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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limits_to_visible_range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limits_to_visible_range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Limits to visible range</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Limits_to_visible_range-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Limits to visible range subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Limits_to_visible_range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atmospheric_transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmospheric_transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Atmospheric transmission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmospheric_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ocular_transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocular_transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ocular transmission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocular_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opsin_absorption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opsin_absorption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Opsin absorption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opsin_absorption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Different_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Different_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Different definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Different_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vision_outside_the_visible_spectrum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vision_outside_the_visible_spectrum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Vision outside the visible spectrum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vision_outside_the_visible_spectrum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-visual_light_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-visual_light_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Non-visual light detection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-visual_light_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_non-humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_non-humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In non-humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_non-humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In non-humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_non-humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Fish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Invertebrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_vision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_vision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Thermal vision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_vision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spectroscopy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spectroscopy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Spectroscopy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spectroscopy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Visible spectrum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigbare_spektrum" title="Sigbare spektrum – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sigbare spektrum" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%81_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="طيف مرئي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طيف مرئي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectru_visible" title="Espectru visible – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Espectru visible" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="দৃশ্যমান বর্ণালী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দৃশ্যমান বর্ণালী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B3-ki%C3%A0n_sek-lia%CC%8Dt" title="Khó-kiàn sek-lia̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khó-kiàn sek-lia̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Бачнае выпраменьванне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бачнае выпраменьванне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Бачнае выпраменьваньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бачнае выпраменьваньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Видим спектър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Видим спектър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidljiva_svjetlost" title="Vidljiva svjetlost – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vidljiva svjetlost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektr_gwelus" title="Spektr gwelus – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Spektr gwelus" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectre_visible" title="Espectre visible – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Espectre visible" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%C4%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Курăнакан пайăркалав – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Курăнакан пайăркалав" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barevn%C3%A9_spektrum" title="Barevné spektrum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Barevné spektrum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synlige_spektrum" title="Synlige spektrum – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Synlige spektrum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtspektrum" title="Lichtspektrum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lichtspektrum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C_%CF%86%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ορατό φάσμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ορατό φάσμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectro_visible" title="Espectro visible – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Espectro visible" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videbla_spektro" title="Videbla spektro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Videbla spektro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espektro_ikusgai" title="Espektro ikusgai – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espektro ikusgai" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%81_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="طیف مرئی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طیف مرئی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_spectrum" title="Visual spectrum – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Visual spectrum" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectre_visible" title="Spectre visible – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Spectre visible" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speictream_infheicthe" title="Speictream infheicthe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Speictream infheicthe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speactram_an_t-Solais" title="Speactram an t-Solais – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Speactram an t-Solais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectro_visible" title="Espectro visible – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Espectro visible" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%8B%9C%EA%B4%91%EC%84%A0" title="가시광선 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가시광선" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Տեսանելի ճառագայթում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տեսանելի ճառագայթում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="प्रत्यक्ष वर्णक्रम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रत्यक्ष वर्णक्रम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektar_(boja)" title="Spektar (boja) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Spektar (boja)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrum_kasatmata" title="Spektrum kasatmata – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Spektrum kasatmata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spettro_visibile" title="Spettro visibile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spettro visibile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94" title="הספקטרום הנראה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הספקטרום הנראה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4" title="ದೃಗ್ಗೋಚರ ರೋಹಿತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದೃಗ್ಗೋಚರ ರೋಹಿತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eebenga_ronahiya_b%C3%AEnraw" title="Şebenga ronahiya bînraw – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şebenga ronahiya bînraw" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_visibile" title="Spectrum visibile – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Spectrum visibile" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redzam%C4%81_gaisma" title="Redzamā gaisma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Redzamā gaisma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liichtspektrum" title="Liichtspektrum – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Liichtspektrum" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimasis_spektras" title="Regimasis spektras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Regimasis spektras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1that%C3%B3_spektrum" title="Látható spektrum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Látható spektrum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrum_yang_boleh_dilihat" title="Spektrum yang boleh dilihat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Spektrum yang boleh dilihat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinar_tampak" title="Sinar tampak – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sinar tampak" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80" title="Үзэгдэх спектр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Үзэгдэх спектр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zichtbaar_spectrum" title="Zichtbaar spectrum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zichtbaar spectrum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="भिजिबल स्पेक्ट्रम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भिजिबल स्पेक्ट्रम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A6%96%E5%85%89%E7%B7%9A" title="可視光線 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="可視光線" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visuelt_spektrum" title="Visuelt spektrum – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Visuelt spektrum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_optiske_spekteret" title="Det optiske spekteret – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det optiske spekteret" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਪ੍ਰਤੱਖ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਤੱਖ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizebl_spekchrom" title="Vizebl spekchrom – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Vizebl spekchrom" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awiat%C5%82o_widzialne" title="Światło widzialne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Światło widzialne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectro_vis%C3%ADvel" title="Espectro visível – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Espectro visível" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectru_vizibil" title="Spectru vizibil – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Spectru vizibil" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Видимое излучение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Видимое излучение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="වර්ණාවලිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වර්ණාවලිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Visible spectrum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF" title="روشني جا رنگ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="روشني جا رنگ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidni_spekter" title="Vidni spekter – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vidni spekter" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidljivi_spektar" title="Vidljivi spektar – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vidljivi spektar" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidljivi_spektar" title="Vidljivi spektar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vidljivi spektar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A9ktrum_cahaya_kat%C3%A9mbong" title="Spéktrum cahaya katémbong – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Spéktrum cahaya katémbong" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4kyv%C3%A4n_valon_spektri" title="Näkyvän valon spektri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Näkyvän valon spektri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synliga_spektrum" title="Synliga spektrum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Synliga spektrum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="கட்புலனாகும் நிறமாலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கட்புலனாகும் நிறமாலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BC%D3%99_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Күренмә нурланыш – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Күренмә нурланыш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89" title="สเปกตรัมมองเห็นได้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สเปกตรัมมองเห็นได้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AC%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%9B%E1%8F%97_%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A7%E1%8F%83%E1%8F%97" title="ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BCr_spektrum" title="Görünür spektrum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Görünür spektrum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Видиме світло – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Видиме світло" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%81" title="مرئی طیف – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مرئی طیف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spetro_vix%C3%ACbi%C5%82e" title="Spetro vixìbiłe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Spetro vixìbiłe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%95_nh%C3%ACn_th%E1%BA%A5y_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c" title="Phổ nhìn thấy được – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phổ nhìn thấy được" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%81%E5%85%89" title="可见光 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="可见光" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A6%8B%E5%85%89" title="可見光 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="可見光" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%81%E5%85%89" title="可见光 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="可见光" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q76299#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Color spectrum" redirects here. For the music album, see <a href="/wiki/The_Color_Spectrum" title="The Color Spectrum">The Color Spectrum</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg/220px-Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg/330px-Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg/440px-Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2309" data-file-height="2818" /></a><figcaption>White <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> is <a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)" title="Dispersion (optics)">dispersed</a> by a glass <a href="/wiki/Triangular_prism_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triangular prism (optics)">prism</a> into the colors of the visible spectrum.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>visible spectrum</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Spectral_band" title="Spectral band">band</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a> that is <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">visible</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">human eye</a>. <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">Electromagnetic radiation</a> in this range of <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> is called <i><a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a></i> (or simply light). The <b>optical spectrum</b> is sometimes considered to be the same as the visible spectrum, but some authors define the term more broadly, to include the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> parts of the electromagnetic spectrum as well, known collectively as <i><a href="/wiki/Optical_radiation" title="Optical radiation">optical radiation</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ThoughtCo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThoughtCo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A typical <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">human eye</a> will respond to wavelengths from about 380 to about 750 <a href="/wiki/Nanometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometers">nanometers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of frequency, this corresponds to a band in the vicinity of 400–790 <a href="/wiki/Terahertz_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terahertz (unit)">terahertz</a>. These boundaries are not sharply defined and may vary per individual.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica-2024_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-2024-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under optimal conditions, these limits of human perception can extend to 310 nm (ultraviolet) and 1100 nm (near infrared).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spectrum does not contain all the <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">colors</a> that the human <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual system</a> can distinguish. <i><a href="/wiki/Excitation_purity" class="mw-redirect" title="Excitation purity">Unsaturated colors</a></i> such as <a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">pink</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">purple</a> variations like <a href="/wiki/Magenta" title="Magenta">magenta</a>, for example, are absent because they can only be made from a mix of multiple wavelengths. Colors containing only one wavelength are also called <i>pure colors</i> or <a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">spectral colors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hyperphysics_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyperphysics-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Visible wavelengths pass largely unattenuated through the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a> via the "<a href="/wiki/Optical_window" title="Optical window">optical window</a>" region of the electromagnetic spectrum. An example of this phenomenon is when clean air <a href="/wiki/Scattering" title="Scattering">scatters</a> blue light more than red light, and so the midday sky appears blue (apart from the area around the Sun which appears white because the light is not scattered as much). The optical window is also referred to as the "visible window" because it overlaps the human visible response spectrum. The <a href="/wiki/Near_infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near infrared">near infrared</a> (NIR) window lies just out of the human vision, as well as the medium wavelength infrared (MWIR) window, and the long-wavelength or far-infrared (LWIR or FIR) window, although other animals may perceive them.<sup id="cite_ref-ThoughtCo_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThoughtCo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica-2024_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-2024-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spectral_colors">Spectral colors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visible_spectrum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Spectral colors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#FFF;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Linear_visible_spectrum.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="sRGB rendering of the spectrum of visible light"><img alt="sRGB rendering of the spectrum of visible light" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Linear_visible_spectrum.svg/300px-Linear_visible_spectrum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Linear_visible_spectrum.svg/450px-Linear_visible_spectrum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Linear_visible_spectrum.svg/600px-Linear_visible_spectrum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="115" /></a><figcaption>sRGB rendering of the spectrum of visible light</figcaption></figure> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Color</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">Wavelength</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nm</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">Frequency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">THz</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Photon_energy" title="Photon energy">Photon energy</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">eV</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7f00ff; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)"><b>violet</b></a></div> </td> <td>380–450 </td> <td>670–790 </td> <td>2.75–3.26 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a></b></div> </td> <td>450–485 </td> <td>620–670 </td> <td>2.56–2.75 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:cyan; color:black;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a></b></div> </td> <td>485–500 </td> <td>600–620 </td> <td>2.48–2.56 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FF00; color:black;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a></b></div> </td> <td>500–565 </td> <td>530–600 </td> <td>2.19–2.48 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:yellow; color:black;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellow</a></b></div> </td> <td>565–590 </td> <td>510–530 </td> <td>2.10–2.19 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange; color:black;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">orange</a></b></div> </td> <td>590–625 </td> <td>480–510 </td> <td>1.98–2.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a></b></div> </td> <td>625–750 </td> <td>400–480 </td> <td>1.65–1.98 </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral color</a></div> <p>Colors that can be produced by visible light of a narrow band of wavelengths (<a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic light">monochromatic light</a>) are called <a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">pure spectral colors</a>. The various color ranges indicated in the illustration are an approximation: The spectrum is continuous, with no clear boundaries between one color and the next.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visible_spectrum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newton%27s_color_circle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Newton%27s_color_circle.png/220px-Newton%27s_color_circle.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Newton%27s_color_circle.png/330px-Newton%27s_color_circle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Newton%27s_color_circle.png/440px-Newton%27s_color_circle.png 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>Newton's color circle, from <i>Opticks</i> of 1704, showing the colors he associated with <a href="/wiki/Musical_note" title="Musical note">musical notes</a>. The spectral colors from red to violet are divided by the notes of the musical scale, starting at D. The circle completes a full <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octave</a>, from D to D. Newton's circle places red, at one end of the spectrum, next to violet, at the other. This reflects the fact that non-spectral <a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">purple</a> colors are observed when red and violet light are mixed.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a> theorized that <a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">rainbows</a> were produced by a similar process to the passage of light through glass or crystal.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> discovered that prisms could disassemble and reassemble white light, and described the phenomenon in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Opticks" title="Opticks">Opticks</a></i>. He was the first to use the word <i>spectrum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "appearance" or "apparition") in this sense in print in 1671 in describing his <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experiments</a> in <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>. Newton observed that, when a narrow beam of <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> strikes the face of a glass <a href="/wiki/Dispersive_prism" title="Dispersive prism">prism</a> at an angle, some is <a href="/wiki/Reflected" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflected">reflected</a> and some of the beam passes into and through the glass, emerging as different-colored bands. Newton hypothesized light to be made up of "corpuscles" (particles) of different colors, with the different colors of light moving at different speeds in transparent matter, red light moving more quickly than violet in glass. The result is that red light is bent (<a href="/wiki/Refracted" class="mw-redirect" title="Refracted">refracted</a>) less sharply than violet as it passes through the prism, creating a spectrum of colors. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newton_prismatic_colours.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Newton_prismatic_colours.JPG/300px-Newton_prismatic_colours.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Newton_prismatic_colours.JPG/450px-Newton_prismatic_colours.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Newton_prismatic_colours.JPG/600px-Newton_prismatic_colours.JPG 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Newton's observation of prismatic colors (<a href="/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster">David Brewster</a> 1855)</figcaption></figure><p> Newton originally divided the spectrum into six named colors: <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange (color)">orange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">violet</a>. He later added <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a> as the seventh color since he believed that seven was a perfect number as derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Sophists" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophists">sophists</a>, of there being a connection between the colors, the musical notes, the known objects in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, and the days of the week.<sup id="cite_ref-Isacoff2009_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isacoff2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The human eye is relatively insensitive to indigo's frequencies, and some people who have otherwise-good vision cannot distinguish indigo from blue and violet. For this reason, some later commentators, including <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have suggested that indigo should not be regarded as a color in its own right but merely as a shade of blue or violet. Evidence indicates that what Newton meant by "indigo" and "blue" does not correspond to the modern meanings of those color words. Comparing Newton's observation of prismatic colors with a color image of the visible light spectrum shows that "indigo" corresponds to what is today called blue, whereas his "blue" corresponds to <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> wrote about optical spectra in his <i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i>. Goethe used the word <i>spectrum</i> (<i>Spektrum</i>) to designate a ghostly optical <a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">afterimage</a>, as did <a href="/wiki/Schopenhauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colors" class="mw-redirect" title="On Vision and Colors">On Vision and Colors</a></i>. Goethe argued that the continuous spectrum was a compound phenomenon. Where Newton narrowed the beam of light to isolate the phenomenon, Goethe observed that a wider aperture produces not a spectrum but rather reddish-yellow and blue-cyan edges with <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">white</a> between them. The spectrum appears only when these edges are close enough to overlap. </p><p>In the early 19th century, the concept of the visible spectrum became more definite, as light outside the visible range was discovered and characterized by <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Ritter" title="Johann Wilhelm Ritter">Johann Wilhelm Ritter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)" title="Thomas Young (scientist)">Thomas Young</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johann_Seebeck" title="Thomas Johann Seebeck">Thomas Johann Seebeck</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young was the first to measure the wavelengths of different colors of light, in 1802.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The connection between the visible spectrum and <a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">color vision</a> was explored by Thomas Young and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> in the early 19th century. Their <a href="/wiki/Young%E2%80%93Helmholtz_theory" title="Young–Helmholtz theory">theory of color vision</a> correctly proposed that the eye uses three distinct receptors to perceive color. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limits_to_visible_range">Limits to visible range</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visible_spectrum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Limits to visible range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Color_vision#Physiology_of_color_perception" title="Color vision">Color vision § Physiology of color perception</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luminosity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Luminosity.svg/330px-Luminosity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Luminosity.svg/495px-Luminosity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Luminosity.svg/660px-Luminosity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Photopic_vision" title="Photopic vision">Photopic</a> (black) and <a href="/wiki/Scotopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotopic">scotopic</a> (green) luminous efficiency functions. The horizontal axis is wavelength in <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Luminous_efficiency_function" title="Luminous efficiency function">luminous efficiency function</a> for more info.</figcaption></figure> <p>The visible spectrum is limited to wavelengths that can both reach the retina and trigger <a href="/wiki/Visual_phototransduction" title="Visual phototransduction">visual phototransduction</a> (excite a <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_visual_opsin" title="Vertebrate visual opsin">visual opsin</a>). Insensitivity to <a href="/wiki/UV_light" class="mw-redirect" title="UV light">UV light</a> is generally limited by transmission through the <a href="/wiki/Lens_(vertebrate_anatomy)" title="Lens (vertebrate anatomy)">lens</a>. Insensitivity to <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">IR light</a> is limited by the <a href="/wiki/Spectral_sensitivity" title="Spectral sensitivity">spectral sensitivity</a> functions of the visual opsins. The range is defined <a href="/wiki/Psychometrically" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychometrically">psychometrically</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Luminous_efficiency_function" title="Luminous efficiency function">luminous efficiency function</a>, which accounts for all of these factors. In humans, there is a separate function for each of two visual systems, one for <a href="/wiki/Photopic_vision" title="Photopic vision">photopic vision</a>, used in daylight, which is mediated by <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone cells</a>, and one for <a href="/wiki/Scotopic_vision" title="Scotopic vision">scotopic vision</a>, used in dim light, which is mediated by <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rod cells</a>. Each of these functions have different visible ranges. However, discussion on the visible range generally assumes photopic vision. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmospheric_transmission">Atmospheric transmission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visible_spectrum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Atmospheric transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The visible range of most animals evolved to match the <a href="/wiki/Optical_window" title="Optical window">optical window</a>, which is the range of light that can pass through the atmosphere. The ozone layer absorbs almost all UV light (below 315 nm).<sup id="cite_ref-Hunt-2001_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt-2001-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this only affects cosmic light (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a>), not terrestrial light (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ocular_transmission">Ocular transmission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visible_spectrum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ocular transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lens_Cornea_Transmission.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lens_Cornea_Transmission.png/330px-Lens_Cornea_Transmission.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lens_Cornea_Transmission.png/495px-Lens_Cornea_Transmission.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lens_Cornea_Transmission.png/660px-Lens_Cornea_Transmission.png 2x" data-file-width="1655" data-file-height="985" /></a><figcaption>Cumulative <a href="/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopy" title="Absorption spectroscopy">transmission spectra</a> of light as it passes through the ocular media, namely after the <a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">cornea</a> (blue), before the <a href="/wiki/Lens_(vertebrate_anatomy)" title="Lens (vertebrate anatomy)">lens</a> (red), after the lens (gray) and before the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> (orange). The solid lines are for a 4.5 year old eye. The dashed orange line is for a 53 year old eye, and dotted for a 75 year old eye, indicating the effect of lens yellowing.)</figcaption></figure> <p>Before reaching the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a>, light must first transmit through the <a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">cornea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lens_(vertebrate_anatomy)" title="Lens (vertebrate anatomy)">lens</a>. UVB light (< 315 nm) is filtered mostly by the cornea, and UVA light (315–400 nm) is filtered mostly by the lens.<sup id="cite_ref-Boettner-1962_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boettner-1962-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lens also yellows with age, attenuating transmission most strongly at the blue part of the spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-Boettner-1962_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boettner-1962-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can cause <a href="/wiki/Xanthopsia" title="Xanthopsia">xanthopsia</a> as well as a slight truncation of the short-wave (blue) limit of the visible spectrum. Subjects with <a href="/wiki/Aphakia" title="Aphakia">aphakia</a> are missing a lens, so UVA light can reach the retina and excite the visual opsins; this expands the visible range and may also lead to <a href="/wiki/Cyanopsia" title="Cyanopsia">cyanopsia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opsin_absorption">Opsin absorption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visible_spectrum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Opsin absorption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each opsin has a <a href="/wiki/Spectral_sensitivity" title="Spectral sensitivity">spectral sensitivity</a> function, which defines how likely it is to absorb a photon of each wavelength. The luminous efficiency function is approximately the superposition of the contributing <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_visual_opsin" title="Vertebrate visual opsin">visual opsins</a>. Variance in the position of the individual opsin spectral sensitivity functions therefore affects the luminous efficiency function and the visible range. For example, the long-wave (red) limit changes proportionally to the position of the L-opsin. The positions are defined by the peak wavelength (wavelength of highest sensitivity), so as the L-opsin peak wavelength blue shifts by 10 nm, the long-wave limit of the visible spectrum also shifts 10 nm. Large deviations of the L-opsin peak wavelength lead to a form of <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">color blindness</a> called <a href="/wiki/Protanomaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Protanomaly">protanomaly</a> and a missing L-opsin (<a href="/wiki/Protanopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Protanopia">protanopia</a>) shortens the visible spectrum by about 30 nm at the long-wave limit. Forms of color blindness affecting the M-opsin and S-opsin do not significantly affect the luminous efficiency function nor the limits of the visible spectrum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Different_definitions">Different definitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visible_spectrum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Different definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regardless of actual physical and biological variance, the definition of the limits is not standard and will change depending on the industry. For example, some industries may be concerned with practical limits, so would conservatively report 420–680 nm,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bradt2004_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt2004-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others may be concerned with <a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">psychometrics</a> and achieving the broadest spectrum would liberally report 380–750, or even 380–800 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohannesian-2001_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohannesian-2001-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ahluwalia-2000_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahluwalia-2000-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The luminous efficiency function in the <a href="/wiki/Near-infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-infrared">NIR</a> does not have a hard cutoff, but rather an exponential decay, such that the function's value (or vision sensitivity) at 1,050 nm is about 10<sup>9</sup> times weaker than at 700 nm; much higher intensity is therefore required to perceive 1,050 nm light than 700 nm light.<sup id="cite_ref-Sliney-1976_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sliney-1976-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vision_outside_the_visible_spectrum">Vision outside the visible spectrum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visible_spectrum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vision outside the visible spectrum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under ideal laboratory conditions, subjects may perceive infrared light up to at least 1,064 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-Sliney-1976_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sliney-1976-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While 1,050 nm NIR light can evoke red, suggesting direct absorption by the L-opsin, there are also reports that pulsed NIR lasers can evoke green, which suggests <a href="/wiki/Two-photon_absorption" title="Two-photon absorption">two-photon absorption</a> may be enabling extended NIR sensitivity.<sup id="cite_ref-Sliney-1976_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sliney-1976-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, young subjects may perceive ultraviolet wavelengths down to about 310–313 nm,<sup id="cite_ref-Lynch-2001_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynch-2001-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dash-2009_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dash-2009-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saidman-1933_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saidman-1933-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but detection of light below 380 nm may be due to <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a> of the ocular media, rather than direct absorption of UV light by the opsins. As UVA light is absorbed by the ocular media (lens and cornea), it may fluoresce and be released at a lower energy (longer wavelength) that can then be absorbed by the opsins. For example, when the lens absorbs 350 nm light, the fluorescence emission spectrum is centered on 440 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-visual_light_detection">Non-visual light detection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visible_spectrum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Non-visual light detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the photopic and scotopic systems, humans have other systems for detecting light that do not contribute to the primary <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual system</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Melanopsin" title="Melanopsin">melanopsin</a> has an absorption range of 420–540 nm and regulates <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythm</a> and other reflexive processes.<sup id="cite_ref-Enezi-2011_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enezi-2011-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the melanopsin system does not form images, it is not strictly considered <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">vision</a> and does not contribute to the visible range. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_non-humans">In non-humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visible_spectrum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In non-humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Evolution of color vision</a></div> <p>The visible spectrum is defined as that visible to humans, but the variance between species is large. Not only can <a href="/wiki/Cone_opsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone opsin">cone opsins</a> be spectrally shifted to alter the visible range, but <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> with 4 cones (tetrachromatic) or 2 cones (dichromatic) relative to humans' 3 (trichromatic) will also tend to have a wider or narrower visible spectrum than humans, respectively. </p><p>Vertebrates tend to have 1-4 different opsin classes:<sup id="cite_ref-Hunt-2001_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt-2001-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>longwave sensitive (LWS) with peak sensitivity between 500–570 nm,</li> <li>middlewave sensitive (MWS) with peak sensitivity between 480–520 nm,</li> <li>shortwave sensitive (SWS) with peak sensitivity between 415–470 nm, and</li> <li>violet/ultraviolet sensitive (VS/UVS) with peak sensitivity between 355–435 nm.</li></ul> <p>Testing the visual systems of animals behaviorally is difficult, so the visible range of animals is usually estimated by comparing the peak wavelengths of opsins with those of typical humans (S-opsin at 420 nm and L-opsin at 560 nm). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mammals">Mammals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visible_spectrum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most mammals have retained only two opsin classes (LWS and VS), due likely to the <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_bottleneck" title="Nocturnal bottleneck">nocturnal bottleneck</a>. However, old world primates (including humans) have since evolved two versions in the LWS class to regain trichromacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunt-2001_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt-2001-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike most mammals, rodents' UVS opsins have remained at shorter wavelengths. Along with their lack of UV filters in the lens, mice have a UVS opsin that can detect down to 340 nm. While allowing UV light to reach the retina can lead to retinal damage, the short lifespan of mice compared with other mammals may minimize this disadvantage relative to the advantage of UV vision.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dogs have two cone opsins at 429 nm and 555 nm, so see almost the entire visible spectrum of humans, despite being dichromatic.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horses have two cone opsins at 428 nm and 539 nm, yielding a slightly more truncated red vision.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birds">Birds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visible_spectrum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bird_vision#Ultraviolet_sensitivity" title="Bird vision">Bird_vision § Ultraviolet_sensitivity</a></div> <p>Most other vertebrates (birds, lizards, fish, etc.) have retained their <a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">tetrachromacy</a>, including UVS opsins that extend further into the ultraviolet than humans' VS opsin.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunt-2001_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt-2001-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sensitivity of avian UVS opsins vary greatly, from 355–425 nm, and LWS opsins from 560–570 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-Hart-2007_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hart-2007-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This translates to some birds with a visible spectrum on par with humans, and other birds with greatly expanded sensitivity to UV light. The LWS opsin of birds is sometimes reported to have a peak wavelength above 600 nm, but this is an effective peak wavelength that incorporates the filter of avian <a href="/wiki/Oil_droplet" title="Oil droplet">oil droplets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hart-2007_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hart-2007-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peak wavelength of the LWS opsin alone is the better predictor of the long-wave limit. A possible benefit of avian UV vision involves sex-dependent markings on their <a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">plumage</a> that are visible only in the ultraviolet range.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish">Fish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visible_spectrum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vision_in_fish#Ultraviolet" title="Vision in fish">Vision_in_fish § Ultraviolet</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Teleost" title="Teleost">Teleosts</a> (bony fish) are generally tetrachromatic. The sensitivity of fish UVS opsins vary from 347-383 nm, and LWS opsins from 500-570 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-Carleton-2020_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carleton-2020-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some fish that use alternative <a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">chromophores</a> can extend their LWS opsin sensitivity to 625 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-Carleton-2020_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carleton-2020-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popular belief that the common goldfish is the only animal that can see both infrared and ultraviolet light<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is incorrect, because goldfish cannot see infrared light.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invertebrates">Invertebrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visible_spectrum&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Invertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The visual systems of invertebrates deviate greatly from vertebrates, so direct comparisons are difficult. However, UV sensitivity has been reported in most insect species.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">Bees</a> and many other insects can detect ultraviolet light, which helps them find <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a> in flowers. Plant species that depend on insect pollination may owe reproductive success to their appearance in ultraviolet light rather than how colorful they appear to humans. Bees' long-wave limit is at about 590 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mantis_shrimp" title="Mantis shrimp">Mantis shrimp</a> exhibit up to 14 opsins, enabling a visible range of less than 300 nm to above 700 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunt-2001_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt-2001-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal_vision">Thermal vision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visible_spectrum&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Thermal vision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_snakes" title="Infrared sensing in snakes">Infrared sensing in snakes</a></div> <p>Some snakes can "see"<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> radiant heat at <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> between 5 and 30 <a href="/wiki/%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">μm</a> to a degree of accuracy such that a blind <a href="/wiki/Rattlesnake" title="Rattlesnake">rattlesnake</a> can target vulnerable body parts of the prey at which it strikes,<sup id="cite_ref-Kardong-1991_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kardong-1991-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other snakes with the organ may detect warm bodies from a meter away.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may also be used in <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predator</a> detection.<sup id="cite_ref-Krochmal-2004_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krochmal-2004-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gre92_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gre92-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visible_spectrum&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Spectroscopy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg/430px-Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="430" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg/645px-Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg/860px-Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a> partially or totally <a href="/wiki/Opacity_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opacity (optics)">blocks</a> some wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, but in visible light it is mostly transparent</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a> is the study of objects based on the spectrum of color they emit, absorb or reflect. Visible-light spectroscopy is an important tool in <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> (as is <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_spectroscopy" title="Astronomical spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a> at other wavelengths), where scientists use it to analyze the properties of distant objects. <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Chemical elements</a> and small <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> can be detected in astronomical objects by observing <a href="/wiki/Emission_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Emission line">emission lines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Absorption_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption line">absorption lines</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> was first detected by analysis of the spectrum of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>. The shift in frequency of spectral lines is used to measure the <a href="/wiki/Doppler_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppler shift">Doppler shift</a> (<a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">redshift</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blueshift" class="mw-redirect" title="Blueshift">blueshift</a>) of distant objects to determine their velocities towards or away from the observer. <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_spectroscopy" title="Astronomical spectroscopy">Astronomical spectroscopy</a> uses high-dispersion <a href="/wiki/Diffraction_grating" title="Diffraction grating">diffraction gratings</a> to observe spectra at very high spectral resolutions. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visible_spectrum&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Littell%27s_Living_Age/Volume_145/Issue_1869/Definition_of_the_Color_Indigo" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Littell's Living Age/Volume 145/Issue 1869/Definition of the Color Indigo">Definition of the Color Indigo</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Visible_spectrum" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Visible spectrum">Visible spectrum</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-energy_visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="High-energy visible light">High-energy visible light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray_visual_phenomena" title="Cosmic ray visual phenomena">Cosmic ray visual phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_absorption_by_water" title="Electromagnetic absorption by water">Electromagnetic absorption by water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-photon_absorption" title="Two-photon absorption">Two-photon absorption</a> - A method for seeing outside the visible spectrum</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visible_spectrum&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPedrottiPedrottiPedrotti2017" class="citation book cs1">Pedrotti, Frank L.; Pedrotti, Leno M.; Pedrotti, Leno S. (December 21, 2017). <i>Introduction to Optics</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108428262" title="Special:BookSources/9781108428262"><bdi>9781108428262</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Optics&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017-12-21&rft.isbn=9781108428262&rft.aulast=Pedrotti&rft.aufirst=Frank+L.&rft.au=Pedrotti%2C+Leno+M.&rft.au=Pedrotti%2C+Leno+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisible+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ThoughtCo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ThoughtCo_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThoughtCo_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-visible-light-spectrum-2699036">"What Is the Visible Light Spectrum?"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240918221444/https://www.thoughtco.com/the-visible-light-spectrum-2699036">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-09-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=What+Is+the+Visible+Light+Spectrum%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fthe-visible-light-spectrum-2699036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisible+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr,_Cecie2005" class="citation book cs1">Starr, Cecie (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biologyconceptsa06edstar"><i>Biology: Concepts and Applications</i></a></span>. Thomson Brooks/Cole. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biologyconceptsa06edstar/page/94">94</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-46226-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-46226-0"><bdi>978-0-534-46226-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology%3A+Concepts+and+Applications&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Thomson+Brooks%2FCole&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-534-46226-0&rft.au=Starr%2C+Cecie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiologyconceptsa06edstar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisible+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-2024-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-2024_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-2024_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/color/The-visible-spectrum">"The visible spectrum"</a>. 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The visible spectrum and beyond"</a>. <i>Eye</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 222–229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Feye.2015.252">10.1038/eye.2015.252</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-5454">1476-5454</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4763133">4763133</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26768917">26768917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eye&rft.atitle=What+is+light%3F+The+visible+spectrum+and+beyond&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=222-229&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4763133%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1476-5454&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26768917&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Feye.2015.252&rft.au=D.+H.+Sliney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4763133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisible+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._C._Livingston2001" class="citation book cs1">W. C. Livingston (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Abp5FdhskAC&pg=PA231"><i>Color and light in nature</i></a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-77284-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-77284-2"><bdi>0-521-77284-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241004082506/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Abp5FdhskAC&pg=PA231#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4273384">"Human infrared vision is triggered by two-photon chromophore isomerization"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>111</b> (50): E5445–E5454. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..111E5445P">2014PNAS..111E5445P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1410162111">10.1073/pnas.1410162111</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4273384">4273384</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25453064">25453064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Human+infrared+vision+is+triggered+by+two-photon+chromophore+isomerization&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=E5445-E5454&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4273384%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25453064&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1410162111&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PNAS..111E5445P&rft.au=Grazyna+Palczewska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4273384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisible+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hyperphysics-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hyperphysics_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNave" class="citation web cs1">Nave, R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/specol.html#c1">"Spectral Colors"</a>. <i>Hyperphysics</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171027012933/http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/specol.html#c1">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hyperphysics&rft.atitle=Spectral+Colors&rft.aulast=Nave&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu%2Fhbase%2Fvision%2Fspecol.html%23c1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisible+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/color/The-visible-spectrum">"Colour - Visible Spectrum, Wavelengths, Hues | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 2024-09-10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712212209/https://www.britannica.com/science/color/The-visible-spectrum">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Colour+-+Visible+Spectrum%2C+Wavelengths%2C+Hues+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fcolor%2FThe-visible-spectrum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisible+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruno, Thomas J. and Svoronos, Paris D. N. (2005). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FgjHjhCh5wsC&pg=PP1">CRC Handbook of Fundamental Spectroscopic Correlation Charts.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241004082506/https://books.google.com/books?id=FgjHjhCh5wsC&pg=PP1">Archived</a> 2024-10-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> CRC Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781420037685" title="Special:BookSources/9781420037685">9781420037685</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoffey1912" class="citation book cs1">Coffey, Peter (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thescienceoflogi01coffuoft"><i>The Science of Logic: An Inquiry Into the Principles of Accurate Thought</i></a>. Longmans. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thescienceoflogi01coffuoft/page/185">185</a>. <q>roger bacon prism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Logic%3A+An+Inquiry+Into+the+Principles+of+Accurate+Thought&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Coffey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthescienceoflogi01coffuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisible+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isacoff2009-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Isacoff2009_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsacoff2009" class="citation book cs1">Isacoff, Stuart (16 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2kasFeTRcf4C&pg=PA12"><i>Temperament: How Music Became a Battleground for the Great Minds of Western Civilization</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-56051-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-56051-3"><bdi>978-0-307-56051-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241004082506/https://books.google.com/books?id=2kasFeTRcf4C&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temperament%3A+How+Music+Became+a+Battleground+for+the+Great+Minds+of+Western+Civilization&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009-01-16&rft.isbn=978-0-307-56051-3&rft.aulast=Isacoff&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2kasFeTRcf4C%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisible+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsimov1975" class="citation book cs1">Asimov, Isaac (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eyesonuniverse00isaa/page/59"><i>Eyes on the universe : a history of the telescope</i></a></span>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eyesonuniverse00isaa/page/59">59</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-20716-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-20716-1"><bdi>978-0-395-20716-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eyes+on+the+universe+%3A+a+history+of+the+telescope&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-395-20716-1&rft.aulast=Asimov&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feyesonuniverse00isaa%2Fpage%2F59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisible+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1974" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Ralph M. (1974). <i>The perception of color</i> (null ed.). New York: Wiley-Interscience. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-24785-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-24785-2"><bdi>978-0-471-24785-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+perception+of+color&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=null&rft.pub=Wiley-Interscience&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-471-24785-2&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Ralph+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisible+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaren2007" class="citation journal cs1">McLaren, K. (March 2007). "Newton's indigo". <i>Color Research & Application</i>. <b>10</b> (4): 225–229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcol.5080100411">10.1002/col.5080100411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Color+Research+%26+Application&rft.atitle=Newton%27s+indigo&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=225-229&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcol.5080100411&rft.aulast=McLaren&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisible+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldman2002" class="citation book cs1">Waldman, Gary (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PbsoAXWbnr4C&q=Newton+color+Indigo&pg=PA193"><i>Introduction to light : the physics of light, vision, and color</i></a> (Dover ed.). Mineola: Dover Publications. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-42118-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-42118-6"><bdi>978-0-486-42118-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241004082617/https://books.google.com/books?id=PbsoAXWbnr4C&q=Newton+color+Indigo&pg=PA193#v=snippet&q=Newton%20color%20Indigo&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+light+%3A+the+physics+of+light%2C+vision%2C+and+color&rft.place=Mineola&rft.pages=193&rft.edition=Dover&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-486-42118-6&rft.aulast=Waldman&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPbsoAXWbnr4C%26q%3DNewton%2Bcolor%2BIndigo%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisible+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Jo_Nye2003" class="citation book cs1">Mary Jo Nye, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B3WvWhJTTX8C&q=spectrum+%22thomas+young%22+herschel+ritter&pg=PA278"><i>The Cambridge History of Science: The Modern Physical and Mathematical Sciences</i></a>. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57199-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57199-9"><bdi>978-0-521-57199-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241004082507/https://books.google.com/books?id=B3WvWhJTTX8C&q=spectrum+%22thomas+young%22+herschel+ritter&pg=PA278#v=snippet&q=spectrum%20%22thomas%20young%22%20herschel%20ritter&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Science%3A+The+Modern+Physical+and+Mathematical+Sciences&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57199-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB3WvWhJTTX8C%26q%3Dspectrum%2B%2522thomas%2Byoung%2522%2Bherschel%2Britter%26pg%3DPA278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisible+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_C._D._Brand1995" class="citation book cs1">John C. D. Brand (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sKx0IBC22p4C&q=light+wavelength+color++young+fresnel&pg=PA30"><i>Lines of light: the sources of dispersive spectroscopy, 1800–1930</i></a>. CRC Press. pp. 30–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88449-163-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88449-163-1"><bdi>978-2-88449-163-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241004082507/https://books.google.com/books?id=sKx0IBC22p4C&q=light+wavelength+color++young+fresnel&pg=PA30#v=snippet&q=light%20wavelength%20color%20%20young%20fresnel&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lines+of+light%3A+the+sources+of+dispersive+spectroscopy%2C+1800%E2%80%931930&rft.pages=30-32&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-2-88449-163-1&rft.au=John+C.+D.+Brand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsKx0IBC22p4C%26q%3Dlight%2Bwavelength%2Bcolor%2B%2Byoung%2Bfresnel%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisible+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunt-2001-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hunt-2001_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunt-2001_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunt-2001_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunt-2001_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunt-2001_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntWilkieBowmakerPoopalasundaram2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hunt, D.M.; Wilkie, S.E.; Bowmaker, J.K.; Poopalasundaram, S. (October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11337280">"Vision in the ultraviolet"</a>. <i>Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences</i>. <b>58</b> (11): 1583–1598. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FPL00000798">10.1007/PL00000798</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11337280">11337280</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11706986">11706986</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22938704">22938704</a>. <q>Radiation below 320 nm [ultraviolet (UV)A] is largely screened out by the ozone layer in the Earth's upper atmosphere and is therefore unavailable to the visual system,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cellular+and+Molecular+Life+Sciences&rft.atitle=Vision+in+the+ultraviolet&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1583-1598&rft.date=2001-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11337280%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22938704%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11706986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FPL00000798&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=D.M.&rft.au=Wilkie%2C+S.E.&rft.au=Bowmaker%2C+J.K.&rft.au=Poopalasundaram%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11337280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisible+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boettner-1962-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boettner-1962_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boettner-1962_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoettnerWolter1962" class="citation journal cs1">Boettner, Edward A.; Wolter, J. Reimer (December 1962). "Transmission of Ocular Media". <i>Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science</i>. <b>1</b>: 776-783.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Investigative+Ophthalmology+%26+Visual+Science&rft.atitle=Transmission+of+Ocular+Media&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=776-783&rft.date=1962-12&rft.aulast=Boettner&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.&rft.au=Wolter%2C+J.+Reimer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisible+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaufer1996" class="citation book cs1">Laufer, Gabriel (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4MxLPYMS5TUC&pg=PA11">"Geometrical Optics"</a>. <i>Introduction to Optics and Lasers in Engineering</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996iole.book.....L">1996iole.book.....L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139174190.004">10.1017/CBO9781139174190.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45233-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45233-5"><bdi>978-0-521-45233-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geometrical+Optics&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Optics+and+Lasers+in+Engineering&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139174190.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996iole.book.....L&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45233-5&rft.aulast=Laufer&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4MxLPYMS5TUC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisible+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradt2004-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bradt2004_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradt2004" class="citation book cs1">Bradt, Hale (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hp7vyaGvhLMC&pg=PA26"><i>Astronomy Methods: A Physical Approach to Astronomical Observations</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53551-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53551-9"><bdi>978-0-521-53551-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomy+Methods%3A+A+Physical+Approach+to+Astronomical+Observations&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-53551-9&rft.aulast=Bradt&rft.aufirst=Hale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhp7vyaGvhLMC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisible+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ohannesian-2001-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ohannesian-2001_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhannesianStreeter2001" class="citation book cs1">Ohannesian, Lena; Streeter, Anthony (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DwPb4wgqseYC&pg=PA187"><i>Handbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-4194-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-4194-5"><bdi>978-0-8247-4194-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Pharmaceutical+Analysis&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-4194-5&rft.aulast=Ohannesian&rft.aufirst=Lena&rft.au=Streeter%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDwPb4wgqseYC%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisible+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahluwalia-2000-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ahluwalia-2000_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhluwaliaGoyal2000" class="citation book cs1">Ahluwalia, V.K.; Goyal, Madhuri (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tJNJnn0M75MC&pg=PA110"><i>A Textbook of Organic Chemistry</i></a>. Narosa. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7319-159-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7319-159-6"><bdi>978-81-7319-159-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textbook+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Narosa&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7319-159-6&rft.aulast=Ahluwalia&rft.aufirst=V.K.&rft.au=Goyal%2C+Madhuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtJNJnn0M75MC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisible+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sliney-1976-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sliney-1976_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sliney-1976_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sliney-1976_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlineyWangemannFranksWolbarsht1976" class="citation journal cs1">Sliney, David H.; Wangemann, Robert T.; Franks, James K.; Wolbarsht, Myron L. (1976). "Visual sensitivity of the eye to infrared laser radiation". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Optical_Society_of_America" title="Journal of the Optical Society of America">Journal of the Optical Society of America</a></i>. <b>66</b> (4): 339–341. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976JOSA...66..339S">1976JOSA...66..339S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSA.66.000339">10.1364/JOSA.66.000339</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1262982">1262982</a>. <q>The foveal sensitivity to several near-infrared laser wavelengths was measured. It was found that the eye could respond to radiation at wavelengths at least as far as 1,064 nm. A continuous 1,064 nm laser source appeared red, but a 1,060 nm pulsed laser source appeared green, which suggests the presence of second harmonic generation in the retina.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Optical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Visual+sensitivity+of+the+eye+to+infrared+laser+radiation&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=339-341&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1262982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FJOSA.66.000339&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1976JOSA...66..339S&rft.aulast=Sliney&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft.au=Wangemann%2C+Robert+T.&rft.au=Franks%2C+James+K.&rft.au=Wolbarsht%2C+Myron+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisible+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lynch-2001-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lynch-2001_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynchLivingston2001" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, David K.; Livingston, William Charles (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Abp5FdhskAC&pg=PA231"><i>Color and Light in Nature</i></a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77504-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77504-5"><bdi>978-0-521-77504-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008031821/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Abp5FdhskAC&pg=PA231">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2013</span>. <q>Limits of the eye's overall range of sensitivity extends from about 310 to 1,050 nanometers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+and+Light+in+Nature&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=231&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77504-5&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=David+K.&rft.au=Livingston%2C+William+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Abp5FdhskAC%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisible+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dash-2009-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dash-2009_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDashDash2009" class="citation book cs1">Dash, Madhab Chandra; Dash, Satya Prakash (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7mW4-us4Yg8C&pg=PA213"><i>Fundamentals of Ecology 3E</i></a>. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-259-08109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-259-08109-5"><bdi>978-1-259-08109-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008031820/https://books.google.com/books?id=7mW4-us4Yg8C&pg=PA213">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2013</span>. <q>Normally the human eye responds to light rays from 390 to 760 nm. This can be extended to a range of 310 to 1,050 nm under artificial conditions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Ecology+3E&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Tata+McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-259-08109-5&rft.aulast=Dash&rft.aufirst=Madhab+Chandra&rft.au=Dash%2C+Satya+Prakash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7mW4-us4Yg8C%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisible+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saidman-1933-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saidman-1933_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaidman1933" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Saidman, Jean (15 May 1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3148d">"Sur la visibilité de l'ultraviolet jusqu'à la longueur d'onde 3130"</a> [The visibility of the ultraviolet to the wave length of 3130]. <i><a href="/wiki/Comptes_rendus_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences">Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences</a></i> (in French). <b>196</b>: 1537–9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131024092515/http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3148d">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+rendus+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+sciences&rft.atitle=Sur+la+visibilit%C3%A9+de+l%27ultraviolet+jusqu%27%C3%A0+la+longueur+d%27onde+3130&rft.volume=196&rft.pages=1537-9&rft.date=1933-05-15&rft.aulast=Saidman&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisualiseur.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k3148d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisible+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurzelWolbarshtYamanashi1977" class="citation book cs1">Kurzel, Richard B.; Wolbarsht, Myron L.; Yamanashi, Bill S. (1977). 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"Why do mice have ultra-violet vision?". <i>Experimental Eye Research</i>. <b>79</b> (6): 887–892. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.exer.2004.06.031">10.1016/j.exer.2004.06.031</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15642326">15642326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Experimental+Eye+Research&rft.atitle=Why+do+mice+have+ultra-violet+vision%3F&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=887-892&rft.date=2004-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.exer.2004.06.031&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15642326&rft.aulast=Gouras&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Ekesten%2C+Bjorn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisible+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeitzGeistJacobs1989" class="citation journal cs1">Neitz, Jay; Geist, Timothy; Jacobs, Gerald H. 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"Avian Visual Pigments: Characteristics, Spectral Tuning, and Evolution". <i>The American Naturalist</i>. <b>169</b> (S1): S7–S26. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.502.4314">10.1.1.502.4314</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F510141">10.1086/510141</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19426092">19426092</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25779190">25779190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Avian+Visual+Pigments%3A+Characteristics%2C+Spectral+Tuning%2C+and+Evolution&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=S1&rft.pages=S7-S26&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.502.4314%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25779190%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19426092&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F510141&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Nathan+S.&rft.au=Hunt%2C+David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisible+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuthill1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Innes_Cuthill" title="Innes Cuthill">Cuthill, Innes C</a> (1997). "Ultraviolet vision in birds". In Peter J.B. Slater (ed.). <i>Advances in the Study of Behavior</i>. Vol. 29. 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Template:Electromagnetic spectrum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Template talk:Electromagnetic spectrum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electromagnetic spectrum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electromagnetic_spectrum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">Gamma rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Visible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio</a><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/500px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/750px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/1000px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="104" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><span class="nobold"><i><span style="font-size:120%">←</span> higher <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequencies</a><span class="nowrap">       </span>longer <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">Gamma rays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Very-high-energy_gamma_ray" title="Very-high-energy gamma ray">Very-high-energy gamma ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-energy_gamma_ray" title="Ultra-high-energy gamma ray">Ultra-high-energy gamma ray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft X-ray">Soft X-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard X-ray">Hard X-ray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet" title="Extreme ultraviolet">Extreme ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum ultraviolet">Vacuum ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman-alpha" title="Lyman-alpha">Lyman-alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Far ultraviolet">FUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle ultraviolet">MUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Near ultraviolet">NUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet C">UVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet B">UVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet A">UVA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Visible (optical)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-infrared">NIR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Bands</a>: <a href="/wiki/J_band_(infrared)" title="J band (infrared)">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/K_band_(infrared)" title="K band (infrared)">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/H_band_(infrared)" title="H band (infrared)">H</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared#Regions" title="Infrared">SWIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared#Regions" title="Infrared">MWIR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Bands</a>: <a href="/wiki/L_band_(infrared)" title="L band (infrared)">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/M_band_(infrared)" title="M band (infrared)">M</a>, <a href="/wiki/N_band" title="N band">N</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared#Regions" title="Infrared">LWIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_infrared" title="Far infrared">FIR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W_band" title="W band">W band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_band" title="V band">V band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_band" title="Q band">Q band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_band" title="Ka band">K<sub>a</sub> band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K_band_(IEEE)" title="K band (IEEE)">K band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">Radio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terahertz_radiation" title="Terahertz radiation">THF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">EHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_high_frequency" title="Super high frequency">SHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_frequency" title="Medium frequency">MF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">LF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_low_frequency" title="Very low frequency">VLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_low_frequency" title="Ultra low frequency">ULF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_low_frequency" title="Super low frequency">SLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">ELF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">Wavelength</a> types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radio" title="Shortwave radio">Shortwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">Medium wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">Longwave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Physiology_of_the_visual_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eye_physiology" title="Template:Eye physiology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eye_physiology" title="Template talk:Eye physiology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eye_physiology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eye physiology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physiology_of_the_visual_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_body#Physiology" title="Human body">Physiology</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">Vision</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accommodation (eye)">Accommodation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze_(physiology)" title="Gaze (physiology)">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraocular_pressure" title="Intraocular pressure">Intraocular pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_field" title="Visual field">Visual field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color vision</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6llner%27s_rule" title="Köllner's rule">Köllner's rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">Opponent process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochromacy" title="Monochromacy">Monochromacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentachromacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentachromacy">Pentachromacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichromacy" title="Trichromacy">Trichromacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Radiation_(physics_and_health)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Radiation" title="Template:Radiation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Radiation" title="Template talk:Radiation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Radiation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Radiation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Radiation_(physics_and_health)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a> (physics and health)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-ionizing_radiation" title="Non-ionizing radiation">Non-ionizing radiation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_radiation_force" title="Acoustic radiation force">Acoustic radiation force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlight" title="Starlight">Starlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">Ionizing radiation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Radioactive decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_decay" title="Cluster decay">Cluster decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_radiation" title="Background radiation">Background radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">Alpha particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_particle" title="Beta particle">Beta particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">Gamma ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_radiation" title="Neutron radiation">Neutron radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">Nuclear fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">Nuclear reactors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">Nuclear weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">Particle accelerators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">Radioactive materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">Electromagnetic radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation" title="Synchrotron radiation">Synchrotron radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">Thermal radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-body_radiation" title="Black-body radiation">Black-body radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_radiation" title="Particle radiation">Particle radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational radiation">Gravitational radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_background_radiation" title="Cosmic background radiation">Cosmic background radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation" title="Cherenkov radiation">Cherenkov radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askaryan_radiation" title="Askaryan radiation">Askaryan radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">Bremsstrahlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unruh_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Unruh radiation">Unruh radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_radiation" title="Dark radiation">Dark radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_exposure" title="Radiation exposure">Radiation exposure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radiation <br />and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Radiation syndrome <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">acute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_radiation_syndrome" title="Chronic radiation syndrome">chronic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_physics" title="Health physics">Health physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosimetry" title="Dosimetry">Dosimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_safety" title="Laser safety">Laser safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasers_and_aviation_safety" title="Lasers and aviation safety">Lasers and aviation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_radiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical radiography">Medical radiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_protection" title="Radiation protection">Radiation protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_damage" title="Radiation damage">Radiation damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactivity_in_the_life_sciences" title="Radioactivity in the life sciences">Radioactivity in the life sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radioactive contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiobiology" title="Radiobiology">Radiobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">Biological dose units and quantities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_device_radiation_and_health" title="Wireless device radiation and health">Wireless device radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_electronic_devices_and_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless electronic devices and health">Wireless electronic devices and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Radiation heat-transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_energy_transfer" title="Linear energy transfer">Linear energy transfer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radiation incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civilian_radiation_accidents" title="List of civilian radiation accidents">List of civilian radiation accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_San_Juan_de_Dios_radiotherapy_accident" title="1996 San Juan de Dios radiotherapy accident">1996 Costa Rica accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A2nia_accident" title="Goiânia accident">1987 Goiânia accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Moroccan_radiation_accident" title="1984 Moroccan radiation accident">1984 Moroccan accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Clinic_of_Zaragoza_radiotherapy_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident">1990 Zaragoza accident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">Half-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Nuclear physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_source" title="Radioactive source">Radioactive source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_hardening" title="Radiation hardening">Radiation hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana_syndrome" title="Havana syndrome">Havana syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also the categories <a href="/wiki/Category:Radiation_effects" title="Category:Radiation effects">Radiation effects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Radioactivity" title="Category:Radioactivity">Radioactivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Radiobiology" title="Category:Radiobiology">Radiobiology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Radiation_protection" title="Category:Radiation protection">Radiation protection</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Color_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Color_topics" title="Template:Color topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Color_topics" title="Template talk:Color topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Color_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Color topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Color_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Color</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_science" title="Color science">Color science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">Rainbow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Visible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">Chromophore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">Structural coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_chemicals" title="Color of chemicals">Color of chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">Spectral power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromesthesia" title="Chromesthesia">Chromesthesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonochromatism" title="Sonochromatism">Sonochromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_calibration" title="Color calibration">Color calibration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_constancy" title="Color constancy">Color constancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_task" title="Color task">Color task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_code" title="Color code">Color code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_vision_test" title="Color vision test">Color vision test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Evolution of color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_color" title="Impossible color">Impossible colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">Metamerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">Opponent process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_hues" title="Unique hues">Unique hues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_psychology" title="Color psychology">Color psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_symbolism" title="Color symbolism">Color symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_preferences" title="Color preferences">Color preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCscher_color_test" title="Lüscher color test">Lüscher color test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruithof_curve" title="Kruithof curve">Kruithof curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">Political color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">National colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobia" title="Chromophobia">Chromophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_reproduction" title="Color reproduction">Color reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">Color cast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_color_display" title="Multi-primary color display">Multi-primary color display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattron" title="Quattron">Quattron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">Color model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Color mapping">Color mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/100px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/150px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/200px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Color<br />philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_scheme" title="Color scheme">Color scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Color tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colors">Monochromatic colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colors" title="Complementary colors">Complementary colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colors" title="Analogous colors">Analogous colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colors (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychromatic colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_mixing" title="Color mixing">Color mixing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">Primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_color" title="Secondary color">Secondary color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_solid" title="Color solid">Color solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">Color wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">Color triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_analysis" title="Color analysis">Color analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_realism_(art_style)" title="Color realism (art style)">Color realism (art style)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></i> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">Color terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms" title="Color term">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_color_naming_debate" title="Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Color history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture" title="Color in Chinese culture">Color in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colors_of_Japan" title="Traditional colors of Japan">Traditional colors of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">Human skin color</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">Colorfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Color Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of colors: A–F">List of colors: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of colors: G–M">List of colors: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_N%E2%80%93Z" title="List of colors: N–Z">List of colors: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors (compact)">List of colors (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">List of colors by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_palettes" title="List of color palettes">List of color palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">List of Crayola crayon colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_chart" title="Color chart">Color chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">List of RAL colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">Contrast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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