CINXE.COM

SEAMS 2019

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <link href="https://conf.researchr.org/favicon.ico?28d37e6d7e5e12d24c39bdba0f4f3cfd" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" /> <link href="https://conf.researchr.org/stylesheets/common_.css?d7bcca3579a066193caf560ede9d6399" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <title>SEAMS 2019</title> <script type="text/javascript">var show_webdsl_debug=false;</script> <script type="text/javascript">var contextpath="https://conf.researchr.org";</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://conf.researchr.org/stylesheets/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.min.css?7f89537eaf606bff49f5cc1a7c24dbca" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://conf.researchr.org/stylesheets/conf.css?e0c92ee5f52769e04d268b7588469bfe" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://conf.researchr.org/getFile/1119b3fd-e299-4340-ab93-7781db556e56/seams2019-white.css?1558415341790" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://conf.researchr.org/stylesheets/theme.bootstrap_3.min.css?6867e70881e6ed2c03b6c9cf9c3152e0" type="text/css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-3.5.1.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://conf.researchr.org/javascript/twitter-widget-ios-fix.js?7ba20a9fa447de94b2a094eead2ccfe8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://conf.researchr.org/javascript/jquery.tablesorter.combined.min.js?285b21976326641f8f1b910492e6d5d0"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://conf.researchr.org/javascript/jquery.tablesorter.pager.min.js?4551cdfea66f45a11ae5548f3d50a06f"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://conf.researchr.org/javascript/tablesorter-init.js?ee6babedf1a6be960e4543a1bb57b421"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://conf.researchr.org/javascript/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.min.js?2f34b630ffe30ba2ff2b91e3f3c322a1"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://conf.researchr.org/javascript/notify.min.js?e86d399917a84b69a4683f504c7a7813"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://conf.researchr.org/javascript/ajax.js?2dbd1cc4f8f2d52ae9c879d7346f4f8a"></script> <script type="text/javascript">$(document).ready( function(){ $('#program-menu a[data-fltr-type]').on('click', function(event){ event.preventDefault(); window.location = $(this).attr('href') + "?" + encodeURIComponent( $(this).data('fltr-type') ) + '=' + encodeURIComponent( $(this).data('fltr-val') ); }) }) </script> <meta prefix='og: http://ogp.me/ns#' property='og:title' content='SEAMS 2019'> <meta name='description' content='Welcome to the website of the Symposium on Software Engineering for Adaptive and Self-Managing Systems 2019 conference. The objective of SEAMS is to bring together researchers and practitioners from diverse areas to investigate, discuss, and examine the fundamental principles, the state of the art, and critical challenges of engineering self-adaptive and self-managing systems. Modern and emerging software systems, such as industrial Internet of Things, Cyber-Physical Systems, cloud and edge computing, robotics, and smart environments have to operate without interruption. Self-adaptation ...'> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-4G0QWEKVQS"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}gtag('js', new Date());gtag('config', 'G-4G0QWEKVQS', {'cookie_domain': 'auto', 'anonymizeIp': true });gtag('config', 'UA-9607501-2', {'cookie_domain': 'auto', 'anonymizeIp': true });</script> <meta prefix='og: http://ogp.me/ns#' property='og:description' content='Welcome to the website of the Symposium on Software Engineering for Adaptive and Self-Managing Systems 2019 conference. The objective of SEAMS is to bring together researchers and practitioners from diverse areas to investigate, discuss, and examine the fundamental principles, the state of the art, and critical challenges of engineering self-adaptive and self-managing systems. Modern and emerging software systems, such as industrial Internet of Things, Cyber-Physical Systems, cloud and edge computing, robotics, and smart environments have to operate without interruption. Self-adaptation ...'> <script type="text/javascript">function addEventModalLoadOnClick( containerNode ){ $(containerNode).find( "a[data-event-modal]" ).on("click", function(e){ var eventId = $(this).data("event-modal"); var modalElem = $("#modal-" + eventId); if(modalElem.length){ modalElem.modal({ backdrop: 'static', keyboard: true}, 'show'); } else { var loaderElem = $("#event-modal-loader"); loaderElem.find("input.event-id-input").val( eventId ); loaderElem.find("#load-modal-action").click(); } e.preventDefault(); } ); } </script><script type="text/javascript">function addStarredEventOnClick( containerNode ){ $(containerNode).find( "[data-event-star]" ).on("click", function(e){ var eventId = $(this).data("event-star"); var starEventFormElem = $("#event-star-form"); starEventFormElem.find("input.event-id-input").val( eventId ); starEventFormElem.find("#star-event-action").click(); e.preventDefault(); e.stopPropagation(); } ); } </script><script type="text/javascript">function pauseOnCloseModal( modalid ){ //pauses video (only youtube at the moment) when closing modal $('#' + modalid).on('hidden.bs.modal', function () { $(this).find('.embed-container iframe[src*=enablejsapi]').each( function(){ this.contentWindow.postMessage('{"event":"command","func":"pauseVideo","args":""}', '*') } ); } ) } </script> </head> <body id="home"><div class="frame"><div class="logobar"><div class="container"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/home/seams-2019" class="navbar-brand navigate"><span class="brand-text">SEAMS 2019</span></a><div class="place">Sat 25 - Sun 26 May 2019 <a href="https://conf.researchr.org/venue/seams-2019/icse-2019-venue" class="navigate">Montreal, QC, Canada</a></div><div class="place2">co-located with <a href="https://2019.icse-conferences.org" class="navigate">ICSE 2019</a></div></div></div><div class="navbar navbar-default"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><button type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navigationbar" class="navbar-toggle"><span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div><div id="navigationbar" class="navigationbar collapse navbar-collapse"><ul class="block nav navbar-nav"><li class="dropdown"><a href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" class="dropdown-toggle">Attending <span class="caret"></span></a><ul class="block dropdown-menu"><li class="block"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/venue/seams-2019/icse-2019-venue" class="navigate">Venue: Fairmont The Queen Elizabeth Hotel</a></li><li class="block"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/attending/seams-2019/registration" class="navigate">Registration</a></li></ul></li><li class="dropdown"><a href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" class="dropdown-toggle">Program <span class="caret"></span></a><ul id="program-menu" class="block dropdown-menu"><li class="block"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/program/seams-2019/program-seams-2019/" class="navigate">SEAMS Program</a></li><li class="block"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/program/seams-2019/program-seams-2019/" data-fltr-type="prog" data-fltr-val="Your Program" class="navigate"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-star"></span> Your Program</a></li><li class="block"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/info/seams-2019/keynote" class="navigate">Keynotes</a></li><li class="block"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/info/seams-2019/banquet" class="navigate">Banquet</a></li><li class="block divider"></li><li class="block"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/program/seams-2019/program-seams-2019/" data-fltr-type="date" data-fltr-val="Sat 25 May 2019" class="navigate">Sat 25 May</a></li><li class="block"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/program/seams-2019/program-seams-2019/" data-fltr-type="date" data-fltr-val="Sun 26 May 2019" class="navigate">Sun 26 May</a></li></ul></li><li class="block"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/track/seams-2019/seams-2019-papers" class="navigate">Track/Call</a></li><li class="dropdown"><a href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" class="dropdown-toggle">Organization <span class="caret"></span></a><ul class="block dropdown-menu multi-column columns-1"><div class="row"><div class="col-sm-12"><ul class="block multi-column-dropdown"><li class="block dropdown-header">SEAMS 2019 Committees</li><li class="block dropdown-header">Track Committees </li><li class="block"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/committee/seams-2019/seams-2019-papers-organizing-committee" class="navigate">Organizing Committee</a></li><li class="block"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/committee/seams-2019/seams-2019-papers-program-committee" class="navigate">Program Committee</a></li><li class="block"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/committee/seams-2019/seams-2019-papers-artifact-program-committee" class="navigate">Artifact Program Committee</a></li><li class="block"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/committee/seams-2019/seams-2019-papers-doctoral-projects-program-committee" class="navigate">Doctoral Projects Program Committee</a></li><li class="block dropdown-header">Contributors</li><li class="block"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/people-index/seams-2019" class="navigate"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-search"></span><sup><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-user"></span></sup> People Index</a></li></ul></div></div></ul></li><li class="block"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/search/seams-2019//all" class="navigate"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-search"></span><span class="hidden-sm"> Search</span></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" class="dropdown-toggle"><span class="hidden-sm">Series <span class="caret"></span></span><span title="Series" class="visible-sm"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-repeat"></span> <span class="caret"></span></span></a><ul class="block dropdown-menu"><li class="block"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/series/seams" class="navigate"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-home"></span> Series</a></li><li class="block divider"></li><li class="block"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/home/seams-2025" class="navigate">SEAMS 2025</a></li><li class="block"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/home/seams-2024" class="navigate">SEAMS 2024</a></li><li class="block"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/home/seams-2023" class="navigate">SEAMS 2023</a></li><li class="block"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/home/seams-2022" class="navigate">SEAMS 2022</a></li><li class="block"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/home/seams-2021" class="navigate">SEAMS 2021</a></li><li class="block"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/home/seams-2020" class="navigate">SEAMS 2020</a></li><li class="block"><span class="text-muted" style="margin-left: 2px;"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-hand-right"></span> SEAMS 2019</span></li><li class="block"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/home/seams-2018" class="navigate">SEAMS 2018</a></li><li class="block"></li></ul></li></ul><div class="navbar-right"><ul class="block nav navbar-nav"><li class="block"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/signin/seams-2019/https%3A%5Es%5Esconf.researchr.org%5Eshome%5Esseams-2019" rel="nofollow" class="navigate">Sign in</a></li><li class="block"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/signup/seams-2019" class="navigate">Sign up</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div id="content" class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-sm-7"><div class="row"><div class="col-sm-12"><div class="page-header"><h1>14th Symposium on Software Engineering for Adaptive and Self-Managing Systems 2019</h1></div><p>Welcome to the website of the Symposium on Software Engineering for Adaptive and Self-Managing Systems 2019 conference.</p> <p>The objective of SEAMS is to bring together researchers and practitioners from diverse areas to investigate, discuss, and examine the fundamental principles, the state of the art, and critical challenges of engineering self-adaptive and self-managing systems.</p> <p>Modern and emerging software systems, such as industrial Internet of Things, Cyber-Physical Systems, cloud and edge computing, robotics, and smart environments have to operate without interruption. Self-adaptation and self-management enable these systems to adapt themselves at runtime to preserve and optimize their operation in the presence of uncertain changes in their operating environment, resource variability, new user needs, attacks, intrusions, and faults.</p> <p>Approaches to complement software-based systems with self-managing and self-adaptive capabilities are an important area of research and development, offering solutions that leverage advances in fields such as software architecture, fault-tolerant computing, programming languages, run-time program analysis and verification, among others. Additionally, research in this field is informed by related areas such as control systems, machine learning, artificial intelligence, agent-based systems, and biologically inspired computing. The SEAMS symposium focuses on applying software engineering to these approaches, including methods, techniques, processes and tools that can be used to support self-* properties like self-protection, self-healing, self-optimization, and self-configuration.</p> <p>For more information visit the <a href="https://conf.researchr.org/track/seams-2019/seams-2019-papers">track page</a>:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/track/seams-2019/seams-2019-papers#Call-for-Papers">Call for Papers</a></li> <li><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/track/seams-2019/seams-2019-papers#SEAMS-History">SEAMS History</a></li> </ul> <p>Symposia-related email should be addressed to: seams2019 [AT] list.waseda.jp</p> <p>Follow and participate in SEAMS 2019 on <a href="https://twitter.com/SEAMSconf">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/SEAMSconf">Facebook</a> and <a href="https://seamsconf.slack.com">Slack</a>.</p> <p>Register to SEAMS 2019 through the <a href="https://2019.icse-conferences.org/attending/registration">ICSE 2019 registration</a>. Please note the early registration deadline of April 1st 2019.</p> </div></div><div class="row"><div class="col-sm-12"><div class="page-header"><h1>Proceedings Available</h1></div><p>You can download an electronic version of the proceedings from the <a href="http://2019.icse-conferences.org/info/proceedings">ICSE conference web site.</a></p> </div></div><div class="row"><div class="col-sm-12"><div class="page-header"><h1>Awards</h1></div><h3><a href="#best-paper-award" id="best-paper-award" class="anchor-link">Best Paper Award</a></h3> <p><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/details/seams-2019/seams-2019-papers/29/Defeating-Denial-of-Service-Attacks-in-a-Self-Managing-N-Variant-System">Defeating Denial-of-Service Attacks in a Self-Managing N-Variant System</a> by Jessica Jones, Jason Hiser, Jack Davidson and Stephanie Forrest</p> <h3><a href="#best-artifact-award" id="best-artifact-award" class="anchor-link">Best Artifact Award</a></h3> <p><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/details/seams-2019/seams-2019-papers/18/DARTSim-An-Exemplar-for-Evaluation-and-Comparison-of-Self-Adaptation-Approaches-for-Smart-Cyber-Physical-Systems">DARTSim: An Exemplar for Evaluation and Comparison of Self-Adaptation Approaches for Smart Cyber-Physical Systems</a> by Gabriel A. Moreno, Cody Kinneer, Ashutosh Pandey and David Garlan.</p> <p>Congratulations to all the authors!</p> </div></div></div><div class="col-sm-4 col-sm-offset-1 sidebar"><div class="panel panel-primary"><div class="panel-heading clearfix"><div class="panel-title"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-road"></span> SEAMS 2019 Tracks</div></div><div class="panel-body"><div class="all-tracks"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/track/seams-2019/seams-2019-papers" class="text-muted navigate">14th International Symposium on Software Engineering for Adaptive and Self-Managing Systems</a></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-primary social-media-widget"><div class="panel-heading clearfix"><div class="panel-title"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="0.875em" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.4.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license (Commercial License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M389.2 48h70.6L305.6 224.2 487 464H345L233.7 318.6 106.5 464H35.8L200.7 275.5 26.8 48H172.4L272.9 180.9 389.2 48zM364.4 421.8h39.1L151.1 88h-42L364.4 421.8z"></path></svg> Posts</div></div><a class="twitter-timeline" data-height="400"href="https://twitter.com/SEAMSconf">Twitter</a><script async src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script></div><div class="panel panel-primary social-media-widget"><div class="panel-heading clearfix"><div class="panel-title"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="0.875em" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.4.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license (Commercial License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M504 256C504 119 393 8 256 8S8 119 8 256c0 123.78 90.69 226.38 209.25 245V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.28c-30.8 0-40.41 19.12-40.41 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V501C413.31 482.38 504 379.78 504 256z"></path></svg> Posts</div></div><div id="fb-root"></div><script>(function(d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) return; js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js#xfbml=1&version=v2.10"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);}(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk'));var fbresized = null;$(window).on('resize', function() { if(fbresized === null) { fbresized = window.setTimeout(function() { fbresized = null; $('.fb-page').removeClass('fb_iframe_widget fb_iframe_widget_fluid'); FB.XFBML.parse(); }, 300);} } ); </script><div class="fb-page" data-href="https://www.facebook.com/SEAMSconf" data-tabs="timeline" data-small-header="true" data-height="350" data-width="500" data-adapt-container-width="true" data-hide-cover="true" data-show-facepile="false"><blockquote cite="https://www.facebook.com/facebook" class="fb-xfbml-parse-ignore"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/facebook">Facebook</a></blockquote></div></div></div></div><div id="messages-placeholder" class="alert alert-warning" style="display:none;"><a data-dismiss="alert" class="close">x</a><em>Thu 28 Nov 17:09</em></div></div><div id="notifications-ph" class="webdsl-placeholder"></div><div id="event-modal-loader" class="webdsl-placeholder"><form name="form_131600131703c411e65b13378d08eb1f6672b5a0259" id="form_131600131703c411e65b13378d08eb1f6672b5a0259" action="https://conf.researchr.org/eventDetailsModalByAjaxConferenceEdition" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="POST" class="hidden"><input type="hidden" name="form_131600131703c411e65b13378d08eb1f6672b5a0259" value="1" /><input type="hidden" name="context" value="seams-2019" /><input name="ae03f7f6f951d515a297b161e922205d" type="text" value="" class="inputString form-control event-id-input"/><button style="position: absolute; left: -9999px; width: 1px; height: 1px;" onclick='javascript:serverInvoke("https://conf.researchr.org/eventDetailsModalByAjaxConferenceEdition","eventDetailsModalByAjaxConferenceEdition_ia0_3c411e65b13378d08eb1f6672b5a0259", [{"name":"context", "value":"seams-2019"},],"form_131600131703c411e65b13378d08eb1f6672b5a0259", this.nextSibling, false,"event-modal-loader"); return false;'></button><a submitid="eventDetailsModalByAjaxConferenceEdition_ia0_3c411e65b13378d08eb1f6672b5a0259" href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="javascript:loadImageElem=this;$(this.previousSibling).click()" id="load-modal-action"></a></form></div><div id="event-star-form" class="webdsl-placeholder"><form name="form_509860938088b48fd14544d4239b498a2cf339e02b" id="form_509860938088b48fd14544d4239b498a2cf339e02b" action="https://conf.researchr.org/eventStarByAjaxConferenceEdition" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="POST" class="hidden"><input type="hidden" name="form_509860938088b48fd14544d4239b498a2cf339e02b" value="1" /><input type="hidden" name="context" value="seams-2019" /><input name="a0b55aa29cf9431a9461b359872014e3" type="text" value="" class="inputString form-control event-id-input"/><button style="position: absolute; left: -9999px; width: 1px; height: 1px;" onclick='javascript:serverInvoke("https://conf.researchr.org/eventStarByAjaxConferenceEdition","eventStarByAjaxConferenceEdition_ia0_88b48fd14544d4239b498a2cf339e02b", [{"name":"context", "value":"seams-2019"},],"form_509860938088b48fd14544d4239b498a2cf339e02b", this.nextSibling, false,"event-star-form"); return false;'></button><a submitid="eventStarByAjaxConferenceEdition_ia0_88b48fd14544d4239b498a2cf339e02b" href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="javascript:loadImageElem=this;$(this.previousSibling).click()" id="star-event-action"></a></form></div><div id="event-modals" class="webdsl-placeholder"></div><script type="text/javascript">(function(){ var post_process_function = function(n){ var node=(n&&n.nodeType === 1)?n:document; addEventModalLoadOnClick(node); addStarredEventOnClick(node); }; var original_post_process_func = ajax_post_process; ajax_post_process = function(){ original_post_process_func.apply(this,arguments); post_process_function.apply(this,arguments); }; $(document).ready( post_process_function ); })(); </script><footer class="footer"><div class="container"><div class="footer-box"><div class="row"><div class="col-sm-3"><h3><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/home/seams-2019" class="navigate"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-home"></span> SEAMS 2019</a></h3><div><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/contact/seams-2019" class="navigate"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-envelope"></span> contact form</a></div><hr/>using <a href="https://conf.researchr.org" class="navigate">conf.researchr.org</a> (<a href="http://yellowgrass.org/roadmap/conf.researchr.org" class="navigate">v1.67.1</a>)<br/><small><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/support/seams-2019" target="_blank" class="navigate"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-question-sign"></span> Support page</a></small><br/><small></small></div><div class="col-sm-5"><div class="row"><div class="col-sm-6"><h4>Tracks</h4><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/track/seams-2019/seams-2019-papers" class="navigate">SEAMS 2019</a></div><div class="col-sm-6"></div></div></div><div class="col-sm-2"><h4>Attending</h4><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/venue/seams-2019/icse-2019-venue" class="navigate">Venue: Fairmont The Queen Elizabeth Hotel</a><br><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/attending/seams-2019/registration" class="navigate">Registration</a></div><div class="col-sm-2"><a href="https://conf.researchr.org/signup/seams-2019" class="navigate">Sign Up</a></div></div></div></div></footer></div><script type="text/javascript">(function(){ var post_process_function = function(n){ var node=(n&&n.nodeType === 1)?n:document; var defaultplacement = $(document).scrollLeft() > 100 ? 'auto left' : 'auto top'; $(node).find('[title]').tooltip({placement: function(tt, elem){ var attval = elem.getAttribute('data-placement'); return attval ? attval : defaultplacement; }, container: false, sanitize: false}); $('.tooltip.fade.in, .ui-tooltip-content').remove(); }; var original_post_process_func = ajax_post_process; ajax_post_process = function(){ original_post_process_func.apply(this,arguments); post_process_function.apply(this,arguments); }; $(document).ready( post_process_function ); })(); </script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery(document).ready(function($) { $(".clickable-row").click(function() { var href = $(this).attr("href"); if( window.location.href.indexOf( href ) < 0 ){ if ($(this).hasClass('new-window') ){ window.open( href ); } else { window.document.location = href; } } }); }); </script></body></html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10