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<li id="toc-Military_outpost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_outpost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Military outpost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_outpost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Urban settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eviction_and_demolition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eviction_and_demolition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Eviction and demolition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eviction_and_demolition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_city_before_demolition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_city_before_demolition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The city before demolition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_city_before_demolition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The city before demolition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_city_before_demolition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Layout_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layout_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Layout and architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layout_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status_as_park" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status_as_park"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Current status as park</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_status_as_park-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current status as park subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_status_as_park-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Design_and_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_and_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Design and construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_and_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declared_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declared_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Declared monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declared_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultural memory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_memory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural memory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Films and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anime_and_manga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anime_and_manga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Anime and manga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anime_and_manga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amusement_arcade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amusement_arcade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Amusement arcade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amusement_arcade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books_and_research_papers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_and_research_papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Books and research papers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_and_research_papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentary_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentary_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Documentary films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentary_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kowloon Walled City</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="مدينة كولون المسورة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدينة كولون المسورة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciud%C3%A1_cercada_de_Kowloon" title="Ciudá cercada de Kowloon – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ciudá cercada de Kowloon" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0" title="কাউলং প্রাচীরবেষ্টিত শহর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাউলং প্রাচীরবেষ্টিত শহর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C3%BA-li%C3%B4ng_ch%C4%93-si%C3%A2%E2%81%BF" title="Kiú-liông chē-siâⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kiú-liông chē-siâⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Коулун (град крепост) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Коулун (град крепост)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciutat_emmurallada_de_Kowloon" title="Ciutat emmurallada de Kowloon – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciutat emmurallada de Kowloon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaulungsk%C3%A9_opevn%C4%9Bn%C3%A9_m%C4%9Bsto" title="Kaulungské opevněné město – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kaulungské opevněné město" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon_Walled_City" title="Kowloon Walled City – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kowloon Walled City" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD" title="Περιτοιχισμένη πόλη της Καουλούν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Περιτοιχισμένη πόλη της Καουλούν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_amurallada_de_Kowloon" title="Ciudad amurallada de Kowloon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciudad amurallada de Kowloon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloongo_harresi_hiria" title="Kowloongo harresi hiria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kowloongo harresi hiria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="شهرک محصور کاولون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شهرک محصور کاولون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadelle_de_Kowloon" title="Citadelle de Kowloon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Citadelle de Kowloon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C3%BA-li%C3%B9ng_chai-s%C3%A0ng" title="Kiú-liùng chai-sàng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kiú-liùng chai-sàng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EB%A3%A1%EC%B1%84%EC%84%B1" title="구룡채성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구룡채성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Tembok_Kowloon" title="Kota Tembok Kowloon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kota Tembok Kowloon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citt%C3%A0_murata_di_Kowloon" title="Città murata di Kowloon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Città murata di Kowloon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F" title="העיר המגודרת קאולון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="העיר המגודרת קאולון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon_Walled_City" title="Kowloon Walled City – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kowloon Walled City" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koulu%C5%86as_pils%C4%93tcietoksnis" title="Kouluņas pilsētcietoksnis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kouluņas pilsētcietoksnis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon_Walled_City" title="Kowloon Walled City – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kowloon Walled City" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="قلعة كولون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قلعة كولون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Tembok_Kowloon" title="Kota Tembok Kowloon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kota Tembok Kowloon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon_Walled_City" title="Kowloon Walled City – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kowloon Walled City" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E9%BE%8D%E5%9F%8E%E7%A0%A6" title="九龍城砦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="九龍城砦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon_Walled_City" title="Kowloon Walled City – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kowloon Walled City" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidade_murada_de_Kowloon" title="Cidade murada de Kowloon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cidade murada de Kowloon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C)" title="Коулун (город-крепость) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коулун (город-крепость)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon_Walled_City" title="Kowloon Walled City – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kowloon Walled City" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walled_City" title="Walled City – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Walled City" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon_Walled_City" title="Kowloon Walled City – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kowloon Walled City" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99" title="เมืองกำแพงเกาลูน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เมืองกำแพงเกาลูน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon_Walled_City" title="Kowloon Walled City – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kowloon Walled City" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE-%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Місто-фортеця Коулун – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Місто-фортеця Коулун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%ADu_Long_Tr%E1%BA%A1i_Th%C3%A0nh" title="Cửu Long Trại Thành – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cửu Long Trại Thành" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E9%BE%8D%E5%AF%A8%E5%9F%8E" title="九龍寨城 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="九龍寨城" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E9%BE%8D%E5%AF%A8%E5%9F%8E" title="九龍寨城 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="九龍寨城" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kowloon_Walled_City&params=22_19_56_N_114_11_25_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°19′56″N</span> <span class="longitude">114°11′25″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22.33222°N 114.19028°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">22.33222; 114.19028</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former slum in Kowloon, Hong Kong</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Kowloon Walled City</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="zh-Hant-HK">九龍寨城</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg/300px-Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg/450px-Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg/600px-Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1942" data-file-height="1466" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">The city in 1989</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Hong_Kong_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kowloon Walled City is located in Hong Kong"><img alt="Kowloon Walled City is located in Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/China_Hong_Kong_location_map.svg/250px-China_Hong_Kong_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/China_Hong_Kong_location_map.svg/375px-China_Hong_Kong_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/China_Hong_Kong_location_map.svg/500px-China_Hong_Kong_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1298" data-file-height="1016" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.903%;left:58.425%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kowloon Walled City"><img alt="Kowloon Walled City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kowloon Walled City</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kowloon_Walled_City&params=22_19_56_N_114_11_25_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°19′56″N</span> <span class="longitude">114°11′25″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22.33222°N 114.19028°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">22.33222; 114.19028</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country / City</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>China<br />(<i>de facto</i>, 1898–1912; <i>de jure</i>, 1898–1993)</li><li>British Hong Kong<br />(<i>de facto</i>, 1912–1941 and 1945–1993)</li><li>Japan<br />(<i>de facto</i>, 1941–1945)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">District</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kowloon_City_District" title="Kowloon City District">Kowloon City District</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kowloon_City" title="Kowloon City">Kowloon City</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1898</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Demolished</th><td class="infobox-data">1993–1994</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Ungoverned</i></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2.6 ha (6.4 acres)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(1990)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">35,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,300,000/km<sup>2</sup> (3,500,000/sq mi)</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Kowloon Walled City</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E9%BE%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:九龍">九龍</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%AF%A8" class="extiw" title="wikt:城寨">城寨</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">九龙城寨</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Jiǔlóng Chéng Zhài</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄐㄧㄡˇ ㄌㄨㄥˊ ㄔㄥˊ ㄓㄞˋ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Chiu<sup>3</sup>-lung<sup>2</sup> Chai<sup>4</sup> Ch</span>ʻ<span>eng<sup>2</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Jiǒulóng Chéng Jhài</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tɕjòʊ.lʊ̌ŋ ʈʂʰə̌ŋʈʂâɪ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hakka-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hak-Latn"><span>Giu<sup>3</sup>liung<sup>2</sup> shang<sup>2</sup> cai<sup>4</sup> </span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Gáulùhng Sìhng Jaaih</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">gau2 lung4 sing4 zaai6</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[kɐw˧˥ lʊŋ˩ sɪŋ˩ tsaj˨]</a></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E9%BE%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:九龍">九龍</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9F%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:城">城</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AF%A8" class="extiw" title="wikt:寨">寨</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">九龙城寨</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Jiǔlóng Chéng Zhài</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄐㄧㄡˇ ㄌㄨㄥˊ ㄔㄥˊ ㄓㄞˋ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Chiu<sup>3</sup>-lung<sup>2</sup> Ch</span>ʻ<span>eng<sup>2</sup> Chai<sup>4</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Jiǒulóng Chéng Jhài</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tɕjòʊ.lʊ̌ŋ ʈʂʰə̌ŋ ʈʂâɪ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hakka-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hak-Latn"><span>Giu<sup>3</sup>liung<sup>2</sup> shang<sup>2</sup> cai<sup>4</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Gáulùhng Sìhng Jaaih</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">gau2 lung4 sing4 zaai6</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[kɐw˧˥ lʊŋ˩ sɪŋ˩ tsaj˨]</a></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kowloon Walled City</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 九龍寨城) was an extremely densely populated and largely lawless <a href="/wiki/Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave">enclave</a> of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> within the boundaries of <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_City" title="Kowloon City">Kowloon City</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British Hong Kong</a>. Built as an Imperial Chinese <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">military fort</a>, the walled city became a <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> enclave after the <a href="/wiki/New_Territories" title="New Territories">New Territories</a> were leased to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> in 1898. Its population increased dramatically after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Japanese occupation of Hong Kong</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, attracting mostly refugees fleeing the renewed <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>. </p><p>By the late 1980s, the walled city contained roughly 35,000 residents<sup id="cite_ref-scmp_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within its territory of 2.6 hectares (6.4 acres; 26,000 m<sup>2</sup>). As a result of the absence of any widely recognized bureaucracy, the city's residents and businesses had no municipal codes to govern them. Enabled by the enclave's anarchic nature, trade in banned products thrived, ranging from narcotics to <a href="/wiki/Dog_meat#Hong_Kong" title="Dog meat">dog meat</a>. From the 1950s to the 1970s, it was <a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">controlled</a> by local <a href="/wiki/Triad_(organized_crime)" title="Triad (organized crime)">triad gangs</a> and had high rates of prostitution, gambling, and drug abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1987, the British colonial government announced plans to demolish the walled city. After an arduous eviction process, and the transfer of <i>de jure</i> sovereignty of the enclave from China to Britain, demolition began in March 1993 and was completed in April 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Walled_City_Park" title="Kowloon Walled City Park">Kowloon Walled City Park</a> opened in December 1995 and occupies the area of the former walled city. Some historical artefacts from the walled city, including its <a href="/wiki/Yamen" title="Yamen">yamen</a> building and remnants of its southern gate, have been preserved there. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_outpost">Military outpost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military outpost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kowloon-Walled-City-1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The front entrance of a fort with mountains in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kowloon-Walled-City-1898.jpg/220px-Kowloon-Walled-City-1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kowloon-Walled-City-1898.jpg/330px-Kowloon-Walled-City-1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kowloon-Walled-City-1898.jpg/440px-Kowloon-Walled-City-1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lung_Tsun_Stone_Bridge" title="Lung Tsun Stone Bridge">Lung Tsun Stone Bridge</a> and Lung Tsun Pavilion (Pavilion for Greeting Officials) of Kowloon Walled City in 1898</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of the walled city can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (960–1279), when a military outpost was set up to <a href="/wiki/Salt_in_Chinese_history" title="Salt in Chinese history">manage the salt trade</a> in the area. Little took place for hundreds of years afterward, although 30 guards were stationed there in 1668.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small coastal fort was established around 1810 after Chinese forces abandoned <a href="/wiki/Tung_Lung_Fort" title="Tung Lung Fort">Tung Lung Fort</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinn_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1842, during <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> <a href="/wiki/Daoguang_Emperor" title="Daoguang Emperor">Daoguang Emperor</a>'s reign, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island" title="Hong Kong Island">Hong Kong Island</a> was ceded to Britain by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a>. As a result, the Qing authorities felt it necessary to improve the fort to rule the area and check further British influence. The improvements, including the formidable defensive wall, were completed in 1847. The walled city was captured by <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Heavenly_Kingdom" title="Taiping Heavenly Kingdom">rebels</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a> in 1854, before being retaken a few weeks later.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_City_and_Kowloon_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Victoria_City_and_Kowloon_1915.jpg/220px-Victoria_City_and_Kowloon_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Victoria_City_and_Kowloon_1915.jpg/330px-Victoria_City_and_Kowloon_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Victoria_City_and_Kowloon_1915.jpg/440px-Victoria_City_and_Kowloon_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>1915 map of the Hong Kong region with Kowloon Walled City listed as "Chinese Town" at the upper right-hand corner</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Extension_of_Hong_Kong_Territory" title="Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory">Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory</a> of 1898 handed additional parts of Hong Kong (the <a href="/wiki/New_Territories" title="New Territories">New Territories</a>) to Britain for 99 years, but excluded the walled city, which at the time had a population of roughly 700. China was allowed to continue to keep officials there as long as they did not interfere with the defence of <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British Hong Kong</a>. The following year, the governor, Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Arthur_Blake" title="Henry Arthur Blake">Henry Blake</a>, suspected that the viceroy of Canton was using troops to aid resistance to the new arrangements. On 14 April 1899, British forces <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War_(1899)" title="Six-Day War (1899)">attacked</a> the walled city, only to find the viceroy's soldiers gone, leaving behind only the <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)" title="Mandarin (bureaucrat)">mandarin</a> and 150 residents.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qing dynasty ended its rule in 1912, leaving the walled city to the British.<sup id="cite_ref-p826_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p826-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the British claimed ownership of the walled city, they did little with it over the following few decades. The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_Shanghai" title="Holy Trinity Church, Shanghai">Holy Trinity Church</a> established an <a href="/wiki/Retirement_home" title="Retirement home">old people's home</a> in the old <a href="/wiki/Yamen" title="Yamen">yamen</a> as well as a school and an <a href="/wiki/Almshouse" title="Almshouse">almshouse</a> in other former offices. Aside from such institutions, however, the walled city became a mere curiosity for British colonials and tourists to visit; it was labelled as "Chinese Town" in a 1915 map. In 1933, the Hong Kong authorities announced plans to demolish most of the decaying walled city's buildings, compensating the 436 squatters that lived there with new homes. That same year, the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist Chinese government</a> protested, claiming jurisdiction over the city.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nationalist Chinese government continued to make claims on its jurisdiction throughout 1935, 1936, and the first half of 1937, until the war between China and Japan started.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1940, only the yamen, the school, and one house remained. During the World War II <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">occupation of Hong Kong</a>, the Japanese occupying forces demolished the city's wall and used the stone to expand the nearby <a href="/wiki/Kai_Tak_Airport" title="Kai Tak Airport">Kai Tak Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_settlement">Urban settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Urban settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KWC_-_1972_Sing_Tao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/KWC_-_1972_Sing_Tao.jpg/220px-KWC_-_1972_Sing_Tao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/KWC_-_1972_Sing_Tao.jpg/330px-KWC_-_1972_Sing_Tao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/KWC_-_1972_Sing_Tao.jpg/440px-KWC_-_1972_Sing_Tao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of Kowloon Walled City and the neighbouring Sai Tau Tsuen village in 1972</figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japan's surrender</a> in 1945, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a> announced its intent to reclaim the walled city. In November 1946, Nationalist Chinese officials created the "Draft Outline Plan for Reinstatement of Administration" of the area, which included an office, schools, police, and other functions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Refugees fleeing the Chinese Civil War post-1945 poured into Hong Kong, and 2,000 squatters occupied the walled city by 1947. After an attempt to drive them out in 1948, the British adopted a 'hands-off' policy in most matters concerning the walled city.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 January 1948, the Nationalist Chinese government sent a memorandum to the British Ambassador, stating "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs now formally declare to the British Embassy that, in accordance with the provisions of the said Convention, the Chinese Government enjoys jurisdiction over the City of Kowloon and that they have no intention whatsoever of renouncing this jurisdiction."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British Foreign Office, on 4 February 1948, considered a variety of solutions (including turning the site into a Nationalist Chinese Consulate-General), and ultimately recommended that the British "accept the principle of Chinese jurisdiction over Kowloon Walled City but the Chinese agree not to attempt to exercise that jurisdiction in practice."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the British Foreign Office said that "A public garden controlled by the municipal authorities of Kowloon Leased territory offers such a solution and so would a Chinese consular compound, if the Chinese could first be induced to agree in principle to the appointment of a Consul General."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KWC_-_1975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/KWC_-_1975.jpg/220px-KWC_-_1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/KWC_-_1975.jpg/330px-KWC_-_1975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/KWC_-_1975.jpg/440px-KWC_-_1975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption>The south side of Kowloon Walled City in 1975. The elevation of the buildings begins to reach its maximum height.</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1950, a fire broke out that destroyed over 2,500 huts, home to nearly 3,500 families and 17,000 total people.<sup id="cite_ref-Smart2006_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smart2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disaster highlighted the need for proper fire prevention in the largely wooden-built squatter areas, complicated by the lack of political ties with the colonial and Chinese governments.<sup id="cite_ref-Smart2006_2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smart2006_2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruins gave new arrivals to the walled city the opportunity to build anew, causing speculation that the fire may have been intentionally set.<sup id="cite_ref-Smart2006_2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smart2006_2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Booth2006_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booth2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With no government enforcement from the Chinese or the British aside from a few raids by the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Police">Hong Kong Police</a>, the walled city became a haven for crime and drugs. It was only during a 1959 trial for a murder that occurred within the walled city that the Hong Kong government was ruled to have jurisdiction there. By that time, however, the walled city was virtually ruled by the organised crime syndicates known as <a href="/wiki/Triad_(organized_crime)" title="Triad (organized crime)">triads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the 1950s, triad groups such as the <a href="/wiki/14K_(triad)" title="14K (triad)">14K</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yee_On" title="Sun Yee On">Sun Yee On</a> gained a stranglehold on the walled city's numerous brothels, gaming parlours, and opium dens. The walled city had become such a haven for criminals that police would venture into it only in large groups.<sup id="cite_ref-scmp_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until 1973 and 1974, when a series of more than 3,500 police raids resulted in over 2,500 arrests and over 1,800 kilograms (4,000 lb) of seized drugs, that the triads' power began to wane. With public support, particularly from younger residents, the continued raids gradually eroded drug use and violent crime. In 1983, the district police commander declared the walled city's crime rate to be under control.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1991.jpg/220px-Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1991.jpg/330px-Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1991.jpg/440px-Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3225" data-file-height="2061" /></a><figcaption>One of the outer edges in 1991</figcaption></figure> <p>The city also underwent massive construction during the 1960s, with developers building new modular structures above older ones. The city became extremely densely populated and "a world unto its own", an enclave,<sup id="cite_ref-Harter_92–113_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harter_92–113-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with over 33,000 people<sup id="cite_ref-Graudin_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graudin-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 300 buildings occupying little more than 7 acres (2.8 ha).<sup id="cite_ref-Graudin_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graudin-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the city reached its maximum size by the late 1970s and early 1980s; a height restriction of 13 to 14 storeys had been imposed on the city due to the flight path of planes heading toward <a href="/wiki/Kai_Tak_Airport" title="Kai Tak Airport">Kai Tak Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p48_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p48-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as limiting building height, the proximity of the airport subjected residents to serious noise pollution. Eight municipal pipes provided water to the entire structure, although more could have come from wells.<sup id="cite_ref-Water_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Water-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few of the streets were illuminated by fluorescent lights, as sunlight rarely reached the lower levels<sup id="cite_ref-Graudin_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graudin-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the outstanding disregard to <a href="/wiki/Air_rights" title="Air rights">air rights</a> within the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the rampant crime of earlier decades diminished in later years, the walled city was still known for its high number of unlicensed doctors and dentists who could operate there without threat of prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-Vines_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vines-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the walled city was for many years a hotbed of criminal activity, most residents were not involved in any crime and lived peacefully within its walls. Numerous small factories and businesses thrived inside the walled city, and some residents formed groups to organise and improve daily life there.<sup id="cite_ref-Basler_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basler-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An attempt by the government in 1963 to demolish some shacks in a corner of the city gave rise to an "anti-demolition committee" that served as the basis for a <a href="/wiki/Kaifong_association" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaifong association">kaifong association</a>. Charities, religious societies, and other welfare groups were gradually introduced to the city. While medical clinics and schools went unregulated, the Hong Kong government provided some services such as water supply and mail delivery.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eviction_and_demolition">Eviction and demolition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Eviction and demolition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KWC_-_Alley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/KWC_-_Alley.jpg/180px-KWC_-_Alley.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/KWC_-_Alley.jpg/270px-KWC_-_Alley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/KWC_-_Alley.jpg/360px-KWC_-_Alley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1049" /></a><figcaption>An alley in the city, 1993</figcaption></figure> <p>The quality of life in the city—sanitary conditions in particular—remained far behind the rest of Hong Kong. The <a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a> in 1984 laid the groundwork for the city's demolition.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mutual decision by the two governments to tear down the walled city was announced on 14 January 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 March 1987, following the announcement that the walled city would be converted to a park, the Secretary for District Administration formally requested the <a href="/wiki/Urban_Council" title="Urban Council">Urban Council</a> to take over the site following demolition. Owing to the presence of numerous other green spaces in the area, the <a href="/wiki/Urban_Services_Department" title="Urban Services Department">Urban Services Department</a> doubted the need for "yet another park" from a planning and operations point of view, but the council agreed nonetheless to accept the government's proposal on the condition that the government bear the cost of park construction.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government distributed some <span style="white-space: nowrap">HK$2.7 billion</span> (<span style="white-space: nowrap">US$350 million</span>) in compensation to the estimated 33,000 residents and businesses in a plan devised by a special committee of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Housing_Authority" title="Hong Kong Housing Authority">Hong Kong Housing Authority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lau_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lau-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some residents were not satisfied with the compensation and were forcibly evicted between November 1991 and July 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-Families_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Families-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Braude_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braude-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it was deserted, the empty city was used to film a scene in the 1993 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Crime_Story_(1993_film)" title="Crime Story (1993 film)">Crime Story</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Strother_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strother-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After four months of planning,<sup id="cite_ref-Chung_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chung-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> demolition of the walled city began on 23 March 1993<sup id="cite_ref-Vines_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vines-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and concluded in April 1994. Construction work on <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Walled_City_Park" title="Kowloon Walled City Park">Kowloon Walled City Park</a> started the following month.<sup id="cite_ref-History_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historic structures within the former have been preserved and integrated into the new park.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_city_before_demolition">The city before demolition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The city before demolition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layout_and_architecture">Layout and architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Layout and architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kowloon_Walled_City_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Kowloon_Walled_City_Statue.jpg/220px-Kowloon_Walled_City_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Kowloon_Walled_City_Statue.jpg/330px-Kowloon_Walled_City_Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Kowloon_Walled_City_Statue.jpg/440px-Kowloon_Walled_City_Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>Model of Kowloon Walled City located at the entrance of Kowloon Walled City Park</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Streets_in_Kowloon_Walled_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Streets_in_Kowloon_Walled_City.jpg/220px-Streets_in_Kowloon_Walled_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Streets_in_Kowloon_Walled_City.jpg/330px-Streets_in_Kowloon_Walled_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Streets_in_Kowloon_Walled_City.jpg/440px-Streets_in_Kowloon_Walled_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2337" data-file-height="1525" /></a><figcaption>Plan of buildings and streets within Kowloon Walled City</figcaption></figure> <p>The walled city was located in an <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of places in Hong Kong">area</a> of Kowloon that became known as <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_City" title="Kowloon City">Kowloon City</a>. In spite of its transformation from a fort into an urban enclave, the walled city retained the same basic layout. The original fort was built on a slope<sup id="cite_ref-p18_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p18-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consisted of a 2.6-hectare (6.4-acre) plot measuring about 210 by 120 metres (690 by 390 ft). The stone wall surrounding it had four entrances and measured 4 metres (13 ft) tall and 4.6 metres (15 ft) thick before it was dismantled in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinn_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benedetti_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedetti-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kowloon_Walled_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Kowloon_Walled_City.jpg/220px-Kowloon_Walled_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Kowloon_Walled_City.jpg/330px-Kowloon_Walled_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Kowloon_Walled_City.jpg/440px-Kowloon_Walled_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Kowloon Walled City in 1989</figcaption></figure> <p>Construction surged dramatically during the 1960s and 1970s, until the formerly low-rise city consisted almost entirely of buildings with 10 storeys or more (with the notable exception of the yamen in its centre).<sup id="cite_ref-p48_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p48-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goddard_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to <a href="/wiki/Kai_Tak_Airport" title="Kai Tak Airport">Kai Tak Airport</a>'s position 800 metres (0.50 mi) south of the city, buildings did not exceed 14 storeys.<sup id="cite_ref-p206_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p206-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two-storey Sai Tau Tsuen settlement bordered the walled city to the south and west until it was cleared in 1985 and replaced with Carpenter Road Park.<sup id="cite_ref-Girard_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Girard-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p71_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p71-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city's dozens of <a href="/wiki/Alley" title="Alley">alleyways</a> were often only 1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ft) wide, and had poor lighting and drainage.<sup id="cite_ref-W-S_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W-S-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An informal network of <a href="/wiki/Stairs" title="Stairs">staircases</a> and passageways also formed on upper levels, which was so extensive that one could travel north to south through the entire city without ever touching solid ground.<sup id="cite_ref-p48_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p48-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction in the city went unregulated, and most of the roughly 350 buildings were built with poor <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">foundations</a> and few or no utilities.<sup id="cite_ref-p48,74,79_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p48,74,79-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because apartments were so small—a typical unit was 23 m<sup>2</sup> (250 sq ft)—space was maximised with wider upper floors, caged balconies and rooftop additions.<sup id="cite_ref-Basler_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basler-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goddard_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p34,199_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p34,199-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roofs in the city were full of television antennas, <a href="/wiki/Clothes_line" title="Clothes line">clothes lines</a>, water tanks, and rubbish, and could be crossed using a series of ladders.<sup id="cite_ref-Popham_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popham-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p199,203_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p199,203-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demography">Demography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KWC_-_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/KWC_-_Night.jpg/220px-KWC_-_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/KWC_-_Night.jpg/330px-KWC_-_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/KWC_-_Night.jpg/440px-KWC_-_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>A street at the edge of the city at night in 1993</figcaption></figure> <p>Kowloon Walled City's early population fluctuated between zero and a few hundred, and began growing steadily shortly after World War II. However, there is no accurate population information available for much of the walled city's later existence. Official census numbers estimated the walled city's population at 10,004 in 1971 and 14,617 in 1981. Informal estimates, on the other hand, often mistakenly included the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Squatter_village" class="mw-redirect" title="Squatter village">squatter village</a> of Sai Tau Tsuen.<sup id="cite_ref-W-S_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W-S-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Siu-Fong_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siu-Fong-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Population figures of about 50,000 were also reported.<sup id="cite_ref-nosowitz_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nosowitz-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A thorough government survey in 1987 gave a clearer picture: an estimated 33,000 people resided within the walled city. Based on this survey, the walled city had a population density of approximately 1,255,000 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,250,000/sq mi) in 1987,<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the most densely populated spot in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Names in Kowloon Walled City were mostly Cantonese.<sup id="cite_ref-Graudin2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graudin2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kowloon_Walled_City_1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A close-up of the walled city's mass of tall buildings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kowloon_Walled_City_1991.jpg/170px-Kowloon_Walled_City_1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kowloon_Walled_City_1991.jpg/255px-Kowloon_Walled_City_1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kowloon_Walled_City_1991.jpg/340px-Kowloon_Walled_City_1991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2298" data-file-height="2985" /></a><figcaption>Numerous dental clinics at an edge of the walled city in 1991</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KWC_-_Playground.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/KWC_-_Playground.jpg/220px-KWC_-_Playground.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/KWC_-_Playground.jpg/330px-KWC_-_Playground.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/KWC_-_Playground.jpg/440px-KWC_-_Playground.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>A playground at the edge of the city</figcaption></figure> <p>In response to difficult living conditions, residents formed a tightly knit community, helping one another endure various hardships.<sup id="cite_ref-p122_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p122-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within families, wives often did housekeeping, while grandmothers cared for their grandchildren and other children from surrounding households.<sup id="cite_ref-p115,154_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p115,154-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's rooftops were important gathering places, especially for residents who lived on upper floors. Parents used them to relax, and children would play or do homework there after school.<sup id="cite_ref-p203–04_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p203–04-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The yamen in the heart of the city was also a major social centre, a place for residents to talk, have tea or watch television, and to take classes such as calligraphy. The Old People's Centre also held religious meetings for Christians and others.<sup id="cite_ref-p132_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p132-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other religious institutions included the Fuk Tak and <a href="/wiki/Tin_Hau_temples_in_Hong_Kong" title="Tin Hau temples in Hong Kong">Tin Hau</a> temples, which were used for a combination of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist">Taoist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Animist" class="mw-redirect" title="Animist">animist</a> practices.<sup id="cite_ref-p26,139_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p26,139-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status_as_park"><span class="anchor" id="Current_status"></span>Current status as park</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Current status as park"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For details on the park itself, see <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Walled_City_Park" title="Kowloon Walled City Park">Kowloon Walled City Park</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kowloon_Walled_City_Park_Overview_201807.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kowloon_Walled_City_Park_Overview_201807.jpg/220px-Kowloon_Walled_City_Park_Overview_201807.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kowloon_Walled_City_Park_Overview_201807.jpg/330px-Kowloon_Walled_City_Park_Overview_201807.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kowloon_Walled_City_Park_Overview_201807.jpg/440px-Kowloon_Walled_City_Park_Overview_201807.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of Kowloon Walled City Park</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_and_construction">Design and construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Design and construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The area where the walled city once stood is now <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Walled_City_Park" title="Kowloon Walled City Park">Kowloon Walled City Park</a>, adjacent to Carpenter Road Park.<sup id="cite_ref-Film_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Film-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 31,000 m<sup>2</sup> (330,000 sq ft; 7.7 acres) park was completed in August 1995 and handed over to the <a href="/wiki/Urban_Council" title="Urban Council">Urban Council</a>. It was opened officially by Governor <a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Chris Patten</a> a few months later on 22 December.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction of the park cost a total of <span style="white-space: nowrap">HK$76 million</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-History_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The park's design is modelled on <a href="/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan">Jiangnan</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">gardens</a> of the early <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>. It is divided into eight landscape features,<sup id="cite_ref-History_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the fully restored <a href="/wiki/Yamen" title="Yamen">yamen</a> as its centrepiece. The park's paths and <a href="/wiki/Pavilion" title="Pavilion">pavilions</a> are named after streets and buildings in the walled city.<sup id="cite_ref-YamenPark_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YamenPark-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artefacts from the walled city, such as five inscribed stones and three old wells, are also on display in the park.<sup id="cite_ref-Film_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Film-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The park was designed by the <a href="/wiki/Architectural_Services_Department" title="Architectural Services Department">Architectural Services Department</a>, which won a "prestigious award" from the Central Society of Horticulture of Germany for the redevelopment.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image-Kowloon_Walled_City_southgate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="On a green lawn surrounded by a brick wall lie broken engraved stones and stone foundations." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Image-Kowloon_Walled_City_southgate.jpg/220px-Image-Kowloon_Walled_City_southgate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Image-Kowloon_Walled_City_southgate.jpg/330px-Image-Kowloon_Walled_City_southgate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Image-Kowloon_Walled_City_southgate.jpg/440px-Image-Kowloon_Walled_City_southgate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The remnants of the city's South Gate and its entrance plaques</figcaption></figure> <p>Components of the park include: </p> <ul><li>The Eight Floral Walks, each named after a different plant or flower<sup id="cite_ref-Walks_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walks-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Chess Garden, featuring four 3-by-5-metre (9.8 by 16.4 ft) <a href="/wiki/Xiangqi" title="Xiangqi">Chinese chessboards</a><sup id="cite_ref-Chess_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chess-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Garden of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a>, containing stone statues of the 12 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a> animals<sup id="cite_ref-Zodiac_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zodiac-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Garden of Four Seasons (named Guangyin Square after the small open area in the walled city), a 300 m<sup>2</sup> (3,200 sq ft) garden with plants that symbolise the four seasons<sup id="cite_ref-Seasons_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seasons-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Six Arts Terrace, a 600 m<sup>2</sup> (6,500 sq ft) wedding area containing a garden and the Bamboo Pavilion<sup id="cite_ref-Film_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Film-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Kuixing Pavilion, including a <a href="/wiki/Moon_gate" title="Moon gate">moon gate</a> framed by two stone tablets and the towering Guibi Rock, which represents Hong Kong's return to China<sup id="cite_ref-Guibi_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guibi-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Mountain View Pavilion, a two-storey structure resembling a docked boat that provides a good view of the entire park<sup id="cite_ref-Film_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Film-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mountain_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mountain-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Lung Tsun, Yuk Tong, and Lung Nam Pavilions<sup id="cite_ref-Layout_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Layout-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The yamen and the remains of the South Gate<sup id="cite_ref-Graudin_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graudin-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see below).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declared_monuments">Declared monuments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Declared monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KWC_Yamen1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The front entrance of a building labelled "Almshouse" with a cannon in front of it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/KWC_Yamen1.JPG/220px-KWC_Yamen1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/KWC_Yamen1.JPG/330px-KWC_Yamen1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/KWC_Yamen1.JPG/440px-KWC_Yamen1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The front of the restored <a href="/wiki/Yamen" title="Yamen">yamen</a> building with one of the original cannons</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kowloon_Walled_City2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kowloon_Walled_City2.jpg/220px-Kowloon_Walled_City2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kowloon_Walled_City2.jpg/330px-Kowloon_Walled_City2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kowloon_Walled_City2.jpg/440px-Kowloon_Walled_City2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>Children of early 20th-century Kowloon Walled City residents playing on the yamen cannons</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_and_Monuments_Office" title="Antiquities and Monuments Office">Antiquities and Monuments Office</a> conducted archaeological examinations as the walled city was being demolished, and several cultural remains were discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-GIS_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GIS-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among them were the walled city's yamen and remnants of its South Gate, which were officially designated <a href="/wiki/Declared_monuments_of_Hong_Kong" title="Declared monuments of Hong Kong">declared monuments of Hong Kong</a> on 4 October 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-Monuments_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monuments-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The South Gate had originally served as the walled city's main entrance. Along with its foundation, other remains included two stone plaques inscribed with "South Gate" and "Kowloon Walled City" from the South Gate and a flagstone path that had led up to it. The foundations of the city's wall and East Gate were also discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-History_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hong Kong government preserved the South Gate remnants next to a square in front of the yamen.<sup id="cite_ref-GatePark_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GatePark-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The yamen building is made up of three halls. Originally the middle hall served the Assistant Magistrate of Kowloon's administrative office, and the rear block was his residence. After the government officials left the area in 1899, it was used for several other purposes, including an old people's home, a refuge for widows and orphans, a school, and a clinic. It was restored in 1996 and is now found near the centre of the park.<sup id="cite_ref-Yamen_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yamen-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains a photo gallery of the walled city, and two cannons dating back to 1802 sit at the sides of its entrance.<sup id="cite_ref-YamenPark_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YamenPark-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_memory">Cultural memory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cultural memory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A lack of governance, and separation from Hong Kong, provided a distinct culture in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crime and corruption were common; the police were known to co-operate with the triads operating in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1970s greater police presence reduced crime and the city became home to those seeking to avoid business regulation and taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-Basler_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basler-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the city was shunned in its early existence, it has since become a source of pride for many Hong Kong residents.<sup id="cite_ref-Girard_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Girard-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rising publicity around Hong Kong following the <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">1997 handover</a> sparked a re-emergence in the public interest of Kowloon Walled City and its disappearance. Popular memory tends to sanitise the city, forgetting the crime and corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has begun to be portrayed with a romantic <a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopian</a> identity, and many forms of modern media have borrowed the city's culture in their works.<sup id="cite_ref-Girard_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Girard-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A few of the people who spent time in Kowloon Walled City have written accounts of their experiences. Evangelist <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Pullinger" title="Jackie Pullinger">Jackie Pullinger</a> wrote a 1989 memoir, <i>Crack in the Wall</i>, about her involvement in treating drug addicts within the walled city.<sup id="cite_ref-Pullinger_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pullinger-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 2004 autobiography <i>Gweilo</i>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Booth" title="Martin Booth">Martin Booth</a> describes his exploration of the walled city as a child in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-McDonogh_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonogh-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gordon Jones, a District Officer of <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_City_District" title="Kowloon City District">Kowloon City District</a> at the time also published his recollections of the city during his time in office.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ludlum" title="Robert Ludlum">Robert Ludlum</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bourne_Supremacy" title="The Bourne Supremacy">The Bourne Supremacy</a></i> uses the walled city as one of its settings.<sup id="cite_ref-Bourne_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourne-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="anchor" id="gibson"></span>The city appears as a virtual reality environment (described by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Poole" title="Steven Poole">Steven Poole</a> as an "oasis of political and creative freedom") in <a href="/wiki/William_Gibson" title="William Gibson">William Gibson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bridge_trilogy" title="Bridge trilogy">Bridge trilogy</a>, and as a favourable contrast with <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i> article "<a href="/wiki/Disneyland_with_the_Death_Penalty" title="Disneyland with the Death Penalty">Disneyland with the Death Penalty</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wired_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chloe_Gong" title="Chloe Gong">Chloe Gong's</a> 2023 adult fantasy novel <i>Immortal Longings</i> draws inspiration from the walled city for its setting.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films_and_television">Films and television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Films and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1982 <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Brothers_Studio" title="Shaw Brothers Studio">Shaw Brothers</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Brothers_from_the_Walled_City" title="Brothers from the Walled City">Brothers from the Walled City</a></i> is set in Kowloon Walled City.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1984 gangster film <i><a href="/wiki/Long_Arm_of_the_Law_(film)" title="Long Arm of the Law (film)">Long Arm of the Law</a></i> features the walled city as a refuge for gang members before they are gunned down by police.<sup id="cite_ref-McDonogh_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonogh-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1988 film <i><a href="/wiki/Bloodsport_(film)" title="Bloodsport (film)">Bloodsport</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Van_Damme" title="Jean-Claude Van Damme">Jean-Claude Van Damme</a>, the walled city is the setting for a martial arts tournament.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Age_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Age-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1992 non-narrative film <i><a href="/wiki/Baraka_(film)" title="Baraka (film)">Baraka</a></i> features several highly detailed shots of the walled city shortly before its demolition. The 1993 film <i><a href="/wiki/Crime_Story_(1993_film)" title="Crime Story (1993 film)">Crime Story</a></i> starring <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a> was partly filmed in the deserted walled city, and includes real scenes of building explosions.<sup id="cite_ref-Strother_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strother-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A walled neighbourhood called the Narrows in the 2005 film <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Begins" title="Batman Begins">Batman Begins</a></i> was inspired by the walled city.<sup id="cite_ref-Otto_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otto-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2006 Hong Kong horror film <i><a href="/wiki/Re-cycle" title="Re-cycle">Re-cycle</a></i> features a decrepit, nightmarish version of the walled city, complete with tortured souls from which the protagonist must flee.<sup id="cite_ref-Shingleton_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shingleton-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2016 TVB martial arts drama <i><a href="/wiki/A_Fist_Within_Four_Walls" title="A Fist Within Four Walls">A Fist Within Four Walls</a></i> takes place in the triad-ridden walled city in the early 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2024 Hong Kong action crime film <i><a href="/wiki/Twilight_of_the_Warriors:_Walled_In" title="Twilight of the Warriors: Walled In">Twilight of the Warriors: Walled In</a></i>, an adaptation of the manhua City of Darkness by <a href="/wiki/Andy_Seto" title="Andy Seto">Andy Seto</a>, sets its location and plot premise in Kowloon Walled City during the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Korra" title="The Legend of Korra">The Legend of Korra</a></i>, Kowloon served as the aesthetic basis for representing the Lower Ring.<sup id="cite_ref-KAAS3-48_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KAAS3-48-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Uc_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uc-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anime_and_manga">Anime and manga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Anime and manga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Crying_Freeman" title="Crying Freeman">Crying Freeman</a></i>, the titular character's wife travels to the walled city to master her swordsmanship and control a cursed sword.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartholow_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartholow-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manga <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Blood%2B_chapters#Blood+:_Kowloon_Nights" title="List of Blood+ chapters">Blood+: Kowloon Nights</a></i> uses the walled city as the setting for a series of murders.<sup id="cite_ref-Blood_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blood-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later part of episode 3 and episode 4 of the anime <i><a href="/wiki/Street_Fighter_II_V" title="Street Fighter II V">Street Fighter II V</a></i> are set in Kowloon Walled City, depicted as a dark and lawless area where Ryu, Ken and Chun-Li have to fight for their lives at every turn, being rescued by the police once they reach the walled city's limits. The manga <i><a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Generic_Romance" title="Kowloon Generic Romance">Kowloon Generic Romance</a></i> is also set in the walled city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kowloon Walled City is depicted in several games, including <i><a href="/wiki/Kowloon%27s_Gate" title="Kowloon's Gate">Kowloon's Gate</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-McDonogh_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonogh-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Shenmue_II" title="Shenmue II">Shenmue II</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-McMillan_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMillan-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The game <i><a href="/wiki/Stranglehold_(video_game)" title="Stranglehold (video game)">Stranglehold</a></i>, a sequel to the film <i><a href="/wiki/Hard_Boiled" title="Hard Boiled">Hard Boiled</a></i>, features a version of the walled city filled with hundreds of Triad members.<sup id="cite_ref-McMillan_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMillan-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the games <i><a href="/wiki/Fear_Effect" title="Fear Effect">Fear Effect</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fear_Effect_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Fear Effect 2">Fear Effect 2</a></i>, photographs of the walled city were used as inspiration "for moods, camera angles and lighting".<sup id="cite_ref-Lui_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lui-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concept art for the <a href="/wiki/MMORPG" class="mw-redirect" title="MMORPG">MMORPG</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Guild_Wars_Factions" title="Guild Wars Factions">Guild Wars Factions</a></i> depicts massive, densely packed structures inspired by the walled city.<sup id="cite_ref-Guild_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guild-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pen-and-paper <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">RPG</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Shadowrun" title="Shadowrun">Shadowrun</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">CRPG</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Shadowrun:_Hong_Kong" title="Shadowrun: Hong Kong">Shadowrun: Hong Kong</a></i> include a crime-ridden, rebuilt version of the Walled City set in 2056.<sup id="cite_ref-Shadowrun_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shadowrun-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The walled city also features in the 2010 game <i><a href="/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Black_Ops" title="Call of Duty: Black Ops">Call of Duty: Black Ops</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2022 video game <a href="/wiki/Stray_(video_game)" title="Stray (video game)"><i>Stray</i></a>'s environment is influenced by the walled city as well.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amusement_arcade">Amusement arcade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Amusement arcade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyber_Kowloon_Walled_City_-_01._2nd_floor_-_Warehouse_Kawasaki,_2014-06-02_(by_Ken_OHYAMA).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Cyber_Kowloon_Walled_City_-_01._2nd_floor_-_Warehouse_Kawasaki%2C_2014-06-02_%28by_Ken_OHYAMA%29.jpg/220px-Cyber_Kowloon_Walled_City_-_01._2nd_floor_-_Warehouse_Kawasaki%2C_2014-06-02_%28by_Ken_OHYAMA%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Cyber_Kowloon_Walled_City_-_01._2nd_floor_-_Warehouse_Kawasaki%2C_2014-06-02_%28by_Ken_OHYAMA%29.jpg/330px-Cyber_Kowloon_Walled_City_-_01._2nd_floor_-_Warehouse_Kawasaki%2C_2014-06-02_%28by_Ken_OHYAMA%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Cyber_Kowloon_Walled_City_-_01._2nd_floor_-_Warehouse_Kawasaki%2C_2014-06-02_%28by_Ken_OHYAMA%29.jpg/440px-Cyber_Kowloon_Walled_City_-_01._2nd_floor_-_Warehouse_Kawasaki%2C_2014-06-02_%28by_Ken_OHYAMA%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3794" data-file-height="3597" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Warehouse_Kawasaki" title="Warehouse Kawasaki">Warehouse Kawasaki</a>, a former Japanese game arcade with a Kowloon Walled City theme</figcaption></figure> <p>A partial recreation of Kowloon Walled City existed in the <a href="/wiki/Warehouse_Kawasaki" title="Warehouse Kawasaki">Warehouse Kawasaki</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Amusement_arcade" title="Amusement arcade">amusement arcade</a> that operated from 2009 to 2019 in the Japanese suburb of <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki,_Kanagawa" title="Kawasaki, Kanagawa">Kawasaki, Kanagawa</a>. The atmosphere of the walled city was reflected in the arcade's narrow corridors, electrical wires, pipes, postboxes, sign boards, neon lights, frayed posters, and various other small touches.<sup id="cite_ref-scmp-kawasaki_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmp-kawasaki-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/48px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/64px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hong_Kong" title="Portal:Hong Kong">Hong Kong portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/31px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/47px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/62px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centro_Financiero_Confinanzas" title="Centro Financiero Confinanzas">Centro Financiero Confinanzas</a>, an abandoned skyscraper populated in a similar manner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharavi" title="Dharavi">Dharavi</a>, a densely populated community within Mumbai which has developed a similar localised economy and unplanned infrastructure system.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamagasaki" title="Kamagasaki">Kamagasaki</a> in Osaka, Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Khamis" title="Ras Khamis">Ras Khamis</a>, a neighbourhood in East Jerusalem that also has unplanned highrise construction due to uncertain political jurisdiction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibam" title="Shibam">Shibam</a>, Nicknamed "the oldest skyscraper city in the world", resembles Kowloon Walled City in manner of urban planning.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Hill" title="Treasure Hill">Treasure Hill</a>, formerly an illegal settlement in <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> founded by Chinese Nationalist military veterans at the end of the 1940s</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-scmp-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scmp_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scmp_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCarney2013" class="citation news cs1">Carney, John (16 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1191748/kowloon-walled-city-life-city-darkness">"Kowloon Walled City: Life in the City of Darkness"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Kowloon+Walled+City%3A+Life+in+the+City+of+Darkness&rft.date=2013-03-16&rft.aulast=Carney&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Farticle%2F1191748%2Fkowloon-walled-city-life-city-darkness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archdaily.com/361831/infographic-life-inside-the-kowloon-walled-city?ad_medium=widget&ad_name=recommendation">"Infographic: Life Inside The Kowloon Walled City"</a>. <i>ArchDaily</i>. 18 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ArchDaily&rft.atitle=Infographic%3A+Life+Inside+The+Kowloon+Walled+City&rft.date=2013-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archdaily.com%2F361831%2Finfographic-life-inside-the-kowloon-walled-city%3Fad_medium%3Dwidget%26ad_name%3Drecommendation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcHugh2014" class="citation web cs1">McHugh, Fionnuala (30 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1581649/kowloon-walled-citys-fight-exist">"How Kowloon Walled City survived attempts to knock it down for almost a century"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=How+Kowloon+Walled+City+survived+attempts+to+knock+it+down+for+almost+a+century&rft.date=2014-08-30&rft.aulast=McHugh&rft.aufirst=Fionnuala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpost-magazine%2Farticle%2F1581649%2Fkowloon-walled-citys-fight-exist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkinson-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1993" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Julia (1993). "A Chinese Magistrate's Fort". <i>City of Darkness: Life in Kowloon Walled City</i>. Watermark. pp. 60–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8732-0013-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8732-0013-1"><bdi>978-1-8732-0013-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Chinese+Magistrate%27s+Fort&rft.btitle=City+of+Darkness%3A+Life+in+Kowloon+Walled+City&rft.pages=60-71&rft.pub=Watermark&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-8732-0013-1&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinn-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sinn_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinn_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinn" class="citation journal cs1">Sinn, Elizabeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430041137/http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/44/4401608.pdf">"Kowloon Walled City: Its Origin and Early History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>27</b>: 30–31. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/44/4401608.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Hong+Kong+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Kowloon+Walled+City%3A+Its+Origin+and+Early+History&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=30-31&rft.aulast=Sinn&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunzi.lib.hku.hk%2Fhkjo%2Fview%2F44%2F4401608.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLam2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Li_Long_Lam" title="Li Long Lam">Lam, Li Long</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827170702/http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_detail.aspx?id=24822524">"Excavation Report of Kowloon Walled City, Hong Kong"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_detail.aspx?id=24822524">the original</a> on 27 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Excavation+Report+of+Kowloon+Walled+City%2C+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Lam&rft.aufirst=Li+Long&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nssd.org%2Farticles%2Farticle_detail.aspx%3Fid%3D24822524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p826-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p826_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2018" class="citation web cs1">Watson, Penny (14 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/traveller/inspiration/walled-city-hong-kong-the-incredible-story-of-the-lawless-enclave-inside-hong-kong-20180628-h11yu7.html">"Walled City, Hong Kong: The incredible story of the lawless enclave inside Hong Kong"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vol. 8. Routledge. pp. 127–129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135279585" title="Special:BookSources/9781135279585"><bdi>9781135279585</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+China+1945%E2%80%931950%3A+Documents+on+British+Policy+Overseas&rft.pages=127-129&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135279585&rft.aulast=Ashton&rft.aufirst=S.R.&rft.au=Bennett%2C+G.&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaiChua2018" class="citation journal cs1">Lai, Lawrence W. C.; Chua, Mark Hansley (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/245207/1/content.pdf?accept=1">"The History of Planning for Kowloon City"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Planning Perspectives</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 97. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PlPer..33...97L">2018PlPer..33...97L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02665433.2017.1331751">10.1080/02665433.2017.1331751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Planning+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Planning+for+Kowloon+City&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02665433.2017.1331751&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PlPer..33...97L&rft.aulast=Lai&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+W.+C.&rft.au=Chua%2C+Mark+Hansley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhub.hku.hk%2Fbitstream%2F10722%2F245207%2F1%2Fcontent.pdf%3Faccept%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smart2006-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smart2006_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmart2006">Smart 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZg9Aj80VTIC&pg=PA59">59</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smart2006_2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smart2006_2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smart2006_2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmart2006">Smart 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZg9Aj80VTIC&pg=PA65">65–67</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Booth2006-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Booth2006_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooth2006" class="citation book cs1">Booth, Martin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v23A3-DTOgMC&pg=PA131"><i>Golden Boy: Memories of a Hong Kong Childhood</i></a>. St. Martin's Press. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-1858-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-1858-3"><bdi>978-1-4668-1858-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Golden+Boy%3A+Memories+of+a+Hong+Kong+Childhood&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4668-1858-3&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv23A3-DTOgMC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harter_92–113-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harter_92–113_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarter2000" class="citation journal cs1">Harter, Seth (November 2000). 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"The Water Supply". <i>City of Darkness: Life in Kowloon Walled City</i>. pp. 36–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Water+Supply&rft.btitle=City+of+Darkness%3A+Life+in+Kowloon+Walled+City&rft.pages=36-38&rft.date=2007-09&rft.aulast=Goddard&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vines-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vines_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vines_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVines1993" class="citation news cs1">Vines, Stephen (24 March 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com:80/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T7989989675&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T7989989681&cisb=22_T7989989680&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=11432&docNo=1">"Demolition begins on HK's Walled City"</a>. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Business_Times_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Times (Singapore)">Business Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Walled+City%2C+Home+to+Huddled+Masses%2C+Falls&rft.pages=A4&rft.date=1992-06-16&rft.aulast=Basler&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F06%2F16%2Fworld%2Fhong-kong-journal-the-walled-city-home-to-huddled-masses-falls.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goddard-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoddard" class="citation book cs1">Goddard, Charles. 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Urban Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Memorandum+for+Members+of+the+Recreation+Select+Committee%2C+Capital+Works+Select+Committee%2C+Finance+Select+Committee%2C+and+the+Standing+Committee+of+the+Whole+Council%3A+Proposed+Park+at+the+site+of+Kowloon+Walled+City+10+April+1987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Memorandum for Members of the Recreation Select Committee: Proposed Park Development at The Kowloon Walled City Site 7 September 1990". Urban Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Memorandum+for+Members+of+the+Recreation+Select+Committee%3A+Proposed+Park+Development+at+The+Kowloon+Walled+City+Site+7+September+1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lau-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lau_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLau1987" class="citation web cs1">Lau, Esme (10 December 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/newspaper/view/12_01.04/113867.pdf">"$2.7 billion package for residents of Walled City"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Standard">Hong Kong Standard</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hong+Kong+Standard&rft.atitle=%242.7+billion+package+for+residents+of+Walled+City&rft.date=1987-12-10&rft.aulast=Lau&rft.aufirst=Esme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunzi1.lib.hku.hk%2Fnewspaper%2Fview%2F12_01.04%2F113867.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Families-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Families_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com:80/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T7990092506&format=GNBFI&sort=BOOLEAN&startDocNo=26&resultsUrlKey=29_T7990080037&cisb=22_T7990092556&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=8286&docNo=26">"Families evicted from slum city"</a>. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i>. 28 November 1991. p. A3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Families+evicted+from+slum+city&rft.pages=A3&rft.date=1991-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexisnexis.com%3A80%2Fus%2Flnacademic%2Fresults%2Fdocview%2Fdocview.do%3FdocLinkInd%3Dtrue%26risb%3D21_T7990092506%26format%3DGNBFI%26sort%3DBOOLEAN%26startDocNo%3D26%26resultsUrlKey%3D29_T7990080037%26cisb%3D22_T7990092556%26treeMax%3Dtrue%26treeWidth%3D0%26csi%3D8286%26docNo%3D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Braude-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Braude_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan1992" class="citation news cs1">Jonathan, Braude (3 July 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com:80/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T7990092506&format=GNBFI&sort=BOOLEAN&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T7990080037&cisb=22_T7990092556&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=10939&docNo=20">"Last squatters evicted in Kowloon"</a>. <i>The Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Last+squatters+evicted+in+Kowloon&rft.date=1992-07-03&rft.aulast=Jonathan&rft.aufirst=Braude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexisnexis.com%3A80%2Fus%2Flnacademic%2Fresults%2Fdocview%2Fdocview.do%3FdocLinkInd%3Dtrue%26risb%3D21_T7990092506%26format%3DGNBFI%26sort%3DBOOLEAN%26startDocNo%3D1%26resultsUrlKey%3D29_T7990080037%26cisb%3D22_T7990092556%26treeMax%3Dtrue%26treeWidth%3D0%26csi%3D10939%26docNo%3D20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strother-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strother_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strother_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrother" class="citation web cs1">Strother, Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722132751/http://www.homeandabroad.com/Hong-Kong/browse/attractions/Kowloon-Walled-City-Park/travel-tips">"Kowloon Walled City Park Information"</a>. Home & Abroad. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homeandabroad.com/Hong-Kong/browse/attractions/Kowloon-Walled-City-Park/travel-tips">the original</a> on 22 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kowloon+Walled+City+Park+Information&rft.pub=Home+%26+Abroad&rft.aulast=Strother&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.homeandabroad.com%2FHong-Kong%2Fbrowse%2Fattractions%2FKowloon-Walled-City-Park%2Ftravel-tips&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chung-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chung_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKang-Chung1993" class="citation news cs1">Kang-Chung, Ng (19 March 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com:80/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T7990476798&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T7990478301&cisb=22_T7990478300&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=11314&docNo=2">"Work to start on slum area"</a>. <i>The <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Work+to+start+on+slum+area&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1993-03-19&rft.aulast=Kang-Chung&rft.aufirst=Ng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexisnexis.com%3A80%2Fus%2Flnacademic%2Fresults%2Fdocview%2Fdocview.do%3FdocLinkInd%3Dtrue%26risb%3D21_T7990476798%26format%3DGNBFI%26sort%3DRELEVANCE%26startDocNo%3D1%26resultsUrlKey%3D29_T7990478301%26cisb%3D22_T7990478300%26treeMax%3Dtrue%26treeWidth%3D0%26csi%3D11314%26docNo%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100207014453/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/parks/kwcp/en/">"Kowloon Walled City Park – History/Background"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leisure_and_Cultural_Services_Department" title="Leisure and Cultural Services Department">Leisure and Cultural Services Department</a>. 21 October 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/parks/kwcp/en/">the original</a> on 7 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kowloon+Walled+City+Park+%E2%80%93+History%2FBackground&rft.pub=Leisure+and+Cultural+Services+Department&rft.date=2004-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lcsd.gov.hk%2Fparks%2Fkwcp%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amo.gov.hk/en/historic-buildings/monuments/kowloon/monuments_63/index.html">"Antiquities and Monuments Office - Declared Monuments in Hong Kong - Kowloon (172)"</a>. <i>www.amo.gov.hk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.amo.gov.hk&rft.atitle=Antiquities+and+Monuments+Office+-+Declared+Monuments+in+Hong+Kong+-+Kowloon+%28172%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amo.gov.hk%2Fen%2Fhistoric-buildings%2Fmonuments%2Fkowloon%2Fmonuments_63%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p18-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p18_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambot2007">Lambot 2007</a>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benedetti-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benedetti_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedetti1982" class="citation news cs1">Benedetti, Paul (18 September 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com:80/us/lnacademic/frame.do?reloadEntirePage=true&rand=1259611718806&returnToKey=20_T8029326180&parent=docview&target=results_DocumentContent&tokenKey=rsh-20.986244.6597036798">"A nervy tour of Kowloon's Walled City"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=A+nervy+tour+of+Kowloon%27s+Walled+City&rft.date=1982-09-18&rft.aulast=Benedetti&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexisnexis.com%3A80%2Fus%2Flnacademic%2Fframe.do%3FreloadEntirePage%3Dtrue%26rand%3D1259611718806%26returnToKey%3D20_T8029326180%26parent%3Ddocview%26target%3Dresults_DocumentContent%26tokenKey%3Drsh-20.986244.6597036798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p206-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p206_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambot2007">Lambot 2007</a>, p. 206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Girard-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Girard_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Girard_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Girard_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirard" class="citation book cs1">Girard, Greg. 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University of Hong Kong. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52017240">52017240</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/HKG/B36228527.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Location+Database&rft.pub=Film+Services+Office&rft.date=2009-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fso-createhk.gov.hk%2Flib%2Flocations_details.cfm%3FPhoto_Num%3D00011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2014">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlint1995" class="citation news cs1">Flint, John (23 December 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/article/143914/walled-citys-transformation-sparks-hopes-other-sites">"Walled City's transformation sparks hopes for other sites"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Leisure and Cultural Services Department. 21 October 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/parks/kwcp/en/yamen.php">the original</a> on 23 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Yamen&rft.pub=Leisure+and+Cultural+Services+Department&rft.date=2004-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lcsd.gov.hk%2Fparks%2Fkwcp%2Fen%2Fyamen.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNg1994" class="citation news cs1">Ng, Kang-Chung (12 January 1994). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/parks/kwcp/en/eight.php">the original</a> on 13 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eight+Floral+Walks&rft.pub=Leisure+and+Cultural+Services+Department&rft.date=2004-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lcsd.gov.hk%2Fparks%2Fkwcp%2Fen%2Feight.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chess-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chess_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091101220521/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/parks/kwcp/en/chess.php">"The Chess Garden"</a>. Leisure and Cultural Services Department. 21 October 2004. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/parks/kwcp/en/mountain.php">the original</a> on 25 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trans+Asia+Photography&rft.atitle=Kowloon+Walled+City+Revisited%3A+Photography+and+Postcoloniality+in+the+City+of+Darkness&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F215820251_6-2-202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192928727%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jung+Joon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Ft%2Ftap%2F7977573.0006.202%3Fview%3Dtext%3Brgn%3Dmain%23N9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHo2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ho, Lawrence (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264837716301417">"Un-Forgetting walls by lines on maps: A case study on property rights, cadastral mapping, and the landscape of the Kowloon Walled City"</a>. <i>Land Use Policy</i>. <b>57</b>: 94–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.landusepol.2016.05.022">10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.05.022</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10722%2F227423">10722/227423</a></span>.</cite><span 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(November 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uc-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Uc_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dante_DiMartino" title="Michael Dante DiMartino">DiMartino, Michael Dante</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Konietzko" title="Bryan Konietzko">Konietzko, Bryan</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Heck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colin Heck (page does not exist)">Heck, Colin</a> (December 2, 2014). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcript:The_Ultimatum_(commentary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transcript:The Ultimatum (commentary) (page does not exist)">"The Ultimatum" commentary</a>. <a href="/wiki/Book_Three:_Change" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Three: Change">Book Three: Change Blu-ray</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartholow-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bartholow_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartholow2006" class="citation web cs1">Bartholow, Michael (4 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anime.advancedmn.com/article.php?artid=3190">"Crying Freeman Volume 3 TPB"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ArenaNet+Art+Director+Daniel+Dociu+wins+Spectrum+14+gold+medal%21&rft.pub=Guild+Wars&rft.date=2007-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgw1101.gtm.guildwars.com%2Fevents%2Fpress%2Finterviews%2F20070309-danield.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shadowrun-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shadowrun_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle2006" class="citation book cs1">Boyle, Rob (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123192544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/6707787/Runner-Havens"><i>Shadowrun: Runner Havens</i></a>. Fanpro. pp. 13, 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932564-68-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932564-68-6"><bdi>978-1-932564-68-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/6707787/Runner-Havens">the original</a> on 23 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Arcade+brings+Kowloon+Walled+City+back+from+the+dead...+in+Japan&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft.aulast=Ryall&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fasia%2Farticle%2F1321559%2Farcade-brings-kowloon-walled-city-back-dead-japan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraudin2014" class="citation book cs1">Graudin, Ryan (November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/864752912"><i>The Walled City</i></a>. Non-fictional passages also by Ryan Graudin (1st ed.). Little, Brown and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-40505-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-40505-8"><bdi>978-0-316-40505-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/864752912">864752912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Walled+City&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F864752912&rft.isbn=978-0-316-40505-8&rft.aulast=Graudin&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F864752912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambot2007" class="citation book cs1">Lambot, Ian (2007). <i>City of Darkness: Life in Kowloon Walled City</i>. Watermark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873200-13-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-873200-13-1"><bdi>978-1-873200-13-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+Darkness%3A+Life+in+Kowloon+Walled+City&rft.pub=Watermark&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-873200-13-1&rft.aulast=Lambot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmart2006" class="citation book cs1">Smart, Alan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZg9Aj80VTIC"><i>The Shek Kip Mei Myth: Squatters, Fires and Colonial Rule in Hong Kong, 1950–1963</i></a>. Hong Kong University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-792-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-792-6"><bdi>978-962-209-792-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shek+Kip+Mei+Myth%3A+Squatters%2C+Fires+and+Colonial+Rule+in+Hong+Kong%2C+1950%E2%80%931963&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-962-209-792-6&rft.aulast=Smart&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZg9Aj80VTIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_and_research_papers">Books and research papers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Books and research papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirardLambortGoddard1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Girard" title="Greg Girard">Girard, Greg</a>; Lambort, Ian; Goddard, Charles (1993). <i>City of Darkness – Life in Kowloon Walled City</i>. Watermark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1873200896" title="Special:BookSources/978-1873200896"><bdi>978-1873200896</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/767526480">767526480</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8653461M">8653461M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+Darkness+%E2%80%93+Life+in+Kowloon+Walled+City&rft.pub=Watermark&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F767526480&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL8653461M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1873200896&rft.aulast=Girard&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Lambort%2C+Ian&rft.au=Goddard%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKowloon+Walled+City" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>City of Darkness: Revisited</i>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Lambot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ian Lambot (page does not exist)">Ian Lambot</a> (writer, photographer) and <a href="/wiki/Greg_Girard" title="Greg Girard">Greg Girard</a> (photographer), published by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Watermark_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watermark Publishing (page does not exist)">Watermark</a>, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781873200889" title="Special:BookSources/9781873200889">9781873200889</a> (revised edition of <i>City of Darkness</i>)</li> <li><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><i>Kyūryūjō Tanbō Makutsu de Kurasu Hitobito: City of Darkness</i></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">九龍城探訪魔窟で暮らす人々 City of Darkness</span></span>, "Kowloon Walled City Exploration: People Who Live in the Devil's Den (City of Darkness)")</span>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Lambot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ian Lambot (page does not exist)">Ian Lambot</a> (writer, photographer) and <a href="/wiki/Greg_Girard" title="Greg Girard">Greg Girard</a> (photographer), published by <a href="/w/index.php?title=EastPress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EastPress (page does not exist)">EastPress</a>, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784872574234" title="Special:BookSources/9784872574234">9784872574234</a> (Japanese edition of <i>City of Darkness</i>)</li> <li><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><i>Daizukai Kyūryūjō</i></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大図解九龍城</span></span>, "Grand Kowloon Walled City Schematics")</span>, by the Kyūryūjō Tankentai (the "Kowloon Walled City Exploration Team"), including Hitomi Terasawa (illustrator), Takayuki Suzuki (architect) and Hiroaki Kani (supervisor), published by <a href="/wiki/Iwanami_Shoten" title="Iwanami Shoten">Iwanami Shoten</a>, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784000080705" title="Special:BookSources/9784000080705">9784000080705</a></li> <li><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><i>Kyūryūjōsai</i></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">九龍城砦</span></span>, "Kowloon Walled City")</span>, by <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABji_Miyamoto" title="Ryūji Miyamoto">Ryūji Miyamoto</a> (photographer), Hiroshi Aramata (text contributor) and Ken'ichi Ōhashi (text contributor), published by <a href="/wiki/Heibonsha" title="Heibonsha">Heibonsha</a>, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784582277364" title="Special:BookSources/9784582277364">9784582277364</a>; <a href="/wiki/Heibonsha" title="Heibonsha">Heibonsha</a>, 1998, ; <a href="/wiki/Heibonsha" title="Heibonsha">Heibonsha</a>, 1999</li> <li><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><i>Saigo no Kyūryūjōsai</i></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">最期の九龍城砦</span></span>, "The End of Kowloon Walled City")</span>, by Shintarō Nakamura, published by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinpusha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shinpusha (page does not exist)">Shinpusha</a>, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784883066469" title="Special:BookSources/9784883066469">9784883066469</a></li> <li><i>An Architectural Study on the Kowloon Walled City: Preliminary Findings</i>, by Suenn Ho, published by <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, 1992<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Jiulong Cheng Zhai shihua</i> (<span lang="zh-Hant">九龍城寨史話</span>; 'Kowloon Walled City's History'), by Lu Jinzhe, published by <a href="/wiki/Joint_Publishing" title="Joint Publishing">Joint Publishing</a>, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789620406829" title="Special:BookSources/9789620406829">9789620406829</a></li> <li><span lang="zh-Hant">九龍城寨: 一個特殊社區的地理透視</span>; 'Kowloon Walled City: A Geographical Perspective of a Special Community', by Wong Kwan-yiu et al., published by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chinese University of Hong Kong">Chinese University of Hong Kong</a> – Department of Geography, 1992</li> <li><i>FARMAX: Excursions on Density</i>, by Winy Maas, Jacob van Rijs and Richard Koek (main contributors), published by <a href="/w/index.php?title=010_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="010 Publishers (page does not exist)">010 Publishers</a>, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789064502668" title="Special:BookSources/9789064502668">9789064502668</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=010_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="010 Publishers (page does not exist)">010 Publishers</a>, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789064505874" title="Special:BookSources/9789064505874">9789064505874</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentary_films">Documentary films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Documentary films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><i>The Walled City</i> (<span lang="zh-Hant">城寨</span>), as part of <i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Connection" title="Hong Kong Connection">Hong Kong Connection's</a></i> (<span lang="zh-Hant">鏗鏘集</span>) 70th segment, produced by <a href="/wiki/RTHK" title="RTHK">Radio Television Hong Kong</a> (RTHK), 1979</li> <li><i>Hongkongs geheime Stadt – Ein Labyrinth für 50.000 Menschen</i> ("Hong Kong's Secret City: A Labyrinth for 50,000 People"), produced by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Portisch" title="Hugo Portisch">Hugo Portisch</a> of the public <a href="/wiki/ORF_(broadcaster)" title="ORF (broadcaster)">Austrian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (ORF), 1989</li> <li><i>Kowloon Walled City</i>, as part of <i><a href="/wiki/Whicker%27s_World" title="Whicker's World">Whicker's World</a></i>, produced by <a href="/wiki/ITV_Yorkshire" title="ITV Yorkshire">ITV Yorkshire</a>, 1980</li> <li><i>City of Imagination: Kowloon Walled City 20 Years Later</i> (archive footage by <a href="/wiki/ORF_(broadcaster)" title="ORF (broadcaster)">ORF</a> and Suenn Ho), produced by <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>, 2014</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External media</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Images</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kowloon_Walled_City" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kowloon Walled City">Kowloon Walled City</a> at Wikimedia Commons</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kowloon_Walled_City_Park" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kowloon Walled City Park">Kowloon Walled City Park</a> at Wikimedia Commons</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/sites/default/files/2013/03/16/scm_news_1.1.nws_backart1_1_0.jpg">"City of Anarchy", Infographic of Kowloon Walled City</a> (SCMP News)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Video</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WEfs4bB7Yfo">Video clip of the City</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/en/parks/kwcp/index.html">Official website</a></span></span> for <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Walled_City_Park" title="Kowloon Walled City Park">Kowloon Walled City Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leisure_and_Cultural_Services_Department" title="Leisure and Cultural Services Department">Leisure and Cultural Services Department</a> (LCSD).</li></ul> <dl><dt>Unofficial analyses:</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020208225753/http://www.flex.co.jp/kowloon/story/index_e.html">A team's exploration of the City before demolition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120502075558/http://www.archidose.org/KWC/">Historical, architectural and political overview</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1191748/kowloon-walled-city-life-city-darkness">Kowloon Walled City life</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a> article)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.wsj.com/kwc/">Kowloon Walled City project</a>, <i>Wall Street Journal</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citylab.com/design/2014/11/rare-maps-show-life-in-hong-kongs-vice-filled-walled-city/382415/">Rare Maps Show Life in Hong Kong's Vice-Filled 'Walled City'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/dark-tower-of-dreams-inside-the-walled-city-of-kowloon-1.4359114">"Dark tower of dreams: Inside the Walled City of Kowloon"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_(radio_show)" title="Ideas (radio show)">CBC Ideas</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_Radio_One" title="CBC Radio One">CBC Radio One</a>. 18 October 2017. <i>(Retrieved 12 July 2018.)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/kowloon-walled-city">"The Strange Saga of Kowloon Walled City"</a> Atlas Obscura. 06 January 2020 <i>(Retrieved 24 September 2022.)</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kowloon_City_District" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kowloon_City_District" title="Template:Kowloon City District"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kowloon_City_District" title="Template talk:Kowloon City District"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kowloon_City_District" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kowloon City District"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kowloon_City_District" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kowloon_City_District" title="Kowloon City District">Kowloon City District</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Part of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kowloon" title="Kowloon">Kowloon</a> (areas to the south of the Boundary Street)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kowloon" title="New Kowloon">New Kowloon</a> (areas to the north of the Boundary Street)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Man_Tin" title="Ho Man Tin">Ho Man Tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_Hom" title="Hung Hom">Hung Hom</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadoorie_Hill" title="Kadoorie Hill">Kadoorie Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai_Tak_Development" title="Kai Tak Development">Kai Tak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kau_Pui_Lung" title="Kau Pui Lung">Kau Pui Lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Bay" title="Kowloon Bay">Kowloon Bay</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowloon_City" title="Kowloon City">Kowloon City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Tong" title="Kowloon Tong">Kowloon Tong</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Tsai" title="Kowloon Tsai">Kowloon Tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Tau_Chung" title="Ma Tau Chung">Ma Tau Chung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Tau_Kok" title="Ma Tau Kok">Ma Tau Kok</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/13_Streets" title="13 Streets">13 Streets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Tau_Wai" title="Ma Tau Wai">Ma Tau Wai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Kwa_Wan" title="To Kwa Wan">To Kwa Wan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Whampoa_Dock" title="Hong Kong and Whampoa Dock">Whampoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/41_Cumberland_Road" title="41 Cumberland Road">41 Cumberland Road</a> (Bruce Lee home)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beacon_Hill_(Hong_Kong)" title="Beacon Hill (Hong Kong)">Beacon Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_Drive" title="Broadcast Drive">Broadcast Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_Depot_Artist_Village" title="Cattle Depot Artist Village">Cattle Depot Artist Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_Heights" title="Celestial Heights">Celestial Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Waterfront" title="Grand Waterfront">Grand Waterfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral,_Hong_Kong" title="Holy Trinity Cathedral, Hong Kong">Holy Trinity Cathedral, Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Baptist_Hospital" title="Hong Kong Baptist Hospital">Hong Kong Baptist Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Hong Kong Children's Hospital">Hong Kong Children's Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Coliseum" title="Hong Kong Coliseum">Hong Kong Coliseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Housing_Authority_Exhibition_Centre" title="Hong Kong Housing Authority Exhibition Centre">Hong Kong Housing Authority Exhibition Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai_Ching_Estate" title="Kai Ching Estate">Kai Ching Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai_Tak_Sports_Park" title="Kai Tak Sports Park">Kai Tak Sports Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Hotel_Hong_Kong" title="Kerry Hotel Hong Kong">Kerry Hotel Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowloon_City_Plaza" title="Kowloon City Plaza">Kowloon City Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowloon_East_Barracks" title="Kowloon East Barracks">Kowloon East Barracks</a> (formerly Osborn Barracks)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Hospital" title="Kowloon Hospital">Kowloon Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Tsai_Park" title="Kowloon Tsai Park">Kowloon Tsai Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Tsai_Swimming_Pool" title="Kowloon Tsai Swimming Pool">Kowloon Tsai Swimming Pool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kowloon Walled City</a> (demolished)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Walled_City_Park" title="Kowloon Walled City Park">Kowloon Walled City Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Verde_(Hong_Kong)" title="Laguna Verde (Hong Kong)">Laguna Verde</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Laguna_Mall" class="mw-redirect" title="The Laguna Mall">The Laguna Mall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._12_Hill" title="No. 12 Hill">No. 12 Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry_Hill,_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarry Hill, Hong Kong">Quarry Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Teresa%27s_Church_(Hong_Kong)" title="St. Teresa's Church (Hong Kong)">St. Teresa's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whampoa_Garden" title="Whampoa Garden">Whampoa Garden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.625em">Former airport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kai_Tak_Airport" title="Kai Tak Airport">Kai Tak Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.625em">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kai_Tak_Cruise_Terminal" title="Kai Tak Cruise Terminal">Kai Tak Cruise Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_Hom_Ferry_Pier" title="Hung Hom Ferry Pier">Hung Hom Ferry Pier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.625em">Major roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argyle_Street,_Hong_Kong" title="Argyle Street, Hong Kong">Argyle Street</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Street" title="Boundary Street">Boundary Street</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_Road_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatham Road North">Chatham Road North</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornwall_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornwall Street (page does not exist)">Cornwall Street</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunghom_Bypass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunghom Bypass (page does not exist)">Hunghom Bypass</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junction_Road,_Hong_Kong" title="Junction Road, Hong Kong">Junction Road</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_City_Road&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kowloon City Road (page does not exist)">Kowloon City Road</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Hang_Chung_Road&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Hang Chung Road (page does not exist)">Ma Hang Chung Road</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Tau_Chung_Road&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Tau Chung Road (page does not exist)">Ma Tau Chung Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Tau_Kok_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma Tau Kok Road">Ma Tau Kok Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Tau_Wai_Road" title="Ma Tau Wai Road">Ma Tau Wai Road</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mok_Cheong_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mok Cheong Street (page does not exist)">Mok Cheong Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Road_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Edward Road West">Prince Edward Road West</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Road" title="Princess Margaret Road">Princess Margaret Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Kwa_Wan_Road" title="To Kwa Wan Road">To Kwa Wan Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Road,_Hong_Kong" title="Waterloo Road, Hong Kong">Waterloo Road</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuhu_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wuhu Street (page does not exist)">Wuhu Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.625em"><a href="/wiki/MTR" title="MTR">MTR</a> stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Man_Tin_station" title="Ho Man Tin station">Ho Man Tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_Hom_station" title="Hung Hom station">Hung Hom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai_Tak_station" title="Kai Tak station">Kai Tak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Tong_station" title="Kowloon Tong station">Kowloon Tong</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sung_Wong_Toi_station" title="Sung Wong Toi station">Sung Wong Toi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Kwa_Wan_station" title="To Kwa Wan station">To Kwa Wan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whampoa_station" title="Whampoa station">Whampoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.625em">Tertiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Baptist_University" title="Hong Kong Baptist University">Hong Kong Baptist University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Metropolitan_University" title="Hong Kong Metropolitan University">Hong Kong Metropolitan University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.625em">Primary and<br />secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_International_School_Hong_Kong" title="American International School Hong Kong">American International School Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_International_School_Hong_Kong" title="Australian International School Hong Kong">Australian International School Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmel_Secondary_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carmel Secondary School (page does not exist)">Carmel Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Sui_Ki_(La_Salle)_College" title="Chan Sui Ki (La Salle) College">Chan Sui Ki (La Salle) College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heep_Yunn_School" title="Heep Yunn School">Heep Yunn School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoi_Ping_Chamber_of_Commerce_Secondary_School" title="Hoi Ping Chamber of Commerce Secondary School">Hoi Ping Chamber of Commerce Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family_Canossian_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Family Canossian College">Holy Family Canossian College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jockey_Club_Government_Secondary_School" title="Jockey Club Government Secondary School">Jockey Club Government Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George_V_School_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V School (Hong Kong)">King George V School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowloon_True_Light_School" title="Kowloon True Light School">Kowloon True Light School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Salle_College" title="La Salle College">La Salle College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryknoll_Convent_School" title="Maryknoll Convent School">Maryknoll Convent School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsang_College" title="Munsang College">Munsang College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Asia_Middle_School" title="New Asia Middle School">New Asia Middle School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Method_College" title="New Method College">New Method College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_College_(Hong_Kong)" title="Notre Dame College (Hong Kong)">Notre Dame College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal School">Pentecostal School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Po_Leung_Kuk_Ngan_Po_Ling_College" title="Po Leung Kuk Ngan Po Ling College">Po Leung Kuk Ngan Po Ling College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pooi_To_Middle_School" title="Pooi To Middle School">Pooi To Middle School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pui_Ching_Middle_School_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pui Ching Middle School (Hong Kong)">Pui Ching Middle School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner_Education_Foundation_Hong_Kong_Maria_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Steiner Education Foundation Hong Kong Maria College">Rudolf Steiner Education Foundation Hong Kong Maria College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientia_Secondary_School" title="Scientia Secondary School">Scientia Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKH_Tsoi_Kung_Po_Secondary_School" class="mw-redirect" title="SKH Tsoi Kung Po Secondary School">SKH Tsoi Kung Po Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Teresa_Secondary_School" title="St. Teresa Secondary School">St. Teresa Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamford_American_School_Hong_Kong" title="Stamford American School Hong Kong">Stamford American School Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng_Kung_Hui_Tsoi_Kung_Po_Secondary_School" title="Sheng Kung Hui Tsoi Kung Po Secondary School">Sheng Kung Hui Tsoi Kung Po Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_King_Po_School" title="Tang King Po School">Tang King Po School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TWGH_Wong_Fut_Nam_College" class="mw-redirect" title="TWGH Wong Fut Nam College">TWGH Wong Fut Nam College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_Ying_College" title="Wa Ying College">Wa Ying College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yew_Chung_International_School" title="Yew Chung International School">Yew Chung International School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y.W.C.A._Hioe_Tjo_Yoeng_College" title="Y.W.C.A. Hioe Tjo Yoeng College">Y.W.C.A. Hioe Tjo Yoeng College</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Former" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_International_School_of_Hong_Kong" title="French International School of Hong Kong">French International School of Hong Kong</a> <small>Hung Hom campus</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>This list is incomplete.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hong_Kong" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hong_Kong_topics" title="Template:Hong Kong topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hong_Kong_topics" title="Template talk:Hong Kong topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hong_Kong_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hong Kong topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hong_Kong" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hong_Kong" title="Outline of Hong Kong">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_Hong_Kong" title="Index of articles related to Hong Kong">Index of articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong" title="History of Hong Kong">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Hong_Kong" title="Prehistoric Hong Kong">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong_under_Imperial_China" title="History of Hong Kong under Imperial China">Imperial China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bao%27an_County" title="Bao'an County">Bao'an County and Xin'an County</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong_(1800s%E2%80%931930s)" title="History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)">1800s–1930s</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_during_World_War_I" title="Hong Kong during World War I">WWI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1950s in Hong Kong">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1960s in Hong Kong">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1970s in Hong Kong">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1980s in Hong Kong">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1990s in Hong Kong">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2000s in Hong Kong">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2010s in Hong Kong">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2020s in Hong Kong">2020s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hong_Kong" title="Geography of Hong Kong">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Hong_Kong" title="Districts of Hong Kong">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Hong_Kong" title="Air pollution in Hong Kong">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of places in Hong Kong">Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of bays in Hong Kong">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_of_Hong_Kong" title="Beaches of Hong Kong">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_and_structures_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of buildings and structures in Hong Kong">Buildings and structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_channels_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of channels in Hong Kong">Channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of towns in Hong Kong">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservation in Hong Kong">Country parks and conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Hong_Kong" title="Environment of Hong Kong">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Land reclamation in Hong Kong">Land reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harbours_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of harbours in Hong Kong">Harbours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_and_peninsulas_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of islands and peninsulas of Hong Kong">Islands and peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes of Hong Kong">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_parks_in_Hong_Kong" title="Marine parks in Hong Kong">Marine parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains,_peaks_and_hills_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of mountains, peaks and hills in Hong Kong">Mountains and peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_public_parks_and_gardens_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of urban public parks and gardens in Hong Kong">Public parks and gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of reservoirs of Hong Kong">Reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_and_nullahs_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of rivers and nullahs in Hong Kong">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of villages in Hong Kong">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Hong_Kong" title="Districts of Hong Kong">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hong_Kong" title="Elections in Hong Kong">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Hong_Kong" title="Emblem of Hong Kong">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hong_Kong" title="Flag of Hong Kong">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hong_Kong" title="Foreign relations of Hong Kong">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence" title="Hong Kong independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong" title="Judiciary of Hong Kong">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Hong_Kong" title="Law of Hong Kong">Legal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hong_Kong" title="LGBT rights in Hong Kong">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Hong_Kong_Garrison" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of political parties in Hong Kong">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong protests">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Civil_Service" title="Hong Kong Civil Service">Public services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Education in Hong Kong">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Fire_Services_Department" title="Hong Kong Fire Services Department">Fire services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Health_Bureau" title="Food and Health Bureau">Food and Health Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Hong_Kong" title="Health in Hong Kong">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of banks in Hong Kong">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of companies of Hong Kong">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_in_Hong_Kong" title="Employment in Hong Kong">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawkers_in_Hong_Kong" title="Hawkers in Hong Kong">Hawkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hong_Kong" title="Port of Hong Kong">Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stock_Exchange" title="Hong Kong Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Hong_Kong" title="Communications in Hong Kong">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_(business)" title="Hong (business)">The Hongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Tourism in Hong Kong">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport of Hong Kong">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of airlines of Hong Kong">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_services_in_Hong_Kong" title="Bus services in Hong Kong">Buses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_Hong_Kong" title="Cycling in Hong Kong">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hong_Kong#Ferries" title="Transport in Hong Kong">Ferries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of streets and roads in Hong Kong">List of roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Hong_Kong" title="Rail transport in Hong Kong">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxicabs_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicabs of Hong Kong">Taxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Hong_Kong" title="Crime in Hong Kong">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Hong_Kong" title="Prostitution in Hong Kong">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Hong_Kong" title="Sex trafficking in Hong Kong">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Culture of Hong Kong">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Architecture of Hong Kong">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_comics" title="Hong Kong comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheung_Chau_Bun_Festival" title="Cheung Chau Bun Festival">Cheung Chau Bun Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Hong_Kong" title="Gambling in Hong Kong">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Hong_Kong" title="Graffiti in Hong Kong">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_conservation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Heritage conservation in Hong Kong">Heritage conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhinia_%C3%97_blakeana" title="Bauhinia × blakeana">Hong Kong orchid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Hong_Kong" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Hong Kong">Honours system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hong Kong nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hong_Kong" title="Languages of Hong Kong">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Hong Kong">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Rock_Spirit" title="Lion Rock Spirit">Lion Rock Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_literature" title="Hong Kong literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDull" title="McDull">McDull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Hong_Kong" title="Media of Hong Kong">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of museums in Hong Kong">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hong_Kong" title="Music of Hong Kong">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngai_jong" title="Ngai jong">Ngai jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Demographics of Hong Kong">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hong_Kong" title="Women in Hong Kong">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Hong_Kong" title="Youth in Hong Kong">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Hong_Kong" title="Public holidays in Hong Kong">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTHK" title="RTHK">RTHK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_in_Hong_Kong" title="Shopping in Hong Kong">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Hong_Kong" title="Sport in Hong Kong">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Hong_Kong" title="Television in Hong Kong">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visual art of Hong Kong">Visual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJKV" class="mw-redirect" title="CJKV">CJKV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1022918#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1022918#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1022918#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/153835260">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdgX64JwTRWDTK96tTrbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2008072461">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&oldid=1260959569">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&oldid=1260959569</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Hong_Kong" title="Category:Forts in Hong Kong">Forts in Hong Kong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Declared_monuments_of_Hong_Kong" title="Category:Declared monuments of Hong Kong">Declared monuments of Hong Kong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_Hong_Kong" title="Category:Archaeological sites in Hong Kong">Archaeological sites in Hong Kong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Landmarks_in_Hong_Kong" title="Category:Landmarks in Hong Kong">Landmarks in Hong Kong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Demolished_buildings_and_structures_in_Hong_Kong" title="Category:Demolished buildings and structures in Hong Kong">Demolished buildings and structures in Hong Kong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kowloon_City" title="Category:Kowloon City">Kowloon City</a></li><li><a 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