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id="toc-Pioneering_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studio_work_in_the_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studio_work_in_the_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Studio work in the 19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studio_work_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_Female_Photographers_in_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_Female_Photographers_in_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>History of Female Photographers in America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_Female_Photographers_in_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_pictorialists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_pictorialists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The pictorialists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_pictorialists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_photographers_from_Vienna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_photographers_from_Vienna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Women photographers from Vienna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_photographers_from_Vienna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landscapes_and_street_photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscapes_and_street_photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Landscapes and street photography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Landscapes_and_street_photography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Landscapes and street photography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Landscapes_and_street_photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Photojournalism_and_documentary_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photojournalism_and_documentary_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Photojournalism and documentary work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photojournalism_and_documentary_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pioneers_-_late_1800s_and_early_1900s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pioneers_-_late_1800s_and_early_1900s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Pioneers - late 1800s and early 1900s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pioneers_-_late_1800s_and_early_1900s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_pioneers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_pioneers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Other pioneers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_pioneers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrealism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrealism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Surrealism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrealism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolving_American_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolving_American_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Evolving American participation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolving_American_participation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolving American participation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolving_American_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Portraits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portraits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Portraits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portraits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African-American_women_in_photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African-American_women_in_photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>African-American women in photography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-African-American_women_in_photography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle African-American women in photography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-African-American_women_in_photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carrie_Mae_Weems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carrie_Mae_Weems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Carrie Mae Weems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carrie_Mae_Weems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Susan_"Sue"_Ross" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Susan_"Sue"_Ross"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Susan "Sue" Ross</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Susan_"Sue"_Ross-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lorna_Simpson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lorna_Simpson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Lorna Simpson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lorna_Simpson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coreen_Simpson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coreen_Simpson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.4</span> <span>Coreen Simpson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coreen_Simpson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_women_photographers_after_the_1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_women_photographers_after_the_1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>International women photographers after the 1950s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_women_photographers_after_the_1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lesbian_women_in_photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lesbian_women_in_photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Lesbian women in photography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lesbian_women_in_photography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lesbian women in photography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lesbian_women_in_photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Stonewall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Stonewall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Post-Stonewall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Stonewall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UK_women's_agency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK_women's_agency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>UK women's agency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK_women's_agency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%22Prove_it_with_a_Kodak%22.jpg/220px-%22Prove_it_with_a_Kodak%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%22Prove_it_with_a_Kodak%22.jpg/330px-%22Prove_it_with_a_Kodak%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%22Prove_it_with_a_Kodak%22.jpg/440px-%22Prove_it_with_a_Kodak%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>An early woman amateur photographer. Kodak advertisement from 1918.</figcaption></figure> <p>The participation of <b>women in photography</b> goes back to the very origins of the process. Several of the earliest women photographers, most of whom were from Britain or France, were married to male pioneers or had close relationships with their families. It was above all in northern Europe that women first entered the business of photography, opening studios in Denmark, France, Germany, and Sweden from the 1840s, while it was in Britain that women from well-to-do families developed photography as an art in the late 1850s. Not until the 1890s, did the first studios run by women open in New York City. </p><p>Following Britain's <a href="/wiki/The_Linked_Ring" title="The Linked Ring">Linked Ring</a>, which promoted artistic photography from the 1880s, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Alfred Stieglitz</a> encouraged several women to join the <a href="/wiki/Photo-Secession" title="Photo-Secession">Photo-Secession</a> movement which he founded in 1902 in support of so-called <a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">pictorialism</a>. In Vienna, <a href="/wiki/Dora_Kallmus" title="Dora Kallmus">Dora Kallmus</a> pioneered the use of photographic studios as fashionable meeting places for the Austro-Hungarian aristocracy. </p><p>In the United States, women first photographed as amateurs, several producing fine work which they were able to exhibit at key exhibitions. They not only produced portraits of celebrities and Native Americans but also took landscapes, especially from the beginning of the 20th century. The involvement of women in <a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">photojournalism</a> also had its beginnings in the early 1900s but slowly picked up during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_participants">Early participants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early participants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the work of the English and French gentlemen involved in developing and pioneering the process of photography is well documented, the part played by women in the early days tends to be given less attention.<sup id="cite_ref-Newhall1982_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newhall1982-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_beginnings">The beginnings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Women were however involved in photography from the start. <a href="/wiki/Constance_Fox_Talbot" title="Constance Fox Talbot">Constance Fox Talbot</a>, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox_Talbot" title="Henry Fox Talbot">Henry Fox Talbot</a>, one of the key players in the development of photography in the 1830s and 1840s, had herself experimented with the process as early as 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckland1980_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckland1980-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ovenden" title="Richard Ovenden">Richard Ovenden</a> attributes to her a hazy image of a short verse by the Irish poet <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Moore" title="Thomas Moore">Thomas Moore</a>, which would make her the earliest known female photographer.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anna_Atkins" title="Anna Atkins">Anna Atkins</a>, a botanist, was also introduced to photography by Fox Talbot, who explained his "photogenic drawing" technique to her as well as his camera-based <a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">calotype</a> process. After learning about the <a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">cyanotype</a> process from its inventor, <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a>, she was able to produce cyanotype <a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">photograms</a> of dried <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>. She published them in 1843 in her <i>Photographs of British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions</i>, said to be the first book with photographic illustrations.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Another botanist and keen amateur photographer, <a href="/wiki/John_Dillwyn_Llewelyn" title="John Dillwyn Llewelyn">John Dillwyn Llewelyn</a>, was possibly introduced to photography by his wife Emma Thomasina Talbot, a cousin of Constance and Henry Fox Talbot.<sup id="cite_ref-Marien2006_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marien2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had shown an early interest in photography and did all his printing.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Dillwyn" title="Mary Dillwyn">Mary Dillwyn</a>, John's younger sister (1816–1906) is considered to be the earliest female photographer in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, and the first person to photograph a snowman. Her images of nature and the domestic lives of women and children in 1840s and 1850s 19th century <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>, pushing the boundaries of what could be considered as worthy photographic subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anna_Atkins_algae_cyanotype.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anna Atkins: "Dictyota dichotoma, in the young state; and in fruit" (cyanotype, 1843)"><img alt="Anna Atkins: "Dictyota dichotoma, in the young state; and in fruit" (cyanotype, 1843)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Anna_Atkins_algae_cyanotype.jpg/119px-Anna_Atkins_algae_cyanotype.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Anna_Atkins_algae_cyanotype.jpg/178px-Anna_Atkins_algae_cyanotype.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Anna_Atkins_algae_cyanotype.jpg/237px-Anna_Atkins_algae_cyanotype.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="786" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Atkins" title="Anna Atkins">Anna Atkins</a>: "<i><a href="/wiki/Dictyota_dichotoma" title="Dictyota dichotoma">Dictyota dichotoma</a></i>, in the young state; and in fruit" (cyanotype, 1843)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anna_Atkins_Cystoseira_granulata.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anna Atkins: "Cystoseira granulata" (cyanotype, 1843)"><img alt="Anna Atkins: "Cystoseira granulata" (cyanotype, 1843)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Anna_Atkins_Cystoseira_granulata.jpg/120px-Anna_Atkins_Cystoseira_granulata.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Anna_Atkins_Cystoseira_granulata.jpg/180px-Anna_Atkins_Cystoseira_granulata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Anna_Atkins_Cystoseira_granulata.jpg/240px-Anna_Atkins_Cystoseira_granulata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="2385" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anna Atkins: "<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cystoseira_granulata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cystoseira granulata (page does not exist)">Cystoseira granulata</a></i>" (cyanotype, 1843)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Dillwyn_M.D._1853.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mary Dillwyn, probable self portrait"><img alt="Mary Dillwyn, probable self portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mary_Dillwyn_M.D._1853.jpg/126px-Mary_Dillwyn_M.D._1853.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mary_Dillwyn_M.D._1853.jpg/189px-Mary_Dillwyn_M.D._1853.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mary_Dillwyn_M.D._1853.jpg/252px-Mary_Dillwyn_M.D._1853.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Dillwyn" title="Mary Dillwyn">Mary Dillwyn</a>, probable self portrait </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Snowman_No._2_(4095825226).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mary Dillwyn, The Snowman No. 2 c. 1853"><img alt="Mary Dillwyn, The Snowman No. 2 c. 1853" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/The_Snowman_No._2_%284095825226%29.jpg/160px-The_Snowman_No._2_%284095825226%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/The_Snowman_No._2_%284095825226%29.jpg/240px-The_Snowman_No._2_%284095825226%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/The_Snowman_No._2_%284095825226%29.jpg/320px-The_Snowman_No._2_%284095825226%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="588" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mary Dillwyn, The Snowman No. 2 c. 1853</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_first_professionals">The first professionals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The first professionals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Switzerland, <a href="/wiki/Franziska_M%C3%B6llinger" title="Franziska Möllinger">Franziska Möllinger</a> (1817–1880) began to take daguerreotypes of Swiss scenic views around 1842, publishing <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithographic copies</a> of them in 1844. She was also professionally engaged in taking portraits from 1843.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 20 years later, <a href="/wiki/Alwina_Gossauer" title="Alwina Gossauer">Alwina Gossauer</a> (1841–1926) became one of the first women professional photographers.<sup id="cite_ref-fotostiftung_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fotostiftung-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-foto-ch_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foto-ch-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, <a href="/wiki/Genevi%C3%A8ve_%C3%89lisabeth_Disd%C3%A9ri" title="Geneviève Élisabeth Disdéri">Geneviève Élisabeth Disdéri</a> was an early professional in the photography business. Together with her husband, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Adolphe-Eug%C3%A8ne_Disd%C3%A9ri" title="André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri">André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri</a> who is remembered for patenting the <a href="/wiki/Carte_de_visite" title="Carte de visite">carte de visite</a> process, she established a <a href="/wiki/Daguerrotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Daguerrotype">daguerrotype</a> studio in <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a> in the late 1840s. After Disdéri left her for Paris in 1847, she continued to run the business alone.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1855, <a href="/wiki/Madame_Vaud%C3%A9-Green" title="Madame Vaudé-Green">Madame Vaudé-Green</a> opened <i>Photographie catholique,</i> a photography studio in Paris, specialising in photographic paper reproduction of masterpieces of religious paintings, such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fra_Bartolomeo" title="Fra Bartolomeo">Fra Bartolomeo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Wehnert-Beckmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertha Wehnert-Beckmann">Bertha Wehnert-Beckmann</a> was probably Germany's first professional female photographer. In 1843, she opened a studio in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> together with her husband and ran the business herself after his death in 1847.<sup id="cite_ref-nicole_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nicole-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emilie_Bieber" title="Emilie Bieber">Emilie Bieber</a> opened a daguerrotype studio in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> in 1852. After a slow start, business picked up and she ran the studio until 1885 when she transferred it to her nephew.<sup id="cite_ref-Bake_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bake-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1863, German photographer <a href="/wiki/Emma_Kirchner" title="Emma Kirchner">Emma Kirchner</a> moved to <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a> in Holland and opened her studio E. Kirchner & Co.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Louise_Judd" title="Sarah Louise Judd">Sarah Louise Judd</a> (1802–1886) is reported to have made daguerrotypes in <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> as early as 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-PalmquistKailbourn2005_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PalmquistKailbourn2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Sweden too, women entered the photography business at an early stage. <a href="/wiki/Brita_Sofia_Hesselius" title="Brita Sofia Hesselius">Brita Sofia Hesselius</a> performed <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a> photography in <a href="/wiki/Karlstad" title="Karlstad">Karlstad</a> as early as 1845,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Kinnberg" title="Marie Kinnberg">Marie Kinnberg</a> was one of the first to use the new photographic technique in Gothenburg in 1851–52.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Sj%C3%B6lin" title="Hilda Sjölin">Hilda Sjölin</a> became a professional photographer in <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a> in 1860, opening a studio there the following year,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Ahlbom" title="Sofia Ahlbom">Sofia Ahlbom</a> also included photography among the arts she practiced in the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1864, <a href="/wiki/Bertha_Valerius" title="Bertha Valerius">Bertha Valerius</a> in Stockholm became official photographer of the Royal Swedish court (later followed as such by her student <a href="/wiki/Selma_Jacobsson" title="Selma Jacobsson">Selma Jacobsson</a>). During the 1860s, they were at least 15 confirmed female photographers in Sweden, three of whom, <a href="/wiki/Rosalie_Sj%C3%B6man" title="Rosalie Sjöman">Rosalie Sjöman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_von_Knorring" title="Caroline von Knorring">Caroline von Knorring</a> and Bertha Valerius belonging to the elite of their profession. In 1888, the first woman, Anna Hwass, became a member of the board of the <i>Fotografiska föreningen</i> ('Photographic Society').<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thora_Hallager" title="Thora Hallager">Thora Hallager</a>, one of Denmark's earliest women photographers, probably practiced in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> from the beginning of the 1850s. She is however remembered above all for the fine portrait of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Hans Christian Andersen</a> she took in 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Norway, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Magdalene_Bull" title="Marie Magdalene Bull">Marie Magdalene Bull</a> opened her studio in the 1850s as well. </p><p>In Finland, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Becker" title="Caroline Becker">Caroline Becker</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vyborg" title="Vyborg">Vyborg</a> and Hedvig Keppler of <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a> both opened their studios in 1859, followed by four others until <a href="/wiki/Julia_Widgr%C3%A9n" title="Julia Widgrén">Julia Widgrén</a> became Finland's first famous female photographer in the late 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Netherlands had its first professional female photographer the same decade, were <a href="/wiki/Maria_Hille" title="Maria Hille">Maria Hille</a> worked with her spouse in his studio from 1853, and managed it in her own name when she was widowed in 1863. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%B6llinger_Schloss_Thun_750.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thun Castle, daguerrotye by Franziska Möllinger (c. 1844)"><img alt="Thun Castle, daguerrotye by Franziska Möllinger (c. 1844)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/M%C3%B6llinger_Schloss_Thun_750.jpg/116px-M%C3%B6llinger_Schloss_Thun_750.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/M%C3%B6llinger_Schloss_Thun_750.jpg/174px-M%C3%B6llinger_Schloss_Thun_750.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/M%C3%B6llinger_Schloss_Thun_750.jpg/232px-M%C3%B6llinger_Schloss_Thun_750.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="690" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thun Castle, daguerrotye by <a href="/wiki/Franziska_M%C3%B6llinger" title="Franziska Möllinger">Franziska Möllinger</a> (c. 1844)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Genevieve_Elisabeth_Disderi_Cimetiere_de_Plougastel_1856.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Geneviève Élisabeth Disdéri: Cimetière de Plougastel (1856)"><img alt="Geneviève Élisabeth Disdéri: Cimetière de Plougastel (1856)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Genevieve_Elisabeth_Disderi_Cimetiere_de_Plougastel_1856.jpg/122px-Genevieve_Elisabeth_Disderi_Cimetiere_de_Plougastel_1856.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Genevieve_Elisabeth_Disderi_Cimetiere_de_Plougastel_1856.jpg/183px-Genevieve_Elisabeth_Disderi_Cimetiere_de_Plougastel_1856.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Genevieve_Elisabeth_Disderi_Cimetiere_de_Plougastel_1856.jpg/243px-Genevieve_Elisabeth_Disderi_Cimetiere_de_Plougastel_1856.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="657" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Genevi%C3%A8ve_%C3%89lisabeth_Disd%C3%A9ri" title="Geneviève Élisabeth Disdéri">Geneviève Élisabeth Disdéri</a>: Cimetière de Plougastel (1856)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atelier_Wehnert-Beckmann.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bertha Wehnert-Beckmann: The Wehnert-Beckmann studio (c. 1850)"><img alt="Bertha Wehnert-Beckmann: The Wehnert-Beckmann studio (c. 1850)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Atelier_Wehnert-Beckmann.jpg/160px-Atelier_Wehnert-Beckmann.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Atelier_Wehnert-Beckmann.jpg/240px-Atelier_Wehnert-Beckmann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Atelier_Wehnert-Beckmann.jpg/320px-Atelier_Wehnert-Beckmann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1285" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Wehnert-Beckmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertha Wehnert-Beckmann">Bertha Wehnert-Beckmann</a>: The Wehnert-Beckmann studio (c. 1850)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hilda_Sj%C3%B6lin_Ida_Hultgren_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hilda Sjölin: Portrait of Ida Hultgren (1863)"><img alt="Hilda Sjölin: Portrait of Ida Hultgren (1863)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hilda_Sj%C3%B6lin_Ida_Hultgren_1863.jpg/99px-Hilda_Sj%C3%B6lin_Ida_Hultgren_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hilda_Sj%C3%B6lin_Ida_Hultgren_1863.jpg/149px-Hilda_Sj%C3%B6lin_Ida_Hultgren_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hilda_Sj%C3%B6lin_Ida_Hultgren_1863.jpg/199px-Hilda_Sj%C3%B6lin_Ida_Hultgren_1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="562" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Sj%C3%B6lin" title="Hilda Sjölin">Hilda Sjölin</a>: Portrait of Ida Hultgren (1863)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Niels_Frederik_Larsen_1863_by_S._Degen_%26_Th._Hallager.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thora Hallager: Niels Frederik Larsen (1863)"><img alt="Thora Hallager: Niels Frederik Larsen (1863)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Niels_Frederik_Larsen_1863_by_S._Degen_%26_Th._Hallager.jpg/103px-Niels_Frederik_Larsen_1863_by_S._Degen_%26_Th._Hallager.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Niels_Frederik_Larsen_1863_by_S._Degen_%26_Th._Hallager.jpg/155px-Niels_Frederik_Larsen_1863_by_S._Degen_%26_Th._Hallager.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Niels_Frederik_Larsen_1863_by_S._Degen_%26_Th._Hallager.jpg/207px-Niels_Frederik_Larsen_1863_by_S._Degen_%26_Th._Hallager.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thora_Hallager" title="Thora Hallager">Thora Hallager</a>: Niels Frederik Larsen (1863)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HCA_by_Thora_Hallager_1869.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thora Hallager: Hans Christian Andersen (1869)"><img alt="Thora Hallager: Hans Christian Andersen (1869)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/HCA_by_Thora_Hallager_1869.jpg/105px-HCA_by_Thora_Hallager_1869.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/HCA_by_Thora_Hallager_1869.jpg/157px-HCA_by_Thora_Hallager_1869.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/HCA_by_Thora_Hallager_1869.jpg/210px-HCA_by_Thora_Hallager_1869.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1409" data-file-height="2149" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thora Hallager: Hans Christian Andersen (1869)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pioneering_artists">Pioneering artists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pioneering artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two British women are remembered for their early contributions to artistic photography. In the late 1850s, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Clementina_Hawarden" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Clementina Hawarden">Lady Clementina Hawarden</a> began to take photographs. The earliest images were landscapes taken on the Hawarden estate in <a href="/wiki/Dundrum,_County_Tipperary" title="Dundrum, County Tipperary">Dundrum</a>, Ireland. After the family moved to London, in 1862 she converted the first floor of her <a href="/wiki/South_Kensington" title="South Kensington">South Kensington</a> home into a studio, filling it with props which can be seen in her photographs. She specialised in portraits, especially of her two eldest daughters clad in the costumes of the day. Her work earned her silver medals at the exhibitions of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Photographic_Society" title="Royal Photographic Society">Photographic Society</a> in 1863 and 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even more widely recognized for pioneering artistic work is <a href="/wiki/Julia_Margaret_Cameron" title="Julia Margaret Cameron">Julia Margaret Cameron</a>. Although her interest in photography did not begin until 1863 when she was 48 years old, she consciously set out to ensure photography became an acceptable art form, taking hundreds of portraits of children and celebrities. While her commitment to soft focus was frequently criticized as technically deficient during her lifetime, it later formed the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a> movement at the beginning of the 20th century and is now widely appreciated.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Emily_Nevill" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroline Emily Nevill">Caroline Emily Nevill</a> and her two sisters exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Photographic_Society" title="Royal Photographic Society">London Photographic Society</a> in 1854 and went on to contribute architectural views of Kent with waxed-paper negatives.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Italy, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Oldoini,_Countess_of_Castiglione" title="Virginia Oldoini, Countess of Castiglione">Virginia Oldoini</a>, a mistress of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>, became interested in photography in 1856, recording the signature moments of her life in hundreds of self-portraits, often wearing theatrical costumes.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clementina_Hawarden,_Clementina_Maude_and_Isabella,_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clementina Hawarden: Her costumed daughters Clementina Maude and Isabella (1861)"><img alt="Clementina Hawarden: Her costumed daughters Clementina Maude and Isabella (1861)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Clementina_Hawarden%2C_Clementina_Maude_and_Isabella%2C_1861.jpg/160px-Clementina_Hawarden%2C_Clementina_Maude_and_Isabella%2C_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Clementina_Hawarden%2C_Clementina_Maude_and_Isabella%2C_1861.jpg/240px-Clementina_Hawarden%2C_Clementina_Maude_and_Isabella%2C_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Clementina_Hawarden%2C_Clementina_Maude_and_Isabella%2C_1861.jpg/320px-Clementina_Hawarden%2C_Clementina_Maude_and_Isabella%2C_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="508" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Clementina_Hawarden" class="mw-redirect" title="Clementina Hawarden">Clementina Hawarden</a>: Her costumed daughters Clementina Maude and Isabella (1861)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clementina_Hawarden,_Clementina_Maude.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clementina Hawarden: Clementina Maude in a dramatic posture (c. 1862)"><img alt="Clementina Hawarden: Clementina Maude in a dramatic posture (c. 1862)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Clementina_Hawarden%2C_Clementina_Maude.jpg/125px-Clementina_Hawarden%2C_Clementina_Maude.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Clementina_Hawarden%2C_Clementina_Maude.jpg/187px-Clementina_Hawarden%2C_Clementina_Maude.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Clementina_Hawarden%2C_Clementina_Maude.jpg/250px-Clementina_Hawarden%2C_Clementina_Maude.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="748" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Clementina Hawarden: Clementina Maude in a dramatic posture (c. 1862)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Julia_Margaret_Cameron_(British,_born_India_-_Ellen_Terry_at_Age_Sixteen_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Julia Margaret Cameron: "Sadness" (1864)"><img alt="Julia Margaret Cameron: "Sadness" (1864)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Julia_Margaret_Cameron_%28British%2C_born_India_-_Ellen_Terry_at_Age_Sixteen_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/159px-Julia_Margaret_Cameron_%28British%2C_born_India_-_Ellen_Terry_at_Age_Sixteen_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Julia_Margaret_Cameron_%28British%2C_born_India_-_Ellen_Terry_at_Age_Sixteen_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/238px-Julia_Margaret_Cameron_%28British%2C_born_India_-_Ellen_Terry_at_Age_Sixteen_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Julia_Margaret_Cameron_%28British%2C_born_India_-_Ellen_Terry_at_Age_Sixteen_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/318px-Julia_Margaret_Cameron_%28British%2C_born_India_-_Ellen_Terry_at_Age_Sixteen_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3367" data-file-height="3392" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Margaret_Cameron" title="Julia Margaret Cameron">Julia Margaret Cameron</a>: "Sadness" (1864)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Darwin_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron,_c._1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Julia Margaret Cameron: Portrait of Charles Darwin (1868)"><img alt="Julia Margaret Cameron: Portrait of Charles Darwin (1868)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Charles_Darwin_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron%2C_c._1868.jpg/129px-Charles_Darwin_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron%2C_c._1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Charles_Darwin_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron%2C_c._1868.jpg/193px-Charles_Darwin_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron%2C_c._1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Charles_Darwin_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron%2C_c._1868.jpg/258px-Charles_Darwin_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron%2C_c._1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="2916" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Julia Margaret Cameron: Portrait of Charles Darwin (1868)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackberry_Gathering,_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Julia Margaret Cameron: "Blackberry Gathering" (c. 1869)"><img alt="Julia Margaret Cameron: "Blackberry Gathering" (c. 1869)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Blackberry_Gathering%2C_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron.jpg/137px-Blackberry_Gathering%2C_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Blackberry_Gathering%2C_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron.jpg/205px-Blackberry_Gathering%2C_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Blackberry_Gathering%2C_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron.jpg/273px-Blackberry_Gathering%2C_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3624" data-file-height="4242" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Julia Margaret Cameron: "Blackberry Gathering" (c. 1869)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studio_work_in_the_19th_century">Studio work in the 19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Studio work in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest documented photography studios operated by women in the English speaking world, were opened in the 1860s. Prior to that, there had been studies opened by women in France, Germany, Denmark and Sweden. </p><p>In the 1860s and 1870s, women ran independent studios in two locations in <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Ann_Harrison" title="Sarah Ann Harrison">Sarah Ann Harrison</a> operated in her name between 1864 and 1871 from 74, Strada della Marina, Isola (<a href="/wiki/Senglea" title="Senglea">Senglea</a>), Malta.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Conroy" title="Adelaide Conroy">Adelaide Conroy</a> was operating alongside her husband, James Conroy (mentor to the photographer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ellis_(photographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Ellis (photographer)">Richard Ellis</a>), from 1872 until around 1880 from premises at 56 and 134 Strada Stretta, <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a>, Malta.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1866, <a href="/wiki/Shima_Ry%C5%AB" title="Shima Ryū">Shima Ryū</a> together with her husband <a href="/wiki/Shima_Kakoku" title="Shima Kakoku">Shima Kakoku</a> opened a studio in Tokyo, Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In New Zealand, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Pulman" title="Elizabeth Pulman">Elizabeth Pulman</a> assisted her husband George with work in his <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> studio from 1867. After his death in 1871, she continued to run the business until shortly before she died in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, Lebanon, <a href="/wiki/Marie-Lydie_Cabanis_Bonfils" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie-Lydie Cabanis Bonfils">Marie-Lydie Bonfils</a> and her husband <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils" class="mw-redirect" title="Félix Bonfils">Félix Bonfils</a> established the first photography studio in the area, Maison Bonfils, in 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unknown how many of the photographs were taken by Lydie but it is thought that she took many of the portraits of women, as women photographers were preferred for modesty.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lydie ran the studio after Félix's death in 1885 until her evacuation to Cairo in 1914 on the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire entering the First World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> women were quick to open their own studios. <a href="/wiki/Frederikke_Federspiel" title="Frederikke Federspiel">Frederikke Federspiel</a> (1839–1913), who had learnt photography with her family in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, opened a studio in <a href="/wiki/Aalborg" title="Aalborg">Aalborg</a> in the mid-1870s.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Steen" title="Mary Steen">Mary Steen</a> opened her <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> studio in 1884 when she was only 28, soon becoming Denmark's first female court photographer with portraits of <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">Princess Alexandra</a> in 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benedicte_Wrensted" title="Benedicte Wrensted">Benedicte Wrensted</a> (1859–1949) opened a studio in <a href="/wiki/Horsens" title="Horsens">Horsens</a> in the 1880s before emigrating to the United States where she photographed Native Americans in <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosinante_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosinante-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After studying photography at the <a href="/wiki/London_Polytechnic" class="mw-redirect" title="London Polytechnic">London Polytechnic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Hughes" title="Alice Hughes">Alice Hughes</a> (1857–1939) opened a studio in <a href="/wiki/Gower_Street,_London" title="Gower Street, London">Gower Street, London</a>, in 1891, quickly becoming a leading photographer of royalty, fashionable women and children. At the height of her career, she employed 60 women and took up to 15 sittings a day.<sup id="cite_ref-bloomsbury_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomsbury-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the first female photographers to open a studio in New York City was <a href="/wiki/Alice_Boughton" title="Alice Boughton">Alice Boughton</a> who had studied both art and photography at the <a href="/wiki/Pratt_School_of_Art_and_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratt School of Art and Design">Pratt School of Art and Design</a>. In 1890, she opened a studio on East <a href="/wiki/23rd_Street_(Manhattan)" title="23rd Street (Manhattan)">23rd Street</a> becoming one of the city's most distinguished portrait photographers.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zaida_Ben-Yusuf" title="Zaida Ben-Yusuf">Zaida Ben-Yusuf</a>, of German and Algerian descent, emigrated from Britain to the United States in 1895. She established a portrait studio on New York' s <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue" title="Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a> in 1897 where she photographed celebrities.<sup id="cite_ref-ne_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ne-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Steen_Victoria_Beatrice_Windsor_1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mary Steen: Queen Victoria with Princess Beatrice at Windsor Castle (1895)"><img alt="Mary Steen: Queen Victoria with Princess Beatrice at Windsor Castle (1895)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mary_Steen_Victoria_Beatrice_Windsor_1895.jpg/121px-Mary_Steen_Victoria_Beatrice_Windsor_1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mary_Steen_Victoria_Beatrice_Windsor_1895.jpg/181px-Mary_Steen_Victoria_Beatrice_Windsor_1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mary_Steen_Victoria_Beatrice_Windsor_1895.jpg/241px-Mary_Steen_Victoria_Beatrice_Windsor_1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1508" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Steen" title="Mary Steen">Mary Steen</a>: Queen Victoria with Princess Beatrice at Windsor Castle (1895)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Federikke_Federspiel_with_client_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frederikke Federspiel with a client in her Aalborg studio (1910)"><img alt="Frederikke Federspiel with a client in her Aalborg studio (1910)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Federikke_Federspiel_with_client_1910.jpg/130px-Federikke_Federspiel_with_client_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Federikke_Federspiel_with_client_1910.jpg/195px-Federikke_Federspiel_with_client_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Federikke_Federspiel_with_client_1910.jpg/260px-Federikke_Federspiel_with_client_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="603" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Frederikke_Federspiel" title="Frederikke Federspiel">Frederikke Federspiel</a> with a client in her Aalborg studio (1910)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pauline-Astor-1904.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alice Hughes: Pauline Waldorf Astor (1904)"><img alt="Alice Hughes: Pauline Waldorf Astor (1904)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pauline-Astor-1904.jpg/122px-Pauline-Astor-1904.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pauline-Astor-1904.jpg/184px-Pauline-Astor-1904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pauline-Astor-1904.jpg/245px-Pauline-Astor-1904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="764" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Hughes" title="Alice Hughes">Alice Hughes</a>: Pauline Waldorf Astor (1904)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RewiManiapoto1879.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elizabeth Pulman: Rewi Manga Maniapoto (1879)"><img alt="Elizabeth Pulman: Rewi Manga Maniapoto (1879)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/RewiManiapoto1879.jpg/109px-RewiManiapoto1879.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/RewiManiapoto1879.jpg/164px-RewiManiapoto1879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/RewiManiapoto1879.jpg/219px-RewiManiapoto1879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Pulman" title="Elizabeth Pulman">Elizabeth Pulman</a>: Rewi Manga Maniapoto (1879)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mrs._Fiske,_%22Love_finds_the_way%22_-_Zaida_Ben_Yusuf._LCCN2006677585_-_Restoration,_levels_tweaked.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zaida Ben-Yusuf: Mrs. Fiske, 'Love finds the way' (1896)"><img alt="Zaida Ben-Yusuf: Mrs. Fiske, 'Love finds the way' (1896)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mrs._Fiske%2C_%22Love_finds_the_way%22_-_Zaida_Ben_Yusuf._LCCN2006677585_-_Restoration%2C_levels_tweaked.jpg/111px-Mrs._Fiske%2C_%22Love_finds_the_way%22_-_Zaida_Ben_Yusuf._LCCN2006677585_-_Restoration%2C_levels_tweaked.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mrs._Fiske%2C_%22Love_finds_the_way%22_-_Zaida_Ben_Yusuf._LCCN2006677585_-_Restoration%2C_levels_tweaked.jpg/166px-Mrs._Fiske%2C_%22Love_finds_the_way%22_-_Zaida_Ben_Yusuf._LCCN2006677585_-_Restoration%2C_levels_tweaked.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mrs._Fiske%2C_%22Love_finds_the_way%22_-_Zaida_Ben_Yusuf._LCCN2006677585_-_Restoration%2C_levels_tweaked.jpg/221px-Mrs._Fiske%2C_%22Love_finds_the_way%22_-_Zaida_Ben_Yusuf._LCCN2006677585_-_Restoration%2C_levels_tweaked.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1574" data-file-height="2273" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Zaida_Ben-Yusuf" title="Zaida Ben-Yusuf">Zaida Ben-Yusuf</a>: <i>Mrs. Fiske, 'Love finds the way'</i> (1896)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_Female_Photographers_in_America">History of Female Photographers in America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History of Female Photographers in America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several documented instances of women operating studios alone or with their husbands during and prior to the 1860s. One example is Mrs. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Beachbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Beachbard (page does not exist)">Elizabeth Beachbard</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (born c.1822–1828, died 1861) who closed her studio in New Orleans at the onset of the American Civil War to photograph confederates at Camp Moore, Louisiana. She died there of disease in November, 1861 and is buried there.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the huge advancement in culture after the roaring twenties, the number of women photographers increased drastically, estimated to be about 5,000. Despite there still being an apparent line of gender limitations, photography allowed females to bring forth their creativity. Along came many different opportunities including different publications such as "American Amateur Photographer" that allowed for women photographers to further showcase their skills. The emergence of women in photography can be attributed to the progressive era, where the roles of women in our everyday society were changed tremendously and reversed. During this time period, a vast number of women photographers were reportedly part of photography organizations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_pictorialists">The pictorialists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The pictorialists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></div> <p>The use of photography as an art form had existed almost from the very beginning but it was towards the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century that under the influence of the American <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Alfred Stieglitz</a> its artistic potential, termed <a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">pictorialism</a>, became widely recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among Stieglitz' closest associates were <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_K%C3%A4sebier" title="Gertrude Käsebier">Gertrude Käsebier</a> (1852–1934) and <a href="/wiki/Eva_Watson-Sch%C3%BCtze" title="Eva Watson-Schütze">Eva Watson-Schütze</a> (1867–1935) who had turned to photography after studying fine art and were committed to developing artistic photography. Their association with Stieglitz led in 1902 to their becoming co-founders of the <a href="/wiki/Photo-Secession" title="Photo-Secession">Photo-Secession</a> movement. They went on to take romantic, yet well composed portraits which were presented at influential exhibitions.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Käsebier is remembered for her portraits of Native Americans, soon becoming one of the most widely recognized professional photographers in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other prominent pictorialists included Käsebier's assistant Alice Boughton and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Brigman" title="Anne Brigman">Anne Brigman</a> (1869–1950) with her images of nude women.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Devens" title="Mary Devens">Mary Devens</a> (1857–1920) who experimented with printing techniques was like Käsebier elected a member of the British <a href="/wiki/The_Linked_Ring" title="The Linked Ring">Linked Ring</a> which has preceded Photo-Secession in promoting photography as an art form.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German-born Canadian <a href="/wiki/Minna_Keene" title="Minna Keene">Minna Keene</a> (1861–1943) was also an early female member of the Linked Ring.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chief_Iron_Tail,_Gertrude_Kasebier,_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gertrude Käsebier: Chief Iron Tail (1898)"><img alt="Gertrude Käsebier: Chief Iron Tail (1898)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Chief_Iron_Tail%2C_Gertrude_Kasebier%2C_1898.jpg/103px-Chief_Iron_Tail%2C_Gertrude_Kasebier%2C_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Chief_Iron_Tail%2C_Gertrude_Kasebier%2C_1898.jpg/155px-Chief_Iron_Tail%2C_Gertrude_Kasebier%2C_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Chief_Iron_Tail%2C_Gertrude_Kasebier%2C_1898.jpg/207px-Chief_Iron_Tail%2C_Gertrude_Kasebier%2C_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2507" data-file-height="3879" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_K%C3%A4sebier" title="Gertrude Käsebier">Gertrude Käsebier</a>: <i>Chief Iron Tail</i> (1898) </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Watson-Schutze_Study_Head.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eva Watson-Schütze: A Study Head (1900)"><img alt="Eva Watson-Schütze: A Study Head (1900)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Watson-Schutze_Study_Head.jpg/113px-Watson-Schutze_Study_Head.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Watson-Schutze_Study_Head.jpg/170px-Watson-Schutze_Study_Head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Watson-Schutze_Study_Head.jpg/227px-Watson-Schutze_Study_Head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Eva_Watson-Sch%C3%BCtze" title="Eva Watson-Schütze">Eva Watson-Schütze</a>: <i>A Study Head</i> (1900)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soul_of_the_Blasted_Pine_(Brigman).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anne Brigman: Soul of the Blasted Pine (1908)"><img alt="Anne Brigman: Soul of the Blasted Pine (1908)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Soul_of_the_Blasted_Pine_%28Brigman%29.jpg/160px-Soul_of_the_Blasted_Pine_%28Brigman%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Soul_of_the_Blasted_Pine_%28Brigman%29.jpg/240px-Soul_of_the_Blasted_Pine_%28Brigman%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Soul_of_the_Blasted_Pine_%28Brigman%29.jpg/320px-Soul_of_the_Blasted_Pine_%28Brigman%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="449" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Brigman" title="Anne Brigman">Anne Brigman</a>: <i>Soul of the Blasted Pine</i> (1908)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Evelyn_Nesbit_12056u.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gertrude Käsebier: Miss N, portrait of Evelyn Nesbit (1903)"><img alt="Gertrude Käsebier: Miss N, portrait of Evelyn Nesbit (1903)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Evelyn_Nesbit_12056u.jpg/122px-Evelyn_Nesbit_12056u.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Evelyn_Nesbit_12056u.jpg/184px-Evelyn_Nesbit_12056u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Evelyn_Nesbit_12056u.jpg/245px-Evelyn_Nesbit_12056u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3785" data-file-height="4940" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gertrude Käsebier: <i>Miss N</i>, portrait of Evelyn Nesbit (1903)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alice_boughton_two_women_under_a_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alice Boughton: Two Women under a Tree (1906)"><img alt="Alice Boughton: Two Women under a Tree (1906)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Alice_boughton_two_women_under_a_tree.jpg/126px-Alice_boughton_two_women_under_a_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Alice_boughton_two_women_under_a_tree.jpg/188px-Alice_boughton_two_women_under_a_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Alice_boughton_two_women_under_a_tree.jpg/251px-Alice_boughton_two_women_under_a_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Boughton" title="Alice Boughton">Alice Boughton</a>: <i>Two Women under a Tree</i> (1906)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women_photographers_from_Vienna">Women photographers from Vienna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Women photographers from Vienna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In prewar <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, probably more than in any other European city, photo studios managed by women, especially Jewish women, greatly outnumbered those run by men. In all, some 40 women had studios in the city but the most famous of them all was undoubtedly <a href="/wiki/Dora_Kallmus" title="Dora Kallmus">Dora Kallmus</a> (1881–1963).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Known as Madame d'Ora, she became a member of the Vienna Photographic Society in 1905 and opened a studio there in 1907. After gaining success with the Austro-Hungarian aristocracy, she opened a second studio in Paris together with her colleague <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Benda" title="Arthur Benda">Arthur Benda</a>, dominating the society and fashion photography scene in the 1930s. In addition to their photographic role, Dora Kallmus' studios became fashionable meeting places for the intellectual elite.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other female photographers who embarked on successful careers in Vienna included <a href="/wiki/Trude_Fleischmann" title="Trude Fleischmann">Trude Fleischmann</a> (1895–1990), who gained fame with a nude series of the dancer Claire Bauroff before moving on to New York,<sup id="cite_ref-austria_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-austria-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Claire_Beck_Loos" title="Claire Beck Loos">Claire Beck</a> (1904–1942) who died in a Nazi concentration camp in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Michaelis-Sachs" title="Margaret Michaelis-Sachs">Margaret Michaelis-Sachs</a> (1902–1985), who eventually emigrated to Australia, also embarked on her photographic career in Vienna. She is remembered for her scenes of the Jewish market in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> taken in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lotte Meitner-Graf </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landscapes_and_street_photography">Landscapes and street photography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Landscapes and street photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Ladd" title="Sarah Ladd">Sarah Ladd</a> (1860–1927) began taking landscape photographs in <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> at the end of the 19th century. Her images of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a> which she developed in a darkroom on a houseboat were exhibited in 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Portland_Art_Museum" title="Portland Art Museum">Portland Art Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British-born <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Cameron" title="Evelyn Cameron">Evelyn Cameron</a> (1868–1928) took an extensive series of remarkably clear images of <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> and its people at the end of the 19th century. Rediscovered in the 1970s, they were published in book form as <i>Photographing Montana 1894–1928: The Life and Work of Evelyn Cameron</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Laura_Gilpin" title="Laura Gilpin">Laura Gilpin</a> (1891–1979), mentored by <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_K%C3%A4sebier" title="Gertrude Käsebier">Gertrude Käsebier</a>, is remembered for her images of Native Americans and Southwestern landscapes, especially those taken in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_Abbott" title="Berenice Abbott">Berenice Abbott</a> (1898–1991) is best known for her black-and-white photography of New York City from 1929 to 1938. Much of the work was created under the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Art_Project" title="Federal Art Project">Federal Art Project</a>; a selection was first published in book form in 1939 as <i>Changing New York</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has provided a historical chronicle of many now-destroyed buildings and neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Lola_%C3%81lvarez_Bravo" title="Lola Álvarez Bravo">Lola Álvarez Bravo</a> (1903–1993) is remembered for her portraits and her artistic contributions intended to preserve the culture of her country. Her works are featured in the collections of international museums including the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a> in New York City. In her own words: "If my photographs have any meaning, it's that they stand for a Mexico that once existed."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cameron_Alec_Flower_Montana_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Evelyn Cameron: Alec Flower, her brother (1898)"><img alt="Evelyn Cameron: Alec Flower, her brother (1898)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cameron_Alec_Flower_Montana_1898.jpg/160px-Cameron_Alec_Flower_Montana_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cameron_Alec_Flower_Montana_1898.jpg/240px-Cameron_Alec_Flower_Montana_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cameron_Alec_Flower_Montana_1898.jpg/320px-Cameron_Alec_Flower_Montana_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="442" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Cameron" title="Evelyn Cameron">Evelyn Cameron</a>: Alec Flower, her brother (1898)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SarahLadd-EarlyMorning.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sarah Ladd: Early Morning above Vancouver (1905)"><img alt="Sarah Ladd: Early Morning above Vancouver (1905)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/SarahLadd-EarlyMorning.jpg/160px-SarahLadd-EarlyMorning.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/SarahLadd-EarlyMorning.jpg/240px-SarahLadd-EarlyMorning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/SarahLadd-EarlyMorning.jpg/320px-SarahLadd-EarlyMorning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Ladd" title="Sarah Ladd">Sarah Ladd</a>: <i>Early Morning above Vancouver</i> (1905)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mission_Church_Taos_LC-USZC4-3921.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Laura Gilpin: Mission Church at Rancho de Taos (1930)"><img alt="Laura Gilpin: Mission Church at Rancho de Taos (1930)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mission_Church_Taos_LC-USZC4-3921.jpg/160px-Mission_Church_Taos_LC-USZC4-3921.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mission_Church_Taos_LC-USZC4-3921.jpg/240px-Mission_Church_Taos_LC-USZC4-3921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mission_Church_Taos_LC-USZC4-3921.jpg/320px-Mission_Church_Taos_LC-USZC4-3921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="413" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Gilpin" title="Laura Gilpin">Laura Gilpin</a>: Mission Church at Rancho de Taos (1930)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blossom_Restaurant;_103_Bowery_by_Berenice_Abbott_in_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Berenice Abbott: Blossom Restaurant, New York (1935)"><img alt="Berenice Abbott: Blossom Restaurant, New York (1935)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Blossom_Restaurant%3B_103_Bowery_by_Berenice_Abbott_in_1935.jpg/160px-Blossom_Restaurant%3B_103_Bowery_by_Berenice_Abbott_in_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Blossom_Restaurant%3B_103_Bowery_by_Berenice_Abbott_in_1935.jpg/240px-Blossom_Restaurant%3B_103_Bowery_by_Berenice_Abbott_in_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Blossom_Restaurant%3B_103_Bowery_by_Berenice_Abbott_in_1935.jpg/320px-Blossom_Restaurant%3B_103_Bowery_by_Berenice_Abbott_in_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="1905" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Berenice_Abbott" title="Berenice Abbott">Berenice Abbott</a>: Blossom Restaurant, New York (1935) </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photojournalism_and_documentary_work">Photojournalism and documentary work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Photojournalism and documentary work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division preserves millions of images that were created for publication in magazines and newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-loc.gov_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc.gov-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Online Catalog enables by-name search for images taken by women photojournalists.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pioneers_-_late_1800s_and_early_1900s">Pioneers - late 1800s and early 1900s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pioneers - late 1800s and early 1900s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canadian-born <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Tarbox_Beals" title="Jessie Tarbox Beals">Jessie Tarbox</a> (1870–1942) is credited with being America's earliest female photojournalist, photographing the Massachusetts state prison for the <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Post">Boston Post</a></i> in 1899. She was then hired by <i>The Buffalo Inquirer</i> and <i>The Courier</i> in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zaida Ben-Yusuf was a woman who made a living independently despite the limited number of careers open to women in the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Sisters" title="Gerhard Sisters">Gerhard Sisters</a> opened their own photograph studio in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1903, with their photographs appearing frequently in local and national media.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geronimo,_Gerhard_Sisters.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Geronimo (Gerhard Sisters, ca 1904)"><img alt="Geronimo (Gerhard Sisters, ca 1904)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Geronimo%2C_Gerhard_Sisters.jpg/131px-Geronimo%2C_Gerhard_Sisters.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Geronimo%2C_Gerhard_Sisters.jpg/197px-Geronimo%2C_Gerhard_Sisters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Geronimo%2C_Gerhard_Sisters.jpg/262px-Geronimo%2C_Gerhard_Sisters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Geronimo" title="Geronimo">Geronimo</a> (Gerhard Sisters, ca 1904)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edith_Watson_246_Weeding_beans_Touchstone_v3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Weeding beans on a Dutch truck farm outside Winnipeg, Manitoba (Edith S. Watson, ca 1918)"><img alt="Weeding beans on a Dutch truck farm outside Winnipeg, Manitoba (Edith S. Watson, ca 1918)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Edith_Watson_246_Weeding_beans_Touchstone_v3.jpg/134px-Edith_Watson_246_Weeding_beans_Touchstone_v3.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Edith_Watson_246_Weeding_beans_Touchstone_v3.jpg/201px-Edith_Watson_246_Weeding_beans_Touchstone_v3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Edith_Watson_246_Weeding_beans_Touchstone_v3.jpg/269px-Edith_Watson_246_Weeding_beans_Touchstone_v3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="537" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Weeding beans on a Dutch truck farm outside Winnipeg, Manitoba (<a href="/wiki/Edith_Watson" title="Edith Watson">Edith S. Watson</a>, ca 1918)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jessie_Tarbox_Beals_in_front_of_the_Austrian_Government_Building_at_the_Louisiana_Purchase_Exhibition,_1904.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jessie Tarbox Beals at work (1904)"><img alt="Jessie Tarbox Beals at work (1904)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jessie_Tarbox_Beals_in_front_of_the_Austrian_Government_Building_at_the_Louisiana_Purchase_Exhibition%2C_1904.jpg/111px-Jessie_Tarbox_Beals_in_front_of_the_Austrian_Government_Building_at_the_Louisiana_Purchase_Exhibition%2C_1904.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jessie_Tarbox_Beals_in_front_of_the_Austrian_Government_Building_at_the_Louisiana_Purchase_Exhibition%2C_1904.jpg/167px-Jessie_Tarbox_Beals_in_front_of_the_Austrian_Government_Building_at_the_Louisiana_Purchase_Exhibition%2C_1904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jessie_Tarbox_Beals_in_front_of_the_Austrian_Government_Building_at_the_Louisiana_Purchase_Exhibition%2C_1904.jpg/223px-Jessie_Tarbox_Beals_in_front_of_the_Austrian_Government_Building_at_the_Louisiana_Purchase_Exhibition%2C_1904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1339" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Tarbox_Beals" title="Jessie Tarbox Beals">Jessie Tarbox Beals</a> at work (1904)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_pioneers">Other pioneers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other pioneers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anna_Benjamin" title="Anna Benjamin">Anna Benjamin</a> (1874–1902) was the first female photojournalist to report on a war.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though technically, women were banned from the war zone, she reported on the Spanish-American War for <i><a href="/wiki/Leslie%27s_Weekly" class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie's Weekly">Leslie's Weekly</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prieto_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prieto-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Chalmers_Adams" title="Harriet Chalmers Adams">Harriet Chalmers Adams</a> (1875–1937) was an explorer whose expedition photographs were published in <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a>. She served as a correspondent for <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's Magazine</a> in Europe during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the only female journalist permitted to visit the trenches.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another war correspondent based in France during World War I was <a href="/wiki/Helen_Johns_Kirtland" title="Helen Johns Kirtland">Helen Johns Kirtland</a> (1890–1979) where she worked for <i><a href="/wiki/Frank_Leslie%27s_Illustrated_Newspaper" title="Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper">Leslie's Weekly</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Imogen_Cunningham" title="Imogen Cunningham">Imogen Cunningham</a> (1883–1976) is known for her <a href="/wiki/Botanical_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanical photography">botanical photography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">nudes</a>, and industrial landscapes. She was a member of the California-based <a href="/wiki/Group_f/64" title="Group f/64">Group f/64</a>, known for its dedication to the sharp-focus rendition of simple subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-InDepthf64-2014_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-InDepthf64-2014-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Margaret Bourke-White</a> (1906–1971) was the first foreigner to photograph Soviet industry as well as the first female war correspondent and the first woman photographer to work for <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a> (1895–1965) was employed by the <a href="/wiki/Resettlement_Administration" title="Resettlement Administration">Resettlement Administration</a> to photograph displaced farm families and migrant workers. Distributed free to newspapers, her images became icons of the times.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The novelist <a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a> also photographed families affected by the Great Depression, especially in rural Mississippi, producing a remarkable body of work.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Breckinridge_Patterson" title="Marvin Breckinridge Patterson">Marvin Breckinridge Patterson</a> (1905–2002) published her world travel photographs in <i><a href="/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)" title="Vogue (magazine)">Vogue</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Look_(American_magazine)" title="Look (American magazine)">Look</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Life_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Life magazine">Life</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Town_%26_Country_(magazine)" title="Town & Country (magazine)">Town & Country</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar" title="Harper's Bazaar">Harper's Bazaar</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marion_Carpenter" title="Marion Carpenter">Marion Carpenter</a> (1920–2002) was the first female national press photographer and the first woman to cover the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edie_McKee_Harper" title="Edie McKee Harper">Edie Harper</a> (1922–2010) was an <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">Army Corps of Engineers</a> photographer during WWII, where she took photographs of different structures on the home front, such as hydro dams and cement test samples. Edie processed the film in the lab for the Corps of Engineers.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Photographs from her war work became highly acclaimed and were shown in an exhibition at the Cincinnati Contemporary Art Center in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Mark" title="Mary Ellen Mark">Mary Ellen Mark</a> (20 March 1940 – 25 May 2015) was an American photographer known for her <a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">photojournalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">documentary photography</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> portraiture, and advertising<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes-grimes_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-grimes-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-huffingtonpost-dobnik_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost-dobnik-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as filmmaker. Her specialty was documenting from marginalized communities who were "away from mainstream society and toward its more interesting, often troubled fringes"<sup id="cite_ref-salon_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salon-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had 18 publications produced, most notably <i>Streetwise</i><sup id="cite_ref-independent-saul_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-saul-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that also became a documentary with <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bell_(director)" title="Martin Bell (director)">Martin Bell</a> and <i>Ward 81</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ohagan-guardian-obit_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohagan-guardian-obit-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-time-obituary-laurent_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-obituary-laurent-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <i>Ward 81</i> (1979), she lived for six weeks with the patients in the women's security ward of <a href="/wiki/Oregon_State_Hospital" title="Oregon State Hospital">Oregon State Hospital</a>. Her photos can be found in major magazines in <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i>. In 1977 to 1998, she became a member of <a href="/wiki/Magnum_Photos" title="Magnum Photos">Magnum Photos</a>. Besides receiving <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Journalism_Award" title="Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award">Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Awards</a>, three fellowships from the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a>, the 2014 Lifetime Achievement in Photography Award from the <a href="/wiki/George_Eastman_House" class="mw-redirect" title="George Eastman House">George Eastman House</a> and the Outstanding Contribution Photography Award from the <a href="/wiki/World_Photography_Organisation" title="World Photography Organisation">World Photography Organisation</a>, she received many other awards of recognition. <a href="/wiki/Vivian_Maier" title="Vivian Maier">Vivian Maier</a> (1926–2009) took more than 150,000 photographs, mainly of people and street scenes in Chicago and New York during the 1950s and 1960s, but only became famous in the early 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dorothea Lange: Migrant Mother (1936)"><img alt="Dorothea Lange: Migrant Mother (1936)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg/123px-Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg/185px-Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg/246px-Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6205" data-file-height="8066" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a>: <i>Migrant Mother</i> (1936) </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarbox_William_Howard_Taft_Governor-General_of_the_Philippines.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jessie Tarbox Beals: William Howard Taft at the St. Louis World's Fair (1904)"><img alt="Jessie Tarbox Beals: William Howard Taft at the St. Louis World's Fair (1904)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tarbox_William_Howard_Taft_Governor-General_of_the_Philippines.jpg/160px-Tarbox_William_Howard_Taft_Governor-General_of_the_Philippines.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tarbox_William_Howard_Taft_Governor-General_of_the_Philippines.jpg/240px-Tarbox_William_Howard_Taft_Governor-General_of_the_Philippines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tarbox_William_Howard_Taft_Governor-General_of_the_Philippines.jpg/320px-Tarbox_William_Howard_Taft_Governor-General_of_the_Philippines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="506" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Tarbox_Beals" title="Jessie Tarbox Beals">Jessie Tarbox Beals</a>: William Howard Taft at the St. Louis World's Fair (1904)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Versailles_Signing,_Hall_of_Mirrors.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Helen Johns Kirtland: Signing of the Treaty of Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors (1919)"><img alt="Helen Johns Kirtland: Signing of the Treaty of Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors (1919)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Treaty_of_Versailles_Signing%2C_Hall_of_Mirrors.jpg/160px-Treaty_of_Versailles_Signing%2C_Hall_of_Mirrors.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Treaty_of_Versailles_Signing%2C_Hall_of_Mirrors.jpg/240px-Treaty_of_Versailles_Signing%2C_Hall_of_Mirrors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Treaty_of_Versailles_Signing%2C_Hall_of_Mirrors.jpg/320px-Treaty_of_Versailles_Signing%2C_Hall_of_Mirrors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Johns_Kirtland" title="Helen Johns Kirtland">Helen Johns Kirtland</a>: Signing of the Treaty of Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors (1919)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rio_de_Janeiro%27s_waterfront,_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harriet Chalmers Adams: Rio de Janeiro's waterfront and the Morro de Castello from the Ilha das Cobras (1919)"><img alt="Harriet Chalmers Adams: Rio de Janeiro's waterfront and the Morro de Castello from the Ilha das Cobras (1919)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Rio_de_Janeiro%27s_waterfront%2C_1919.jpg/160px-Rio_de_Janeiro%27s_waterfront%2C_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Rio_de_Janeiro%27s_waterfront%2C_1919.jpg/240px-Rio_de_Janeiro%27s_waterfront%2C_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Rio_de_Janeiro%27s_waterfront%2C_1919.jpg/320px-Rio_de_Janeiro%27s_waterfront%2C_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="677" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Chalmers_Adams" title="Harriet Chalmers Adams">Harriet Chalmers Adams</a>: <i>Rio de Janeiro's waterfront and the Morro de Castello from the Ilha das Cobras</i> (1919)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-Luftbild_1945_W%C3%BCrzburg_Domstr._m_b-w_4892665549.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Margaret Bourke-White: Aerial photo of the inner city of the destroyed Wurzburg (1945)"><img alt="Margaret Bourke-White: Aerial photo of the inner city of the destroyed Wurzburg (1945)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/US-Luftbild_1945_W%C3%BCrzburg_Domstr._m_b-w_4892665549.jpg/160px-US-Luftbild_1945_W%C3%BCrzburg_Domstr._m_b-w_4892665549.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/US-Luftbild_1945_W%C3%BCrzburg_Domstr._m_b-w_4892665549.jpg/240px-US-Luftbild_1945_W%C3%BCrzburg_Domstr._m_b-w_4892665549.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/US-Luftbild_1945_W%C3%BCrzburg_Domstr._m_b-w_4892665549.jpg/320px-US-Luftbild_1945_W%C3%BCrzburg_Domstr._m_b-w_4892665549.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1068" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Margaret Bourke-White</a>: Aerial photo of the inner city of the destroyed Wurzburg (1945)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surrealism">Surrealism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Surrealism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of women used photography as a medium for expressing their interest in <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cahun" title="Claude Cahun">Claude Cahun</a> (1894–1954) from France is remembered for her highly staged self-portraits which she began taking in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cahun is known for her self portraiture that she used as a way to perform gender identity and playing with surrealism in her work.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Croatian-born <a href="/wiki/Dora_Maar" title="Dora Maar">Dora Maar</a> (1907–1997) also developed her interest in Surrealism in France, associating with <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a> and others. Her vivid portraits from the early 1930s bring out the features of the face as if drawn by an artist.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American <a href="/wiki/Lee_Miller" title="Lee Miller">Lee Miller</a> (1907–1977) combined her fashion photography with Surrealism, associating with <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a> in Paris before returning to New York. She created some of the most striking nude photographs of the times.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surrealism continued to attract the interest of women photographers in the second half of the 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Henriette_Grindat" title="Henriette Grindat">Henriette Grindat</a> (1923–1986) was one of the few Swiss women to develop an interest in artistic photography, associating with André Breton and later collaborating with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a>, with whom she published images of the <a href="/wiki/Sorgue" title="Sorgue">River Sorgue</a> in the south of France.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the late 1940s, The Czech <a href="/wiki/Emila_Medkov%C3%A1" title="Emila Medková">Emila Medková</a> (1928–1985) began producing surrealistic works in 1947, above all remarkable documentary images of the urban environment in the oppressive post-war years.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though not strictly a Surrealist, the notable Mexican photographer <a href="/wiki/Lola_%C3%81lvarez_Bravo" title="Lola Álvarez Bravo">Lola Álvarez Bravo</a> (1907–1993) displayed elements of Surrealism throughout her career, especially in her portraits of <a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Frida Kahlo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Izquierdo_(artist)" title="María Izquierdo (artist)">María Izquierdo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During her short life <a href="/wiki/Francesca_Woodman" title="Francesca Woodman">Francesca Woodman</a> (1958–1981), influenced by André Breton and <a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a>, explored the relationship between the body and its surroundings often appearing partly hidden in her black-and-white prints.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noted for her experimental alternative-photography techniques and surrealistic imagery, <a href="/wiki/Merry_Moor_Winnett" title="Merry Moor Winnett">Merry Moor Winnett</a> (1951–1994) created a prolific body of work inspired by artists such as Jerry Uelsmann.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolving_American_participation">Evolving American participation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Evolving American participation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peter E. Palmquist, who researched the history of women photographers in California and the American West from 1850 to 1950 , found that in the 19th century some 10% of all photographers in the US were women, while by 1910 the figure was up to about 20%. In the early days, most women working commercially were married to a photographer and up to 1890, any woman working on her own was considered to be daring. As the technical process of taking pictures became easier to handle, more amateurs emerged, many participating in photographic organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century, it was still hard for women to become successful photographers.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portraits">Portraits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Portraits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Marian_Hooper_Adams" title="Marian Hooper Adams">Marian Hooper Adams</a> (1843–1885) was one of America's earliest <a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">portrait photographers</a> taking pictures of family, friends and politicians from 1883 and doing all the developing herself.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Choate_Sears" title="Sarah Choate Sears">Sarah Choate Sears</a> (1858–1935) gained international attention as an amateur photographer after she began producing fine portraits and flower studies. She soon became a member of London's <a href="/wiki/The_Linked_Ring" title="The Linked Ring">Linked Ring</a> and New York's <a href="/wiki/Photo-Secession" title="Photo-Secession">Photo-Secession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Buehrmann" title="Elizabeth Buehrmann">Elizabeth Buehrmann</a> from Chicago (c. 1886–1963) specialized in taking portraits of leading businessmen and prominent society women in their own homes at the beginning of the 20th century, becoming a member of the famous Paris Photo-Club in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Gurrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroline Gurrey">Caroline Gurrey</a> (1875–1927) is remembered for her series on mixed-race children taken in Hawaii from 1904. Many were exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Alaska%E2%80%93Yukon%E2%80%93Pacific_Exposition" title="Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition">Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition</a> in Seattle.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Doris_Ulmann" title="Doris Ulmann">Doris Ulmann</a> (1884–1934) started out as an amateur pictorialist photographer but became a professional in 1918. In addition to portraits of prominent intellectuals, she documented the mountain peoples of the south, especially the <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Consuelo_Kanaga" title="Consuelo Kanaga">Consuelo Kanaga</a> (1894–1978) photographed many well-known artists and writers and became one of the few photographers to produce artistic portraits. Her photograph of a slender black women and her children was included in <a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Edward Steichen</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Family_of_Man" title="The Family of Man">Family of Man</a></i> exhibition in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Harriet_Louise" title="Ruth Harriet Louise">Ruth Harriet Louise</a> (1903–1940) was the first woman photographer active in Hollywood, where she ran <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a>'s portrait studio from 1925 to 1930, photographing numerous stars including <a href="/wiki/Greta_Garbo" title="Greta Garbo">Greta Garbo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joan_Crawford" title="Joan Crawford">Joan Crawford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sears_lillies.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sarah Choate Sears: Young woman with lilies (c. 1900)"><img alt="Sarah Choate Sears: Young woman with lilies (c. 1900)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sears_lillies.jpg/130px-Sears_lillies.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sears_lillies.jpg/195px-Sears_lillies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sears_lillies.jpg/260px-Sears_lillies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Choate_Sears" title="Sarah Choate Sears">Sarah Choate Sears</a>: Young woman with lilies (c. 1900) </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Japanese-Hawaiian_and_Portuguese-Hawaiian_boys_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caroline Gurrey: Portrait of a Japanese-Hawaiian and a Portuguese-Hawaiian Boy (1909)"><img alt="Caroline Gurrey: Portrait of a Japanese-Hawaiian and a Portuguese-Hawaiian Boy (1909)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Portrait_of_Japanese-Hawaiian_and_Portuguese-Hawaiian_boys_1909.jpg/160px-Portrait_of_Japanese-Hawaiian_and_Portuguese-Hawaiian_boys_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Portrait_of_Japanese-Hawaiian_and_Portuguese-Hawaiian_boys_1909.jpg/240px-Portrait_of_Japanese-Hawaiian_and_Portuguese-Hawaiian_boys_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Portrait_of_Japanese-Hawaiian_and_Portuguese-Hawaiian_boys_1909.jpg/320px-Portrait_of_Japanese-Hawaiian_and_Portuguese-Hawaiian_boys_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="724" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Gurrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroline Gurrey">Caroline Gurrey</a>: <i>Portrait of a Japanese-Hawaiian and a Portuguese-Hawaiian Boy</i> (1909)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Adams_seated_with_dog_on_steps_of_piazza,_photograph_by_Marian_Hooper_Adams,_ca._1883.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marian Hooper Adams: H. Adams & Marquis (c. 1883)"><img alt="Marian Hooper Adams: H. Adams & Marquis (c. 1883)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Henry_Adams_seated_with_dog_on_steps_of_piazza%2C_photograph_by_Marian_Hooper_Adams%2C_ca._1883.jpg/160px-Henry_Adams_seated_with_dog_on_steps_of_piazza%2C_photograph_by_Marian_Hooper_Adams%2C_ca._1883.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Henry_Adams_seated_with_dog_on_steps_of_piazza%2C_photograph_by_Marian_Hooper_Adams%2C_ca._1883.jpg/240px-Henry_Adams_seated_with_dog_on_steps_of_piazza%2C_photograph_by_Marian_Hooper_Adams%2C_ca._1883.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Henry_Adams_seated_with_dog_on_steps_of_piazza%2C_photograph_by_Marian_Hooper_Adams%2C_ca._1883.jpg/320px-Henry_Adams_seated_with_dog_on_steps_of_piazza%2C_photograph_by_Marian_Hooper_Adams%2C_ca._1883.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Marian_Hooper_Adams" title="Marian Hooper Adams">Marian Hooper Adams</a>: <i>H. Adams & Marquis</i> (c. 1883)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Doris_Ulmann_-_Southern_mountaineer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Doris Ulmann: Southern Mountaineer (c. 1928)"><img alt="Doris Ulmann: Southern Mountaineer (c. 1928)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Doris_Ulmann_-_Southern_mountaineer.jpg/119px-Doris_Ulmann_-_Southern_mountaineer.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Doris_Ulmann_-_Southern_mountaineer.jpg/179px-Doris_Ulmann_-_Southern_mountaineer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Doris_Ulmann_-_Southern_mountaineer.jpg/238px-Doris_Ulmann_-_Southern_mountaineer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="3192" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Doris_Ulmann" title="Doris Ulmann">Doris Ulmann</a>: <i>Southern Mountaineer</i> (c. 1928) </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RH_Louise_Garbo_0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruth Harriet Louise: Greta Garbo (1927)"><img alt="Ruth Harriet Louise: Greta Garbo (1927)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/RH_Louise_Garbo_0.jpg/114px-RH_Louise_Garbo_0.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/RH_Louise_Garbo_0.jpg/172px-RH_Louise_Garbo_0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/RH_Louise_Garbo_0.jpg/229px-RH_Louise_Garbo_0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="699" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Harriet_Louise" title="Ruth Harriet Louise">Ruth Harriet Louise</a>: Greta Garbo (1927)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="African-American_women_in_photography">African-American women in photography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: African-American women in photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Photographs are pictures <i>about</i> and <i>of</i> things (Birt). As society has evolved, African-American photographers have been critical in the preservation of authentic portrayals of images <i>about </i>and <i>of </i>black culture. The participation of African-American women in photography began to receive widespread acknowledgment in the mid-20th century and with growing recognition came a shift in focus on social, economic, and political conditions. Some of the most prominent female African-American photographers include <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Mae_Weems" title="Carrie Mae Weems">Carrie Mae Weems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorna_Simpson" title="Lorna Simpson">Lorna Simpson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coreen_Simpson" title="Coreen Simpson">Coreen Simpson</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carrie_Mae_Weems">Carrie Mae Weems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Carrie Mae Weems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Mae_Weems" title="Carrie Mae Weems">Carrie Mae Weems</a> started her career in 1973 when she received her first camera. Her initial interest in the arts started in 1965, when she met lifelong friend Tom Vinters and began participating in street theater and dance. Though noted as an accomplished photographer, Weems' work spans text, fabric, audio, digital images, installation, and video. "...from the very beginning I've been interested in the idea of power and the consequences of power; relationships are made and articulated through power."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When exploring the idea of power, Weems oftentimes uses herself as the subject of her work, not for her own admiration, but "as a vehicle for approaching the question of power..."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through different mediums, Weems has made it her mission to explore the family relationships, gender roles, the histories of racism, sexism, class and different types of political systems.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Dawoud_Bey" title="Dawoud Bey">Dawoud Bey</a> in 1976 and developed a long lasting friendship and professional relationship with the photographer. While on a work trip to Europe, Bey interviewed Weems in BOMB, a magazine focused on artists in conversation. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LornaSimpsonApr09_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/LornaSimpsonApr09_cropped.jpg/150px-LornaSimpsonApr09_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/LornaSimpsonApr09_cropped.jpg/225px-LornaSimpsonApr09_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/LornaSimpsonApr09_cropped.jpg/300px-LornaSimpsonApr09_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>Lorna Simpson</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Susan_"Sue"_Ross"><span id="Susan_.22Sue.22_Ross"></span>Susan "Sue" Ross</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Susan "Sue" Ross"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sue Ross is the co-founder of Sistagraphy, a collective of women photographers, most of whom are based in Atlanta, Georgia, that has a passion for photography. In Atlanta, Sue is known as the PhotoGriot, sharing stories of the African American community through a photo lens. Sue has captured culture events and programs, as well as dignitaries and civil rights leaders who live and have visited the City of Atlanta, including but not limited to National Black Arts Festival, Atlanta Jazz Festival, Nelson Mandela, Ambassador Andrew Young, the past six African American Mayors (Maynard Jackson, Andrew Young, William "Bill" Campbell, Shirley Franklin, M. Kasim Reed and Keisha Lance Bottoms) of the City of Atlanta, and more. Since 1985, Sue has exhibited her work throughout Atlanta, including places such as Auburn Avenue Research Library on African American Culture & History, Hammonds House, Mason Murer Gallery, Micheal C. Carlos Museum, the Atlanta Life Building, and more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lorna_Simpson">Lorna Simpson</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Lorna Simpson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Simpson" title="Lorna Simpson">Lorna Simpson</a> began her career in fashion photography, taking pictures of people whose style she admired. Simpson was able to develop her skills and became a photojournalist who captured images in politics, culture, music, and sports. </p><p>Receiving her education in photography at the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Visual_Arts" title="School of Visual Arts">School of Visual Arts</a> in New York and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>, Lorna Simpson was considered a pioneer of conceptual photography well before the peak of her career. Through her work, Simpson aims to challenge the traditional views of gender, identity, culture, history, and memory as viewed by society. Her combination of large-scale photography with meaningful text work together to provide strong visual implications.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her work can be found in museums across the country at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Modern Art, New York">Museum of Modern Art</a> (New York), the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago">Museum of Contemporary Art</a> (Chicago), and the <a href="/wiki/Walker_Art_Center" title="Walker Art Center">Walker Art Center</a> (Minneapolis), and many others around the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coreen_Simpson">Coreen Simpson</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Coreen Simpson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Making her mark as a photojournalist, <a href="/wiki/Coreen_Simpson" title="Coreen Simpson">Coreen Simpson</a> started her career as a published writer. Her interest in documenting experiences in writing grew into a love for the visual arts when she contacted Essence magazine about an article she wanted to write about a business trip to the Middle East. Although the article was never published, her interest in photojournalism was heightened. </p><p>In his article "Coreen Simpson: An Interpretation", Rodger Birt describes looking at a photograph as being "let in on the workings of another human consciousness" allowing for the simultaneous opportunity to receive an authentic depiction of the physical world.<sup id="cite_ref-Birt_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birt-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through her work, Simpson has created visual narratives that aesthetically tell the stories of diverse groups of people. Not only is she able to evoke emotional responses through her storytelling, but through design, <a href="/wiki/Chiaroscuro" title="Chiaroscuro">chiaroscuro</a>, and color as well. </p><p>Simpson's friend, Walter Johnson, became one of her biggest mentors and guide as she expanded her knowledge in photography. She also studied Frank Stewart's process and developed a strong capacity for the history of photography. One of her biggest struggles was to differentiate her visual style from those of her inspiration. </p><p>The four greatest influences of Simpson's work include <a href="/wiki/Diane_Arbus" title="Diane Arbus">Diane Arbus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolph_de_Meyer" title="Adolph de Meyer">Baron Adolph DeMeyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joel_Peter_Witkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Joel Peter Witkin">Joel Peter Witkin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Weegee" title="Weegee">Weegee</a>. Whether conceptually, methodically, or creatively, each of these photographers have contributed to her approach in different ways.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The combination of her admiration for Arbus's uniqueness, Weegee's hunt, DeMeyer's study of the composition, and Witkin's manipulation of the print work together in encompassing the personality of Coreen Simpson's work.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Elizabeth "Tex" Williams</b> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Williams_(photographer)" title="Elizabeth Williams (photographer)">Elizabeth "Tex" Williams</a> was a <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <a href="/wiki/War_photography" title="War photography">military photographer</a>, working in the last year of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was one of the first women to achieve a photography career beyond the mere "camera girl".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_women_photographers_after_the_1950s">International women photographers after the 1950s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: International women photographers after the 1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the second half of the 20the century, illustrated magazines such as <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic#Photography" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Photo-book" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo-book">photo books</a> found growing world-wide audiences,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some women photojournalists became famous through their work on exotic places and people.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl#Africa,_photography,_books_and_final_film" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a>, a German filmmaker who had made <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">propaganda films</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi regime</a> during the 1930s and 1940s, turned to photography in the 1960s. In her second career, she became known for her pictures of tribal life in southern Sudan through her books <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Nuba" title="The Last of the Nuba">Die Nuba</a></i> (translated as "The Last of the Nuba") and <i><a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Kau" title="The People of Kau">Die Nuba von Kau</a></i> ("The Nuba People of Kau"). While American photography critic <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Susan Sontag</a> saw "<a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> aesthetics" in these images,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and elaborated her kind of criticism of the foreigner's view and interpretation of archaic African lifestyles in her collection of essays <i><a href="/wiki/On_Photography" title="On Photography">On Photography</a></i>, where Sontag argues that the proliferation of photographic images had begun to establish a "chronic voyeuristic relation" of the viewers to the subjects portrayed.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, other critics, such as American writer and photographer <a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a> reviewed <i>Die Nuba</i> positively.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riefenstahl later also photographed the <a href="/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics" title="1972 Summer Olympics">1972 Olympic Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> and published photos of <a href="/wiki/Underwater_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater life">underwater life</a> and celebreties like <a href="/wiki/Mick_Jagger" title="Mick Jagger">Mick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bianca_Jagger" title="Bianca Jagger">Bianca Jagger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among 14 books published by American photographer <a href="/wiki/Carol_Beckwith" title="Carol Beckwith">Carol Beckwith and Australian Angela Fisher</a>, there are photographs of the <a href="/wiki/Dinka_people" title="Dinka people">Dinka people</a> in southern Sudan and other African ethnic groups like the <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maassai</a> that have earned them renown for their aesthetically crafted images of the Dinka's ancient ways of cattle raising.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Courtney-Clarke" title="Margaret Courtney-Clarke">Margaret Courtney-Clarke</a> (born 1949) is a Namibian <a href="/wiki/Documentary_photographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Documentary photographer">documentary photographer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Photojournalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Photojournalist">photojournalist</a>, living in <a href="/wiki/Swakopmund" title="Swakopmund">Swakopmund</a>. Her work "frequently explores the resilience of communities enduring the rapidly shifting landscapes of Namibia", and she has produced a trilogy of books on the art of African women.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Graciela_Iturbide" title="Graciela Iturbide">Graciela Iturbide</a> (born 1942) from Mexico has had numerous exhibitions and international recognition since the 1970s for her black-and-white photos of Mexican women, often depicting scenes from indigenous communities.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lesbian_women_in_photography">Lesbian women in photography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Lesbian women in photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbian</a> women find employment and creative fulfillment as photographers. While lesbians have taken photographs since the medium was invented in 1839, many 19th and early 20th century work by lesbian photographers has been lost, destroyed, or never published because of social stigma against lesbian women. Professional lesbian photographers may have also hidden their sexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While all women who worked as professional photographers were seen as defying gender norms, lesbians may have embraced the photography profession as a way to earn money without depending on men.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/E._Jane_Gay" title="E. Jane Gay">E. Jane Gay</a> (1830–1919) is thought to be the earliest known lesbian photographer.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lesbians also took photos to experiment with self-expression. Lesbians took photos of themselves, their friends, and their lovers embracing each other in intimate settings which hinted at same-sex relationships without being explicitly erotic. <a href="/wiki/Alice_Austen" title="Alice Austen">Alice Austen</a> (1866–1952) took photos of her friends wearing men's clothing or participating in traditional masculine activities such as smoking. These images were predominantly not for commercial use, instead existing as personal mementos the photographers and models shared with one another.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Stonewall">Post-Stonewall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Post-Stonewall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late twentieth century, the <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">second wave feminist</a> movement in the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">gay liberation</a> movement following the <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a> inspired efforts to create a cohesive lesbian identity with dedicated cultural artifacts such as explicitly lesbian art, including lesbian photography. These images developed new artistic trends, including depictions of sexual activity and genitalia.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joan_E._Biren" title="Joan E. Biren">Joan. E. Biren</a> (b. 1944) published the first photo anthology of lesbians portraits, <i>Eye to Eye, Portraits of Lesbians,</i> in 1979. Other influential lesbian photographers include <a href="/wiki/Tee_Corinne" title="Tee Corinne">Tee Corinne</a> (1943–2006) and <a href="/wiki/Cathy_Cade" title="Cathy Cade">Cathy Cade</a> (b. 1942). </p><p>Scholars have argued that lesbian artists and activists during the 1970s and 1980s intentionally labeled their art as "lesbian art" in order to foster a sense of community that was distinct from the broader feminist movement. Jan Zita Grover argued that the lesbian identity depicted by this art movement was culturally specific to colonizer societies like the United States and the United Kingdom, and was thus not representative of indigenous systems of gender and sexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="UK_women's_agency"><span id="UK_women.27s_agency"></span>UK women's agency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: UK women's agency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> the women's photographic agency <a href="/wiki/Format_(photographic_agency)" title="Format (photographic agency)">Format</a> was set up in 1983, from an idea conceived by Maggie Murray and <a href="/wiki/Val_Wilmer" title="Val Wilmer">Val Wilmer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Operating for two decades, until 2003, Format represented women photographers including Jackie Chapman, <a href="/wiki/Anita_Corbin" title="Anita Corbin">Anita Corbin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanie_Friend" title="Melanie Friend">Melanie Friend</a>, Sheila Gray, Paula Glassman, Judy Harrison, Pam Isherwood, <a href="/wiki/Roshini_Kempadoo" title="Roshini Kempadoo">Roshini Kempadoo</a>, Jenny Mathews, Joanne O'Brien, Raissa Page, Brenda Prince, Ulrike Preuss, Mirium Reik, Karen Robinson, Paula Solloway, Mo Wilson and Lisa Woollett.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contemporary women photographers continue to break ground in the field of photography. <a href="/wiki/Annie_Leibovitz" title="Annie Leibovitz">Annie Leibovitz</a> captures arresting, usually posed, images of the famous and the unknown, publishing photographs for the covers of <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i>, <i>Vogue</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>, representing a broad survey of American popular culture.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cindy_Sherman" title="Cindy Sherman">Cindy Sherman</a>'s work turns still photography into performance art to explore traditional and pop-cultural myths of femininity. Her work implicitly examines issues of identity and stereotype, representation and reality, the function of mass media, and the nature of portraiture.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The contemporary works of women photographers are numerous. Women-only photography exhibits are controversial yet are argued to be essential to highlight the imbalance of male domination in the field throughout the history of photography, and are becoming increasingly more common.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some contemporary women photographers of note who were born in the 1950s and early 1960s include: <a href="/wiki/Rineke_Dijkstra" title="Rineke Dijkstra">Rineke Dijkstra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nan_Goldin" title="Nan Goldin">Nan Goldin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jitka_Hanzlov%C3%A1" title="Jitka Hanzlová">Jitka Hanzlová</a>, <a href="/wiki/An-My_L%C3%AA" title="An-My Lê">An-My Lê</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vera_Lutter" title="Vera Lutter">Vera Lutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sally_Mann" title="Sally Mann">Sally Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bettina_Rheims" title="Bettina Rheims">Bettina Rheims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellen_von_Unwerth" title="Ellen von Unwerth">Ellen von Unwerth</a>, <a href="/wiki/JoAnn_Verburg" title="JoAnn Verburg">JoAnn Verburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Mae_Weems" title="Carrie Mae Weems">Carrie Mae Weems</a>. Younger contemporary photographers (born in the early 1970s) include <a href="/wiki/Lynsey_Addario" title="Lynsey Addario">Lynsey Addario</a><i>,</i> <a href="/wiki/Rinko_Kawauchi" title="Rinko Kawauchi">Rinko Kawauchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellen_van_Meene" title="Hellen van Meene">Hellen van Meene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zanele_Muholi" title="Zanele Muholi">Zanele Muholi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viviane_Sassen" title="Viviane Sassen">Viviane Sassen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shirana_Shahbazi" title="Shirana Shahbazi">Shirana Shahbazi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some recent contemporary photographers include <a href="/wiki/Petra_Collins" title="Petra Collins">Petra Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juno_Calypso" title="Juno Calypso">Juno Calypso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilana_Panich-Linsman" title="Ilana Panich-Linsman">Ilana Panich-Linsman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delphine_Fawundu" title="Delphine Fawundu">Delphine Fawundu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Neshat" title="Shirin Neshat">Shirin Neshat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Calle" title="Sophie Calle">Sophie Calle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Aguilar" title="Laura Aguilar">Laura Aguilar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genevi%C3%A8ve_Cadieux" title="Geneviève Cadieux">Genevieve Cadieux</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1903, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Barton_(photographer)" title="Emma Barton (photographer)">Emma Barton</a> (1872–1938) was the first woman to be awarded the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Photographic_Society" title="Royal Photographic Society">Royal Photographic Society</a> medal. It was for a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_print" title="Carbon print">carbon print</a> entitled <i>The Awakening</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Photography" title="Pulitzer Prize for Photography">Pulitzer Prize for Photography</a> has been awarded to outstanding work in press photography since 1942. The first woman to receive the award was <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Schau" title="Virginia Schau">Virginia Schau</a> (1915–1989), an amateur who photographed two men being rescued from a tractor trailer cab as it dangled from a bridge in <a href="/wiki/Redding,_California" title="Redding, California">Redding, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, Marcia Reed (born 1948), the first female still photographer to join the <a href="/wiki/International_Cinematographers_Guild" title="International Cinematographers Guild">International Cinematographers Guild</a> also became the first women to win the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Operating_Cameramen" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Operating Cameramen">Society of Operating Cameramen</a> Lifetime Achievement Award for Still Photography in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">List of women photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women_in_photography" title="Timeline of women in photography">Timeline of women in photography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The book, with text by Elizabeth McCausland, was republished in 1973 as <i>New York in the Thirties</i>; in 1997 a much larger selection was published as <i>Berenice Abbott: Changing New York.</i></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Newhall1982-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newhall1982_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNewhall1982" class="citation book cs1">Newhall, Beaumont (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q9xTAAAAMAAJ"><i>The history of photography: from 1839 to the present</i></a>. Museum of Modern Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87070-381-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87070-381-2"><bdi>978-0-87070-381-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+photography%3A+from+1839+to+the+present&rft.pub=Museum+of+Modern+Art&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-87070-381-2&rft.aulast=Newhall&rft.aufirst=Beaumont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq9xTAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+photographers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckland1980-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buckland1980_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckland1980" class="citation book cs1">Buckland, Gail (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OtBTAAAAMAAJ"><i>Fox Talbot and the invention of photography</i></a>. D. R. Godine. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87923-307-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87923-307-5"><bdi>978-0-87923-307-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fox+Talbot+and+the+invention+of+photography&rft.pub=D.+R.+Godine&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-87923-307-5&rft.aulast=Buckland&rft.aufirst=Gail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOtBTAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+photographers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maev Kennedy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/dec/09/bodleian-library-bid-fox-talbot-archive">"Bodleian Library launches £2.2m bid to stop Fox Talbot archive going overseas"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, 9 December 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohata2018" class="citation web cs1">Bohata, K (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa50203/Download/0050203-19092019095522.pdf">"Pioneers and Radicals: The Dillwyn Family's Transatlantic Tradition of Dissent and Innovation. Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pioneers+and+Radicals%3A+The+Dillwyn+Family%27s+Transatlantic+Tradition+of+Dissent+and+Innovation.+Transactions+of+the+Honourable+Society+of+Cymmrodorion&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Bohata&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcronfa.swan.ac.uk%2FRecord%2Fcronfa50203%2FDownload%2F0050203-19092019095522.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+photographers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marien2006-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marien2006_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarien2006" class="citation book cs1">Marien, Mary Warner (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NsolmLbz8igC&pg=PA35"><i>Photography: A Cultural History</i></a>. Laurence King Publishing. pp. 35–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85669-493-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85669-493-3"><bdi>978-1-85669-493-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Photography%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.pages=35-&rft.pub=Laurence+King+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85669-493-3&rft.aulast=Marien&rft.aufirst=Mary+Warner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNsolmLbz8igC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+photographers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Pritchard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpritchard.com/photohistory/history/llewelyn.htm">"Llewelyn, John Dillwyn"</a>, Michael Pritchard. Retrieved 11 April 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopstock,_Katrin" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hopstock, Katrin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speyer.de/sv_speyer/de/Leben%20in%20Speyer/Frauen/Historische%20Frauenspuren%20in%20Speyer/M%C3%B6llinger,%20Franziska/">"Franziska Möllinger"</a> (in German). Speyer.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Franziska+M%C3%B6llinger&rft.pub=Speyer.de&rft.au=Hopstock%2C+Katrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.speyer.de%2Fsv_speyer%2Fde%2FLeben%2520in%2520Speyer%2FFrauen%2FHistorische%2520Frauenspuren%2520in%2520Speyer%2FM%25C3%25B6llinger%2C%2520Franziska%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+photographers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fotostiftung-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fotostiftung_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222140144/http://www.fotostiftung.ch/de/archive-spezialsammlungen/index-der-fotografinnen/fotografin/?no_cache=1&tx_mssccumulus_msscphotographerlist%5Bfotograf%5D=1746&tx_mssccumulus_msscphotographerlist%5BimgId%5D=&tx_mssccumulus_msscphotographerlist%5Bletter%5D=G&tx_mssccumulus_msscphotographerlist%5Baction%5D=show&tx_mssccumulus_msscphotographerlist%5Bcontroller%5D=Photographer&cHash=e239a32ff866cd45feb51d628a037ec7">"Gossauer, Alwina"</a> (in German). fotostiftung.ch. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fotostiftung.ch/de/archive-spezialsammlungen/index-der-fotografinnen/fotografin/?no_cache=1&tx_mssccumulus_msscphotographerlist%5Bfotograf%5D=1746&tx_mssccumulus_msscphotographerlist%5BimgId%5D=&tx_mssccumulus_msscphotographerlist%5Bletter%5D=G&tx_mssccumulus_msscphotographerlist%5Baction%5D=show&tx_mssccumulus_msscphotographerlist%5Bcontroller%5D=Photographer&cHash=e239a32ff866cd45feb51d628a037ec7">the original</a> on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved 12 April 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFtextetexte1855" class="citation web cs1">texte, Cercle de la librairie (France) Auteur du; texte, Bibliothèque nationale (France) Auteur du (17 November 1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6205312g">"Bibliographie de la France : ou Journal général de l'imprimerie et de la librairie"</a>. <i>Gallica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Der Oberbürgermeister, Gleichstellungsbeauftragte für Frau und Mann, Dresden 2005, page 32. <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> Retrieved 12 April 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bake-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bake_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamburg.de/clp/frauenbiografien-namensregister/clp1/hamburgde/onepage.php?BIOID=3209&qR=E&PR=1">Rita Bake, "Emilie Bieber"</a>, Hamburg.de. <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> Retrieved 12 April 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depthoffield.universiteitleiden.nl/2035f06nl/">"Depth of Field | Scherptediepte"</a>. <i>depthoffield.universiteitleiden.nl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ett yrkes åttioårshistoria i Karlstad.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dahlman, Eva: Kvinnliga pionjärer, osynliga i fotohistorien</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://malmomuseer.se/thumbnails.php?album=26">"Hilda Sjölin"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090607043137/http://malmomuseer.se/thumbnails.php?album=26">Archived</a> 7 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Malmö Museer. <span class="languageicon">(in Swedish)</span> Retrieved 12 April 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/sqvinnor/0012.html">Wilhelmina Stålberg, P. 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Frick Collection. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782080135773" title="Special:BookSources/9782080135773"><bdi>9782080135773</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57344-874-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57344-874-1"><bdi>978-1-57344-874-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Queer+Encyclopedia+of+the+Visual+Arts&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57344-874-1&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+photographers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard2012" class="citation web cs1">Bernard, Marie Lyn (27 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.autostraddle.com/artists-attack-ten-contemporary-lesbian-photographers-you-should-know-about-133560/">"Artists Attack! Ten Lesbian Photographers You Should Know (About)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Autostraddle" title="Autostraddle">Autostraddle</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Autostraddle&rft.atitle=Artists+Attack%21+Ten+Lesbian+Photographers+You+Should+Know+%28About%29&rft.date=2012-02-27&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=Marie+Lyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.autostraddle.com%2Fartists-attack-ten-contemporary-lesbian-photographers-you-should-know-about-133560%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+photographers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuzzarelli2018" class="citation journal cs1">Muzzarelli, Federica (2 October 2018). "Women Photographers and Female Identities: Annemarie Schwarzenbach, New Dandy and Lesbian Chic Icon". <i>Visual Resources</i>. <b>34</b> (3–4): 265–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01973762.2018.1444129">10.1080/01973762.2018.1444129</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0197-3762">0197-3762</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195016494">195016494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Visual+Resources&rft.atitle=Women+Photographers+and+Female+Identities%3A+Annemarie+Schwarzenbach%2C+New+Dandy+and+Lesbian+Chic+Icon&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=265-292&rft.date=2018-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195016494%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0197-3762&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01973762.2018.1444129&rft.aulast=Muzzarelli&rft.aufirst=Federica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+photographers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEloitKatz2011" class="citation web cs1">Eloit, Ilana; Katz, Jonathan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/22331754">"Lesbians Seeing Lesbians: Building Community in Early Feminist Photography. A historical perspective on the Leslie/Lohman Museum of Gay and Lesbian Art exhibition"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lesbians+Seeing+Lesbians%3A+Building+Community+in+Early+Feminist+Photography.+A+historical+perspective+on+the+Leslie%2FLohman+Museum+of+Gay+and+Lesbian+Art+exhibition&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Eloit&rft.aufirst=Ilana&rft.au=Katz%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F22331754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+photographers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolton1989" class="citation book cs1">Bolton, Richard, ed. (1989). <i>The Contest of meaning : critical histories of photography</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0262022885" title="Special:BookSources/0262022885"><bdi>0262022885</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19324489">19324489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Contest+of+meaning+%3A+critical+histories+of+photography&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19324489&rft.isbn=0262022885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+photographers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sounds.bl.uk/Arts-literature-and-performance/Art-photography-and-architecture/021M-C0459X0046XX-1200V0">"Art, photography & architecture: Wilmer, Val (12 of 13). Oral History of British Photography"</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, Sounds.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amanda Hopkinson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/sep/21/raissa-page-obituary">"Raissa Page obituary"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 21 September 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpt.qedstudio.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/format-photographers.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Format Photographers Agency 1983–2003"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>qedstudio.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=qedstudio.com&rft.atitle=%22Format+Photographers+Agency+1983%E2%80%932003%22.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpt.qedstudio.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F08%2Fformat-photographers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+photographers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photofusion.org/exhibitions/ultimate-format/">"Ultimate Format | Format Women Photographers 1983 – 2003"</a>, Photofusion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/people/leibovitz-annie.html">"Annie Leibovitz"</a>, Infoplease. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/people/sherman-cindy.html">"Cindy Sherman"</a>, Infoplease. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/03/arts/design/the-resurgence-of-women-only-art-shows.html">"Female Artists Are (Finally) Getting Their Turn"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 29 March 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Female+Artists+Are+%28Finally%29+Getting+Their+Turn&rft.date=2016-03-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F04%2F03%2Farts%2Fdesign%2Fthe-resurgence-of-women-only-art-shows.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+photographers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/visual-arts/women-in-photography-explores-diverse-possibilities-of-familiar-medium/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Women in Photography' explores diverse possibilities of familiar medium"</a>. <i>The Seattle Times</i>. 29 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=%27Women+in+Photography%27+explores+diverse+possibilities+of+familiar+medium&rft.date=2017-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fvisual-arts%2Fwomen-in-photography-explores-diverse-possibilities-of-familiar-medium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+photographers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedewald2014" class="citation book cs1">Friedewald, Boris (2014). <i>Women Photographers: From Julia Margaret Cameron to Cindy Sherman</i>. London: Prestel Publishing Ltd. pp. 8–226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-8466-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-8466-5"><bdi>978-3-7913-8466-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Photographers%3A+From+Julia+Margaret+Cameron+to+Cindy+Sherman&rft.place=London&rft.pages=8-226&rft.pub=Prestel+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-7913-8466-5&rft.aulast=Friedewald&rft.aufirst=Boris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+photographers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1435336/the-awakening-photographs-barton-emma/4">"The Awakening"</a>, The Royal Photographic Society Collection at the V&A, V&A Search the Collections. Retrieved 1 May 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Van Riper, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/photo/galleries/essays/001229.htm">"Pulitzer Pictures: Capturing the Moment"</a>, Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 26 May 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socawards.com/past-soc-lifetime-achievement-awards/">"PAST SOC LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT AWARDS"</a>. <i>socawards.com</i>. 6 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=socawards.com&rft.atitle=PAST+SOC+LIFETIME+ACHIEVEMENT+AWARDS&rft.date=2014-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocawards.com%2Fpast-soc-lifetime-achievement-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+photographers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGover1988" class="citation book cs1">Gover, C. J. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pgS38ImtQGgC&pg=PA6"><i>The Positive Image: Women Photographers in Turn-Of-The-Century America</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0457-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0457-8"><bdi>978-1-4384-0457-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Positive+Image%3A+Women+Photographers+in+Turn-Of-The-Century+America&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-0457-8&rft.aulast=Gover&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpgS38ImtQGgC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+photographers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeronWilliams1996" class="citation book cs1">Heron, Liz; Williams, Val (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BQDe2iORWp4C"><i>Illuminations: Women Writing on Photography from the 1850s to the Present</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-041-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-041-4"><bdi>978-1-86064-041-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illuminations%3A+Women+Writing+on+Photography+from+the+1850s+to+the+Present&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-041-4&rft.aulast=Heron&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft.au=Williams%2C+Val&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBQDe2iORWp4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+photographers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirsch2008" class="citation book cs1">Hirsch, Robert (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vs84AQAAIAAJ"><i>Seizing the Light: A Social History of Photography</i></a>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-337921-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-337921-0"><bdi>978-0-07-337921-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seizing+the+Light%3A+A+Social+History+of+Photography&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-07-337921-0&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVs84AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+photographers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lahs-Gonzales, Olivia, and Lucy Lippard. <i>Defining eye: women photographers of the 20th century: selections from the Helen Kornblum collection</i>. The Saint Louis Art Museum, 1997.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewhall1982" class="citation book cs1">Newhall, Beaumont (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q9xTAAAAMAAJ"><i>The History of Photography: from 1839 to the present</i></a>. Museum of Modern Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87070-381-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87070-381-2"><bdi>978-0-87070-381-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Photography%3A+from+1839+to+the+present&rft.pub=Museum+of+Modern+Art&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-87070-381-2&rft.aulast=Newhall&rft.aufirst=Beaumont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq9xTAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+photographers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenblum2010" class="citation book cs1">Rosenblum, Naomi (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tnlLAQAAIAAJ"><i>A History of Women Photographers</i></a>. Abbeville Press Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780789209986" title="Special:BookSources/9780789209986"><bdi>9780789209986</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Women+Photographers&rft.pub=Abbeville+Press+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780789209986&rft.aulast=Rosenblum&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtnlLAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+photographers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan1990" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Constance (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I0NYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Women Photographers</i></a>. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-3950-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-3950-9"><bdi>978-0-8109-3950-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Photographers&rft.pub=Abrams&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-3950-9&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI0NYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+photographers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2007" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Roger (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DnfBcmW-OkYC"><i>Impressed by Light: British Photographs from Paper Negatives, 1840 – 1860 ; [this Publication Accompanies the Exhibition ... Held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, September 24 - December 30, 2007 ... and the Musée D'Orsay, Paris, May 26 - September 7, 2008]</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-225-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-225-1"><bdi>978-1-58839-225-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Impressed+by+Light%3A+British+Photographs+from+Paper+Negatives%2C+1840+%E2%80%93+1860+%3B+%5Bthis+Publication+Accompanies+the+Exhibition+...+Held+at+the+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art%2C+New+York%2C+September+24+-+December+30%2C+2007+...+and+the+Mus%C3%A9e+D%27Orsay%2C+Paris%2C+May+26+-+September+7%2C+2008%5D&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58839-225-1&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDnfBcmW-OkYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+photographers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker1973" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Anne (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womanseye0000tuck"><i>The Woman's Eye</i></a></span>. Knopf, distributed by Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-48678-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-48678-9"><bdi>978-0-394-48678-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Woman%27s+Eye&rft.pub=Knopf%2C+distributed+by+Random+House&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-394-48678-9&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomanseye0000tuck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+photographers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Williams, Val. <i>Women photographers: the other observers 1900 to the present</i>. Virago Press, 1986.</li> <li>"Finding Aid to the Joan E. Biren Papers, 1944–2011." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/sophiasmith/mnsss511.html">Five College Archive and Manuscripts Collections.</a> Retrieved 18 April 2019.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_photographers&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/news/what-was-it-like-to-be-woman-photographer-19th-20th-centuries/">What Was It Like to Be a Woman Photographer in the 19th and 20th Centuries?</a> - Q&A by the <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum" title="J. Paul Getty Museum">J. Paul Getty Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e4daed;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Legal_rights_of_women_in_history" title="Legal rights of women in history">legal rights</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_animal_advocacy" title="Women and animal advocacy">Animal advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Female entrepreneur">Female entrepreneur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_representation_on_corporate_boards_of_directors" title="Gender representation on corporate boards of directors">Gender representation on corporate boards of directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_business" title="Women in business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_development" title="Women in development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_explorers_and_travelers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of female explorers and travelers">Explorers and travelers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womyn" title="Womyn">Womyn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_government" title="Women in government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Conservatives in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elected_or_appointed_female_heads_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="List of elected or appointed female heads of government">heads of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elected_and_appointed_female_heads_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="List of elected and appointed female heads of state">heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_queens_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="List of queens regnant">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_journalism_and_media_professions" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in journalism and media professions">Journalism and the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law" title="Women in law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law_enforcement" title="Women in law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Nobel_laureates" title="List of female Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_positions_of_power" title="Women in positions of power">Positions of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_venture_capital" title="Women in venture capital">Venture capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence and abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Voting rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Workforce</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:1.0em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(heavy_pink).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus symbol"><img alt="Venus symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e4daed;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_science" title="Women in science">Science</a></li><li>Technology</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_computing" title="Women in computing">Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_engineering" title="Women in engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_geology" title="Women in geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_medicine" title="Women in medicine">Medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dentistry" title="Women in dentistry">dentistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dentistry_in_the_United_States" title="Women in dentistry in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_for_women_in_science" title="List of organizations for women in science">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_science" title="Women in science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_STEM_fields" title="Women in STEM fields">Science, technology, engineering and mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_space" title="Women in space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_telegraphy" title="Women in telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e4daed;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Arts</li><li>Humanities</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_architecture" title="Women in architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_art_history_field" title="Women in the art history field">Art history field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dance" title="Women in dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_film" title="Women in film">Film industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Chick flicks">"Chick flicks"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's films">Films about women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_cinema" title="Women's cinema">Film directors, cinematographers and screenwriters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Fine arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_writing_(literary_category)" title="Women's writing (literary category)">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_philosophy" title="Women in philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_jazz" title="Women in jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_punk_rock" title="Women in punk rock">Punk rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Shakespeare%27s_works" title="Women in Shakespeare's works">In Shakespeare's works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e4daed;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in religion">Religion</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_as_theological_figures" title="Women as theological figures">Theological figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_gender_equality" title="Baháʼí Faith and gender equality">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Christianity" title="Women in Christianity">Christianity</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Women_and_Mormonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Women and Mormonism">Mormonism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Opus_Dei" title="Women in Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a> )</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Daoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Daoism">Daoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Judaism" title="Women in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e4daed;;width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_comics_creators" title="Female comics creators">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_women_in_American_comics" title="Portrayal of women in American comics">Portrayal in American comics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_film" title="Women in film">Film industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy#In_fiction" title="Women in piracy">Fictional pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_video_games" title="Women and video games">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_representation_in_video_games" title="Gender representation in video games">Gender representation in video games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e4daed;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_baseball" title="Women in baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_association_football" title="Women's association football">Football/soccer</a></li> <li>Rodeo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_tennis" title="Women's tennis">Tennis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#C9A0DC;"><div id="By_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's rights in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Albania" title="Women in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Algeria" title="Women in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Andorra" title="Women in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Angola" title="Women in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Argentina" title="Women in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Armenia" title="Women in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Australia" title="Women in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Azerbaijan" title="Women in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bahrain" title="Women in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bangladesh" title="Women in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Belgium" title="Women in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Benin" title="Women in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bhutan" title="Women in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Women in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Brunei" title="Women in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bulgaria" title="Women in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cambodia" title="Women in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Bolivia" title="Gender inequality in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Women in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Chad" title="Women in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Chile" title="Women in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's rights in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Croatia" title="Women in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's rights in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cyprus" title="Women in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Women_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Women in Northern Cyprus">North</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Women in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ecuador" title="Women in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Egypt" title="Women in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_El_Salvador" title="Gender inequality in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_East_Timor" title="Women in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ethiopia" title="Women in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Women in the Federated States of Micronesia">FS Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Fiji" title="Women in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Finland" title="Women in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_France" title="Women in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Women in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ghana" title="Women in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Greece" title="Women in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women_in_Guatemala" title="Violence against women in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Guyana" title="Women in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's rights in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Honduras" title="Gender inequality in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iceland" title="Women in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia" title="Women in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iraq" title="Women in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Israel" title="Women in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Women in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Jordan" title="Women in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kazakhstan" title="Women in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kenya" title="Women in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kiribati" title="Women in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kuwait" title="Women in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Women in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Laos" title="Women in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Libya" title="Women in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Madagascar" title="Women in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Malaysia" title="Women in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Maldives" title="Women in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mali" title="Women in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mauritania" title="Women in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mauritius" title="Women in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mexico" title="Women in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mongolia" title="Women in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Morocco" title="Women in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nepal" title="Women in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Niger" title="Women in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nigeria" title="Women in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_North_Korea" title="Women in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Oman" title="Women in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Palau" title="Women in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Panama" title="Women in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Paraguay" title="Women in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Peru" title="Women in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Poland" title="Women in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Portugal" title="Women in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Qatar" title="Women in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Women's rights in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Women in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Senegal" title="Women in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Seychelles" title="Women in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Women in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Singapore" title="Women in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Spain" title="Women in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Somalia" title="Women in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Africa" title="Women in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Sudan" title="Women in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Suriname" title="Women in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Gender roles in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sweden" title="Women in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Taiwan" title="Women in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tajikistan" title="Women in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Thailand" title="Women in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tonga" title="Women in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tunisia" title="Women in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkmenistan" title="Women in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tuvalu" title="Women in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uganda" title="Women in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's rights in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Women in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_women" class="mw-redirect" title="United States women">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uruguay" title="Women in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uzbekistan" title="Women in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vanuatu" title="Women in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Venezuela" title="Women in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Yemen" title="Women in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#C9A0DC;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/16px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" 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