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id="toc-Naval_convoys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Age_of_Sail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_Sail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Age of Sail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_Sail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atlantic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atlantic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Atlantic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atlantic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Pacific</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Tactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Convoy_battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convoy_battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Convoy battles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convoy_battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Post-World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road_convoys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_convoys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Road convoys</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Road_convoys-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Road convoys subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Road_convoys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Humanitarian_aid_convoys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanitarian_aid_convoys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Humanitarian aid convoys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanitarian_aid_convoys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Truckers'_convoys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Truckers'_convoys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Truckers' convoys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Truckers'_convoys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_convoy_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_convoy_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Special convoy rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_convoy_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storm_convoys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storm_convoys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Storm convoys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storm_convoys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Official history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قافلة أمنية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قافلة أمنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karvan_(n%C9%99qliyyat)" title="Karvan (nəqliyyat) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karvan (nəqliyyat)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comboi" title="Comboi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comboi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvoj" title="Konvoj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konvoj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llynges_osgordd" title="Llynges osgordd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llynges osgordd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvoj" title="Konvoj – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konvoj" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voor_(transport)" title="Voor (transport) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Voor (transport)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Convoy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karavano" title="Karavano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karavano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konboi" title="Konboi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Konboi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoi_(transport)" title="Convoi (transport) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Convoi (transport)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conbhua" title="Conbhua – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Conbhua" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EC%86%A1" title="호송 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호송" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvoj" title="Konvoj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Konvoj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="שיירה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvoj" title="Konvoj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Konvoj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvooi" title="Konvooi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Konvooi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvoy" title="Konvoy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Konvoy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konw%C3%B3j" title="Konwój – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konwój" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comboio_militar" title="Comboio militar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comboio militar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolona" title="Kolona – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kolona" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Convoy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvoj_(organizovan%C3%A1_skupina_vozidiel)" title="Konvoj (organizovaná skupina vozidiel) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Konvoj (organizovaná skupina vozidiel)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvoj" title="Konvoj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Konvoj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98" title="Конвој – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Конвој" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvoj" title="Konvoj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konvoj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saattue" title="Saattue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saattue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvoj" title="Konvoj – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konvoj" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komboy" title="Komboy – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Komboy" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvoy_(ta%C5%9F%C4%B1t)" title="Konvoy (taşıt) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Konvoy (taşıt)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%A4%E8%88%AA%E9%98%9F" title="护航队 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="护航队" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q370330#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Convoy" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Convoy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Convoy (disambiguation)">Convoy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about an organised group of separate vehicles traveling together. For connected vehicles, see <a href="/wiki/Road_train" title="Road train">road train</a>. For an organised group of vehicles only following a lead, see <a href="/wiki/Motorcade" title="Motorcade">motorcade</a>. For a group of separate vehicles where each follows another, see <a href="/wiki/Platoon_(automobile)" title="Platoon (automobile)">platoon (automobile)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Convoy_Operations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Convoy_Operations.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Convoy_Operations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Convoy_Operations.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Convoy_Operations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Convoy_Operations.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Convoy_Operations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2944" data-file-height="1912" /></a><figcaption>A convoy of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> trucks in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>convoy</b> is a group of <a href="/wiki/Vehicle" title="Vehicle">vehicles</a>, typically motor vehicles or ships, traveling together for mutual support and protection. Often, a convoy is organized with armed defensive support and can help maintain cohesion within a unit. It may also be used in a non-military sense, for example when driving through remote areas. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Naval units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Air units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Combat systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Development:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">Aerospace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-quarters_battle" title="Close-quarters battle">CQC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay-behind" title="Stay-behind">Stay-behind</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle" title="Order of battle">Order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion" title="Draft evasion">Draft evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_and_sexism" title="Conscription and sexism">Conscription and sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">MOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">FOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belligerent" title="Belligerent">Belligerent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" 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engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">Battle cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></li> 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class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Books</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Military_Classics" title="Seven Military Classics">Seven Military Classics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_militari" title="De re militari">De re militari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategemata" title="Strategemata">Strategemata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_are_murderers" title="Soldiers are murderers">Soldiers are murderers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naval_convoys">Naval convoys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convoy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naval convoys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_of_Sail">Age of Sail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convoy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Age of Sail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Naval convoys have been in use for centuries, with examples of merchant ships traveling under naval protection dating to the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_companion_ships_sea_convoy_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_companion_ships_sea_convoy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of organized naval convoys dates from when ships began to be separated into specialist classes and national navies were established.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Companion_online_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Companion_online-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> of the late 18th century, effective <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">naval</a> convoy <a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">tactics</a> had been developed to ward off <a href="/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a>. Some convoys contained several hundred merchant ships. The most enduring system of convoys were the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleets</a>, that sailed from the 1520s until 1790. </p><p>When merchant ships sailed independently, a privateer could cruise a shipping lane and capture ships as they passed. Ships sailing in convoy presented a much smaller target: a convoy was as hard to find as a single ship. Even if the privateer found a convoy and the wind was favourable for an attack, it could still hope to capture only a handful of ships before the rest managed to escape, and a small escort of warships could easily thwart it. As a result of the convoy system's effectiveness, wartime insurance premiums were consistently lower for ships that sailed in convoys.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Companion_online_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Companion_online-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Naval_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battles">naval battles</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a> were fought around convoys, including: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Portland" title="Battle of Portland">Battle of Portland</a> (1653)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(1781)" title="Battle of Ushant (1781)">Battle of Ushant (1781)</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dogger_Bank_(1781)" title="Battle of Dogger Bank (1781)">Battle of Dogger Bank (1781)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Glorious_First_of_June" class="mw-redirect" title="The Glorious First of June">The Glorious First of June</a> (1794)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pulo_Aura" title="Battle of Pulo Aura">Battle of Pulo Aura</a> (1804)</li></ul> <p>By the end of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> had in place a sophisticated convoy system to protect merchant ships.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Companion_online_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Companion_online-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Losses of ships travelling out of convoy, however, were so high that no merchant ship was allowed to sail unescorted.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_companion_ships_sea_convoy_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_companion_ships_sea_convoy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convoy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoys in World War I</a></div> <p>In the early 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_(1906)" title="HMS Dreadnought (1906)">dreadnought</a> changed the balance of power in convoy battles. Steaming faster than merchant ships and firing at long ranges, a single <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a> could destroy many ships in a convoy before the others could scatter over the horizon. To protect a convoy against a capital ship required providing it with an escort of another capital ship, at very high <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_cost" title="Opportunity cost">opportunity cost</a> (i.e. potentially tying down multiple capital ships to defend different convoys against one opponent ship). </p><p>Battleships were the main reason that the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">British Admiralty</a> did not adopt convoy tactics at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">first Battle of the Atlantic</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. But the German capital ships had been bottled up in the North Sea, and the main threat to shipping came from <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a>. From a tactical point of view, World War I–era <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> were similar to privateers in the age of sail. These submarines were only a little faster than the merchant ships they were attacking, and capable of sinking only a small number of vessels in a convoy because of their limited supply of torpedoes and shells. The Admiralty took a long time to respond to this change in the tactical position, and in April 1917 convoys were trialled, before being officially introduced in the Atlantic in September 1917. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Convoys_during_the_First_World_War_Q19954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/British_Convoys_during_the_First_World_War_Q19954.jpg/220px-British_Convoys_during_the_First_World_War_Q19954.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/British_Convoys_during_the_First_World_War_Q19954.jpg/330px-British_Convoys_during_the_First_World_War_Q19954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/British_Convoys_during_the_First_World_War_Q19954.jpg/440px-British_Convoys_during_the_First_World_War_Q19954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2511" /></a><figcaption>British convoy in the Atlantic during World War I</figcaption></figure> <p>Other arguments against convoys were raised. The primary issue was the loss of productivity, as merchant shipping in convoy has to travel at the speed of the slowest vessel in the convoy and spent a considerable amount of time in ports waiting for the next convoy to depart. Further, large convoys were thought to overload port resources. </p><p>Actual analysis of shipping losses in World War I disproved all these arguments, at least so far as they applied to transatlantic and other long-distance traffic. Ships sailing in convoys were far less likely to be sunk, even when not provided with an escort. The loss of productivity due to convoy delays was small compared with the loss of productivity due to ships being sunk. Ports could deal more easily with convoys because they tended to arrive on schedule and so loading and unloading could be planned. </p><p>In his book <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Psychology_of_Military_Incompetence" title="On the Psychology of Military Incompetence">On the Psychology of Military Incompetence</a></i>, Norman Dixon suggested that the hostility towards convoys in the naval establishment were in part caused by a (sub-conscious) perception of convoys as effeminating, due to warships having to care for civilian merchant ships.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Convoy duty also exposes the escorting warships to the sometimes hazardous conditions of the North Atlantic, with only rare occurrences of visible achievement (i.e. fending off a submarine assault). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convoy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Convoys in World War II">Convoys in World War II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atlantic">Atlantic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convoy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Atlantic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Convoy_routes_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Convoy_routes_1941.jpg/220px-Convoy_routes_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Convoy_routes_1941.jpg/330px-Convoy_routes_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Convoy_routes_1941.jpg/440px-Convoy_routes_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption>Convoy routes in the Atlantic Ocean during 1941</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allied_convoy_underway_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean_near_Iceland,_circa_in_1942_(80-G-72409).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Allied_convoy_underway_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean_near_Iceland%2C_circa_in_1942_%2880-G-72409%29.jpg/220px-Allied_convoy_underway_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean_near_Iceland%2C_circa_in_1942_%2880-G-72409%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Allied_convoy_underway_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean_near_Iceland%2C_circa_in_1942_%2880-G-72409%29.jpg/330px-Allied_convoy_underway_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean_near_Iceland%2C_circa_in_1942_%2880-G-72409%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Allied_convoy_underway_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean_near_Iceland%2C_circa_in_1942_%2880-G-72409%29.jpg/440px-Allied_convoy_underway_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean_near_Iceland%2C_circa_in_1942_%2880-G-72409%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2780" data-file-height="2085" /></a><figcaption>Allied convoy near Iceland, 1942</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Convoy_in_Bedford_Basin,_Nova_Scotia_Convoi_dans_le_bassin_de_Bedford_(Nouvelle_%C3%89cosse)_(8640015819).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Convoy_in_Bedford_Basin%2C_Nova_Scotia_Convoi_dans_le_bassin_de_Bedford_%28Nouvelle_%C3%89cosse%29_%288640015819%29.jpg/250px-Convoy_in_Bedford_Basin%2C_Nova_Scotia_Convoi_dans_le_bassin_de_Bedford_%28Nouvelle_%C3%89cosse%29_%288640015819%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Convoy_in_Bedford_Basin%2C_Nova_Scotia_Convoi_dans_le_bassin_de_Bedford_%28Nouvelle_%C3%89cosse%29_%288640015819%29.jpg/330px-Convoy_in_Bedford_Basin%2C_Nova_Scotia_Convoi_dans_le_bassin_de_Bedford_%28Nouvelle_%C3%89cosse%29_%288640015819%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Convoy_in_Bedford_Basin%2C_Nova_Scotia_Convoi_dans_le_bassin_de_Bedford_%28Nouvelle_%C3%89cosse%29_%288640015819%29.jpg/500px-Convoy_in_Bedford_Basin%2C_Nova_Scotia_Convoi_dans_le_bassin_de_Bedford_%28Nouvelle_%C3%89cosse%29_%288640015819%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Allied convoy in <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Basin" title="Bedford Basin">Bedford Basin</a>, Nova Scotia on 1 April 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>The British adopted a convoy system, initially voluntary and later compulsory for almost all merchant ships, the moment that <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> was declared. Each convoy consisted of between 30 and 70 mostly unarmed merchant ships.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadian, and later American, supplies were vital for Britain to continue its war effort. The course of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a> was a long struggle as the Germans developed anti-convoy tactics and the British developed counter-tactics to thwart the Germans. </p><p>The capability of a heavily armed warship against a convoy was dramatically illustrated by the fate of <a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_84" title="Convoy HX 84">Convoy HX 84</a>. On November 5, 1940, the German heavy cruiser <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Admiral_Scheer" title="German cruiser Admiral Scheer"><i>Admiral Scheer</i></a> encountered the convoy. <i>Maiden</i>, <i>Trewellard</i>, and <i>Kenbame Head</i> were quickly destroyed, and <i>Beaverford</i> and <i>Fresno City</i> falling afterwards. Only the sacrifices of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Merchant_Cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Merchant Cruiser">armed merchant cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Jervis_Bay" title="HMS Jervis Bay">HMS <i>Jervis Bay</i></a> and the freighter <i>Beaverford</i> to stall the <i>Scheer</i>, in addition to failing light, allowed the rest of the convoy to escape. </p><p>The deterrence value of a battleship in protecting a convoy was also dramatically illustrated when the German light battleships (referred by some as battlecruisers) <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Scharnhorst" title="German battleship Scharnhorst"><i>Scharnhorst</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Gneisenau" title="German battleship Gneisenau"><i>Gneisenau</i></a>, mounting 11 in (28 cm) guns, came upon an eastbound British convoy (<a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_106" title="Convoy HX 106">HX 106</a>, with 41 ships) in the North Atlantic on February 8, 1941. When the Germans detected the slow but well-protected battleship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ramillies_(07)" title="HMS Ramillies (07)">HMS <i>Ramillies</i></a> escorting the convoy, they fled the scene rather than risk damage from her 15 in (38 cm) guns. </p><p>The enormous number of vessels involved and the frequency of engagements meant that statistical techniques could be applied to evaluate tactics: an early use of <a href="/wiki/Operational_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational research">operational research</a> in war. </p><p>Prior to overt participation in World War II, the US was actively engaged in convoys with the British in the North Atlantic Ocean, primarily supporting British activities in Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Germany declared war on the US, the US Navy decided not to organize convoys on the American eastern seaboard. US Fleet Admiral <a href="/wiki/Ernest_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest King">Ernest King</a> ignored advice on this subject from the British, as he had formed a poor opinion of the Royal Navy early in his career. The result was what the U-boat crews called their <a href="/wiki/Second_Happy_Time" title="Second Happy Time">Second Happy Time</a>, which did not end until convoys were introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Companion_online_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Companion_online-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pacific">Pacific</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convoy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pacific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></div> <p>In the Pacific Theater of World War II, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> merchant ships rarely traveled in convoys. Japanese destroyers were generally deficient in antisubmarine weaponry compared to their Allied counterparts, and the Japanese navy did not develop an inexpensive convoy escort like the Allies' <a href="/wiki/Destroyer_escort" title="Destroyer escort">destroyer escort</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> until it was too late. In the early part of the conflict, American submarines in the Pacific were ineffective as they suffered from timid tactics, faulty torpedoes, and poor deployment, while there were only small numbers of British and Dutch boats. U.S. Admiral <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Lockwood" title="Charles A. Lockwood">Charles A. Lockwood</a>'s efforts, coupled with strenuous complaints from his captains, rectified these problems and U.S. submarines became much more successful by war's end. As a result, the Japanese merchant fleet was <a href="/wiki/Allied_submarines_in_the_Pacific_War" title="Allied submarines in the Pacific War">largely destroyed</a> by the end of the war. Japanese submarines, unlike their U.S. and German equivalents, focused on U.S. battle fleets rather than merchant convoys, and while they did manage some early successes, sinking two U.S. carriers, they failed to significantly inhibit the invasion convoys carrying troops and equipment in support of the U.S. island-hopping campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Companion_online_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Companion_online-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several notable battles in the South Pacific involved Allied bombers interdicting Japanese troopship convoys which were often defended by Japanese fighters, notable <a href="/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Guadalcanal#Other_actions.2C_November_13.E2.80.9314" title="Naval Battle of Guadalcanal">Guadalcanal</a> (13 November 1942), <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Walker_(general)#Rabaul_5_January_1943" title="Kenneth Walker (general)">Rabaul</a> (5 January 1943), and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bismarck_Sea" title="Battle of the Bismarck Sea">Battle of the Bismarck Sea</a> (2–4 March 1943). </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Samar" title="Battle off Samar">Battle off Samar</a>, the effectiveness of the U.S. Navy's escorts was demonstrated when they managed to defend their troop convoy from a much larger and more powerful Japanese battle-fleet. The Japanese force comprised four battleships and numerous heavy cruisers, while the U.S. force consisted of escort carriers, destroyers, and destroyer escorts. Large numbers of American aircraft (albeit without much anti-ship ordnance other than torpedoes) and aggressive tactics of the destroyers (with their radar-directed gunfire) allowed the U.S. to sink three Japanese heavy cruisers at the cost of one escort carrier and three destroyers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tactics">Tactics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convoy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Convoy_WS-12_en_route_to_Cape_Town,_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Convoy_WS-12_en_route_to_Cape_Town%2C_1941.jpg/250px-Convoy_WS-12_en_route_to_Cape_Town%2C_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Convoy_WS-12_en_route_to_Cape_Town%2C_1941.jpg/330px-Convoy_WS-12_en_route_to_Cape_Town%2C_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Convoy_WS-12_en_route_to_Cape_Town%2C_1941.jpg/500px-Convoy_WS-12_en_route_to_Cape_Town%2C_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2140" data-file-height="1671" /></a><figcaption>A convoy of merchant ships protected by airplanes <i>en route</i> to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The German anti-convoy <a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics_in_the_Age_of_Steam" title="Naval tactics in the Age of Steam">tactics</a> included: </p> <ul><li>long-range surveillance aircraft to find convoys;</li> <li>strings of U-boats (<a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_(naval_tactic)" title="Wolfpack (naval tactic)">wolfpacks</a>) that could be directed onto a convoy by radio;</li> <li>breaking the British naval codes;</li> <li>improved anti-ship weapons, including magnetic detonators and sonic homing torpedoes.</li></ul> <p>The Allied responses included: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airstrike" title="Airstrike">air raids</a> on the U-boat bases at <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a>;</li> <li>converted merchant ships, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Merchant_aircraft_carrier" title="Merchant aircraft carrier">Merchant aircraft carriers</a>, <a href="/wiki/CAM_ship" title="CAM ship">Catapult Aircraft Merchantman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armed_merchantmen#Armed_merchant_cruisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed merchantmen">armed merchant cruisers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-ship" title="Q-ship">Q-ships</a>, submarine-hunters disguised as unarmed merchant ships to lure submarines into an attack</li> <li>more convoy escorts, including cheaply produced yet effective <a href="/wiki/Destroyer_escorts" class="mw-redirect" title="Destroyer escorts">destroyer escorts</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">corvettes</a> were meant as a stopgap), and <a href="/wiki/Escort_aircraft_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Escort aircraft carrier">escort carriers</a>;</li> <li>fighter aircraft (carried by escort carriers and merchant aircraft carriers) that would drive off German bombers and attack U-boats</li> <li>long-range aircraft patrols to find and attack U-boats;</li> <li>improved anti-submarine weapons such as the <a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_(weapon)" title="Hedgehog (weapon)">hedgehog</a>;<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_convoy_conference_in_progress,_August_1942._A11796.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/A_convoy_conference_in_progress%2C_August_1942._A11796.jpg/250px-A_convoy_conference_in_progress%2C_August_1942._A11796.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/A_convoy_conference_in_progress%2C_August_1942._A11796.jpg/330px-A_convoy_conference_in_progress%2C_August_1942._A11796.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/A_convoy_conference_in_progress%2C_August_1942._A11796.jpg/500px-A_convoy_conference_in_progress%2C_August_1942._A11796.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2346" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>A convoy conference in progress, August 1942</figcaption></figure></li> <li>larger convoys, allowing more escorts per convoy as well as the extraction of enough escorts to form hunter-killer support groups that were not attached to a particular convoy</li> <li>allocating vessels to convoys according to speed, so that faster ships were less exposed.</li></ul> <p>They were also aided by </p> <ul><li>improved <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">ASDIC</a>) allowing escort vessels to better track U-boats;</li> <li>breaking the <a href="/wiki/Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">German naval cipher</a>;</li> <li>improved <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_direction_finding" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio direction finding">radio direction finding</a> allowing planes to find and destroy U-boats;</li> <li>improved escort anti-submarine tactics developed by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Approaches_Tactical_Unit" title="Western Approaches Tactical Unit">Western Approaches Tactical Unit</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Convoy_battles">Convoy battles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convoy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Convoy battles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:80-G-24824_(21739024443).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/80-G-24824_%2821739024443%29.jpg/250px-80-G-24824_%2821739024443%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/80-G-24824_%2821739024443%29.jpg/330px-80-G-24824_%2821739024443%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/80-G-24824_%2821739024443%29.jpg/500px-80-G-24824_%2821739024443%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2699" data-file-height="2004" /></a><figcaption>The covering forces of the <a href="/wiki/Convoy_PQ_17" title="Convoy PQ 17">Convoy PQ 17</a> at anchor in the harbor at <a href="/wiki/Hvalfjord" class="mw-redirect" title="Hvalfjord">Hvalfjord</a>, Iceland, 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>Many naval battles of World War II were fought around convoys, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_PQ_16" title="Convoy PQ 16">Convoy PQ 16</a>, May 1942</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_PQ_17" title="Convoy PQ 17">Convoy PQ 17</a>, June–July 1942</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_PQ_18" title="Convoy PQ 18">Convoy PQ 18</a>, September 1942</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pedestal" title="Operation Pedestal">Operation Pedestal</a>, August 1942</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Guadalcanal" title="Naval Battle of Guadalcanal">Naval Battle of Guadalcanal</a>, November 1942</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barents_Sea" title="Battle of the Barents Sea">Battle of the Barents Sea</a>, December 1942</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bismarck_Sea" title="Battle of the Bismarck Sea">Battle of the Bismarck Sea</a>, March 1943</li></ul> <p>The convoy prefix indicates the route of the convoy. For example, 'PQ' would be Iceland to Northern Russia and 'QP' the return route. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convoy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The success of convoys as an anti-submarine tactic during the world wars can be ascribed to several reasons related to U-boat capabilities, the size of the ocean and convoy escorts. </p><p>In practice, <a href="/wiki/German_Type_VII_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type VII submarine">Type VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Type_IX_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type IX submarine">Type IX U-boats</a> were limited in their capabilities. Submerged speed and endurance was limited and not suited for overhauling many ships. Even a surfaced U-boat could take several hours to gain an attack position. Torpedo capacity was also restricted to around fourteen (Type VII) or 24 (Type IX), thus limiting the number of attacks that could be made, particularly when multiple firings were necessary for a single target. There was a real problem for the U-boats and their adversaries in finding each other; with a tiny proportion of the ocean in sight, without intelligence or radar, warships and even aircraft would be fortunate in coming across a submarine. The Royal Navy and later the United States Navy each took time to learn this lesson. Conversely, a U-boat's radius of vision was even smaller and had to be supplemented by regular long-range reconnaissance flights. </p><p>For both major allied navies, it had been difficult to grasp that, however large a convoy, its "footprint" (the area within which it could be spotted) was far smaller than if the individual ships had traveled independently. In other words, a submarine had less chance of finding a single convoy than if it were scattered as single ships. Moreover, once an attack had been made, the submarine would need to regain an attack position on the convoy. If, however, an attack were thwarted by escorts, even if the submarine had escaped damage, it would have to remain submerged for its own safety and might only recover its position after many hours' hard work. U-boats patrolling areas with constant and predictable flows of sea traffic, such as the United States Atlantic coast in early 1942, could dismiss a missed opportunity in the certain knowledge that another would soon present itself. </p><p>The destruction of submarines required their discovery, an improbable occurrence on aggressive patrols, by chance alone. Convoys, however, presented irresistible targets and could not be ignored. For this reason, the U-boats presented themselves as targets to the escorts with increasing possibility of destruction. In this way, the Ubootwaffe suffered severe losses, for little gain, when pressing pack attacks on well-defended convoys. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-World_War_II">Post-World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convoy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post-World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Hawes_(FFG-53),_USS_William_H._Standley_(CG-32)_and_USS_Guadalcanal_(LPH-7)_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_(6432283).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/USS_Hawes_%28FFG-53%29%2C_USS_William_H._Standley_%28CG-32%29_and_USS_Guadalcanal_%28LPH-7%29_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_%286432283%29.jpg/250px-USS_Hawes_%28FFG-53%29%2C_USS_William_H._Standley_%28CG-32%29_and_USS_Guadalcanal_%28LPH-7%29_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_%286432283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="237" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/USS_Hawes_%28FFG-53%29%2C_USS_William_H._Standley_%28CG-32%29_and_USS_Guadalcanal_%28LPH-7%29_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_%286432283%29.jpg/500px-USS_Hawes_%28FFG-53%29%2C_USS_William_H._Standley_%28CG-32%29_and_USS_Guadalcanal_%28LPH-7%29_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_%286432283%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="1910" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> vessels escorting the <a href="/wiki/Tanker_(ship)" title="Tanker (ship)">tanker</a> <i>Gas King</i> in 1987</figcaption></figure> <p>The largest convoy effort since World War II was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Earnest_Will" title="Operation Earnest Will">Operation Earnest Will</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy's</a> 1987–88 escort of reflagged <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwaiti</a> <a href="/wiki/Tanker_(ship)" title="Tanker (ship)">tankers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>. </p><p>In the present day, convoys are used as a tactic by navies to deter <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy in Somalia">pirates off the coast of Somalia</a> from capturing unarmed civilian freighters who would otherwise pose easy targets if they sailed alone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Road_convoys">Road convoys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convoy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Road convoys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Convoy_from_Baghdad_to_Kuwait_DVIDS310958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Convoy_from_Baghdad_to_Kuwait_DVIDS310958.jpg/250px-Convoy_from_Baghdad_to_Kuwait_DVIDS310958.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Convoy_from_Baghdad_to_Kuwait_DVIDS310958.jpg/330px-Convoy_from_Baghdad_to_Kuwait_DVIDS310958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Convoy_from_Baghdad_to_Kuwait_DVIDS310958.jpg/500px-Convoy_from_Baghdad_to_Kuwait_DVIDS310958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A convoy of <a href="/wiki/Stryker" title="Stryker">Strykers</a> traveling between <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> in 2010</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanitarian_aid_convoys">Humanitarian aid convoys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convoy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Humanitarian aid convoys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "convoy" is also associated with groups of road vehicles being driven, mostly by volunteers, to deliver <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian aid</a>, supplies, and—a stated objective in some cases—"solidarity".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s these convoys became common traveling from <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> to countries of the former <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, in particular <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, to deal with the aftermath of the wars there. They also travel to countries where standards of care in institutions such as orphanages are considered low by Western European standards, such as <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>; and where other disasters have led to problems, such as around the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. </p><p>The convoys are made possible partly by the relatively small geographic distances between the stable and affluent countries of Western Europe, and the areas of need in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and, in a few cases, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. They are often justified because although less directly cost-effective than mass freight transport, they emphasise the support of large numbers of small groups, and are quite distinct from multinational organisations such as <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> humanitarian efforts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Truckers'_convoys"><span id="Truckers.27_convoys"></span>Truckers' convoys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convoy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Truckers' convoys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Convoy_of_trucks_in_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Convoy_of_trucks_in_Afghanistan.jpg/220px-Convoy_of_trucks_in_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Convoy_of_trucks_in_Afghanistan.jpg/330px-Convoy_of_trucks_in_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Convoy_of_trucks_in_Afghanistan.jpg/440px-Convoy_of_trucks_in_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption>A convoy of civilian trucks waiting for <a href="/wiki/Security_forces" title="Security forces">security forces</a> to secure a stretch of road in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Truckers' convoys consisting of <a href="/wiki/Semi-trailer_truck" title="Semi-trailer truck">semi-trailer trucks</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Tank_truck" title="Tank truck">petrol tankers</a> are more similar to a <a href="/wiki/Caravan_(travellers)" title="Caravan (travellers)">caravan</a> than a military convoy. </p><p>Truckers' convoys were created as a byproduct of the U.S.' <a href="/wiki/National_Maximum_Speed_Law" title="National Maximum Speed Law">national 55 mph speed limit</a> and 18-wheelers becoming the prime targets of <a href="/wiki/Speed_trap" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed trap">speed traps</a>. Most truckers had difficult schedules to keep and as a result had to maintain a speed above the posted speed limit to reach their destinations on time. Convoys were started so that multiple trucks could run together at a high speed with the rationale being that if they passed a speed trap the police would only be able to pull over one of the trucks in the convoy. When driving on a highway, convoys are also useful to conserve fuel by <a href="/wiki/Drafting_(aerodynamics)" title="Drafting (aerodynamics)">drafting</a>. </p><p>The film <a href="/wiki/Convoy_(1978_film)" title="Convoy (1978 film)"><i>Convoy</i></a>, inspired by a 1975 <a href="/wiki/Convoy_(song)" title="Convoy (song)">song of the same name</a>, explores the camaraderie between <a href="/wiki/Truck_driver" title="Truck driver">truck drivers</a>, where the culture of the <a href="/wiki/CB_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="CB radio">CB radio</a> encourages truck drivers to travel in convoys. </p><p>Truck convoys are sometimes organized for <a href="/wiki/Fundraising" title="Fundraising">fundraising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">charity</a>, or promotional purposes. They can also be used as a form of <a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">protest</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest" title="Canada convoy protest">Canada convoy protest</a> in 2022. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_convoy_rights">Special convoy rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convoy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Special convoy rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marschbung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Marschbung.jpg/250px-Marschbung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Marschbung.jpg/330px-Marschbung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Marschbung.jpg/500px-Marschbung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>3. Einsatzeinheit of <a href="/wiki/German_Red_Cross" title="German Red Cross">German Red Cross</a> Freiburg Land preparing for a march under special convoy rights</figcaption></figure> <p>The Highway Code of several European countries (Norway, Italy, Greece, Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, possibly more) includes special rights for marked convoys. They have to be treated like a single vehicle. If the first vehicle has passed an intersection, all others may do so without interruption. If other road users overtake the convoy, they are not allowed to split into the queue. Clear and uniform marking has been required in court decisions for these rights to apply. Operating such convoy usually needs special permission, but there are exemptions for emergency and catastrophe intervention. Common practice is, to operate with the same style of marking as NATO convoys: <a href="/wiki/STANAG" class="mw-redirect" title="STANAG">STANAG</a> 2154 marking plus country-specific augmentation listed in Annex B to the STANAG.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> with its high number of military exercises, the military was the main user of convoy rights. Today, catastrophes like large-scale flooding might bring a high number of flagged convoys to the roads. Large-scale evacuations for the disarming of World War II bombs are another common reason for <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organization</a> (NGO) unit movements under convoy rights. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storm_convoys">Storm convoys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convoy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Storm convoys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Norway, "convoy driving" (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: <i lang="no">kolonnekjøring</i>) is used during winter in case weather is too bad for vehicles to pass on their own. Convoy driving is initiated when the strong wind quickly fills the road with snow behind snowplows, particularly on mountain passes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a limited number of vehicles are allowed for each convoy and convoy leader is obliged to decline vehicles not fit for the drive.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Storm convoys are prone to <a href="/wiki/Multiple-vehicle_collision" title="Multiple-vehicle collision">multiple-vehicle collision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Convoy driving is used through <a href="/wiki/Hardangervidda" title="Hardangervidda">Hardangervidda</a> pass on <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_National_Road_7" title="Norwegian National Road 7">road 7</a> during blizzards.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Convoy is sometimes used on road E134 at the highest and most exposed sections during bad weather.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On <a href="/wiki/European_route_E6" title="European route E6">European route E6</a> through <a href="/wiki/Saltfjellet" title="Saltfjellet">Saltfjellet</a> pass convoy driving is often used when wind speed is over 15–20 m/s (<a href="/wiki/Beaufort_scale" title="Beaufort scale">fresh or strong gale</a>) in winter conditions. During the winter of 1990 there was convoy driving for almost 500 hours at Saltfjellet<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convoy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camel_train" title="Camel train">Camel train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcade" title="Motorcade">Motorcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_escort" title="Police escort">Police escort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_train" title="Road train">Road train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling and schooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon_train" title="Wagon train">Wagon train</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convoy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_companion_ships_sea_convoy-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_companion_ships_sea_convoy_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_companion_ships_sea_convoy_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFI.C.B._Dear_and_Peter_Kemp2007" class="citation book cs1">I.C.B. Dear and Peter Kemp, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com.rp.nla.gov.au:2048/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t225.e673">"Convoy"</a>. <i>The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea</i>. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Convoy&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Ships+and+the+Sea&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+Reference+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com.rp.nla.gov.au%3A2048%2Fviews%2FENTRY.html%3Fsubview%3DMain%26entry%3Dt225.e673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvoy" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_Companion_online-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Companion_online_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Companion_online_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Companion_online_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Companion_online_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Companion_online_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobb-Webb2001" class="citation book cs1">Robb-Webb, Jon (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com.rp.nla.gov.au:2048/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t139.e316">"Convoy"</a>. In Richard Holmes (ed.). <i>The Oxford Companion to Military History</i>. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Convoy&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Military+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+Reference+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Robb-Webb&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com.rp.nla.gov.au%3A2048%2Fviews%2FENTRY.html%3Fsubview%3DMain%26entry%3Dt139.e316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvoy" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dixon, Dr. Norman F. <i>On the Psychology of Military Incompetence</i> Jonathan Cape Ltd 1976 / Pimlico 1994 pp. 210–211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ca/ontv/titledetails.aspx?titleid=248473">Convoy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719201429/http://www.history.ca/ontv/titledetails.aspx?titleid=248473">Archived</a> 2011-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <i>History Television.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConn1964" class="citation book cs1">Conn, Stetson (1964). <i>The Western Hemisphere, Guarding the United States and Its Outposts</i>. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. US Government Printing Office. p. 470.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Western+Hemisphere%2C+Guarding+the+United+States+and+Its+Outposts&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=470&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Chief+of+Military+History%2C+Department+of+the+Army.+US+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Conn&rft.aufirst=Stetson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Wrens-Wargames-North-Atlantic/">"Wrens, Wargames and the Battle of the Atlantic"</a>. <i>Historic UK</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historic+UK&rft.atitle=Wrens%2C+Wargames+and+the+Battle+of+the+Atlantic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historic-uk.com%2FHistoryUK%2FHistoryofBritain%2FWrens-Wargames-North-Atlantic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parkin, Simon (2020) "A Game of Birds and Wolves: The Ingenious Young Women Whose Secret Board Game Helped Win World War II." Little, Brown and Company</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070428163748/http://www.aidconvoy.net/links.htm">"Aid Convoy (charitable organisation) information on partners"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aidconvoy.net/links.htm">the original</a> on 2007-04-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aid+Convoy+%28charitable+organisation%29+information+on+partners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aidconvoy.net%2Flinks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annex B to STANAG 2154, "Differences in National Marking of Columns and Legal Rights" can be found on pp. 161 ff. of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://safety.korea.army.mil/Toolbox/Resources/Publications/fm55_30.pdf">FM 55-30</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150504115026/http://safety.korea.army.mil/Toolbox/Resources/Publications/fm55_30.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-05-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Linking to STANAG 2154 directly would be preferable. Anybody, who finds it in the public part of the Internet, is welcome to improve this link.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Videos showing <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Oo2xsZVHGQ">a convoy departure to the Elbe flood in Germany 2013</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jkDgXu3uNM">the return from EU exercise FloodEx 2009 in the Netherlands</a> illustrate this kind of operation practically. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vegvesen.no/om+statens+vegvesen/presse/Pressemeldingsarkiv/Vegdirektoratet/kolonnekj%C3%B8ring-slipp-lang-ventetid-sjekk-vegmeldingene-se-video">Kolonnekjøring</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160208014509/http://www.vegvesen.no/om+statens+vegvesen/presse/Pressemeldingsarkiv/Vegdirektoratet/kolonnekj%C3%B8ring-slipp-lang-ventetid-sjekk-vegmeldingene-se-video">Archived</a> 2016-02-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Statens Vegvesen (in Norwegian), published 19 March 2013, accessed 7 November 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160208015421/https://www.naf.no/tips-og-rad/bilferie-og-reise/reisetips/kolonnekjoring/">"Kolonnekjøring er vinterens utfordring"</a>. NAF. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naf.no/tips-og-rad/bilferie-og-reise/reisetips/kolonnekjoring/">the original</a> on 8 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kolonnekj%C3%B8ring+er+vinterens+utfordring&rft.pub=NAF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naf.no%2Ftips-og-rad%2Fbilferie-og-reise%2Freisetips%2Fkolonnekjoring%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrk.no/telemark/kjedekollisjon-under-kolonnekjoring-1.4570411">"Kollisjon under kolonnekjøring"</a>. NRK. 19 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kollisjon+under+kolonnekj%C3%B8ring&rft.date=2008-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrk.no%2Ftelemark%2Fkjedekollisjon-under-kolonnekjoring-1.4570411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dn.no/nyheter/politikkSamfunn/2015/10/27/1532/vegvesenet-gr-for-billig-veilsningen-p-hardangervidda">"Vegvesenet går for billig veiløsningen på Hardangervidda"</a>. Dagens Næringsliv. 27 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vegvesenet+g%C3%A5r+for+billig+veil%C3%B8sningen+p%C3%A5+Hardangervidda&rft.date=2015-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dn.no%2Fnyheter%2FpolitikkSamfunn%2F2015%2F10%2F27%2F1532%2Fvegvesenet-gr-for-billig-veilsningen-p-hardangervidda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160208021153/http://www.fvn.no/lokalt/setesdal/Kolonnekjoring-mellom-Hovden-og-Haukeli-2768248.html">"Kolonnekjøring mellom Hovden og Haukeli"</a>. Fædrelandsvennen. 26 February 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fvn.no/lokalt/setesdal/Kolonnekjoring-mellom-Hovden-og-Haukeli-2768248.html">the original</a> on 8 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kolonnekj%C3%B8ring+mellom+Hovden+og+Haukeli&rft.date=2015-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fvn.no%2Flokalt%2Fsetesdal%2FKolonnekjoring-mellom-Hovden-og-Haukeli-2768248.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStatens_vegvesen_Nordland2000" class="citation book cs1">Statens vegvesen Nordland (2000). <i>Ferdsel under Polarsirkelen</i>. Statens vegvesen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8299373814" title="Special:BookSources/978-8299373814"><bdi>978-8299373814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ferdsel+under+Polarsirkelen&rft.pub=Statens+vegvesen&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8299373814&rft.au=Statens+vegvesen+Nordland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convoy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Allard, Dean C. "Anglo-American Naval Differences During World War I." <i>Military Affairs: The Journal of Military History, Including Theory and Technology</i> (1980): 75–81. in JSTOR</li> <li>Crowhurst, R. Patrick. "The Admiralty and the Convoy System in the Seven Years War." <i>The Mariner's Mirror</i> (1971) 57#2 pp: 163–173.</li> <li>Gasslander, Olle. "The convoy affair of 1798." <i>Scandinavian Economic History Review</i> 2.1 (1954): 22–30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03585522.1954.10410492">abstract</a></li> <li>Herwig, Holger H., and David F. David. "The Failure of Imperial Germany's Undersea Offensive Against World Shipping, February 1917–October 1918." <i>Historian</i> (1971) 33#4 pp: 611–636. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150622235052/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6563.1971.tb01168.x/full">online</a></li> <li>Lewis, James Allen. <i>The Spanish convoy of 1750: heaven's hammer and international diplomacy</i> (Univ Press of Florida, 2009)</li> <li>Syrett, David. "The Organization Of British Trade Convoys during the American War, 1775–1783." <i>The Mariner's Mirror</i> (1976) 62#2 pp: 169–181. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00253359.1976.10658958">abstract</a></li> <li>Thompson, F. J. "The Merchant Ship in Convoy." <i>The RUSI Journal</i> 79.513 (1934): 69–86.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convoy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Connor, Guy, and Jeffrey L. Patrick. "On Convoy Duty in World War I: The Diary of Hoosier Guy Connor." <i>Indiana Magazine of History</i> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/view/11343/16395">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_2">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convoy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Edwards, Bernard. <i>The road to Russia: Arctic convoys 1942</i> (Leo Cooper Books, 2002)</li> <li>Forczyk, Robert. <i>Fw 200 Condor Vs Atlantic Convoy, 1941–1943</i> (Osprey Publishing, 2010)</li> <li>Hague, Arnold. <i>The allied convoy system, 1939–1945: its Organization, Defence and Operation</i> (Naval Institute Press, 2000)</li> <li>Kaplan, Philip, and Jack Currie. <i>Convoy: merchant sailors at war, 1939–1945</i> (Aurum Press, 1998)</li> <li>Middlebrook, Martin. <i>Convoy: the Battle for Convoys SC. 122 and HX. 229</i> (Allen Lane, 1976)</li> <li>Milner, Marc. "Convoy Escorts: Tactics, Technology and Innovation in the Royal Canadian Navy, 1939–1943." Military Affairs: The Journal of Military History, Including Theory and Technology (1984): 19–25.</li> <li>O'Hara, Vincent P. <i>In Passage Perilous: Malta and the Convoy Battles of June 1942</i> (Indiana University Press, 2012)</li> <li>Smith, Peter Charles. <i>Arctic Victory: The Story of Convoy PQ 18</i> (Kimber, 1975)</li> <li>Winton, John. <i>Convoy, The Defense of Sea Trade 1890–1990</i>, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7181-2163-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7181-2163-5">0-7181-2163-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Official_history">Official history</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convoy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Official history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Commander in Chief, United States Fleet, "Convoy and Routing." Washington, 1945. 147 pp., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/Admin-Hist/011-Convoy/index.html">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convoy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Convoys" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Convoys">Convoys</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.accesscomm.ca/shipwreck/index4.htm">Lists of convoy prefixes for both World Wars</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/index.html">Convoy web</a> – a comprehensive analysis of certain naval convoy routes</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060814035008/http://www.aidconvoy.net/">Aid Convoy</a> – a humanitarian aid charity running convoys</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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