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<li id="toc-Confederate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Confederate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confederate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The campaign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_campaign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The campaign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Mansfield" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Mansfield"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Battle of Mansfield</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Mansfield-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Pleasant_Hill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Pleasant_Hill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Battle of Pleasant Hill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Pleasant_Hill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Splitting_of_General_Taylor's_command" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Splitting_of_General_Taylor's_command"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Splitting of General Taylor's command</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Splitting_of_General_Taylor's_command-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banks'_retreat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banks'_retreat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Banks' retreat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banks'_retreat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagne_de_la_Red_River" title="Campagne de la Red River – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Campagne de la Red River" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagna_del_Red_River" title="Campagna del Red River – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campagna del Red River" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Riverveldtocht" title="Red Riverveldtocht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Red Riverveldtocht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E5%B7%9D%E6%96%B9%E9%9D%A2%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%A6" title="レッド川方面作戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レッド川方面作戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampania_na_Red_River" title="Kampania na Red River – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kampania na Red River" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кампания Ред-Ривер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кампания Ред-Ривер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_d%E1%BB%8Bch_Red_River" title="Chiến dịch Red River – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến dịch Red River" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2502519#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Red_River_campaign&params=32_0_39_N_93_39_54_W_region:US-LA_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°0′39″N</span> <span class="longitude">93°39′54″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.01083°N 93.66500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.01083; -93.66500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 1870 Canadian expedition under Colonel Garnet Wolseley, see <a href="/wiki/Wolseley_expedition" title="Wolseley expedition">Wolseley expedition</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military campaign during the American Civil War</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Red River campaign</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_soldier_in_our_Civil_War_-_a_pictorial_history_of_the_conflict,_1861-1865,_illustrating_the_valor_of_the_soldier_as_displayed_on_the_battle-field,_from_sketches_drawn_by_Forbes,_Waud,_Taylor,_(14576521457).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_soldier_in_our_Civil_War_-_a_pictorial_history_of_the_conflict%2C_1861-1865%2C_illustrating_the_valor_of_the_soldier_as_displayed_on_the_battle-field%2C_from_sketches_drawn_by_Forbes%2C_Waud%2C_Taylor%2C_%2814576521457%29.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_soldier_in_our_Civil_War_-_a_pictorial_history_of_the_conflict%2C_1861-1865%2C_illustrating_the_valor_of_the_soldier_as_displayed_on_the_battle-field%2C_from_sketches_drawn_by_Forbes%2C_Waud%2C_Taylor%2C_%2814576521457%29.jpg/450px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_soldier_in_our_Civil_War_-_a_pictorial_history_of_the_conflict%2C_1861-1865%2C_illustrating_the_valor_of_the_soldier_as_displayed_on_the_battle-field%2C_from_sketches_drawn_by_Forbes%2C_Waud%2C_Taylor%2C_%2814576521457%29.jpg/600px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Banks' army crossing the <a href="/wiki/Cane_River" title="Cane River">Cane River</a>, March 31, 1864</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Operational scope</th><td class="infobox-data">Strategic offensive</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Red_River_campaign&params=32_0_39_N_93_39_54_W_region:US-LA_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°0′39″N</span> <span class="longitude">93°39′54″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.01083°N 93.66500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.01083; -93.66500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Commanded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Nathaniel P. Banks</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Objective</th><td class="infobox-data">Capture of <a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">March 10 – May 22, 1864</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Executed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Gulf" title="Department of the Gulf">Department of the Gulf</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Outcome</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> victory</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Louisiana_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mansfield State Historic Site is located in Louisiana"><img alt="Mansfield State Historic Site is located in Louisiana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/USA_Louisiana_location_map.svg/300px-USA_Louisiana_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/USA_Louisiana_location_map.svg/450px-USA_Louisiana_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/USA_Louisiana_location_map.svg/600px-USA_Louisiana_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="1157" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:26.426%;left:9.554%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mansfield State Historic Site"><img alt="Mansfield State Historic Site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Mansfield State Historic Site</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Mansfield State Historic Site within Louisiana</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Red_River_Campaign" title="Template:Campaignbox Red River Campaign"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Red_River_Campaign" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Red River Campaign"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Red_River_Campaign" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Red River Campaign"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Red_River_campaign" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Red River campaign</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Louisiana</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_DeRussy" title="Battle of Fort DeRussy">Fort DeRussy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Henderson%27s_Hill" title="Battle of Henderson's Hill">Henderson's Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mansfield" title="Battle of Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pleasant_Hill" title="Battle of Pleasant Hill">Pleasant Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blair%27s_Landing" title="Battle of Blair's Landing">Blair's Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monett%27s_Ferry" title="Battle of Monett's Ferry">Monett's Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_26%E2%80%9327_April_1864" title="Action of 26–27 April 1864">26–27 April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actions_near_Alexandria" title="Actions near Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mansura" title="Battle of Mansura">Mansura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yellow_Bayou" title="Battle of Yellow Bayou">Yellow Bayou</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Camden_Expedition" title="Camden Expedition">Arkansas</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Elba" title="Battle of Mount Elba">Mount Elba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elkin%27s_Ferry" title="Battle of Elkin's Ferry">Elkin's Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prairie_D%27Ane" title="Battle of Prairie D'Ane">Prairie D' Ane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poison_Spring" title="Battle of Poison Spring">Poison Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marks%27_Mills" title="Battle of Marks' Mills">Marks' Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jenkins%27_Ferry" title="Battle of Jenkins' Ferry">Jenkins' Ferry</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Red River campaign</b>, also known as the <b>Red River expedition</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a major <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">offensive</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">campaign</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War">Trans-Mississippi theater</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the campaign taking place from March 10 to May 22, 1864. It was launched through the densely forested <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coastal_Plain" title="Gulf Coastal Plain">gulf coastal plain</a> region between the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Arkansas" title="Central Arkansas">central Arkansas</a> towards the end of the war. The offensive was intended to stop <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> use of the Louisiana port of <a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport</a>, open an outlet for the sugar and cotton of <a href="/wiki/North_Louisiana" title="North Louisiana">northern Louisiana</a>, and to split the Confederate lines, allowing the Union to <a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">encircle and destroy</a> the Confederate military forces in Louisiana and <a href="/wiki/South_Arkansas" title="South Arkansas">southern Arkansas</a>. It marked the last major offensive attempted by the Union in the Trans-Mississippi Theater. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">expedition</a> was a Union <a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">military operation</a>, fought between approximately 30,000 federal troops under the command of Major-General <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Nathaniel P. Banks</a>, and Confederate forces under General <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">E. Kirby Smith</a>, whose strength varied from 6,000 to 15,000. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mansfield" title="Battle of Mansfield">Battle of Mansfield</a> was a major part of the Union offensive campaign, which ended in defeat for General Banks. </p><p>The expedition was primarily the plan of Major General <a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Halleck" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry W. Halleck">Henry W. Halleck</a>, former General-in-Chief of the Armies of the United States. A diversion from Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>'s plan to surround the main Confederate armies by using Banks' <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Gulf" title="Army of the Gulf">Army of the Gulf</a> to capture <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>, it was characterized by poor planning and mismanagement, and led to bitter enmity between Major-General <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Richard Taylor</a> and his immediate superior, Kirby Smith, after Smith ordered Taylor to send half of his army to north to <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, rather than south in pursuit of Banks, following the battles of Mansfield and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pleasant_Hill" title="Battle of Pleasant Hill">Pleasant Hill</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Union_strategy">Union strategy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_campaign&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Union strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Union had four goals at the start of the campaign: </p> <ol><li>Capture of Shreveport,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the state capital and headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_Department" title="Trans-Mississippi Department">Trans-Mississippi Department</a>.</li> <li>Destroy Confederate forces in the District of West Louisiana commanded by General Richard Taylor.</li> <li>Confiscate as much as a hundred thousand bales of cotton from the plantations along Red River.</li> <li>Organize 'pro-Union' state governments throughout the region under <a href="/wiki/Ten_percent_plan" title="Ten percent plan">Lincoln's "ten percent" plan</a>.</li></ol> <p>Union strategists in Washington thought that the occupation of east Texas and control of the Red River would separate <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> from the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>. Texas was the source of much needed guns, food, and supplies for Confederate troops.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other historians have claimed that the campaign was also motivated by concern regarding the 25,000 French troops in Mexico sent by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> and under the command of <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Emperor Maximilian</a>. At the time, the Confederates offered to recognize the government of Maximillian in return for French recognition of the Confederacy; the Confederates also hoped to gain access to valuable war goods through this recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Banks' campaign on the Texas coast during November and December 1863 had satisfied U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, who wrote to Banks, "My thanks for your successful and valuable operations in Texas." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planning">Planning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_campaign&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Red_River_campaign" title="Special:EditPage/Red River campaign">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_River_Campaign_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Red_River_Campaign_map.jpg/220px-Red_River_Campaign_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Red_River_Campaign_map.jpg/330px-Red_River_Campaign_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Red_River_Campaign_map.jpg/440px-Red_River_Campaign_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Halleck's Plan for the expedition</figcaption></figure> <p>Halleck's plan, finalized in January 1864, called for Banks to take 20,000 troops up from <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana" title="Alexandria, Louisiana">Alexandria</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/47th_Pennsylvania_Infantry_Regiment" title="47th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment">47th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment</a>, the only regiment from the Keystone State to fight in this campaign, on a route up the <a href="/wiki/Bayou_Teche" title="Bayou Teche">Bayou Teche</a> (in Louisiana, the term <a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">bayou</a> is used to refer to a slow moving <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">stream</a>), where they would be met by 15,000 troops sent down from Major-General <a href="/wiki/William_T._Sherman" class="mw-redirect" title="William T. Sherman">William T. Sherman</a>'s forces in <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg, Mississippi</a>, and under the command of Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Smith" title="Andrew Jackson Smith">Andrew J. Smith</a>. Smith's forces were available to Banks only until the end of April, when they would be sent back east where they were needed for other Union military actions. </p><p>Banks would command this combined force of 35,000, which would be supported in its march up the Red River towards Shreveport by Rear-Admiral <a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">David Dixon Porter</a>'s fleet of <a href="/wiki/Gunboats" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunboats">gunboats</a>. At the same time, 7,000 Union troops from the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Arkansas">Department of Arkansas</a> under the command of Major-General <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Steele" title="Frederick Steele">Frederick Steele</a> would be sent south from Arkansas to rendezvous with Banks in his attack on Shreveport, and to serve as the <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a> for that city after its capture.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This plan was ready to be set in action in early March 1864, after somewhat belated communication initiated by Banks to inform Sherman and Porter of their roles in Halleck's strategy. Banks sent Sherman, Halleck, and Porter a report prepared by Major David Houston clearly showing the near impossibility of maintaining an occupation in Shreveport and east Texas without major resources. Most of Banks' men, accompanied by a large, poorly trained, cavalry force would march north toward the middle river. Banks would allow cotton speculators to come along, and Porter was bringing barges to collect cotton as lucrative naval prizes. </p><p>Senior staff officers of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a> were confused as to whether the Red River region, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Bay" title="Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a>, or coastal Texas was the primary objective of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union army</a> spring 1864 campaign. General E. Kirby Smith, commanding general of the Trans-Mississippi Department, nevertheless started moving many of his troops to the Shreveport area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposing_forces">Opposing forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_campaign&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Opposing forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nathaniel_P_Banks_by_Fredericks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nathaniel_P_Banks_by_Fredericks.jpg/170px-Nathaniel_P_Banks_by_Fredericks.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nathaniel_P_Banks_by_Fredericks.jpg/255px-Nathaniel_P_Banks_by_Fredericks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nathaniel_P_Banks_by_Fredericks.jpg/340px-Nathaniel_P_Banks_by_Fredericks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="1972" /></a><figcaption>Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Nathaniel P. Banks</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Gulf" title="Department of the Gulf">Department of the Gulf</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmund_Kirby_Smith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Edmund_Kirby_Smith.jpg/170px-Edmund_Kirby_Smith.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Edmund_Kirby_Smith.jpg/255px-Edmund_Kirby_Smith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Edmund_Kirby_Smith.jpg/340px-Edmund_Kirby_Smith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3001" data-file-height="4666" /></a><figcaption>Gen. <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">E. Kirby Smith</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_Department" title="Trans-Mississippi Department">Trans-Mississippi Department</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union">Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_campaign&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Campaign_Union_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red River Campaign Union order of battle">Red River Campaign Union order of battle</a></div> <p>The Union order of battle at the start of the campaign was as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Gulf" title="Department of the Gulf">Department of the Gulf</a></b></dd> <dd>Major-General <b><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Nathaniel P. Banks</a></b> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/XIX_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XIX Corps (Union Army)">19th Army Corps</a></b> (Major-General <a href="/wiki/William_B._Franklin" title="William B. Franklin">William B. Franklin</a>)</dd> <dd>Detachment of the <b><a href="/wiki/XIII_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XIII Corps (Union Army)">13th Army Corps</a></b> (Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._G._Ransom" title="Thomas E. G. Ransom">Thomas E. G. Ransom</a>)</dd> <dd>Detachment of the <b><a href="/wiki/XVI_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XVI Corps (Union Army)">16th</a></b> and <b><a href="/wiki/XVII_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XVII Corps (Union Army)">17th Army Corps</a></b> (Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Smith" title="Andrew Jackson Smith">Andrew J. Smith</a>)</dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Arkansas">Department of Arkansas</a></b> (Major-General <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Steele" title="Frederick Steele">Frederick Steele</a>)</dd> <dd>Artillery Reserve (Captain <a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Closson" title="Henry W. Closson">Henry W. Closson</a>)</dd> <dd>Cavalry Division (Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lindley_Lee" title="Albert Lindley Lee">Albert L. Lee</a>)</dd> <dd>1st Brigade, <b> <i><a href="/wiki/1st_Louisiana_Native_Guard_(Union)" title="1st Louisiana Native Guard (Union)">Corps D'Afrique</a></i> </b> (Colonel William H. Dickey)</dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Squadron" title="Mississippi River Squadron">Mississippi Squadron</a></b> (Rear-Admiral <a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">David D. Porter</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confederate">Confederate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_campaign&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Confederate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Campaign_Confederate_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red River Campaign Confederate order of battle">Red River Campaign Confederate order of battle</a></div> <p>The Confederate order of battle at the start of the campaign was as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_Department" title="Trans-Mississippi Department">Trans-Mississippi Department</a></b></dd> <dd>General <b><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">E. Kirby Smith</a></b> <dl><dd><b>District of West Louisiana</b> (Major-General <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Richard Taylor</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Walker%27s_Greyhounds" title="Walker's Greyhounds">Walker's Division</a> (Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/John_George_Walker" title="John George Walker">John G. Walker</a>)</dd> <dd>Mouton's Division (Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Mouton" title="Alfred Mouton">Alfred Mouton</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a>)</dd> <dd>Sub-District of North Louisiana (Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/St._John_Richardson_Liddell" title="St. John Richardson Liddell">St. John R. Liddell</a>)</dd> <dd>Cavalry Division (Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Green_(general)" title="Thomas Green (general)">Thomas Green</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a>)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>Detachment of the <b>District of Arkansas</b> (Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_James_Churchill" title="Thomas James Churchill">Thomas J. Churchill</a>) <dl><dd>Missouri Division (Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/Mosby_Monroe_Parsons" title="Mosby Monroe Parsons">M. M. Parsons</a>)</dd> <dd>Arkansas Division (Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/James_Camp_Tappan" title="James Camp Tappan">James C. Tappan</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_campaign">The campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_campaign&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_DeRussy" title="Battle of Fort DeRussy">Battle of Fort DeRussy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Henderson%27s_Hill" title="Battle of Henderson's Hill">Battle of Henderson's Hill</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smith%27s_and_Porter%27s_Expedition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Smith%27s_and_Porter%27s_Expedition.jpg/230px-Smith%27s_and_Porter%27s_Expedition.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Smith%27s_and_Porter%27s_Expedition.jpg/345px-Smith%27s_and_Porter%27s_Expedition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Smith%27s_and_Porter%27s_Expedition.jpg/460px-Smith%27s_and_Porter%27s_Expedition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="1003" /></a><figcaption>A. J. Smith's and Porter's expedition starting from Vicksburg for the Red River</figcaption></figure> <p>Major-General <a href="/wiki/William_B._Franklin" title="William B. Franklin">William B. Franklin</a>, commanding the advance divisions of Banks' <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Gulf" title="Army of the Gulf">Army of the Gulf</a>, began his march from southern Louisiana on March 10. Meanwhile, A. J. Smith and his two corps detachments traveled via boat from <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg</a> down to <a href="/wiki/Simmesport,_Louisiana" title="Simmesport, Louisiana">Simmesport</a>. After an all-night march, Smith's men surprised and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_DeRussy" title="Battle of Fort DeRussy">captured Fort DeRussy</a> on the Red River on March 14, capturing 317 Confederate prisoners and the only heavy guns available to the Confederates. This signaled the beginning of the expedition. Admiral Porter was then able to remove a giant raft blocking the river without much difficulty. Taylor was forced to retreat, abandoning <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana" title="Alexandria, Louisiana">Alexandria</a>, and ceding south and central Louisiana to the Union forces.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_River_campaign.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of northern Louisiana showing Banks' bold sweep towards Shreveport with a blue arrow." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Red_River_campaign.svg/275px-Red_River_campaign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="389" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Red_River_campaign.svg/413px-Red_River_campaign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Red_River_campaign.svg/550px-Red_River_campaign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Banks' unsuccessful 1864 campaign, which culminated in his defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mansfield" title="Battle of Mansfield">battle of Mansfield</a>; blue arrows indicate the movement of Banks' forces, red those of Kirby Smith's forces</figcaption></figure> <p>A. J. Smith's force arrived at Alexandria on March 20, 1864, intending to rendezvous with Banks' forces, under the immediate command of Franklin. However, Franklin did not arrive at Alexandria until March 25, 1864, and Banks himself, travelling separately from his troops, did not arrive at Alexandria until March 26, 1864. Banks' failure to arrive in a timely manner for his rendezvous with Smith was the first of many logistical miscues that caused much acrimony between Banks and his subordinates during the expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he waited for Banks to arrive, Smith sent Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Mower" title="Joseph A. Mower">Joseph A. Mower</a> on a successful mission to capture much of Taylor's cavalry and his outpost upriver from Alexandria at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Henderson%27s_Hill" title="Battle of Henderson's Hill">Battle of Henderson's Hill</a> on March 21. Nearly 250 Confederates and a four-gun artillery battery were captured without a shot being fired.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When he arrived at Alexandria, Banks found an important message waiting for him. Two weeks earlier, on March 12, 1864, Lieutenant-General Ulysses S. Grant had been named General-in-Chief of the Armies of the United States, replacing Halleck. In Grant's message, he told Banks it was "important that Shreveport be taken as soon as possible," because A. J. Smith's command must be returned to Sherman by the middle of April, "even if it leads to the abandonment of the main object of your expedition."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kirby Smith had nearly 80,000 men to call upon, but was undecided where to move them to counter the three Union forces now known to be moving toward Shreveport. Taylor would never fight with more than 18,500 men throughout the entire campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By March 31, Banks' men had reached <a href="/wiki/Natchitoches,_Louisiana" title="Natchitoches, Louisiana">Natchitoches</a>, only 65 miles south of Shreveport. Franklin's men had been delayed most of a week by rain, but it had not mattered because Admiral Porter had a similar delay trying to get his heaviest gunboats over the falls at Alexandria, which was covered with mines because the river had failed to achieve its seasonal rise in water level. Porter had also spent time gathering cotton in the interior, and Banks had conducted an election in the interim. Taylor now stationed himself 25 miles northwest at Pleasant Hill, still with fewer than 20,000 men. Once Banks had assembled more supplies, he continued advancing a week later.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External video</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?304653-1/one-damn-blunder-beginning-end"><i>Book TV</i> interview with Gary Joiner on the <i>Red River Campaign of 1864</i>, February 6, 2012</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Constant cavalry and naval skirmishing had been going on since March 21. On April 2, Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lindley_Lee" title="Albert Lindley Lee">Albert L. Lee</a>'s division of Union cavalry collided with 1,500 arriving Confederate Texas cavalrymen. These Confederates would continue to resist any Union advance. Union intelligence, meanwhile, had determined that there were additional forces besides Taylor and the cavalry up the road from them. All of the senior Union officers expressed doubts that there would be any serious Confederate opposition, except for the naval flotilla. Banks' army followed Taylor and the cavalry into a dense pine forest area away from the river, probably to keep them in their front. Approaching <a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Hill,_Sabine_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Pleasant Hill, Sabine Parish, Louisiana">Pleasant Hill</a>, the Union army was excessively strung out due both to the existence of only a few camping areas with water and the lack of monitoring of the position of the rear elements. Taylor kept moving back toward Shreveport.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Mansfield">Battle of Mansfield</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_campaign&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Battle of Mansfield"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mansfield" title="Battle of Mansfield">Battle of Mansfield</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MansfieldMapFromBanksOfficaReport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/MansfieldMapFromBanksOfficaReport.jpg/220px-MansfieldMapFromBanksOfficaReport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/MansfieldMapFromBanksOfficaReport.jpg/330px-MansfieldMapFromBanksOfficaReport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/MansfieldMapFromBanksOfficaReport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>Attack on Banks' advance guard at Sabine Crossroads, April 8, 1864</figcaption></figure> <p>Heavy cavalry fighting, often dismounted, had continued on April 7 at Wilson's Farm and Tenmile Bayou. On April 8, Lee boldly charged a small force of Confederate cavalry at the Moss Plantation, three miles south of <a href="/wiki/Mansfield,_Louisiana" title="Mansfield, Louisiana">Mansfield, Louisiana</a>, and pushed the Confederate horsemen off Honeycutt Hill. Taylor had stationed one infantry division (led by Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Mouton" title="Alfred Mouton">Alfred Mouton</a>) in the woods along the edge of the clearing just north of Honeycutt Hill and east of the road. Seeing this increase in enemy strength, Lee requested infantry support. Landram's 2,400-man division of the 13th Corps was sent to Lee's aid and deployed to face Mouton. Banks went to the front to see for himself. Meanwhile, Taylor brought up a second infantry division (Walker's) to the woods on the other side of the road in the middle of the day. The arrival of Walker's division gave Taylor a numerical edge – he had about 9,000 men; Banks had about 5,000 men. More significantly, the Union deployment was aligned to its right, facing Mouton, with only a cavalry brigade holding the left wing.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taylor had hoped to provoke Banks into attacking him, but following an artillery duel, he became convinced that the Union army was in disarray and would not attack. Around 4 p.m., Taylor ordered the attack to begin.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mouton led his infantry across an 800-yard wide field and attacked the Union right, formed behind a rail fence. While Mouton's assault was repulsed by Landram's infantry, Taylor advanced the rest of his entire line, including Walker's division, against the Union left. Walker's men brushed aside the lone cavalry brigade, sweeping in behind the rest of the Union forces. Banks had called for additional reinforcements, but they were too late. The Union line collapsed and a significant number of men from Landram's division were captured. A few hundred yards down the road, the reinforcements – Cameron's division – set up a second line, but this line also broke when faced with Taylor's superior numbers. The wagon train of the Union cavalry obstructed the road, resulting in the loss of artillery which could not be extracted in the retreat. However, Confederate soldiers halted to loot some of the Union wagons, giving Banks' troops needed time to fall back.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Confederate command and control was reestablished for the pursuit, the men ran into a third Union force, under Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/William_H._Emory" title="William H. Emory">William H. Emory</a>, about 5,800 men sitting atop a ridge overlooking Chatman's Bayou. The Confederates pushed forward, but Emory's division repulsed attempts to take this location. However, the Union forces did not have control of the precious water in the bayou. During the night, Banks decided to withdraw back to Pleasant Hill because of lack of water and the desire to unite with A. J. Smith's men.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Battle of Mansfield was over. The Federals suffered approximately 2,400 casualties, almost half of which were from Landram's division – two of his eight regiments were captured in the battle, and both of his brigade commanders were wounded and captured. The Confederates suffered about 1,000 casualties, including Mouton, who was killed leading his men in the opening charge.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Pleasant_Hill">Battle of Pleasant Hill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_campaign&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Battle of Pleasant Hill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pleasant_Hill" title="Battle of Pleasant Hill">Battle of Pleasant Hill</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Pleasant_Hill_Louisiana.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Battle_of_Pleasant_Hill_Louisiana.JPG/220px-Battle_of_Pleasant_Hill_Louisiana.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Battle_of_Pleasant_Hill_Louisiana.JPG/330px-Battle_of_Pleasant_Hill_Louisiana.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Battle_of_Pleasant_Hill_Louisiana.JPG/440px-Battle_of_Pleasant_Hill_Louisiana.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Pleasant Hill, April 9, 1864</figcaption></figure> <p>Taylor did not learn of Banks' retreat until dawn the next day; he then ordered an immediate pursuit with Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Green_(general)" title="Thomas Green (general)">Thomas Green</a>'s cavalry. When they came upon Banks' line of battle near the town of Pleasant Hill, Taylor had the cavalry retreat a mile and wait for the infantry to arrive, which started arriving shortly after noon. Since the infantry had marched forty five miles in thirty-six hours, Taylor let them rest for two hours before ordering an attack.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 4 p.m. the next day, Confederate Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_James_Churchill" title="Thomas James Churchill">Thomas J. Churchill</a>'s arriving infantry started the attack on the Union forces. Churchill thought he was sending them into the Union flank, but it was actually the center. Confederate cavalry also miscalculated positions and suffered heavily from flank fire. Churchill's men did succeed in collapsing this Union center position, but this also brought his men into the middle of a U-shaped position, with A. J. Smith's unused divisions forming the base of the "U". Though part of the advanced Union right had also collapsed, the forces of Smith and Mower next launched a counterattack and, joined by neighboring regiments, they routed Taylor's men from the vicinity of Pleasant Hill. Some cannon were recaptured.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Short of water and feed for the horses, not knowing where his supply boats were, and receiving divided opinions from his senior officers, Banks ordered a rapid retreat downriver to Natchitoches and Grand Ecore. Both sides at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pleasant_Hill" title="Battle of Pleasant Hill">Battle of Pleasant Hill</a> suffered roughly equal casualties of 1,600. It was a tactical victory for the Federals, but a strategic Confederate one because the Union army retreated following the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than 2,000 Union soldiers were captured during the battles of Mansfield and Pleasant Hill, many of whom were marched to <a href="/wiki/Camp_Ford" title="Camp Ford">Camp Ford</a> near Tyler, Texas, where they were held until their release during subsequent prisoner exchanges between the Union and Confederate armies, or until their deaths there from disease or malnutrition.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Splitting_of_General_Taylor's_command"><span id="Splitting_of_General_Taylor.27s_command"></span>Splitting of General Taylor's command</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_campaign&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Splitting of General Taylor's command"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blair%27s_Landing" title="Battle of Blair's Landing">Battle of Blair's Landing</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_River_Squadron_on_Red_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mississippi_River_Squadron_on_Red_River.jpg/280px-Mississippi_River_Squadron_on_Red_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mississippi_River_Squadron_on_Red_River.jpg/420px-Mississippi_River_Squadron_on_Red_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mississippi_River_Squadron_on_Red_River.jpg/560px-Mississippi_River_Squadron_on_Red_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Squadron" title="Mississippi River Squadron">Mississippi River Squadron</a> on the Red River</figcaption></figure> <p>On the river, the Confederates had diverted water into a tributary, causing the already low Red River level to fall further. When Admiral Porter, slowly heading upriver, learned that Banks was retreating, he followed suit. There was a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blair%27s_Landing" title="Battle of Blair's Landing">brief engagement near Blair's Landing</a> on April 12, in which General Green was decapitated by a naval shell.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ecore,_Louisiana" title="Grand Ecore, Louisiana">Grand Ecore</a> near Natchitoches, Banks received confidential orders from Grant to move the army to New Orleans. The river also continued to fall, and all the supply boats had to return downriver. Sensing that they were involved in a perceived defeat, Banks' relations deteriorated with the cantankerous A. J. Smith and the Navy and with most of the other generals as well.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monett%27s_Ferry" title="Battle of Monett's Ferry">Battle of Monett's Ferry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jenkins%27_Ferry" title="Battle of Jenkins' Ferry">Battle of Jenkins' Ferry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Action_of_26%E2%80%9327_April_1864" title="Action of 26–27 April 1864">Action of 26–27 April 1864</a></div> <p>General Kirby Smith decided to take three infantry divisions from Major-General Richard Taylor and lead them north into Arkansas to crush Steele's army, despite Taylor's strong protests they should be used against Banks. General Steele would never make it to Shreveport, due to supply difficulties and fights with Confederates. The <a href="/wiki/Camden_Expedition" title="Camden Expedition">Camden Expedition</a> ended with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jenkins%27_Ferry" title="Battle of Jenkins' Ferry">Battle of Jenkins' Ferry</a> and Steele retreating to Little Rock. Smith left Taylor with one infantry division and the cavalry with which to continue to harass Banks. Learning that some of Taylor's 5,000 men had gotten south of him and that the fleet had left for Alexandria, Banks ordered a retreat from Grand Ecore. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monett%27s_Ferry" title="Battle of Monett's Ferry">Battle of Monett's Ferry</a> on April 23, some of Banks' forces crossed the <a href="/wiki/Cane_River" title="Cane River">Cane River</a> on the Confederate flank and forced a division of Confederate cavalry under Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_P._Bee" title="Hamilton P. Bee">Hamilton P. Bee</a> to flee. The rest of the march to Alexandria was unremarkable, but Porter ran into a delaying ambush at the mouth of Cane River after he tarried to blow up the stuck <a href="/wiki/USS_Eastport_(1862)" title="USS Eastport (1862)">USS <i>Eastport</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banks'_retreat"><span id="Banks.27_retreat"></span>Banks' retreat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_campaign&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Banks' retreat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Actions_near_Alexandria" title="Actions near Alexandria">Actions near Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mansura" title="Battle of Mansura">Battle of Mansura</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yellow_Bayou" title="Battle of Yellow Bayou">Battle of Yellow Bayou</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_Leslie%27s_Scenes_and_Portraits_-_Bailey%27s_Dam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Frank_Leslie%27s_Scenes_and_Portraits_-_Bailey%27s_Dam.jpg/240px-Frank_Leslie%27s_Scenes_and_Portraits_-_Bailey%27s_Dam.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Frank_Leslie%27s_Scenes_and_Portraits_-_Bailey%27s_Dam.jpg/360px-Frank_Leslie%27s_Scenes_and_Portraits_-_Bailey%27s_Dam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Frank_Leslie%27s_Scenes_and_Portraits_-_Bailey%27s_Dam.jpg/480px-Frank_Leslie%27s_Scenes_and_Portraits_-_Bailey%27s_Dam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4733" data-file-height="2151" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bailey%27s_Dam" title="Bailey's Dam">Bailey's Dam</a> at Alexandria, Louisiana</figcaption></figure> <p>At Alexandria, relations between Banks and many of the others deteriorated further. Each side sent exaggerated accounts to friendly newspapers and supporters. Major-General <a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_McClernand" class="mw-redirect" title="John Alexander McClernand">John A. McClernand</a> arrived with reinforcements from Texas, and he had also previously had poor relations with A. J. Smith and Porter. Smith obeyed only those orders he wanted to obey. </p><p>Porter could not get many of his ironclads over the falls at Alexandria. Colonel <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bailey_(general)" title="Joseph Bailey (general)">Joseph Bailey</a> designed <a href="/wiki/Bailey%27s_Dam" title="Bailey's Dam">Bailey's Dam</a>, to which Banks soon gave night-and-day attention. Several boats got through before a partial dam collapse. An extra upriver dam provided additional water depth, allowing the march to resume. When the Federals left Alexandria, the town went up in flames, the origins of which are disputed. Because the Confederates had already burned most of the cotton, many speculators at Alexandria were disappointed.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taylor attempted to fool the Union command into believing many more men were present, but he did not try to stop the dam construction. He did shut down the lower river by attacking boats. Yet though General Taylor had promised to prevent the escape of the Federals, he could not do so. He blamed Kirby Smith for lack of support. En route to the Mississippi, an engagement at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mansura" title="Battle of Mansura">Mansura</a> on May 16 was fought with almost no casualties. <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yellow_Bayou" title="Battle of Yellow Bayou">Yellow Bayou</a>, the final conflict of the campaign, took place on May 18 with significant casualties in a burning forest. Transport ships were lashed together to allow Union forces to cross the wide <a href="/wiki/Atchafalaya_River" title="Atchafalaya River">Atchafalaya River</a>. General Banks, on arrival near the Mississippi, was met by Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/Edward_Canby" title="Edward Canby">Edward Canby</a>, who had been named Bankss superior in a newly created regional department.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_campaign&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Taylor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Richard_Taylor.jpg/170px-Richard_Taylor.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Richard_Taylor.jpg/255px-Richard_Taylor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Richard_Taylor.jpg/340px-Richard_Taylor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="806" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Richard Taylor</a> in later years</figcaption></figure> <p>The expedition was a Union failure, the outcome of which did not have a major impact on the war. Conversely, it may have extended the length of the war by several months,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as it diverted Union efforts from the far more important objective of capturing Mobile, Alabama. That event did not occur until 1865, and could probably have been accomplished by June 1864 if not for the Red River campaign. </p><p>The failure of the expedition effectively ended the military career of Banks, and controversy surrounding his retreat, the presence of cotton speculators and the use of military boats to remove cotton dogged his early postbellum congressional campaigns. Admiral Porter realized a substantial sum of money during the expedition from the sale of cotton as prizes of war.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Confederates lost two key commanders, Mouton and Green, and suffered casualties they could not afford. Perhaps more importantly, relations between the aggressive Taylor and cautious Smith were permanently damaged by their disagreement over Smith's decision to remove half of Taylor's troops following the Battle of Pleasant Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lost opportunity to capture the entire Union fleet as it lay helpless above the falls at Alexandria haunted Taylor to his dying day; he was certain that Smith had robbed him a chance to cripple the Union forces. The arguments between the two generals resulted in Taylor's transfer to command of the Department of East Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama soon after the campaign ended.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_campaign&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_campaign&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Cong. Joint Comm. Cond. War, 1865, p. III.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Cong. Joint Comm. Cond. War, 1865, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooksher, 1998, pp. 3–5, 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooksher, 1998, pp. 5–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooksher, 1998, pp. 26–27, 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Cong. Joint Comm. Cond. War, 1865, p. VI.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson & Buel, 1887, p. 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephy, 1991, pp. 194–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooksher, 1998, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooksher, 1998, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollandsworth, 1998, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooksher, 1998, pp. 58–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephy, 1991, pp. 197, 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooksher, 1998, pp. 70–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephy, 1991, pp. 200–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooksher, 1998, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephy, 1991, pp. 203–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephy, 1991, pp. 205–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooksher, 1998, pp. 103–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephy, 1991, pp. 206–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephy, 1991, pp. 207–209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephy, 1991, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thoms, Alston V. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276847880_Uncovering_Camp_Ford_Archaeological_Interpretations_of_a_Confederate_Prisoner-of-War_Camp_in_East_Texas">Uncovering Camp Ford: Archaeological Interpretations of a Confederate Prisoner-of-War Camp in East Texas</a></i>." Center for Ecological Archaeology, Texas A&M University, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Camp Ford Prisoner of War Database (1864 records). Tyler, Texas: The Smith County Historical Society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooksher, 1998, pp. 154–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooksher, 1998, pp. 163–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephy, 1991, pp. 210–215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooksher, 1998, pp. 176–181, 189–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooksher, 1998, pp. 198, 209–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooksher, 1998, pp. 210–211, 218–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooksher, 1998, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foote, 1974, pp. 90–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooksher, 1998, p. 234.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_campaign&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrooksher1998" class="citation book cs1">Brooksher, William Riley (1998). <i>War Along the Bayous: The 1864 Red River Campaign in Louisiana</i>. Brassey's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57488-139-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57488-139-6"><bdi>1-57488-139-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Along+the+Bayous%3A+The+1864+Red+River+Campaign+in+Louisiana&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-57488-139-6&rft.aulast=Brooksher&rft.aufirst=William+Riley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Foote, Shelby. <i>The Civil War: A Narrative</i>, volume 3, <i>Red River to Appomattox</i>. New York: Random House, 1974. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-74622-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-74622-8">0-394-74622-8</a></li> <li>Hollandsworth, James G., <i>Pretense of Glory: The Life of General Nathaniel P. Banks</i>, LSU Press, 1998.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonBuel1887" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Underwood_Johnson" title="Robert Underwood Johnson">Johnson, R. U.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Clough_Buel" title="Clarence Clough Buel">Buel, C. C.</a>, eds. (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battlesleadersof04johnuoft/page/368/mode/2up"><i>Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. Volume IV</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/The_Century_Company" title="The Century Company">The Century Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/951181031">951181031</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+and+Leaders+of+the+Civil+War.+Volume+IV&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Century+Company&rft.date=1887&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F951181031&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattlesleadersof04johnuoft%2Fpage%2F368%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Josephy Jr., Alvin M. <i>The Civil War in the American West</i>. Alfred A. Knopf, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-56482-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-56482-0">0-394-56482-0</a>.</li> <li>United States, Congress, Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924096461599/page/n5/mode/2up">Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War</a>. Washington: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Printing Office</a>, 1865. 38th Congress, 2nd session. – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_campaign&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyres2001" class="citation book cs1">Ayres, Thomas (2001). <i>Dark and Bloody Ground: The Battle of Mansfield and the Forgotten Civil War in Louisiana</i>. Cooper Square Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87833-180-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87833-180-8"><bdi>0-87833-180-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+and+Bloody+Ground%3A+The+Battle+of+Mansfield+and+the+Forgotten+Civil+War+in+Louisiana&rft.pub=Cooper+Square+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-87833-180-8&rft.aulast=Ayres&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Banks, Raymond H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/nathanielpbanksbiography/"><i>The King of Louisiana, 1862-1865, and Other Government Work: A Biography of Major General Nathaniel Prentice Banks</i></a>. Las Vegas, NV: R. H. Banks, 2005. pp. 918–1143. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63270945">63270945</a>.</li> <li>Bounds, Steve, and Milbourn, Curtis, "The Battle of Pleasant Hill," <i><a href="/wiki/North_%26_South_-_The_Official_Magazine_of_the_Civil_War_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="North & South - The Official Magazine of the Civil War Society">North & South - The Official Magazine of the Civil War Society</a></i>, vol. 8. no. 6, November 2005, pp. 70–88.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryner1905" class="citation book cs1">Bryner, Byron Cloyd (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qR5CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA99">"XXII through XXVI"</a>. <i>Bugle echoes: The Story of Illinois 47th</i>. Phillips Bros. pp. 97–118<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXII+through+XXVI&rft.btitle=Bugle+echoes%3A+The+Story+of+Illinois+47th&rft.pages=97-118&rft.pub=Phillips+Bros.&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Bryner&rft.aufirst=Byron+Cloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqR5CAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByers1888" class="citation book cs1">Byers, Samuel Hawkins Marshall (1888). "XXIII. Iowa in the Red River Campaign, Spring of 1864 through XXIV. Steele's March on Camden - Battles of the Campaign". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iowainwartimes00byergoog"><i>Iowa in War Times</i></a>. Des Moines: W.D. Condit & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iowainwartimes00byergoog/page/n334">274</a>–300<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXIII.+Iowa+in+the+Red+River+Campaign%2C+Spring+of+1864+through+XXIV.+Steele%27s+March+on+Camden+-+Battles+of+the+Campaign&rft.btitle=Iowa+in+War+Times&rft.place=Des+Moines&rft.pages=274-300&rft.pub=W.D.+Condit+%26+Co.&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Byers&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Hawkins+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fiowainwartimes00byergoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenery1898" class="citation book cs1">Chenery, William H. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ENXpRzPNq1sC&pg=PA57">"VI"</a>. <i>The Fourteenth Regiment Rhode Island Heavy Artillery (Colored) in the War to Preserve the Union, 1861-1865</i>. Providence, RA: Snow & Farnham. pp. 51–62<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VI&rft.btitle=The+Fourteenth+Regiment+Rhode+Island+Heavy+Artillery+%28Colored%29+in+the+War+to+Preserve+the+Union%2C+1861-1865&rft.place=Providence%2C+RA&rft.pages=51-62&rft.pub=Snow+%26+Farnham&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Chenery&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DENXpRzPNq1sC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1868" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Orton S., Captain, 116th Regiment, New York Volunteers (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6e1wuipn73oC&pg=PR9">"XIV through XVII"</a>. <i>History of the 114th Regiment, New York State Volunteers: Containing a Perfect Record of Its Services, Embracing All Its Marches, Campaigns, Battles, Sieges and Sea-voyages</i>. Buffalo, NY: Matthews & Warren. pp. 145–184<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XIV+through+XVII&rft.btitle=History+of+the+114th+Regiment%2C+New+York+State+Volunteers%3A+Containing+a+Perfect+Record+of+Its+Services%2C+Embracing+All+Its+Marches%2C+Campaigns%2C+Battles%2C+Sieges+and+Sea-voyages&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+NY&rft.pages=145-184&rft.pub=Matthews+%26+Warren&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Orton+S.%2C+Captain%2C+116th+Regiment%2C+New+York+Volunteers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6e1wuipn73oC%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+campaign" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClay2022" class="citation book cs1">Clay, Steven E. (2022). Hogg, Michael L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/Research%20and%20Books/2023/SRHB_Red_River_WEB_READY.pdf"><i>Staff Ride Handbook for the Red River Campaign, 7 March-19 May 1864</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Graphics by Robin D. Kern. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781940804781" title="Special:BookSources/9781940804781"><bdi>9781940804781</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2022036037">2022036037</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1341268269">1341268269</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL40130965M">40130965M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Staff+Ride+Handbook+for+the+Red+River+Campaign%2C+7+March-19+May+1864&rft.place=Fort+Leavenworth%2C+KS&rft.pub=Combat+Studies+Institute+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1341268269&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2022036037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL40130965M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9781940804781&rft.aulast=Clay&rft.aufirst=Steven+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.armyupress.army.mil%2FPortals%2F7%2FResearch%2520and%2520Books%2F2023%2FSRHB_Red_River_WEB_READY.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1890" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Jefferson (1890). "LXVI. The Red River Campaign". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ashorthistoryco00davigoog"><i>A Short History of the Confederate States of America</i></a>. New York: Belford Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ashorthistoryco00davigoog/page/n450">414</a>–415<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=LXVI.+The+Red+River+Campaign&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=414-415&rft.pub=Belford+Company&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Jefferson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fashorthistoryco00davigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonnan1903" class="citation journal cs1">Donnan, William G. (1903). Samuel Storrs Howe (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kywUAAAAYAAJ">"A Reminiscence of the Last Battle of the Red River Expedition"</a>. <i>Annals of Iowa</i>. <b>VI</b> (4). Iowa State Historical Department, Division of Historical Museum and Archives: 241–247<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Iowa&rft.atitle=A+Reminiscence+of+the+Last+Battle+of+the+Red+River+Expedition&rft.volume=VI&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=241-247&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Donnan&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkywUAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwer1903" class="citation book cs1">Ewer, James Kendall (1903). "V. The Teche Campaign through XII. The Red River Campaign - Concluded". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdmasscavalry00ewerrich"><i>The Third Massachusetts Cavalry in the War for the Union</i></a>. Maplewood, MA: Wm. G. J. Perry Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdmasscavalry00ewerrich/page/67">67</a>–186<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=V.+The+Teche+Campaign+through+XII.+The+Red+River+Campaign+-+Concluded&rft.btitle=The+Third+Massachusetts+Cavalry+in+the+War+for+the+Union&rft.place=Maplewood%2C+MA&rft.pages=67-186&rft.pub=Wm.+G.+J.+Perry+Press&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Ewer&rft.aufirst=James+Kendall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdmasscavalry00ewerrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlinn1889" class="citation book cs1">Flinn, Frank M. (1889). "XIII". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FkEVAAAAYAAJ"><i>Campaigning with Banks in Louisiana, '63 and '64, and with Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley in '64 and '65 (2nd Ed.)</i></a>. Boston: W. B. Clarke & Co. pp. 93–101<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XIII&rft.btitle=Campaigning+with+Banks+in+Louisiana%2C+%2763+and+%2764%2C+and+with+Sheridan+in+the+Shenandoah+Valley+in+%2764+and+%2765+%282nd+Ed.%29&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=93-101&rft.pub=W.+B.+Clarke+%26+Co.&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Flinn&rft.aufirst=Frank+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFkEVAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomans1893" class="citation book cs1">Homans, John, Surgeon, U.S. Army (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GsESAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA246">"Red River Expedition"</a>. In Charles Carleton Coffin, The Boston Journal (ed.). <i>Stories of Our Soldiers: War Reminiscences</i>. Boston: The Journal Newspaper Company. pp. 246–258<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Red+River+Expedition&rft.btitle=Stories+of+Our+Soldiers%3A+War+Reminiscences&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=246-258&rft.pub=The+Journal+Newspaper+Company&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Homans&rft.aufirst=John%2C+Surgeon%2C+U.S.+Army&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGsESAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+campaign" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngersoll1866" class="citation book cs1">Ingersoll, Lurton Dunham (1866). "XXXVI. Thirty-Second Infantry". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8RJCAAAAIAAJ"><i>Iowa and the Rebellion: A history of the troops furnished by the state of Iowa to the volunteer armies of the Union, which conquered the great southern rebellion of 1861-5 (3rd Ed.)</i></a>. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippencott and Co. pp. 603–612<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXXVI.+Thirty-Second+Infantry&rft.btitle=Iowa+and+the+Rebellion%3A+A+history+of+the+troops+furnished+by+the+state+of+Iowa+to+the+volunteer+armies+of+the+Union%2C+which+conquered+the+great+southern+rebellion+of+1861-5+%283rd+Ed.%29&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=603-612&rft.pub=J.+B.+Lippencott+and+Co.&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Ingersoll&rft.aufirst=Lurton+Dunham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8RJCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+campaign" class="Z3988"></span> Includes Battle of Pleasant Hill map showing placement of "Shaw's 'Iron Brigade'"</li> <li>Irwin, Richard B. <i>History of The 19th Army Corps.</i> G. P. Putnam's Sons, NY, 1893, pp. 282–355.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoiner2002" class="citation book cs1">Joiner, Gary Dillard (2002). <i>One Damn Blunder from Beginning to End: the Red River Campaign of 1864</i>. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8420-2937-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8420-2937-0"><bdi>0-8420-2937-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Damn+Blunder+from+Beginning+to+End%3A+the+Red+River+Campaign+of+1864&rft.place=Wilmington%2C+Delaware&rft.pub=Scholarly+Resources&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8420-2937-0&rft.aulast=Joiner&rft.aufirst=Gary+Dillard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoiner2006" class="citation book cs1">Joiner, Gary Dillard (2006). <i>Through the Howling Wilderness: The 1864 Red River Campaign and Union Failure in the West</i>. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57233-544-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-57233-544-0"><bdi>1-57233-544-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+the+Howling+Wilderness%3A+The+1864+Red+River+Campaign+and+Union+Failure+in+the+West&rft.place=Knoxville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-57233-544-0&rft.aulast=Joiner&rft.aufirst=Gary+Dillard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludwell_H._Johnson" title="Ludwell H. Johnson">Johnson, Ludwell H.</a> (1958). <i>Red River Campaign: Politics and Cotton in the Civil War</i>. Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87338-486-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87338-486-5"><bdi>0-87338-486-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/58-59976">58-59976</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1543528">1543528</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6263996M">6263996M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+River+Campaign%3A+Politics+and+Cotton+in+the+Civil+War&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1543528&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F58-59976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6263996M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-87338-486-5&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Ludwell+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesKeuchel,_Edward_F.1975" class="citation book cs1">Jones, James P.; Keuchel, Edward F. (1975). Marine Corps Historical Division (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marines.mil/news/publications/Pages/CIVIL%20WAR%20MARINE%20-%20A%20DIARY%20OF%20THE%20RED%20RIVER%20EXPEDITION,%201864.aspx"><i>Civil War Marine - A Diary of the Red River Expedition, 1864</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a>. PCN 19000317000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+War+Marine+-+A+Diary+of+the+Red+River+Expedition%2C+1864&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Marine+Corps&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft.au=Keuchel%2C+Edward+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marines.mil%2Fnews%2Fpublications%2FPages%2FCIVIL%2520WAR%2520MARINE%2520-%2520A%2520DIARY%2520OF%2520THE%2520RED%2520RIVER%2520EXPEDITION%2C%25201864.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Milbourn, Curtis, and Bounds, Steve, "The Battle of Mansfield," <i><a href="/wiki/North_%26_South_-_The_Official_Magazine_of_the_Civil_War_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="North & South - The Official Magazine of the Civil War Society">North & South - The Official Magazine of the Civil War Society</a></i>, vol 6, no. 2, February 2003, pp. 26–40.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1891" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Gouverneur (1891). "VIII. First Red River Campaign through Chapter X. Vermillion Bay, Alexandria". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyavolunte00morrgoog"><i>The History of a Volunteer Regiment: Being a Succinct Account of the Organization, Services, and Adventures of the Sixth Regiment New York Volunteers Infantry Known as Wilson Zouaves</i></a>. New York: Veteran Volunteer Pub. Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyavolunte00morrgoog/page/n91">91</a>–112<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VIII.+First+Red+River+Campaign+through+Chapter+X.+Vermillion+Bay%2C+Alexandria&rft.btitle=The+History+of+a+Volunteer+Regiment%3A+Being+a+Succinct+Account+of+the+Organization%2C+Services%2C+and+Adventures+of+the+Sixth+Regiment+New+York+Volunteers+Infantry+Known+as+Wilson+Zouaves&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=91-112&rft.pub=Veteran+Volunteer+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Gouverneur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryavolunte00morrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+campaign" class="Z3988"></span> Includes a map of the Sixth Regiment's maneuvers in Louisiana.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/moa/moa_browse.html">Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion</a>, vol. 26, Naval Forces on Western Waters (March 1, 1864 - December 31, 1864). GPO, Washington, 1914.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlum1882" class="citation book cs1">Plum, William Rattle (1882). "III. The Telegraph in the Department of the Gulf - Port Hudson, Red River, and Other Campaigns". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/militarytelegra01plumgoog"><i>The Military Telegraph During the Civil War in the United States: With an Exposition of Ancient and Modern Means of Communication, and of the Federal and Confederate Cipher Systems; Also a Running Account of the War Between the States</i></a>. Chicago: Jansen, McClurg & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/militarytelegra01plumgoog/page/n48">37</a>–50<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=III.+The+Telegraph+in+the+Department+of+the+Gulf+-+Port+Hudson%2C+Red+River%2C+and+Other+Campaigns&rft.btitle=The+Military+Telegraph+During+the+Civil+War+in+the+United+States%3A+With+an+Exposition+of+Ancient+and+Modern+Means+of+Communication%2C+and+of+the+Federal+and+Confederate+Cipher+Systems%3B+Also+a+Running+Account+of+the+War+Between+the+States&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=37-50&rft.pub=Jansen%2C+McClurg+%26+Company&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Plum&rft.aufirst=William+Rattle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmilitarytelegra01plumgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard1867" class="citation book cs1">Pollard, Edward Albert (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=95s-pnY99asC&pg=PA24">"LXXI. Lieut.-Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith"</a>. <i>Lee and His Lieutenants: Comprising the Early Life, Public Services, and Campaigns of General Robert E. Lee and His Companions in Arms</i>. New York: E. B. Treat & Co. pp. 765–773<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=LXXI.+Lieut.-Gen.+Edmund+Kirby+Smith&rft.btitle=Lee+and+His+Lieutenants%3A+Comprising+the+Early+Life%2C+Public+Services%2C+and+Campaigns+of+General+Robert+E.+Lee+and+His+Companions+in+Arms&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=765-773&rft.pub=E.+B.+Treat+%26+Co.&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Edward+Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D95s-pnY99asC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutnam1914" class="citation book cs1">Putnam, George Haven (1914). "XIV: The Red River Campaign". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoriesmyyouth00putngoog"><i>Memories of My Youth, 1844-1865</i></a>. G.P. Putnam & Sons. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoriesmyyouth00putngoog/page/n18">299</a>–330<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XIV%3A+The+Red+River+Campaign&rft.btitle=Memories+of+My+Youth%2C+1844-1865&rft.pages=299-330&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam+%26+Sons&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Putnam&rft.aufirst=George+Haven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoriesmyyouth00putngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Snyder, Laurie. "Red River Campaign (Louisiana, March to May 1864)." <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://47thpennsylvania.wordpress.com/2016/04/09/red-river-campaign-louisiana-march-to-may-1864/">47th Pennsylvania Volunteers: One Civil War Regiment's Story</a></i>, 2016.</li> <li>Taylor, Richard. <i>Destruction and Reconstruction: Personal Experiences of the Late War.</i> D. Appleton & Co., NY, 1879, pp. 148–96.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/moa/moa_browse.html">The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies</a>, vol. XXXIV, Operations in Louisiana and the Trans-Mississippi States and Territories. January 1 – June 30, 1864. GPO, Washington, 1891.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1888" class="citation book cs1">Williams, E. Cort., Ensign, U.S. Navy (1888). "Recollections of the Red River Campaign". In Robert Hunter (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sketcheswarhist00thaygoog"><i>Sketches of War History, 1861-1865: Papers Read Before the Ohio Commandery</i></a>. R. Clark & Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sketcheswarhist00thaygoog/page/n112">96</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recollections+of+the+Red+River+Campaign&rft.btitle=Sketches+of+War+History%2C+1861-1865%3A+Papers+Read+Before+the+Ohio+Commandery&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=R.+Clark+%26+Co.&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=E.+Cort.%2C+Ensign%2C+U.S.+Navy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsketcheswarhist00thaygoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+campaign" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1891" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, James Grant, Brevet Brigadier-General, U.S.V. (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dcMLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA78,M1">"The Red River Dam: With Comments on the Red River Campaign"</a>. In James Grant Wilson (ed.). <i>Personal Recollections of the War of the Rebellion</i>. G. P. Putnam & Sons. pp. 78–95<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Red+River+Dam%3A+With+Comments+on+the+Red+River+Campaign&rft.btitle=Personal+Recollections+of+the+War+of+the+Rebellion&rft.pages=78-95&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam+%26+Sons&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=James+Grant%2C+Brevet+Brigadier-General%2C+U.S.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdcMLAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA78%2CM1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+campaign" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> Includes numerous illustrations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Winters" title="John D. Winters">Winters, John D.</a>, <i>The Civil War in Louisiana</i>, <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge" class="mw-redirect" title="Baton Rouge">Baton Rouge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_Press" title="Louisiana State University Press">Louisiana State University Press</a>, 1963, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-0834-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-0834-0">0-8071-0834-0</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_campaign&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/494423">Red River Campaign</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/red-river-campaign">Red River Campaign</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_leading_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War">Timeline leading to the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas-Nebraska Act">Kansas-Nebraska Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Declaration_of_Secession" title="South Carolina Declaration of Secession">South Carolina Declaration of Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">Fugitive slave laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery as a positive good in the United States">Positive good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Debates_on_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lane Debates on Slavery">Lane Debates on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Sella_Martin" title="J. Sella Martin">J. Sella Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="CombatantsTheatersCampaignsBattlesStates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Combatants</li><li>Theaters</li><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li><li>States</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">Revenue Cutter Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Marine_Corps" title="Confederate States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Theaters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Western theater of the American Civil War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_seaboard_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Lower seaboard theater of the American Civil War">Lower Seaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War">Trans-Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War">Pacific Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union naval blockade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Campaigns of the American Civil War">campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">Blockade runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_campaign" title="New Mexico campaign">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign" title="Jackson's Valley campaign">Jackson's Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullahoma_campaign" title="Tullahoma campaign">Tullahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid" title="Morgan's Raid">Morgan's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristoe_campaign" title="Bristoe campaign">Bristoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Valley campaigns of 1864">Valley 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_campaign" title="Bermuda Hundred campaign">Bermuda Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Richmond-Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_campaign" title="Franklin–Nashville campaign">Franklin–Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition" title="Price's Missouri Expedition">Price's Missouri Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of the Carolinas">Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign_(1865)" title="Mobile campaign (1865)">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles" title="List of American Civil War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">1st Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Wilson's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" title="Battle of Pea Ridge">Pea Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">2nd Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Perryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Chickamauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow" title="Battle of Fort Pillow">Fort Pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Cold Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Franklin (1864)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">States and<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado in the American Civil War">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Connecticut in the American Civil War">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory#Dakota_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware#Delaware_in_the_Civil_War" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho in the American Civil War">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Illinois in the American Civil War">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Iowa in the American Civil War">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kansas in the American Civil War">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maine in the American Civil War">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Massachusetts in the American Civil War">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota#Civil_War_era_and_Dakota_War_of_1862" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana in the American Civil War">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nebraska Territory in the American Civil War">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nevada in the American Civil War">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Civil_War:_1861–1865" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Jersey in the American Civil War">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ohio in the American Civil War">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Oregon in the American Civil War">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Rhode Island in the American Civil War">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah in the American Civil War">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Vermont in the American Civil War">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington in the American Civil War">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Wisconsin in the American Civil War">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Chattanooga in the American Civil War">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Orleans in the American Civil War">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester, Virginia in the American Civil War">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_leadership_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military leadership in the American Civil War">Leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. H. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)" title="Samuel Cooper (general)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gorgas" title="Josiah Gorgas">Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">A. S. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">J. E. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Mosby" title="John S. Mosby">Mosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Semmes" title="Raphael Semmes">Semmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">E. K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Memminger" title="Christopher Memminger">Memminger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Stephens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Civil_War)" title="Robert Anderson (Civil War)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Buell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Francis_Du_Pont" title="Samuel Francis Du Pont">Du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hull_Foote" title="Andrew Hull Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_C._Meigs" title="Montgomery C. Meigs">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ord" title="Edward Ord">Ord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">D. D. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">Rosecrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax riot of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_colonies" title="Confederate colonies">Confederate refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederados" title="Confederados">Confederados</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Eufaula riot of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a> of 1873</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">first inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">second inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">impeachment managers investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis riots of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans riot of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of February 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of April 1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Council" title="Fort Smith Council">Indian Council at Fort Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Claims_Commission" title="Southern Claims Commission">Southern Claims Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Post-<br />Reconstruction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Commemoration of the American Civil War">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Centennial" title="American Civil War Centennial">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Discovery_Trail" title="Civil War Discovery Trail">Civil War Discovery Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Roundtable" title="Civil War Roundtable">Civil War Roundtables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trails_Program" title="Civil War Trails Program">Civil War Trails Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Decoration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_reenactment" title="American Civil War reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">Historiographic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">Modern display of the Confederate flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Union_Veterans_of_the_Civil_War" title="Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War">Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Historical_Society" title="Southern Historical Society">Southern Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of the Confederacy">Children of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Monuments<br />and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Union_Civil_War_monuments_and_memorials" title="List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_the_Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of memorials to Abraham Lincoln">memorials to Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_artworks_in_the_United_States_Capitol" title="Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol">artworks in Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Jefferson_Davis" title="List of memorials to Jefferson Davis">memorials to Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Robert_E._Lee" title="List of memorials to Robert E. Lee">memorials to Lee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" title="Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials">Removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Memorial_Association" title="Ladies' Memorial Association">Ladies' Memorial Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Era_National_Cemeteries_MPS" title="Civil War Era National Cemeteries MPS">U.S. national cemeteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1913 Gettysburg reunion">1913 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1938 Gettysburg reunion">1938 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Veteran" title="Confederate Veteran">Confederate Veteran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_soldiers%27_home" title="Old soldiers' home">Old soldiers' homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_of_Honor" title="Southern Cross of Honor">Southern Cross of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of weapons in the American Civil War">Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Campaign_Medal" title="Civil War Campaign Medal">Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cavalry in the American Civil War">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Home_Guard" title="Confederate Home Guard">Confederate Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_railroads_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Confederate railroads in the American Civil War">Confederate railroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_revolving_cannon" title="Confederate revolving cannon">Confederate revolving cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Medicine in the American Civil War">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of naval battles of the American Civil War">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_Union_and_Confederate_Armies" title="Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies">Official Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Ranger_Act" title="Partisan Ranger Act">Partisan rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">POW camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foods_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Foods of the American Civil War">Rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Signal Corps in the American Civil War">Signal Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Corps_Badges" title="American Civil War Corps Badges">Union corps badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army_Balloon_Corps" title="Union Army Balloon Corps">U.S. Balloon Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(Union)" title="Home Guard (Union)">U.S. Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Railroad" title="United States Military Railroad">U.S. Military Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War">Committee on the Conduct of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States presidential election">Confederate States presidential election of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperheads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Diplomacy of the American Civil War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_(1863)" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)">Habeas Corpus Act of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_killed_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of politicians killed in the American Civil War">Politicians killed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_League" title="Union League">Union Leagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">U.S. Presidential Election of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Music of the American Civil War">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lincoln_Portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="A Lincoln Portrait">A Lincoln Portrait</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Through_Georgia" title="Marching Through Georgia">Marching Through Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland,_My_Maryland" title="Maryland, My Maryland">Maryland, My Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daar_kom_die_Alibama" title="Daar kom die Alibama">Daar kom die Alibama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">By ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="German Americans in the American Civil War">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Irish Americans in the American Civil War">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans_in_the_Civil_War" title="Italian Americans in the Civil War">Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catawba_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Catawba in the American Civil War">Catawba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cherokee in the American Civil War">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Seminole in the American Civil War">Seminole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861" title="Baltimore riot of 1861">Baltimore riot of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_battlefield_preservation" title="American Civil War battlefield preservation">Battlefield preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_war_finance" title="Confederate war finance">Confederate war finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_dollar" title="Confederate States dollar">Confederate States dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_spies" title="American Civil War spies">Espionage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Secret_Service" title="Confederate Secret Service">Confederate Secret Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanging_at_Gainesville" title="Great Hanging at Gainesville">Great Hanging at Gainesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army_revival" title="Confederate States Army revival">Great Revival of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_issues_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Gender issues in the American Civil War">Gender issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Names of the American Civil War">Naming the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_gold_hoax" title="Civil War gold hoax">New York City Gold Hoax of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographers_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Photographers of the American Civil War">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bread_riots" title="Southern bread riots">Richmond riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Salt in the American Civil War">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War">Supreme Court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_token" title="Civil War token">Tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sanitary_Commission" title="United States Sanitary Commission">U.S. Sanitary Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_American_Civil_War_soldiers" title="List of female American Civil War soldiers">Women soldiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_shows_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of films and television shows about the American Civil War">List of films and television shows about the American Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_Civil_War" title="Category:American Civil War">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arkansas_in_the_Civil_War" title="Template:Arkansas in the Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arkansas_in_the_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Arkansas in the Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arkansas_in_the_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arkansas in the Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas in the American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_secession" title="Arkansas secession">Secession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arkansas_Civil_War_Confederate_units" title="List of Arkansas Civil War Confederate units">Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arkansas_Civil_War_Union_units" title="List of Arkansas Civil War Union units">Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_campaign" title="Little Rock campaign">Little Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby%27s_Raid_(1863)" title="Shelby's Raid (1863)">Shelby's Raid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Red River</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camden_Expedition" title="Camden Expedition">Camden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition" title="Price's Missouri Expedition">Missouri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">1862</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" title="Battle of Pea Ridge">Pea Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Whitney%27s_Lane" title="Battle of Whitney's Lane">Whitney's Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Charles" title="Battle of St. Charles">St. Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cotton_Plant" title="Battle of Cotton Plant">Hill's Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_McGuire%27s_Store" title="Battle of McGuire's Store">McGuire's Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cane_Hill" title="Battle of Cane Hill">Cane Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prairie_Grove" title="Battle of Prairie Grove">Prairie Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Van_Buren" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">1863</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arkansas_Post_(1863)" title="Battle of Arkansas Post (1863)">Arkansas Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fayetteville_(1863)" title="Battle of Fayetteville (1863)">Fayetteville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chalk_Bluff" title="Battle of Chalk Bluff">Chalk Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helena" title="Battle of Helena">Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brownsville,_Arkansas" title="Battle of Brownsville, Arkansas">Brownsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayou_Meto" title="Battle of Bayou Meto">Bayou Meto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Devil%27s_Backbone" title="Battle of Devil's Backbone">Devil’s Backbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Ashley%27s_Mills" title="Skirmish at Ashley's Mills">Ashley's Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayou_Fourche" title="Battle of Bayou Fourche">Bayou Fourche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pine_Bluff" title="Battle of Pine Bluff">Pine Bluff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">1864</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Elba" title="Battle of Mount Elba">Mount Elba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Terre_Noire_Creek" title="Skirmish at Terre Noire Creek">Terre Noire Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elkin%27s_Ferry" title="Battle of Elkin's Ferry">Elkin’s Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prairie_D%27Ane" title="Battle of Prairie D'Ane">Prairie D'Ane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poison_Spring" title="Battle of Poison Spring">Poison Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marks%27_Mills" title="Battle of Marks' Mills">Marks’ Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jenkins%27_Ferry" title="Battle of Jenkins' Ferry">Jenkins’ Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Old_River_Lake" title="Battle of Old River Lake">Old River Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Massard_Prairie" title="Battle of Massard Prairie">Massard Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Smith" title="Battle of Fort Smith">Fort Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_at_Ashley%27s_Station" title="Action at Ashley's Station">Ashley's Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">1865</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dardanelle</li> <li>Ivey's Ford</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Reconstruction <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Council" title="Fort Smith Council">Indian Council at Fort Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Military_District" title="Fourth Military District">Fourth Military District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cemeteries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Nelson_Confederate_Cemetery" title="Camp Nelson Confederate Cemetery">Camp Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_White_Sulphur_Springs_Confederate_Cemetery" title="Camp White Sulphur Springs Confederate Cemetery">Camp White Sulphur Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayetteville_Confederate_Cemetery" title="Fayetteville Confederate Cemetery">Fayetteville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Confederate_Cemetery" title="Helena Confederate Cemetery">Helena</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Category:Arkansas in the American Civil War">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Arkansas in the American Civil War"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Louisiana_in_the_Civil_War" title="Template:Louisiana in the Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Louisiana_in_the_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Louisiana in the Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Louisiana_in_the_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Louisiana in the Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana in the American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_secession" title="Louisiana secession">Louisiana secession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Louisiana_Confederate_Civil_War_units" title="List of Louisiana Confederate Civil War units">Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Louisiana_Union_Civil_War_units" title="List of Louisiana Union Civil War units">Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg campaign</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Red River campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi River in the American Civil War">Mississippi River in the American Civil War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">1861</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Head_of_Passes" title="Battle of the Head of Passes">Battle of the Head of Passes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">1862</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_New_Orleans" title="Capture of New Orleans">Capture of New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baton_Rouge_(1862)" title="Battle of Baton Rouge (1862)">Battle of Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Donaldsonville" title="First Battle of Donaldsonville">Battle of Donaldsonville I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Georgia_Landing" title="Battle of Georgia Landing">Battle of Georgia Landing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">1863</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Bisland" title="Battle of Fort Bisland">Battle of Fort Bisland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Irish_Bend" title="Battle of Irish Bend">Battle of Irish Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vermilion_Bayou" title="Battle of Vermilion Bayou">Battle of Vermilion Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plains_Store" title="Battle of Plains Store">Battle of Plains Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Hudson" title="Siege of Port Hudson">Siege of Port Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Milliken%27s_Bend" title="Battle of Milliken's Bend">Battle of Milliken's Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_LaFourche_Crossing" title="Battle of LaFourche Crossing">Battle of LaFourche Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Donaldsonville" title="Second Battle of Donaldsonville">Battle of Donaldsonville II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goodrich%27s_Landing" title="Battle of Goodrich's Landing">Battle of Goodrich's Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kock%27s_Plantation" title="Battle of Kock's Plantation">Battle of Kock's Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stirling%27s_Plantation" title="Battle of Stirling's Plantation">Battle of Stirling's Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayou_Bourbeux" title="Battle of Bayou Bourbeux">Battle of Bayou Bourbeux</a> (aka <a href="/wiki/Grand_Coteau,_Louisiana" title="Grand Coteau, Louisiana">Grand Coteau</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">1864</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_DeRussy" title="Battle of Fort DeRussy">Battle of Fort DeRussy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Henderson%27s_Hill" title="Battle of Henderson's Hill">Battle of Henderson's Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mansfield" title="Battle of Mansfield">Battle of Mansfield</a> (aka Sabine Cross-Roads)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pleasant_Hill" title="Battle of Pleasant Hill">Battle of Pleasant Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blair%27s_Landing" title="Battle of Blair's Landing">Battle of Blair's Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monett%27s_Ferry" title="Battle of Monett's Ferry">Battle of Monett's Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_26%E2%80%9327_April_1864" title="Action of 26–27 April 1864">Action of 26–27 April 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actions_near_Alexandria" title="Actions near Alexandria">Actions near Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calcasieu_Pass" title="Battle of Calcasieu Pass">Battle of Calcasieu Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mansura" title="Battle of Mansura">Battle of Mansura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yellow_Bayou" title="Battle of Yellow Bayou">Battle of Yellow Bayou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Involvement<br /><span class="nobold">(by city or town)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Orleans in the American Civil War">New Orleans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Watkins_Allen" title="Henry Watkins Allen">Henry W. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P.G.T._Beauregard" class="mw-redirect" title="P.G.T. Beauregard">P.G.T. Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Blanchard" title="Albert G. Blanchard">Albert G. Blanchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Braxton Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_L._Gibson" title="Randall L. Gibson">Randall L. Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gray_(politician)" title="Henry Gray (politician)">Henry Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Hays" title="Harry T. Hays">Harry T. Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_Richardson_Liddell" title="St. John Richardson Liddell">St. John Liddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Mouton" title="Alfred Mouton">Alfred Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_T._Nicholls" title="Francis T. Nicholls">Francis T. Nicholls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leroy_Augustus_Stafford" title="Leroy Augustus Stafford">Leroy A. Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Richard Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Military_District" title="Fifth Military District">Fifth Military District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials#Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials">Confederate monuments and memorials</a> (<a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials#Louisiana" title="Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials">Removal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall_Museum" title="Confederate Memorial Hall Museum">Confederate Memorial Hall Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Louisiana in the American Civil War"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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.sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/19px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/29px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/38px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1875" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/21px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/42px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Arkansas" title="Portal:Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/21px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/32px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/42px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7040" data-file-height="4556" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Louisiana" title="Portal:Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2502519#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_River_campaign&oldid=1254641753">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_River_campaign&oldid=1254641753</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Red_River_campaign" title="Category:Red River campaign">Red River campaign</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1864_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Category:1864 in the American Civil War">1864 in the American Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1864_in_Arkansas" title="Category:1864 in Arkansas">1864 in Arkansas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1864_in_Louisiana" title="Category:1864 in Louisiana">1864 in Louisiana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:March_1864_events" title="Category:March 1864 events">March 1864 events</a></li><li><a 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