021">Celenza 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJost2021-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJost2021_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJost2021">Jost 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJost2020-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJost2020_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJost2020">Jost 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmes201665,_59-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilmes201665,_59_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHilmes2016">Hilmes 2016</a>, pp. 65, 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmes201673,_85-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilmes201673,_85_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHilmes2016">Hilmes 2016</a>, pp. 73, 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-SwadleyLiszt201217–18-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall-SwadleyLiszt201217–18_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall-SwadleyLiszt2012">Hall-Swadley & Liszt 2012</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-SwadleyLiszt201218-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall-SwadleyLiszt201218_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall-SwadleyLiszt2012">Hall-Swadley & Liszt 2012</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197340-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197340_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1973">Walker 1973</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPesceEckhardtMueller2023§1.iii-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPesceEckhardtMueller2023§1.iii_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPesceEckhardtMueller2023">Pesce, Eckhardt & Mueller 2023</a>, §1.iii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§8-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§8_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§8_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§8_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§8_51-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§8_51-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckhardtMuellerWalker2001">Eckhardt, Mueller & Walker 2001</a>, §8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1987289-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1987289_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1987289_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1987">Walker 1987</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHensher2016-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHensher2016_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHensher2016">Hensher 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton-Hill2016-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton-Hill2016_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton-Hill2016_54-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurton-Hill2016">Burton-Hill 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmes201673-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilmes201673_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHilmes2016">Hilmes 2016</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1987285-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1987285_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1987">Walker 1987</a>, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1987290-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1987290_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1987">Walker 1987</a>, p. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197355–56-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197355–56_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1973">Walker 1973</a>, pp. 55–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPredota2019-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPredota2019_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPredota2019">Predota 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197355-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197355_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1973">Walker 1973</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESearle199531-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESearle199531_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSearle1995">Searle 1995</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1987442-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1987442_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1987">Walker 1987</a>, p. 442. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmes2016101,_115–117-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilmes2016101,_115–117_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHilmes2016">Hilmes 2016</a>, pp. 101, 115–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECormac2021b-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormac2021b_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormac2021b_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormac2021b_64-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCormac2021b">Cormac 2021b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmes201636,_119-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilmes201636,_119_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHilmes2016">Hilmes 2016</a>, pp. 36, 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§12-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§12_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§12_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§12_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§12_66-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckhardtMuellerWalker2001">Eckhardt, Mueller & Walker 2001</a>, §12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197377,_92-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197377,_92_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1973">Walker 1973</a>, pp. 77, 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197368-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197368_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197368_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1973">Walker 1973</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmes2016113-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilmes2016113_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHilmes2016">Hilmes 2016</a>, p. 113. </li> <li 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London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic, pp. 41-77 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker197326-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker197326_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1973">Walker 1973</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§23-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§23_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§23_235-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§23_235-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§23_235-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§23_235-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckhardtMuellerWalker2001§23_235-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckhardtMuellerWalker2001">Eckhardt, Mueller & Walker 2001</a>, §23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiszt202123_December_1829-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiszt202123_December_1829_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiszt2021">Liszt 2021</a>, 23 December 1829. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLiszt_Museumn.d." class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lisztmuseum.hu/previous_exhibitions/ferenc-erkel-the-director-of-the-academy-of-music-119937">"Ferenc Erkel, the Director of the Academy of Music"</a>. 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Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 24 (1/2): 163–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F901828">10.2307/901828</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-3266">0039-3266</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/901828">901828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Musicologica+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungaricae&rft.atitle=Liszt+%C3%A0+Marseille&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=163-197&rft.date=1982&rft.issn=0039-3266&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F901828%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F901828&rft.aulast=Eckhardt&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1ria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckhardtMuellerWalker2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Eckhardt, Maria; Mueller, Rena Charnin; <a href="/wiki/Alan_Walker_(musicologist)" title="Alan Walker (musicologist)">Walker, Alan</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000048265">"Liszt, Franz [Ferenc]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.48265">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.48265</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liszt%2C+Franz+%5BFerenc%5D&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.48265&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Eckhardt&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.au=Mueller%2C+Rena+Charnin&rft.au=Walker%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000048265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelSiegmeister1973" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Engel, Carl; Siegmeister, Elie (1973). "Franz Liszt". In Siegmeister, Elie (ed.). The New Music Lover's Handbook. Irvington-on-Hudson: Harvey House. pp. 220–222. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5447957M">5447957M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Franz+Liszt&rft.btitle=The+New+Music+Lover%27s+Handbook&rft.place=Irvington-on-Hudson&rft.pages=220-222&rft.pub=Harvey+House&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5447957M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Siegmeister%2C+Elie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsteban1971" class="citation book cs1">Esteban, Julio, ed. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A4OVdTt3UMsC">Liszt – Technical Exercises (Complete)</a>. Alfred Music Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7390-2212-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7390-2212-2"><bdi>978-0-7390-2212-2</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liszt+%E2%80%93+Technical+Exercises+%28Complete%29&rft.pub=Alfred+Music+Publishing&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-7390-2212-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA4OVdTt3UMsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFendNoiray2005" class="citation book cs1">Fend, Michael; Noiray, Michel (2005). Musical Education in Europe (1770–1914): Compositional, Institutional, and Political Challenges. Vol. 2. Berlin: Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musical+Education+in+Europe+%281770%E2%80%931914%29%3A+Compositional%2C+Institutional%2C+and+Political+Challenges&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Berliner+Wissenschafts-Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Fend&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Noiray%2C+Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForte1987" class="citation journal cs1">Forte, Allen (1987). "Liszt's Experimental Idiom and Music of the Early Twentieth Century". 19th-Century Music. 10 (3): 209–228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F746436">10.2307/746436</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/746436">746436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=19th-Century+Music&rft.atitle=Liszt%27s+Experimental+Idiom+and+Music+of+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=209-228&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F746436&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F746436%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Forte&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis2014" class="citation journal cs1">Francis, Suzanne Marie (June 2014). 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Studia Musicologica. 55 (1–2): 131–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1556%2F6.2014.55.1-2.9">10.1556/6.2014.55.1-2.9</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24898486">24898486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Musicologica&rft.atitle=Liszt+at+the+Piano%3A+The+Impact+of+Iconography+on+mid-Nineteenth+Century+Musicology&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=131-144&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1556%2F6.2014.55.1-2.9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24898486%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Suzanne+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedheim1962" class="citation journal cs1">Friedheim, Philip (1962). "The Piano Transcriptions of Franz Liszt". Studies in Romanticism. 1 (2): 83–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25599545">10.2307/25599545</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25599545">25599545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Romanticism&rft.atitle=The+Piano+Transcriptions+of+Franz+Liszt&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=83-96&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25599545&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25599545%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Friedheim&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGárdonyi1985" class="citation cs2">Gárdonyi, Zoltán (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gardonyi.de/zg_the_organ_music_of_liszt.pdf">"The Organ Music of Liszt"</a> (PDF), The New Hungarian Quarterly (Winter 1985)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Hungarian+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Organ+Music+of+Liszt&rft.issue=Winter+1985&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=G%C3%A1rdonyi&rft.aufirst=Zolt%C3%A1n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gardonyi.de%2Fzg_the_organ_music_of_liszt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilliamYoumans2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gilliam, Bryan; Youmans, Charles (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040117">"Strauss, Richard (Georg)"</a>. Grove Music Online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40117">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Strauss%2C+Richard+%28Georg%29&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40117&rft.aulast=Gilliam&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft.au=Youmans%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000040117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2005" class="citation journal cs1">Gould, John (2005). "What Did They Play?: The Changing Repertoire of the Piano Recital from the Beginnings to 1980". The Musical Times. 146 (1893): 61–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F30044125">10.2307/30044125</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30044125">30044125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Times&rft.atitle=What+Did+They+Play%3F%3A+The+Changing+Repertoire+of+the+Piano+Recital+from+the+Beginnings+to+1980&rft.volume=146&rft.issue=1893&rft.pages=61-76&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F30044125&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30044125%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrey2008" class="citation book cs1">Grey, Thomas Spencer (2008). 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The Collected Writings of Franz Liszt. Vol. 2: Essays and Letters of a Traveling Bachelor of Music. Translated by Hall-Swadley, Janita R. Plymouth: Scarecrow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Writings+of+Franz+Liszt&rft.place=Plymouth&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Hall-Swadley&rft.aufirst=Janita+R.&rft.au=Liszt%2C+Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSaffle2012">Saffle, Michael, "Foreword". In <a href="#CITEREFHall-SwadleyLiszt2012">Hall-Swadley & Liszt 2012</a>, pp. xiii–xxii</cite></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2005" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Kenneth, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Companion to Liszt. Cambridge: Cambridge University press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521622042" title="Special:BookSources/0521622042"><bdi>0521622042</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL19319043M">19319043M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Liszt&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL19319043M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0521622042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBaker2005">Baker, James M., "Liszt's Late Piano Works: A Survey". In <a href="#CITEREFHamilton2005">Hamilton 2005</a>, pp. 86–119</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFDeaville2005">Deaville, James, "Liszt and the Twentieth Century". In <a href="#CITEREFHamilton2005">Hamilton 2005</a>, pp. 28–56</cite></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2008" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Kenneth (2008). After the Golden Age: Romantic Pianism and Modern Performance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL10133750M">10133750M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Golden+Age%3A+Romantic+Pianism+and+Modern+Performance&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL10133750M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHensher2016" class="citation web cs1">Hensher, Philip (29 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jul/29/franz-liszt-musician-celebrity-superstar-oliver-himes-review-biography">"Franz Liszt: Musician, Celebrity, Superstar by Oliver Hilmes review"</a>. 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London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21946-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21946-3"><bdi>978-0-300-21946-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26316088M">26316088M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Liszt%3A+Musician%2C+Celebrity%2C+Superstar&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26316088M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21946-3&rft.aulast=Hilmes&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIng8DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohns1993" class="citation journal cs1">Johns, Keith T. 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Revista de Musicología. 16 (6): 3531–3542. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20796952">10.2307/20796952</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20796952">20796952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Musicolog%C3%ADa&rft.atitle=Franz+Liszt%27s+Symphonic+Poems+and+the+Press%3A+The+Reception+of+the+First+Performances+1850%E2%80%931861&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=3531-3542&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20796952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20796952%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Johns&rft.aufirst=Keith+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJost2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jost, Peter, ed. 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(2002). The Oxford Companion to Music. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866212-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866212-9"><bdi>978-0-19-866212-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Music&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866212-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFHamilton2002">Hamilton, Kenneth, "Liszt, Franz". 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Translated by <a href="/wiki/Constance_Bache" title="Constance Bache">Bache, Constance</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+Franz+Liszt&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Liszt&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F3689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiszt2013" class="citation web cs1">Liszt, Franz (2013) [1863]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4386/4386-h/4386-h.htm">"Life of Chopin"</a>. www.gutenberg.org. Translated by Walker-Cook, Martha.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=Life+of+Chopin&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Liszt&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F4386%2F4386-h%2F4386-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Macdonald, Hugh (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000027250">"Symphonic poem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.27250">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.27250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Symphonic+poem&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.27250&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000027250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Macdonald, Hugh (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000051424">"Berlioz, (Louis-)Hector"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.51424">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.51424</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Berlioz%2C+%28Louis-%29Hector&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.51424&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000051424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillingtonDeathridgeDahlhausBailey2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Millington, Barry; Deathridge, John; Dahlhaus, Carl; Bailey, Robert (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-6002278269">"Wagner, (Wilhelm) Richard"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.6002278269">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.6002278269</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wagner%2C+%28Wilhelm%29+Richard&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.6002278269&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Millington&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.au=Deathridge%2C+John&rft.au=Dahlhaus%2C+Carl&rft.au=Bailey%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-6002278269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mishra, Jennifer (June–July 2016). "Playing from Memory: Development of a 19th-century performance practice". American Music Teacher. 65 (6): 12–16. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26385978">26385978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Music+Teacher&rft.atitle=Playing+from+Memory%3A+Development+of+a+19th-century+performance+practice&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=12-16&rft.date=2016-06%2F2016-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26385978%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNegusHamilton2021" class="citation interview cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Negus" title="Anthony Negus">Negus, Anthony</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Hamilton" title="Kenneth Hamilton">Hamilton, Kenneth</a> (March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lfo.org.uk/our-story/podcast/episode-5">"Richard Wagner and Franz Liszt"</a>. The Longborough Podcast. Interviewed by Sophie Rashbrook. <a href="/wiki/Longborough_Festival_Opera" title="Longborough Festival Opera">Longborough Festival Opera</a>. Retrieved 19 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Longborough+Podcast&rft.atitle=Richard+Wagner+and+Franz+Liszt&rft.date=2021-03&rft.aulast=Negus&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flfo.org.uk%2Four-story%2Fpodcast%2Fepisode-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPesce2014" class="citation book cs1">Pesce, Dolores (2014). Liszt's Final Decade. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580464840" title="Special:BookSources/9781580464840"><bdi>9781580464840</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26185377M">26185377M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liszt%27s+Final+Decade&rft.place=Rochester%2C+NY&rft.pub=University+of+Rochester+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26185377M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9781580464840&rft.aulast=Pesce&rft.aufirst=Dolores&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPesceEckhardtMueller2023" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pesce, Dolores; Eckhardt, Maria; Mueller, Rena Charnin (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000048265">"Liszt, Franz [Ferenc]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.48265">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.48265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liszt%2C+Franz+%5BFerenc%5D&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.48265&rft.aulast=Pesce&rft.aufirst=Dolores&rft.au=Eckhardt%2C+Maria&rft.au=Mueller%2C+Rena+Charnin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000048265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiotrowska2013" class="citation journal cs1">Piotrowska, Anna G. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/162598946.pdf">"Liszt and the issue of so called Gypsy music"</a> (PDF). Interdisciplinary Studies in Musicology. 13: 127–140. Retrieved 17 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interdisciplinary+Studies+in+Musicology&rft.atitle=Liszt+and+the+issue+of+so+called+Gypsy+music&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=127-140&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Piotrowska&rft.aufirst=Anna+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F162598946.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPocknell2000" class="citation book cs1">Pocknell, Pauline, ed. (2000). Franz Liszt and Agnes Street-Klindworth: A Correspondence, 1854–1886. Hillsdale: Pendragon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576470060" title="Special:BookSources/9781576470060"><bdi>9781576470060</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL12238972M">12238972M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Liszt+and+Agnes+Street-Klindworth%3A+A+Correspondence%2C+1854%E2%80%931886&rft.place=Hillsdale&rft.pub=Pendragon&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL12238972M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9781576470060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPredota2019" class="citation web cs1">Predota, Georg (14 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interlude.hk/franz-liszt-istanbul/">"When Liszt Visited Istanbul"</a>. Interlude. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interlude&rft.atitle=When+Liszt+Visited+Istanbul&rft.date=2019-02-14&rft.aulast=Predota&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finterlude.hk%2Ffranz-liszt-istanbul%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamann1882" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lina_Ramann" title="Lina Ramann">Ramann, Lina</a> (1882). Franz Liszt, Artist and Man: 1811–1840. Translated by Cowdery, E. London: W. H. Allen & Co. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7103128M">7103128M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Liszt%2C+Artist+and+Man%3A+1811%E2%80%931840&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W.+H.+Allen+%26+Co.&rft.date=1882&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7103128M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Ramann&rft.aufirst=Lina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen, Charles</a> (23 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2012/02/23/super-power-franz-liszt/">"The Super Power of Franz Liszt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>. Retrieved 11 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Super+Power+of+Franz+Liszt&rft.date=2012-02-23&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2012%2F02%2F23%2Fsuper-power-franz-liszt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmalhausen2002" class="citation book cs1">Schmalhausen, Lina (2002). Walker, Alan (ed.). The Death of Franz Liszt: based on the unpublished diary of his pupil Lina Schmalhausen. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801440762" title="Special:BookSources/9780801440762"><bdi>9780801440762</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL17068266M">17068266M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Franz+Liszt%3A+based+on+the+unpublished+diary+of+his+pupil+Lina+Schmalhausen&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL17068266M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9780801440762&rft.aulast=Schmalhausen&rft.aufirst=Lina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarm2016" class="citation web cs1">Schwarm, Betsy (3 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Transcendental-Etudes">"Transcendental Études"</a>. Britannica. Retrieved 23 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Transcendental+%C3%89tudes&rft.date=2016-11-03&rft.aulast=Schwarm&rft.aufirst=Betsy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FTranscendental-Etudes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearle1954" class="citation book cs1">Searle, Humphrey (1954). The Music of Liszt. London: Williams & Norgate. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6157654M">6157654M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+of+Liszt&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Williams+%26+Norgate&rft.date=1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6157654M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Searle&rft.aufirst=Humphrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearle1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Searle, Humphrey (1995). "Liszt, Franz". In Sadie, Stanley (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Vol. 11. London: Macmillan. pp. 28–74. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL18342085M">18342085M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liszt%2C+Franz&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.pages=28-74&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL18342085M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Searle&rft.aufirst=Humphrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearle2023" class="citation web cs1">Searle, Humphrey (18 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franz-Liszt">"Franz Liszt"</a>. Britannica. Retrieved 23 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Franz+Liszt&rft.date=2023-10-18&rft.aulast=Searle&rft.aufirst=Humphrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FFranz-Liszt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSitwell1967" class="citation book cs1">Sitwell, Sacheverell (1967). Liszt (revised ed.). New York: Dover. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL21091397M">21091397M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liszt&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL21091397M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Sitwell&rft.aufirst=Sacheverell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuttoni1979" class="citation journal cs1">Suttoni, Charles (1979). "Franz Liszt's Published Correspondence: An Annotated Bibliography". Fontes Artis Musicae. 26 (3): 191–234. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-6191">0015-6191</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23505430">23505430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fontes+Artis+Musicae&rft.atitle=Franz+Liszt%27s+Published+Correspondence%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliography&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=191-234&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23505430%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0015-6191&rft.aulast=Suttoni&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzilasi2011" class="citation journal cs1">Szilasi, Alex (5 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hungarianreview.com/article/liszt_on_chopin/">"Liszt on Chopin, Chopin on Liszt"</a>. Hungarian Review. 2 (1). Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hungarian+Review&rft.atitle=Liszt+on+Chopin%2C+Chopin+on+Liszt&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2011-01-05&rft.aulast=Szilasi&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhungarianreview.com%2Farticle%2Fliszt_on_chopin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Walker_(musicologist)" title="Alan Walker (musicologist)">Walker, Alan</a> (1970). "Liszt and the Twentieth Century". In Walker, Alan (ed.). Franz Liszt: The Man And His Music. New York: Taplinger. pp. 350–364. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26352341M">26352341M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liszt+and+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.btitle=Franz+Liszt%3A+The+Man+And+His+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=350-364&rft.pub=Taplinger&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26352341M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1973" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Alan (1973). The Great Composers: Liszt. New York: T. Y. Crowell Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780690496994" title="Special:BookSources/9780690496994"><bdi>9780690496994</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL21091256M">21091256M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Composers%3A+Liszt&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=T.+Y.+Crowell+Co.&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL21091256M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9780690496994&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1987" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Alan (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lCw4cxHmpgYC">Franz Liszt, The Virtuoso Years, 1811–1847</a> (revised ed.). Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801494214" title="Special:BookSources/0801494214"><bdi>0801494214</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2394803M">2394803M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Liszt%2C+The+Virtuoso+Years%2C+1811%E2%80%931847&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL2394803M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0801494214&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlCw4cxHmpgYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1987b" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Alan (1987b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yNhQhSgRlWIC">Franz Liszt: The Weimar Years, 1848–1861</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9721-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9721-6"><bdi>978-0-8014-9721-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Liszt%3A+The+Weimar+Years%2C+1848%E2%80%931861&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-9721-6&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyNhQhSgRlWIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1997" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Alan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=beP86q3iO6MC">Franz Liszt, The Final Years, 1861–1886</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801484537" title="Special:BookSources/0801484537"><bdi>0801484537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Liszt%2C+The+Final+Years%2C+1861%E2%80%931886&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0801484537&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbeP86q3iO6MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2011b" class="citation interview cs1">Walker, Alan (1 November 2011b). "The World Around Us: Counterpoint". Clavier Companion (Interview). Interviewed by Helen Smith Tarchalski. pp. 32–35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clavier+Companion&rft.atitle=The+World+Around+Us%3A+Counterpoint&rft.pages=32-35&rft.date=2011-11-01&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Derek_Watson_(actor_and_musicologist)" title="Derek Watson (actor and musicologist)">Watson, Derek</a> (2000) [1989]. Liszt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-872705-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-872705-9"><bdi>978-0-02-872705-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24861665M">24861665M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liszt&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24861665M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-02-872705-9&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Franz Liszt <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Franz+Liszt">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Franz+Liszt&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Franz Liszt <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Franz+Liszt">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Franz+Liszt&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanlisztsociety.net/">American Liszt Society</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bbc.co.uk/liszt">"Discovering Liszt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">BBC Radio 3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovering+Liszt&rft.pub=BBC+Radio+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbbc.co.uk%2Fliszt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranz+Liszt" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd>Scores</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Liszt,_Franz" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Liszt, Franz">Free scores by Franz Liszt</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)</li> <li><a href="https://www.cpdl.org/wiki/index.php/Franz_Liszt" class="extiw" title="choralwiki:Franz Liszt">Free scores by Franz Liszt</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Choral_Public_Domain_Library" title="Choral Public Domain Library">Choral Public Domain Library</a> (ChoralWiki)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musopen.org/composer/franz-liszt/">Franz Liszt</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Musopen" title="Musopen">Musopen</a> project</li></ul> <dl><dd>Books</dd></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1266">Works by Franz Liszt</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28+Liszt+AND+%28Franz+OR+Ferenc+OR+Ferencz%29+%29">Works by or about Franz Liszt</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/10429">Works by Franz Liszt</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Franz_Liszt" title="List of compositions by Franz Liszt">List of compositions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: tan;;width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_works_of_Franz_Liszt" title="Musical works of Franz Liszt">Musical works</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_works_of_Franz_Liszt" title="Late works of Franz Liszt">Late works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcriptions_by_Franz_Liszt" title="Transcriptions by Franz Liszt">Transcriptions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisztomania" title="Lisztomania">Lisztomania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: tan;;width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don_Sanche" title="Don Sanche">Don Sanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardanapalo" title="Sardanapalo">Sardanapalo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: tan;;width:1%">Choral works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bells_of_the_Strasbourg_Cathedral" title="The Bells of the Strasbourg Cathedral">The Bells of the Strasbourg Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavimo_slavno,_Slaveni!" title="Slavimo slavno, Slaveni!">Slavimo slavno, Slaveni!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_crucis_(Liszt)" title="Via crucis (Liszt)">Via crucis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_quatre_%C3%A9l%C3%A9mens" title="Les quatre élémens">Les quatre élémens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: tan;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poems_(Liszt)" title="Symphonic poems (Liszt)">Symphonic poems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ce_qu%27on_entend_sur_la_montagne" title="Ce qu'on entend sur la montagne">Ce qu'on entend sur la montagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasso:_lamento_e_trionfo" title="Tasso: lamento e trionfo">Tasso: lamento e trionfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_pr%C3%A9ludes" title="Les préludes">Les préludes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpheus_(Liszt)" title="Orpheus (Liszt)">Orpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(Liszt)" title="Prometheus (Liszt)">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazeppa_(symphonic_poem)" title="Mazeppa (symphonic poem)">Mazeppa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festkl%C3%A4nge_(Liszt)" title="Festklänge (Liszt)">Festklänge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ro%C3%AFde_fun%C3%A8bre_(Liszt)" title="Héroïde funèbre (Liszt)">Héroïde funèbre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungaria_(Liszt)" title="Hungaria (Liszt)">Hungaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(Liszt)" title="Hamlet (Liszt)">Hamlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnenschlacht_(Liszt)" title="Hunnenschlacht (Liszt)">Hunnenschlacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Ideale" title="Die Ideale">Die Ideale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: tan;;width:1%">Other orchestral works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faust_Symphony" title="Faust Symphony">Faust Symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Symphony" title="Dante Symphony">Dante Symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephisto_Waltzes" title="Mephisto Waltzes">Mephisto Waltzes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: tan;;width:1%">Piano and orchestra</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Fantasy_(Liszt)" title="Hungarian Fantasy (Liszt)">Hungarian Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._1_(Liszt)" title="Piano Concerto No. 1 (Liszt)">Piano Concerto No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Liszt)" title="Piano Concerto No. 2 (Liszt)">Piano Concerto No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._3_(Liszt)" title="Piano Concerto No. 3 (Liszt)">Piano Concerto No. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totentanz_(Liszt)" title="Totentanz (Liszt)">Totentanz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: tan;;width:1%">Solo piano</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_%C3%89tudes" title="Transcendental Études">Transcendental Études</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9tudes_de_Paganini" title="Grandes études de Paganini">Grandes études de Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9tude_de_perfectionnement" title="Grande étude de perfectionnement">Morceau de salon, Ab Irato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Concert_%C3%89tudes" title="Three Concert Études">Three Concert Études</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Concert_%C3%89tudes_(Liszt)" title="Two Concert Études (Liszt)">Two Concert Études</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variation_on_a_Waltz_by_Diabelli_(Liszt)" title="Variation on a Waltz by Diabelli (Liszt)">Variation on a Waltz by Diabelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_de_p%C3%A8lerinage" title="Années de pèlerinage">Années de pèlerinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Sonata" title="Dante Sonata">Dante Sonata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feuilles_d%27album,_S.165_(Liszt)" title="Feuilles d'album, S.165 (Liszt)">Feuilles d'album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_No._1_(Liszt)" title="Ballade No. 1 (Liszt)">Ballade No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_No._2_(Liszt)" title="Ballade No. 2 (Liszt)">Ballade No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolations_(Liszt)" title="Consolations (Liszt)">Consolations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonies_po%C3%A9tiques_et_religieuses" title="Harmonies poétiques et religieuses">Harmonies poétiques et religieuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deux_l%C3%A9gendes_(Liszt)" title="Deux légendes (Liszt)">Deux légendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_in_B_minor_(Liszt)" title="Piano Sonata in B minor (Liszt)">Sonata in B minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarabande_and_Chaconne_from_Handel%27s_Almira_(Liszt)" title="Sarabande and Chaconne from Handel's Almira (Liszt)">Sarabande and Chaconne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihnachtsbaum_(Liszt)" title="Weihnachtsbaum (Liszt)">Weihnachtsbaum</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dem_Andenken_Pet%C5%91fis" title="Dem Andenken Petőfis">Dem Andenken Petőfis</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nuages_gris" title="Nuages gris">Nuages gris</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/La_lugubre_gondola" title="La lugubre gondola">La lugubre gondola</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Valse-Impromptu_(Liszt)" title="Valse-Impromptu (Liszt)">Valse-Impromptu</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephisto_Waltzes" title="Mephisto Waltzes">Mephisto Waltzes</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bagatelle_sans_tonalit%C3%A9" title="Bagatelle sans tonalité">Bagatelle sans tonalité</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mephisto_Polka" title="Mephisto Polka">Mephisto Polka</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Grand_galop_chromatique" title="Grand galop chromatique">Grand galop chromatique</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cs%C3%A1rd%C3%A1s_(Liszt)" title="Csárdás (Liszt)">Csárdás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Rhapsodies" title="Hungarian Rhapsodies">Hungarian Rhapsodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glanes_de_Woronince" title="Glanes de Woronince">Glanes de Woronince</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rondeau_fantastique_sur_un_th%C3%A8me_espagnol" title="Rondeau fantastique sur un thème espagnol">Rondeau fantastique</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsodie_espagnole_(Liszt)" title="Rhapsodie espagnole (Liszt)">Rhapsodie espagnole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liebestr%C3%A4ume" title="Liebesträume">Liebesträume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: tan;;width:1%">Opera paraphrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9miniscences_de_Don_Juan" title="Réminiscences de Don Juan">Réminiscences de Don Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_on_Themes_from_Mozart%27s_Figaro_and_Don_Giovanni" title="Fantasy on Themes from Mozart's Figaro and Don Giovanni">Fantasy on Themes from Mozart's Figaro and Don Giovanni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: tan;;width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Liszt" title="Adam Liszt">Adam Liszt</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosima_Wagner" title="Cosima Wagner">Cosima Wagner</a> (daughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: tan;;width:1%">Pupils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Baermann" title="Carl Baermann">Carl Baermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Bird" title="Arthur H. Bird">Arthur H. Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bronsart_von_Schellendorff" title="Hans Bronsart von Schellendorff">Hans Bronsart von Schellendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Hans von Bülow">Hans von Bülow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_d%27Albert" title="Eugen d'Albert">Eugen d'Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_De_Greef_(composer)" title="Arthur De Greef (composer)">Arthur De Greef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie-Miriam_Delaborde" title="Élie-Miriam Delaborde">Élie-Miriam Delaborde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Fay" title="Amy Fay">Amy Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Friedheim" title="Arthur Friedheim">Arthur Friedheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Klindworth" title="Karl Klindworth">Karl Klindworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Krause" title="Martin Krause">Martin Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Lachmund" title="Carl Lachmund">Carl Lachmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Lamond_(pianist)" title="Frederic Lamond (pianist)">Frederic Lamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Liebling" title="Georg Liebling">Georg Liebling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Liebling" title="Max Liebling">Max Liebling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Lutter" title="Heinrich Lutter">Heinrich Lutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Menter" title="Sophie Menter">Sophie Menter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Bach_Mills" title="Sebastian Bach Mills">Sebastian Bach Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vianna_da_Motta" title="José Vianna da Motta">José Vianna da Motta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionys_Pruckner" title="Dionys Pruckner">Dionys Pruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Rappoldi" title="Laura Rappoldi">Laura Rappoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Reinecke" title="Carl Reinecke">Carl Reinecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Remmert" title="Martha Remmert">Martha Remmert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Reuss" title="Eduard Reuss">Eduard Reuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriz_Rosenthal" title="Moriz Rosenthal">Moriz Rosenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Sauer" title="Emil von Sauer">Emil von Sauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Sgambati" title="Giovanni Sgambati">Giovanni Sgambati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hall_Sherwood" title="William Hall Sherwood">William Hall Sherwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Siloti" title="Alexander Siloti">Alexander Siloti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Street-Klindworth" title="Agnes Street-Klindworth">Agnes Street-Klindworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Karl Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Thom%C3%A1n" title="István Thomán">István Thomán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Urspruch" title="Anton Urspruch">Anton Urspruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_Walker" title="Bettina Walker">Bettina Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Wieniawski" title="Józef Wieniawski">Józef Wieniawski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Zichy" title="Géza Zichy">Géza Zichy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: tan;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liszthaus_Raiding" title="Liszthaus Raiding">Liszthaus Raiding (Liszt's birthplace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt_Academy_of_Music" title="Franz Liszt Academy of Music">Franz Liszt Academy of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Franz_Liszt_Piano_Competition" title="International Franz Liszt Piano Competition">International Franz Liszt Piano Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt_International_Piano_Competition_(Budapest)" title="Franz Liszt International Piano Competition (Budapest)">Franz Liszt International Piano Competition (Budapest)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisztomania_(film)" title="Lisztomania (film)">Lisztomania (1975 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisztomania_(song)" title="Lisztomania (song)">Lisztomania (song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Music_Franz_Liszt_Weimar" title="University of Music Franz Liszt Weimar">University of Music Franz Liszt Weimar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: tan;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Franz_Liszt" title="Category:Franz Liszt">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="sound icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/16px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/24px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/32px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Audio_files_of_music_by_Franz_Liszt" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Audio files of music by Franz Liszt">Audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romantic_music" title="Template:Romantic music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romantic_music" title="Template talk:Romantic music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romantic_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romantic music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romantic_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_composers" title="List of Romantic composers">List of Romantic composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Composers and musicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Atterberg" title="Kurt Atterberg">Atterberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Bazzini" title="Antonio Bazzini">Bazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Beach" title="Amy Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Auguste_de_B%C3%A9riot" title="Charles Auguste de Bériot">Bériot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bertin" title="Louise Bertin">Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Bizet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield_Chadwick" title="George Whitefield Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Chaminade" title="Cécile Chaminade">Chaminade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Chausson" title="Ernest Chausson">Chausson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Crusell" title="Bernhard Crusell">Crusell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licien_David" title="Félicien David">Félicien David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_David_(musician)" title="Ferdinand David (musician)">Ferdinand David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Delibes" title="Léo Delibes">Delibes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Delius" title="Frederick Delius">Delius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Denza" title="Luigi Denza">Denza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_d%27Indy" title="Vincent d'Indy">d'Indy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Farrenc" title="Louise Farrenc">Farrenc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Foote" title="Arthur Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Franz" title="Robert Franz">Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Giuliani" title="Mauro Giuliani">Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov" title="Alexander Glazunov">Glazunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes" title="Antônio Carlos Gomes">Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Melchor_Gomis" title="José Melchor Gomis">J. Gomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Gounod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gretchaninov" title="Alexander Gretchaninov">Gretchaninov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Herbert" title="Victor Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_H%C3%A9rold" title="Ferdinand Hérold">Hérold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Holst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Joplin" title="Scott Joplin">Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kalivoda" title="Jan Kalivoda">Kalivoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Kreisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kuhlau" title="Friedrich Kuhlau">Kuhlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toivo_Kuula" title="Toivo Kuula">Kuula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Lachner" title="Franz Lachner">Lachner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Lalo" title="Édouard Lalo">Lalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Leoncavallo" title="Ruggero Leoncavallo">Leoncavallo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liszt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Lumbye" title="Hans Christian Lumbye">Lumbye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lysenko" title="Mykola Lysenko">Lysenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leevi_Madetoja" title="Leevi Madetoja">Madetoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Masarnau_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Santiago Masarnau Fernández">Masarnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Massenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saverio_Mercadante" title="Saverio Mercadante">Mercadante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_M%C3%A9reaux" title="Amédée Méreaux">Méreaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Niedermeyer" title="Louis Niedermeyer">Niedermeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Offenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pacini" title="Giovanni Pacini">Pacini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knowles_Paine" title="John Knowles Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Popper" title="David Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Prudent" title="Émile Prudent">Prudent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Raff" title="Joachim Raff">Raff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Reinecke" title="Carl Reinecke">Reinecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Respighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Ries" title="Ferdinand Ries">Ries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rode" title="Pierre Rode">Rode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_de_Sarasate" title="Pablo de Sarasate">Sarasate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_I" title="Johann Strauss I">J. Strauss I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II" title="Johann Strauss II">J. Strauss II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">R. Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Taneyev" title="Sergei Taneyev">Taneyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_T%C3%A1rrega" title="Francisco Tárrega">Tárrega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Tobias" title="Rudolf Tobias">Tobias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Vieuxtemps" title="Henri Vieuxtemps">Vieuxtemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Vaughan Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe" title="Eugène Ysaÿe">Ysaÿe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_guitar" title="Romantic guitar">Romantic guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra#Early_Romantic_orchestra" title="Orchestra">Romantic orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(classical_music)" title="Ballade (classical music)">Ballade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_piece" title="Character piece">Character piece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale_prelude" title="Chorale prelude">Chorale prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">Intermezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazurka" title="Mazurka">Mazurka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_song" title="Orchestral song">Orchestral song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantische_Oper" title="Romantische Oper">Romantic opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">Symphonic poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">Symphony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianist_movement" title="Indianist movement">Indianist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_School" title="New German School">New German School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_the_Belyayev_circle" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle">Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_The_Five" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The Five">Tchaikovsky and The Five</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Romantics" title="War of the Romantics">War of the Romantics</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_period_(music)" title="Template:Classical period (music)">Classical music</a></div><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism_(music)" title="Template:Modernism (music)">Modernist music</a> → </div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romantic_music" title="Category:Romantic music">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_German_School" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_German_School" title="Template:New German School"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_German_School" title="Template talk:New German School"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_German_School" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New German School"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_German_School" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_German_School" title="New German School">New German School</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allgemeiner_Deutscher_Musikverein" title="Allgemeiner Deutscher Musikverein">Allgemeiner Deutscher Musikverein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franz Liszt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanticism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanticism" title="Template talk:Romanticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a> →</div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romanticism" title="Category:Romanticism">Category</a> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41309#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41309#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41309#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012280979X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/64199483">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/39270/">FAST</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1672750/">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtRPrP8DRwRCwy37TVV4q">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118573527">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79079048">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139773750">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139773750">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00523887">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV029699">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35308243">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981001756&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX963604">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/75134">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068284764">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90066794">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000035855&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000042593&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000064558">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=71395">Greece</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=211970">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000031589">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199616810">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/jgvxzrq25hj3qsq">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810574380305606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/70350">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264655105171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000199880">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058519883106706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14741903">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03176116?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500330920">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/2cd475bb-1abd-40c4-9904-6d4b691c752c">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/de8adc95-8e3a-4405-bccd-310eea3c86d0">KulturNav</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/mitglieder/?we_objectID=52398">ADK</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102432">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/49289277">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/l0603">BMLO</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/906123">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118573527.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118573527">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026991535">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/041459">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6dp4v3n">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63777pp">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/107196">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/21px-Audio_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/32px-Audio_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/42px-Audio_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Classical music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/21px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/42px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hungary" title="Portal:Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/7px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/14px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/21px-Operalogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/32px-Operalogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/42px-Operalogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Opera" title="Portal:Opera">Opera</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Franz Liszt at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" class="extiw" title="c:Franz Liszt">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" class="extiw" title="q:Franz Liszt">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&oldid=1256530180">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Liszt&oldid=1256530180</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Franz_Liszt" title="Category:Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1811_births" title="Category:1811 births">1811 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1886_deaths" title="Category:1886 deaths">1886 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Hungarian_classical_composers" title="Category:19th-century Hungarian classical composers">19th-century Hungarian classical composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_classical_pianists" title="Category:19th-century classical pianists">19th-century classical pianists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_conductors_(music)" title="Category:19th-century conductors (music)">19th-century conductors (music)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Hungarian_musicians" title="Category:19th-century Hungarian musicians">19th-century Hungarian musicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Hungarian_male_musicians" title="Category:19th-century Hungarian male musicians">19th-century Hungarian male musicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_organists" title="Category:19th-century organists">19th-century organists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_liturgical_composers" title="Category:Catholic liturgical composers">Catholic liturgical composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Composers_for_pedal_piano" title="Category:Composers for pedal piano">Composers for pedal piano</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Composers_for_piano" title="Category:Composers for piano">Composers for piano</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Composers_for_pipe_organ" title="Category:Composers for pipe organ">Composers for pipe organ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_Franz_Liszt_Academy_of_Music" title="Category:Academic staff of the Franz Liszt Academy of Music">Academic staff of the Franz Liszt Academy of Music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Honorary_members_of_the_Royal_Philharmonic_Society" title="Category:Honorary members of the Royal Philharmonic Society">Honorary 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