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dir="ltr" > <div id="videoWrapperContainer" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <div id="videoWrapper" class="hidden headerPosition constrainedHeight hasStudyPane showStudy hasSecondaryNav showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <div class="topShadow"></div> <div class="videoNoticeContainer"> <p class="noticeText noMarkerNotice">No video available for this selection.</p> <p class="noticeText videoErrorNotice">Sorry, there was an error loading the video.</p> </div> <div id="playerShared" class="uninitialized"></div> </div> </div> <div id="study" class="clearfix activePane jwac showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr"> <div id="studyWrapper"> <div class="navigationTabsContainer"> <ul class="navigationTabs"> <li class="active tabItem discover" data-related-content="studyDiscover" aria-label="discover"> <span class="icon"></span> </li> <li class="tabItem parallel" data-related-content="studyParallel" aria-label="parallel"> <span class="icon"></span> </li> <li class="tabItem marginal" data-related-content="studyMarginals" aria-label="marginal"> <span class="icon"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="navigationContents"> <div id="studyDiscover" class="studyPane active tabContent"> <div class="section"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui"><strong>Overview of Romans</strong></span></h3><div class="summaryOverview"><ul class="content"><li class='scalableui'><div class="overview chapterOnly"> <ul class="outline"><li class="L1 collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><p class="se title"><span class="itemLabel"><strong>A.</strong> </span><strong>INTRODUCTION (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1#h=2:0-5:390"><strong>1:1-15</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><span class="icon"></span></div><ul><li class="L2"><p class="s5">Paul’s introductory greeting; his apostleship (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1#h=2:0-4:0">1:1-7</a>)</p></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5">Paul’s desire to visit his fellow believers in Rome (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1#h=4:0-5:390">1:8-15</a>)</p></li></ul></li><li class="L1 collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><p class="se title"><span class="itemLabel"><strong>B.</strong> </span><strong>RIGHTEOUSNESS COMES BY GOD’S UNDESERVED KINDNESS THROUGH FAITH IN JESUS CHRIST (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1#h=5:390-65:0"><strong>1:16–11:36</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><span class="icon"></span></div><ul><li class="L2"><p class="s5"><strong>1. Faith essential for salvation (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1#h=5:390-6:0"><strong>1:16, 17</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><ul><li class="L3"><p class="s6">“The righteous one will live by reason of faith” (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1#h=5:390-6:0">1:16, 17</a>)</p></li></ul></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5"><strong>2. God’s wrath against all ungodliness and unrighteousness (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1#h=6:0-9:0"><strong>1:18-32</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><ul><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Humans inexcusable for not glorifying God, the Creator (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1#h=6:0-7:0">1:18-23</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">God gave ungodly people up to uncleanness (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1#h=7:0-8:0">1:24-27</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">The consequences of not acknowledging God (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1#h=8:0-9:0">1:28-32</a>)</p></li></ul></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5"><strong>3. God’s judgment on Jews and Greeks (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/2#h=9:0-12:0"><strong>2:1-16</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><ul><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Warning against judging others; God will judge all impartially (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/2#h=9:0-11:0">2:1-11</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Those having law but who are disobedient will be judged by law (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/2#h=11:0-11:245">2:12, 13</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">People of the nations have a law within themselves, their conscience (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/2#h=11:245-12:0">2:14-16</a>)</p></li></ul></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5"><strong>4. The Jews and the Law (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/2#h=12:0-16:0"><strong>2:17–3:8</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><ul><li class="L3"><p class="s6">The one professing to follow the Law yet breaking it dishonors God (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/2#h=12:0-13:0">2:17-24</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Real circumcision is on the inside; the real Jew has a circumcised heart (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/2#h=13:0-14:0">2:25-29</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">The Jews were entrusted with God’s sacred pronouncements (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/3#h=14:0-14:191">3:1, 2</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">“Let God be found true, even if every man be found a liar” (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/3#h=14:191-16:0">3:3-8</a>)</p></li></ul></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5"><strong>5. God’s righteousness revealed apart from law (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/3#h=16:0-20:0"><strong>3:9-31</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><ul><li class="L3"><p class="s6">All mankind, both Jews and Gentiles, are under sin (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/3#h=16:0-17:0">3:9-18</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">No one will be declared righteous by works of law (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/3#h=17:0-18:0">3:19, 20</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Humans of all sorts who exercise faith in Christ declared righteous as a free gift (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/3#h=18:0-19:221">3:21-28</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">God is not the God of the Jews only but also of people of the nations (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/3#h=19:221-20:0">3:29-31</a>)</p></li></ul></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5"><strong>6. Abraham declared righteous through faith before the Law was given (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4#h=20:0-25:0"><strong>4:1-25</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><ul><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Abraham’s faith counted to him as righteousness while he was yet uncircumcised (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4#h=20:0-22:0">4:1-12</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Abraham received the promise through righteousness by faith (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4#h=22:0-23:0">4:13-15</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">The promise is sure to all who adhere to the faith of Abraham (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4#h=23:0-25:0">4:16-25</a>)</p></li></ul></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5"><strong>7. Reconciliation to God; death through Adam, life through Christ (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/5#h=25:0-30:0"><strong>5:1-21</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><ul><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Being declared righteous by faith leads to peace with God, joy, and hope (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/5#h=25:0-26:0">5:1-5</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">From being sinners and enemies to being reconciled to God (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/5#h=26:0-27:0">5:6-11</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Through Adam’s sin, death has spread to all and rules as king (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/5#h=27:0-28:0">5:12-14</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">God’s free gift through Christ results in a declaration of righteousness (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/5#h=28:0-29:0">5:15-17</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Rule by sin replaced with rule by undeserved kindness (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/5#h=29:0-30:0">5:18-21</a>)</p></li></ul></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5"><strong>8. A new life through baptism into Christ (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/6#h=30:0-35:0"><strong>6:1-23</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><ul><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Those baptized into Christ are baptized into his death with hope of a resurrection like his (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/6#h=30:0-32:0">6:1-11</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Do not let sin rule in your bodies (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/6#h=32:0-33:0">6:12-14</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">From slaves of sin to slaves of God (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/6#h=33:0-35:0">6:15-23</a>)</p></li></ul></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5"><strong>9. The purpose of the Law fulfilled; sin’s death-dealing power in all humans revealed (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/7#h=35:0-40:0"><strong>7:1-25</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><ul><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Release from the Law illustrated (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/7#h=35:0-37:0">7:1-6</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Sin made known by the Law (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/7#h=37:0-38:0">7:7-12</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">The struggle with sin (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/7#h=38:0-40:0">7:13-25</a>)</p></li></ul></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5"><strong>10. The righteous standing of those in union with Christ (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/8#h=40:0-48:0"><strong>8:1-39</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><ul><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Living in harmony with the spirit pleases God and brings life and peace (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/8#h=40:0-42:0">8:1-11</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">God’s spirit bears witness of adoption as sons (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/8#h=42:0-43:0">8:12-17</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">The revealing of God’s sons eagerly awaited by human creation (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/8#h=43:0-43:509">8:18-21</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Creation now groaning in pain (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/8#h=43:509-44:0">8:22-25</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">The spirit pleads with God for the holy ones (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/8#h=44:0-45:0">8:26, 27</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">God makes his works cooperate for those who love him (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/8#h=45:0-46:0">8:28-30</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">“If God is for us, who will be against us?” (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/8#h=46:0-47:0">8:31-34</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Nothing can separate righteous ones from God’s love (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/8#h=47:0-48:0">8:35-39</a>)</p></li></ul></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5"><strong>11. God’s sovereign will and natural Israel (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/9#h=48:0-54:0"><strong>9:1-33</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><ul><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Paul expresses grief over his relatives, the Israelites (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/9#h=48:0-49:0">9:1-5</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Abraham’s true offspring (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/9#h=49:0-50:0">9:6-13</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">God’s choosing not dependent on desire or effort of humans (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/9#h=50:0-51:0">9:14-18</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Unwise to find fault with the choice made by God, the Potter (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/9#h=51:0-52:0">9:19-26</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Only a remnant of natural Israel will be saved (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/9#h=52:0-53:0">9:27-29</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Israel stumbled by not showing faith (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/9#h=53:0-54:0">9:30-33</a>)</p></li></ul></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5"><strong>12. How to attain a righteous standing before God (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/10#h=54:0-58:0"><strong>10:1-21</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><ul><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Christ is the end of the Law (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/10#h=54:0-55:0">10:1-4</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Righteousness results from faith; public declaration for salvation (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/10#h=55:0-56:0">10:5-10</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Both Jews and Greeks need to call on the name of Jehovah to be saved (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/10#h=56:0-56:287">10:11-13</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Preachers sent out so that others can hear, believe, and call on Jehovah (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/10#h=56:287-57:0">10:14, 15</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Fleshly Israel’s lack of response was due to lack of faith, not lack of opportunity (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/10#h=57:0-58:0">10:16-21</a>)</p></li></ul></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5"><strong>13. The salvation of all Israel illustrated by an olive tree (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/11#h=58:0-65:0"><strong>11:1-36</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><ul><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Rejection of natural Israel not total (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/11#h=58:0-62:0">11:1-16</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Because of lack of faith on their part, some of Israel’s natural branches were broken off and “wild” non-Israelite ones were grafted in (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/11#h=62:0-63:0">11:17-24</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">The sacred secret reveals how all spiritual Israel will be saved (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/11#h=63:0-64:0">11:25-32</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">“O the depth of God’s riches and wisdom and knowledge!” (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/11#h=64:0-65:0">11:33-36</a>)</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div> </li></ul></div></div><div class="section"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">To the Romans</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="studyNote item"><span class="scalableui"><p id="p4" data-pid="4" class="s5"><strong>To the Romans:</strong> Titles like this one were apparently not part of the original text. The titles were added later, doubtless to provide a clear means of identification of the books. Some existing manuscripts in which this title appears are: Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus of the fourth century C.E. and Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Ephraemi Syri rescriptus of the fifth century C.E. The earliest known collection of nine of Paul’s letters, the papyrus codex known as P<sup>46</sup>, does not contain the beginning of the letter to the Romans. However, the other eight letters in that collection have titles, indicating that the book of Romans likely had a title. This papyrus collection, often dated to about 200 C.E., provides evidence that from an early date, scribes identified Bible books by titles.—See Media Gallery, “<a class="it" href="/en/wol/tc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/1">Paul’s First Letter to the Corinthians</a>.”</p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-1" data-section-citation="045001001045001001"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:1</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p6" data-pid="6" class="s5"><strong>Paul:</strong> Or “From Paul.” Paul’s opening, which continues to verse 7, follows a style common in ancient letters. Typically, such letters would name the sender and the intended recipient(s) and then include a greeting. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/1/0" data-bid="2-1" class="b">Ro 1:7</a>) Paul’s introduction, in which he describes his calling and his message, is unusually long (in Greek, one long sentence forms <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/2/0" data-bid="3-1" class="b">verses 1 to 7</a>). Some suggest that this is because Paul had not yet visited the Rome congregation, although many Christians there knew him. (Compare <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/0/0">study notes on Ac 15:23;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/1/0"> 23:26</a>.) Although introduced into the Scriptures by the Hebrew name Saul, from <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/3/0" data-bid="4-1" class="b">Ac 13:9</a> onward Paul is referred to by his Roman name (<em>Pauʹlos,</em> the Greek form of the common Latin name <em>Paulus</em>). He refers to himself as Paul in all his letters except in the letter to the Hebrews, where his name is not mentioned. Perhaps he felt that it would be more acceptable to non-Jews, to whom he was commissioned to declare the good news as “an apostle to the nations.”—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/4/0" data-bid="5-1" class="b">Ro 11:13;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/4/1" data-bid="5-2" class="b"> Ac 9:15;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/4/2" data-bid="5-3" class="b"> Ga 2:7, 8</a>; see <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/2/0">study notes on Ac 7:58;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/3/0"> 13:9</a>.</p> <p id="p7" data-pid="7" class="s5"><strong>a slave of Christ Jesus:</strong> Generally, the Greek term <em>douʹlos,</em> rendered “a slave,” refers to a person <em>owned</em> by another; often, he is a purchased slave. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/5/0" data-bid="6-1" class="b">Mt 8:9;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/5/1" data-bid="6-2" class="b"> 10:24, 25;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/5/2" data-bid="6-3" class="b"> 13:27</a>) This term is also used figuratively, referring to devoted servants of God and of Jesus Christ. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/6/0" data-bid="7-1" class="b">Ac 2:18;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/6/1" data-bid="7-2" class="b"> 4:29;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/6/2" data-bid="7-3" class="b"> Ga 1:10;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/6/3" data-bid="7-4" class="b"> Re 19:10</a>) Jesus bought the lives of all Christians when he gave his life as a ransom sacrifice. As a result, Christians do not belong to themselves but consider themselves to be “Christ’s slaves.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/7/0" data-bid="8-1" class="b">Eph 6:6;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/7/1" data-bid="8-2" class="b"> 1Co 6:19, 20;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/7/2" data-bid="8-3" class="b"> 7:23;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/7/3" data-bid="8-4" class="b"> Ga 3:13</a>) As an indication of their submission to Christ, their Lord and Master, writers of the inspired letters in the Christian Greek Scriptures who gave counsel to the congregations all referred to themselves as ‘slaves of Christ’ at least once in their writings.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/8/0" data-bid="9-1" class="b">Ro 1:1;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/8/1" data-bid="9-2" class="b"> Ga 1:10;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/8/2" data-bid="9-3" class="b"> Jas 1:1;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/8/3" data-bid="9-4" class="b"> 2Pe 1:1;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/8/4" data-bid="9-5" class="b"> Jude 1;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/8/5" data-bid="9-6" class="b"> Re 1:1</a>.</p> <p id="p8" data-pid="8" class="s5"><strong>an apostle:</strong> The Greek noun <em>a·poʹsto·los</em> is derived from the verb <em>a·po·stelʹlo,</em> meaning “to send away (out).” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/9/0" data-bid="10-1" class="b">Mt 10:5;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/9/1" data-bid="10-2" class="b"> Lu 11:49;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/9/2" data-bid="10-3" class="b"> 14:32</a>) Its basic meaning is clearly illustrated in Jesus’ statement at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/10/0" data-bid="11-1" class="b">Joh 13:16</a>, where it is rendered “one who is sent.” Paul was <strong>called to be an apostle</strong> to the nations, or non-Jews, by the direct choice of the resurrected Jesus Christ. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/11/0" data-bid="12-1" class="b">Ac 9:1-22;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/11/1" data-bid="12-2" class="b"> 22:6-21;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/11/2" data-bid="12-3" class="b"> 26:12-23</a>) Paul affirmed his apostleship by pointing out that he had seen the resurrected Lord Jesus Christ (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/12/0" data-bid="13-1" class="b">1Co 9:1, 2</a>) and had performed miracles (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/13/0" data-bid="14-1" class="b">2Co 12:12</a>). Paul also served as a channel for imparting the holy spirit to baptized believers, providing further evidence that he was a true apostle. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/14/0" data-bid="15-1" class="b">Ac 19:5, 6</a>) Though he frequently refers to his apostleship, nowhere does he include himself among “the Twelve.”—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/15/0" data-bid="16-1" class="b">1Co 15:5,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/15/1" data-bid="16-2" class="b"> 8-10;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/15/2" data-bid="16-3" class="b"> Ro 11:13;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/15/3" data-bid="16-4" class="b"> Ga 2:6-9;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/15/4" data-bid="16-5" class="b"> 2Ti 1:1,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/15/5" data-bid="16-6" class="b"> 11</a>.</p> <p id="p9" data-pid="9" class="s5"><strong>set apart:</strong> The Greek word <em>a·pho·riʹzo,</em> “to separate,” is here used in the sense of selecting or appointing a person for a specific purpose. In this case, Paul refers to his assignment to declare <strong>God’s good news,</strong> the message about God’s Kingdom and salvation by faith in Jesus Christ. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/16/0" data-bid="17-1" class="b">Lu 4:18,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/16/1" data-bid="17-2" class="b"> 43;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/16/2" data-bid="17-3" class="b"> Ac 5:42;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/16/3" data-bid="17-4" class="b"> Re 14:6</a>) In the book of Romans, Paul also uses the expressions “the good news about his [God’s] Son” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/17/0" data-bid="18-1" class="b">Ro 1:9</a>), “the good news of God” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/18/0" data-bid="19-1" class="b">Ro 15:16</a>), and “the good news about the Christ” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/19/0" data-bid="20-1" class="b">Ro 15:19</a>).</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group media"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Media</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="scalableui item hasVideo"><div class="clearfix"><a class="galleryItem" href="/en/wol/gallery/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1001072170#chapter=1"><img class="studyItemMedia" src="/en/wol/gallery/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1001072170/thumbnail" data-img-large-src="/en/wol/mp/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/2024/805" ><span class="caption"><p>Video Introduction to the Book of Romans</p> </span></a></div></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/0" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-1"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 9:11, 15; 13:2; Ga 1:15, 16; 1Ti 1:12</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-1" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p2" data-pid="2" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/0/0">w69 330</a></p> <p id="p3" data-pid="3" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-2" data-section-citation="045001002045001002"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:2</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p11" data-pid="11" class="s5"><strong>the holy Scriptures:</strong> Here referring to the inspired Hebrew Scriptures. In harmony with this verse, the <em>New World Translation</em> contains in its title the expression “the Holy Scriptures.” Other terms used in the Christian Greek Scriptures for this collection of inspired writings are “the Scriptures” and “the holy writings.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/21/0" data-bid="22-1" class="b">Mt 21:42;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/21/1" data-bid="22-2" class="b"> Mr 14:49;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/21/2" data-bid="22-3" class="b"> Lu 24:32;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/21/3" data-bid="22-4" class="b"> Joh 5:39;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/21/4" data-bid="22-5" class="b"> Ac 18:24;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/21/5" data-bid="22-6" class="b"> Ro 15:4;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/21/6" data-bid="22-7" class="b"> 2Ti 3:15, 16</a>) At times, the terms “Law” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/22/0" data-bid="23-1" class="b">Joh 10:34;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/22/1" data-bid="23-2" class="b"> 12:34;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/22/2" data-bid="23-3" class="b"> 15:25;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/22/3" data-bid="23-4" class="b"> 1Co 14:21</a>) and “the Law and the Prophets” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/23/0" data-bid="24-1" class="b">Mt 7:12;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/23/1" data-bid="24-2" class="b"> Lu 16:16</a>) are also used in a general sense to refer to the entire Hebrew Scriptures.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/24/0" data-bid="25-1" class="b">Mt 22:40</a>; see <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/4/0">study notes on Mt 5:17;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/5/0"> Joh 10:34</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/1" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-2"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Lu 1:69, 70</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-2" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-2" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p2" data-pid="2" class="se"></p> <p id="p3" data-pid="3" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/0/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 1<em>,</em> p. 1130</a></p> <p id="p4" data-pid="4" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p2" data-pid="2" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/0/0">it-1 1130</a></p> <p id="p3" data-pid="3" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-3" data-section-citation="045001003045001003"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:3</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p13" data-pid="13" class="s5"><strong>offspring:</strong> Or “descendants.” Lit., “seed.”—See <a class="it" href="/en/wol/tc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/2">App. A2</a>.</p> <p id="p14" data-pid="14" class="s5"><strong>according to the flesh:</strong> The Greek word for “flesh” (<em>sarx</em>) here refers to human kinship, physical (earthly) descent, that is, Jesus’ descent as a human. Mary was of the tribe of Judah and a descendant of David, so it could be said of her son Jesus that he <strong>came to be from the offspring of David according to the flesh.</strong> As “the root and the offspring of David” through his mother, he held the natural <em>hereditary</em> right to “the throne of David his father.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/26/0" data-bid="27-1" class="b">Re 22:16;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/26/1" data-bid="27-2" class="b"> Lu 1:32</a>) Through his adoptive father, Joseph, also a descendant of David, Jesus had a <em>legal</em> right to David’s throne.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/27/0" data-bid="28-1" class="b">Mt 1:1-16;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/27/1" data-bid="28-2" class="b"> Ac 13:22, 23;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/27/2" data-bid="28-3" class="b"> 2Ti 2:8;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/27/3" data-bid="28-4" class="b"> Re 5:5</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/2" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-3"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">2Sa 7:8, 12; Lu 1:32; 2Ti 2:8</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-3" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-3" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/3" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-4"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ga 4:4</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-4" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-4" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p4" data-pid="4" class="se"></p> <p id="p5" data-pid="5" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/1/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> p. 346</a></p> <p id="p6" data-pid="6" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p3" data-pid="3" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/1/0">it-2 346;</a></p> <p id="p4" data-pid="4" class="sx"></p> <p id="p3" data-pid="3" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/1/0">w79 3/1 14;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/1/2"> w76 239;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/1/4"> w65 652;</a><span class="ni"> bf 404</span></p> <p id="p4" data-pid="4" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-4" data-section-citation="045001004045001004"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:4</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p16" data-pid="16" class="s5"><strong>declared:</strong> Or “demonstrated to be; established as.” Here Paul says that Jesus was declared God’s Son by means of <strong>resurrection from the dead.</strong> At <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/29/0" data-bid="30-1" class="b">Ac 13:33</a>, Paul explained that Jesus’ resurrection fulfilled what is written at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/30/0" data-bid="31-1" class="b">Ps 2:7</a>. That verse was also fulfilled at Jesus’ baptism when his Father declared: “This is my Son.”—See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/6/0">study note on Mt 3:17</a>.</p> <p id="p17" data-pid="17" class="s5"><strong>the spirit of holiness:</strong> That is, God’s holy spirit. The Greek expression rendered “spirit of holiness” is similar in form to the Hebrew expression rendered “holy spirit” at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/31/0" data-bid="32-1" class="b">Ps 51:11</a> and <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/32/0" data-bid="33-1" class="b">Isa 63:10, 11</a> (lit., “spirit of [your or his] holiness”). Jehovah’s spirit, or active force, is subject to his control and always accomplishes his purpose. It is clean, pure, sacred, and set apart for God’s good use.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/4" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-5"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ps 2:7; Heb 1:5</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-5" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-5" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/5" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-6"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 13:33; 2Co 13:4</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-6" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-6" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p4" data-pid="4" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/2/0">w76 237;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/2/3"> hs 102;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/2/5"> w65 551;</a><span class="ni"> bf 404;</span><span class="ni"> w49 279;</span><span class="ni"> w46 90</span></p> <p id="p5" data-pid="5" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-5" data-section-citation="045001005045001005"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:5</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p19" data-pid="19" class="s5"><strong>we:</strong> Or “I.” Here Paul apparently uses “we” in the editorial sense as applying simply to himself. When mentioning his <strong>apostleship,</strong> Paul discusses his unique assignment as an apostle to the nations. In addition, he mentions only himself as the sender of this letter (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/34/0" data-bid="35-1" class="b">Ro 1:1</a>), and he uses the first person singular at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/35/0" data-bid="36-1" class="b">Ro 1:8-16</a>. So while grammatically “we” could include others, it seems reasonable to conclude that he is talking about himself, not the other apostles.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/6" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-7"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Ti 2:7</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-7" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-7" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/7" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-8"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 15:14; Ga 2:7; Eph 3:8</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-8" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-8" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-7" data-section-citation="045001007045001007"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:7</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p21" data-pid="21" class="s5"><strong>all those who are in Rome:</strong> That is, Christians in the city of Rome. On the day of Pentecost 33 C.E., “sojourners from Rome, both Jews and proselytes,” were present and witnessed the results of the outpouring of the holy spirit. Some of them were no doubt among the 3,000 baptized on that occasion. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/37/0" data-bid="38-1" class="b">Ac 2:1,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/37/1" data-bid="38-2" class="b"> 10,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/37/2" data-bid="38-3" class="b"> 41</a>) Likely, on returning to Rome, they formed a zealous Christian congregation of people whose faith the apostle Paul mentioned as being “talked about throughout the whole world.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/38/0" data-bid="39-1" class="b">Ro 1:8</a>) Even Roman historians Tacitus (<em>The Annals,</em> XV, XLIV) and Suetonius (<em>The Lives of the Caesars,</em> Nero, XVI, 2), both born in the first century C.E., referred to the Christians in Rome.</p> <p id="p22" data-pid="22" class="s5"><strong>holy ones:</strong> The Christian Greek Scriptures frequently refer to spiritual brothers of Christ in the congregations as “holy ones.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/39/0" data-bid="40-1" class="b">Ac 9:13;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/39/1" data-bid="40-2" class="b"> 26:10;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/39/2" data-bid="40-3" class="b"> Ro 12:13;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/39/3" data-bid="40-4" class="b"> 2Co 1:1;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/39/4" data-bid="40-5" class="b"> 13:13</a>) This term applies to those who are brought into a relationship with God through the new covenant by “the blood of an everlasting covenant,” the shed blood of Jesus. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/40/0" data-bid="41-1" class="b">Heb 10:29;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/40/1" data-bid="41-2" class="b"> 13:20</a>) They are thereby sanctified, cleansed, and constituted “holy ones” by God. He ascribes this condition of holiness to them right from the start of their sanctified course on earth rather than after their death. Therefore, the Bible provides no basis for an individual or an organization to declare people to be “holy ones”—or “saints,” as some Bible translations render this expression. Peter says that they “must be holy” because God is holy. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/41/0" data-bid="42-1" class="b">1Pe 1:15, 16;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/41/1" data-bid="42-2" class="b"> Le 20:7,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/41/2" data-bid="42-3" class="b"> 26</a>) The term “holy ones” applies to all those who are brought into union and joint heirship with Christ. More than five centuries before Christ’s followers were given this designation, God revealed that people called “the holy ones of the Supreme One” would share in Christ’s Kingdom rulership.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/42/0" data-bid="43-1" class="b">Da 7:13, 14,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/42/1" data-bid="43-2" class="b"> 18,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/42/2" data-bid="43-3" class="b"> 27</a>.</p> <p id="p23" data-pid="23" class="s5"><strong>May you have undeserved kindness and peace:</strong> Paul uses this greeting in 11 of his letters. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/43/0" data-bid="44-1" class="b">1Co 1:3;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/43/1" data-bid="44-2" class="b"> 2Co 1:2;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/43/2" data-bid="44-3" class="b"> Ga 1:3;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/43/3" data-bid="44-4" class="b"> Eph 1:2;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/43/4" data-bid="44-5" class="b"> Php 1:2;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/43/5" data-bid="44-6" class="b"> Col 1:2;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/43/6" data-bid="44-7" class="b"> 1Th 1:1;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/43/7" data-bid="44-8" class="b"> 2Th 1:2;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/43/8" data-bid="44-9" class="b"> Tit 1:4;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/43/9" data-bid="44-10" class="b"> Phm 3</a>) He uses a very similar greeting in his letters to Timothy but adds the quality “mercy.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/44/0" data-bid="45-1" class="b">1Ti 1:2;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/44/1" data-bid="45-2" class="b"> 2Ti 1:2</a>) Scholars have noted that instead of using the common word for “Greetings!” (<em>khaiʹrein</em>), Paul often uses the similar sounding Greek term (<em>khaʹris</em>), expressing his desire for the congregations to enjoy a full measure of “undeserved kindness.” (See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/7/0">study note on Ac 15:23</a>.) The mention of “peace” reflects the common Hebrew greeting, <em>sha·lohmʹ.</em> (See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/8/0">study note on Mr 5:34</a>.) By using the terms “undeserved kindness and peace,” Paul is apparently highlighting the restored relationship that Christians enjoy with Jehovah God by means of the ransom. When Paul describes where the generous kindness and peace come from, he mentions <strong>God our Father</strong> separately from <strong>the Lord Jesus Christ.</strong></p> <p id="p24" data-pid="24" class="s5"><strong>undeserved kindness:</strong> Or “generous kindness.” (See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/9/0">Glossary</a>.) In his 14 letters, Paul mentions “undeserved kindness” (Greek, <em>khaʹris</em>) some 90 times, far more often than any other Bible writer. For example, he refers to the undeserved kindness of God or of Jesus in the opening salutation of all his letters except in his letter to the Hebrews, and he uses the expression in the closing remarks of every letter. Other Bible writers make a similar reference to “undeserved kindness” in the opening and closing of their writings.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/45/0" data-bid="46-1" class="b">1Pe 1:2;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/45/1" data-bid="46-2" class="b"> 2Pe 1:2;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/45/2" data-bid="46-3" class="b"> 3:18;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/45/3" data-bid="46-4" class="b"> 2Jo 3;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/45/4" data-bid="46-5" class="b"> Re 1:4;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/45/5" data-bid="46-6" class="b"> 22:21</a>; see <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/10/0">study note on Ac 13:43</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group media"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Media</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="scalableui item hasVideo"><div class="clearfix"><a class="galleryItem" href="/en/wol/gallery/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1001072172#chapter=1"><img class="studyItemMedia" src="/en/wol/gallery/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1001072172/thumbnail" data-img-large-src="/en/wol/mp/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/2024/807" ><span class="caption"><p>The City of Rome</p> </span></a></div></li><li class="scalableui item"><div class="clearfix"><a class="galleryItem" href="/en/wol/gallery/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1001072307#chapter=1"><img class="studyItemMedia" src="/en/wol/gallery/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1001072307/thumbnail" data-img-large-src="/en/wol/mp/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/2024/975" ><span class="caption"><p>Apartment Buildings in Ancient Rome</p> </span></a></div></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/8" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-9"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Th 2:12</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-9" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-9" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p5" data-pid="5" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/3/0">w81 6/15 22;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/3/2"> w77 70;</a><span class="ni"> g65 3/8 7;</span><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/3/5"> w62 682</a></p> <p id="p6" data-pid="6" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-9" data-section-citation="045001009045001009"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:9</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p26" data-pid="26" class="s5"><strong>to whom I render sacred service:</strong> Or “whom I serve (worship).” The Greek verb <em>la·treuʹo</em> basically describes the act of serving. As used in the Scriptures, it refers to serving God or performing an action in connection with the worship of God. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/47/0" data-bid="48-1" class="b">Mt 4:10;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/47/1" data-bid="48-2" class="b"> Lu 2:37;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/47/2" data-bid="48-3" class="b"> 4:8;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/47/3" data-bid="48-4" class="b"> Ac 7:7;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/47/4" data-bid="48-5" class="b"> Php 3:3;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/47/5" data-bid="48-6" class="b"> 2Ti 1:3;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/47/6" data-bid="48-7" class="b"> Heb 9:14;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/47/7" data-bid="48-8" class="b"> 12:28;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/47/8" data-bid="48-9" class="b"> Re 7:15;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/47/9" data-bid="48-10" class="b"> 22:3</a>) Paul here connects his sacred service <strong>with the good news about</strong> [God’s] <strong>Son.</strong> So when disciples of Jesus preach this good news, it constitutes sacred service, that is, an act of worship to Jehovah God.</p> <p id="p27" data-pid="27" class="s5"><strong>with my spirit:</strong> In this context, the Greek word for “spirit” (<em>pneuʹma</em>) apparently refers to the impelling force that issues from a person’s figurative heart and causes him to say and do things in a certain way. (See Glossary, “<a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/11/0">Spirit</a>.”) Here Paul uses the expression to convey the idea of serving with his whole being; it could also be rendered “wholeheartedly.”</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/9" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-10"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Th 3:10; 2Ti 1:3</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-10" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-10" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p6" data-pid="6" class="se"></p> <div id="p7" data-pid="7"><p data-pid="7" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/2/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="7" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/2/0">11/15/2000, p. 12</a></p> </div><p id="p8" data-pid="8" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p4" data-pid="4" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/2/0">w00 11/15 12</a></p> <p id="p5" data-pid="5" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-11" data-section-citation="045001011045001011"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:11</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p29" data-pid="29" class="s5"><strong>spiritual gift:</strong> The Greek word for “gift” here is <em>khaʹri·sma,</em> related to <em>khaʹris,</em> often rendered “undeserved kindness.” In the Christian Greek Scriptures, <em>khaʹri·sma</em> appears 17 times and implies a gift, favor or blessing, which without being earned or merited is received, thanks to God’s generous, or undeserved, kindness. Although <em>khaʹri·sma</em> can be used about the supernatural gifts of the spirit (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/49/0" data-bid="50-1" class="b">1Co 12:4,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/49/1" data-bid="50-2" class="b"> 9,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/49/2" data-bid="50-3" class="b"> 28-31</a>), the context and Paul’s use of the adjective “spiritual” (Greek, <em>pneu·ma·ti·kosʹ</em>) indicate that he was talking about helping his brothers and sisters spiritually. Paul wanted to help them <strong>to be made firm</strong> by fortifying their faith and strengthening their relationship with God. The ability of Christians to fortify one another’s faith through mutual encouragement can thus be viewed as a spiritual gift from God.—Compare <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/50/0" data-bid="51-1" class="b">1Pe 4:10, 11</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p8" data-pid="8" class="se"></p> <p id="p9" data-pid="9" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/3/0"><em>Enjoy Life Forever!,</em> lesson 10</a></p> <div id="p10" data-pid="10"><p data-pid="10" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/4/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="10" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/4/0">2/15/1998, pp. 26-27</a></p> </div><p id="p11" data-pid="11" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p5" data-pid="5" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/3/0">lff lesson 10;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/3/2"> w98 2/15 26-27;</a></p> <p id="p6" data-pid="6" class="sx"></p> <p id="p6" data-pid="6" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/4/0">w63 272;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/4/1"> w62 527;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/4/2"> w61 141;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/4/3"> w55 20;</a><span class="ni"> w48 280</span></p> <p id="p7" data-pid="7" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-12" data-section-citation="045001012045001012"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:12</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p31" data-pid="31" class="s5"><strong>an interchange of encouragement:</strong> Lit., “to be encouraged (comforted) together (mutually).” In the Christian Greek Scriptures, the Greek verb <em>syn·pa·ra·ka·leʹo·mai</em> occurs only here. But Paul often used the related verb <em>pa·ra·ka·leʹo,</em> which literally means “to call to one’s side,” with the meaning “to encourage; to comfort.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/52/0" data-bid="53-1" class="b">Ro 12:8;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/52/1" data-bid="53-2" class="b"> 2Co 1:4;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/52/2" data-bid="53-3" class="b"> 2:7;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/52/3" data-bid="53-4" class="b"> 7:6;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/52/4" data-bid="53-5" class="b"> 1Th 3:2,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/52/5" data-bid="53-6" class="b"> 7;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/52/6" data-bid="53-7" class="b"> 4:18;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/52/7" data-bid="53-8" class="b"> 5:11;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/52/8" data-bid="53-9" class="b"> Heb 3:13;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/52/9" data-bid="53-10" class="b"> 10:25</a>) Paul here highlights that not only would the Roman Christians benefit from his planned visit but he and the congregation would be mutually encouraged by expressions of <strong>one another’s faith.</strong></p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/10" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-11"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 28:15; 1Th 5:11; Heb 10:25</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-11" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-11" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p11" data-pid="11" class="se"></p> <p id="p12" data-pid="12" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/5/0"><em>Enjoy Life Forever!,</em> lesson 10</a></p> <div id="p13" data-pid="13"><p data-pid="13" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/6/0"><em>Kingdom Ministry,</em></a></p><p data-pid="13" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/6/0">10/2007, p. 8</a></p> </div><div id="p14" data-pid="14"><p data-pid="14" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/7/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="14" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/7/0">2/15/1998, pp. 26-27</a></p> </div><p id="p15" data-pid="15" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p6" data-pid="6" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/4/0">lff lesson 10;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/4/2"> km 10/07 8;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/4/4"> w98 2/15 26-27;</a></p> <p id="p7" data-pid="7" class="sx"></p> <p id="p7" data-pid="7" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/5/0">w78 5/1 21;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/5/2"> w64 414;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/5/3"> w63 424;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/5/4"> w62 527;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/5/5"> w61 141;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/5/6"> w55 20</a></p> <p id="p8" data-pid="8" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-13" data-section-citation="045001013045001013"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:13</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p33" data-pid="33" class="s5"><strong>brothers:</strong> In some contexts, a male Christian believer is called “a brother” and a female, “a sister.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/54/0" data-bid="55-1" class="b">1Co 7:14, 15</a>) In this and other contexts, however, the Bible uses the term “brothers” to refer to both males and females. The term “brothers” was an accepted way of greeting groups that included both genders. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/55/0" data-bid="56-1" class="b">Ac 1:15;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/55/1" data-bid="56-2" class="b"> 1Th 1:4</a>) The term “brothers” is used in this sense in most of the inspired Christian letters. In his letter to the Romans, Paul uses the term “brothers” several times when addressing fellow Christians in general.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/56/0" data-bid="57-1" class="b">Ro 7:1,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/56/1" data-bid="57-2" class="b"> 4;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/56/2" data-bid="57-3" class="b"> 8:12;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/56/3" data-bid="57-4" class="b"> 10:1;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/56/4" data-bid="57-5" class="b"> 11:25;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/56/5" data-bid="57-6" class="b"> 12:1;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/56/6" data-bid="57-7" class="b"> 15:14,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/56/7" data-bid="57-8" class="b"> 30;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/56/8" data-bid="57-9" class="b"> 16:17</a>.</p> <p id="p34" data-pid="34" class="s5"><strong>that I might acquire some fruitage also among you:</strong> That is, “that my work (my preaching) may have good results also among you.” Paul uses the Greek agricultural term <em>kar·posʹ,</em> “fruit; fruitage,” which appears frequently in the Scriptures. When used figuratively, it refers to spiritual growth and prosperity. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/57/0" data-bid="58-1" class="b">Mt 3:8;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/57/1" data-bid="58-2" class="b"> 13:8;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/57/2" data-bid="58-3" class="b"> Joh 15:8,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/57/3" data-bid="58-4" class="b"> 16;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/57/4" data-bid="58-5" class="b"> Php 1:11,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/57/5" data-bid="58-6" class="b"> 22</a>) Paul may have hoped to see his fellow believers develop more fully “the fruitage of the spirit,” but he apparently had more in mind. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/58/0" data-bid="59-1" class="b">Ga 5:22, 23;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/58/1" data-bid="59-2" class="b"> Ro 1:11, 12</a>) The statement <strong>just as among the rest of the nations</strong> indicates that Paul hoped to gain more followers of Jesus Christ in Rome and perhaps from places beyond Rome.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/59/0" data-bid="60-1" class="b">Ro 15:23, 24</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p15" data-pid="15" class="se"></p> <div id="p16" data-pid="16"><p data-pid="16" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/8/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="16" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/8/0">2/1/1987, pp. 11-12</a></p> </div><p id="p17" data-pid="17" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p7" data-pid="7" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/5/0">w87 2/1 11-12</a></p> <p id="p8" data-pid="8" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-14" data-section-citation="045001014045001014"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:14</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p36" data-pid="36" class="s5"><strong>Greeks:</strong> In this context, the term “Greeks,” used in contrast with “foreigners,” does not necessarily refer to a native of Greece or one of Greek origin but to someone speaking the Greek language and being influenced by Greek culture, even though possibly being of another nationality. Paul is apparently using the phrase “both to Greeks and to foreigners” as an all-inclusive expression.—See study note on <strong>foreigners</strong> in this verse.</p> <p id="p37" data-pid="37" class="s5"><strong>foreigners:</strong> Or “non-Greeks.” Some older Bible translations render the Greek word <em>barʹba·ros</em> used here “Barbarians.” The repetition of <em>“bar bar”</em> in this Greek word conveyed the idea of stammering, babble, or unintelligible speech, so the Greeks originally used the term to refer to a foreigner who spoke a different language. At that time, the term did not denote lack of civilization, refinement, or good manners; nor did it convey contempt. The word <em>barʹba·ros</em> simply distinguished non-Greeks from Greeks. Some Jewish writers, including Josephus, recognized themselves as being designated by the term. In fact, Romans called themselves barbarians until they adopted Greek culture. It is in this neutral sense, then, that Paul used the Greek term <em>barʹba·ros</em> in an expression including all people: “Both to Greeks and to <em>foreigners.”</em></p> <p id="p38" data-pid="38" class="s5"><strong>I am a debtor:</strong> Or “I owe a debt; I am under obligation.” In the Scriptures, the Greek word for “debtor” and other terms related to being in debt refer not only to financial debts but also to obligations or duties in general. At <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/61/0" data-bid="62-1" class="b">Joh 13:14</a> (see <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/12/0">study note</a>), “should” is rendered from a Greek verb that means “to be in debt; to be under obligation.” Paul here indicates that he owed a debt to each person he met, a debt that he could repay only by sharing the good news with that person. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/62/0" data-bid="63-1" class="b">Ro 1:15</a>) Paul was so deeply grateful for the mercy he had been shown that he felt compelled to help others benefit from the undeserved kindness of God. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/63/0" data-bid="64-1" class="b">1Ti 1:12-16</a>) In effect, he was saying: ‘What God has done for mankind and for me personally obligates me to preach the good news eagerly to everyone.’</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/11" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-12"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 20:26, 27</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-12" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-12" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p17" data-pid="17" class="se"></p> <p id="p18" data-pid="18" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/9/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 1<em>,</em> pp. 255,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/10/0"> 601-602,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/11/0"> 1004</a></p> <p id="p19" data-pid="19" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/12/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> pp. 1192-1193</a></p> <div id="p20" data-pid="20"><p data-pid="20" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/13/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="20" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/13/0">7/15/2008, p. 6</a></p><p data-pid="20" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/14/0">6/15/2008, p. 30</a></p><p data-pid="20" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/15/0">7/1/2000, p. 11</a></p><p data-pid="20" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/16/0">9/15/1996, p. 18</a></p><p data-pid="20" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/17/0">2/1/1987, pp. 12-13</a></p> </div><div id="p21" data-pid="21"><p data-pid="21" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/18/0"><em>Kingdom Ministry,</em></a></p><p data-pid="21" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/18/0">7/2005, p. 1</a></p> </div><p id="p22" data-pid="22" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/19/0"><em>2001 Yearbook,</em> p. 16</a></p> <p id="p23" data-pid="23" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p8" data-pid="8" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/6/0">it-1 255,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/6/2"> 601-602,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/6/4"> 1004;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/6/6"> it-2 1192;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/6/8"> w08 6/15 30;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/6/10"> w08 7/15 6;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/6/12"> km 7/05 1;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/6/14"> yb01 16;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/6/16"> w00 7/1 11;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/6/18"> w96 9/15 18;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/6/20"> w87 2/1 12;</a></p> <p id="p9" data-pid="9" class="sx"></p> <p id="p8" data-pid="8" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/6/0">w78 5/1 20,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/6/2"> 26;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/6/4"> km 6/77 3;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/6/6"> ad 190,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/6/7"> 435,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/6/8"> 691</a></p> <p id="p9" data-pid="9" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-15" data-section-citation="045001015045001015"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:15, 16</span></h3><div class="group media"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Media</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="scalableui item"><div class="clearfix"><a class="galleryItem" href="/en/wol/gallery/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1001072173#chapter=1"><img class="studyItemMedia" src="/en/wol/gallery/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1001072173/thumbnail" data-img-large-src="/en/wol/mp/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/2024/809" ><span class="caption"><p>Synagogue in the City of Ostia</p> </span></a></div></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/12" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-13"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 19:21</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-13" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-13" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p23" data-pid="23" class="se"></p> <div id="p24" data-pid="24"><p data-pid="24" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/20/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="24" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/20/0">7/15/2008, p. 6</a></p><p data-pid="24" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/21/0">6/15/2008, p. 30</a></p><p data-pid="24" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/22/0">2/1/1987, pp. 11-12</a></p> </div><p id="p25" data-pid="25" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p9" data-pid="9" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/7/0">w08 6/15 30;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/7/2"> w08 7/15 6;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/7/4"> w87 2/1 11-12;</a></p> <p id="p10" data-pid="10" class="sx"></p> <p id="p9" data-pid="9" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/7/0">w78 5/1 26</a></p> <p id="p10" data-pid="10" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-16" data-section-citation="045001016045001016"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:16</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p40" data-pid="40" class="s5"><strong>the Greek:</strong> In the first century C.E., the Greek word <em>Helʹlen</em> (meaning “Greek”) did not necessarily refer only to natives of Greece or people of Greek origin. When Paul here talks about <strong>everyone having faith</strong> and mentions “the Greek” together with “the Jew,” he is apparently using the term “Greek” in a broader sense to represent all non-Jewish peoples. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/65/0" data-bid="66-1" class="b">Ro 2:9, 10;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/65/1" data-bid="66-2" class="b"> 3:9;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/65/2" data-bid="66-3" class="b"> 10:12;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/65/3" data-bid="66-4" class="b"> 1Co 10:32;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/65/4" data-bid="66-5" class="b"> 12:13</a>) This was doubtless due to the prominence and preeminence of the Greek language and culture throughout the Roman Empire.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/13" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-14"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ps 119:46; Mr 8:38; 2Ti 1:8</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-14" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-14" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/14" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-15"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Co 1:18; Heb 11:6</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-15" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-15" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/15" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-16"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 3:25, 26</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-16" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-16" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/16" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-17"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 18:5, 6</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-17" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-17" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p25" data-pid="25" class="se"></p> <div id="p26" data-pid="26"><p data-pid="26" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/23/0"><em>Kingdom Ministry,</em></a></p><p data-pid="26" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/23/0">12/1995, p. 4</a></p> </div><div id="p27" data-pid="27"><p data-pid="27" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/24/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="27" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/24/0">1/1/1990, pp. 10-15</a></p><p data-pid="27" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/25/0">2/1/1987, p. 13</a></p> </div><p id="p28" data-pid="28" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p10" data-pid="10" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/8/0">km 12/95 4;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/8/2"> w90 1/1 10-15;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/8/4"> w87 2/1 13;</a></p> <p id="p11" data-pid="11" class="sx"></p> <p id="p10" data-pid="10" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/8/0">w84 5/15 15;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/8/2"> w82 9/15 29;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/8/4"> w79 6/15 4</a></p> <p id="p11" data-pid="11" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-17" data-section-citation="045001017045001017"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:17</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p42" data-pid="42" class="s5"><strong>just as it is written:</strong> Paul often used this phrase (Greek, <em>ka·thosʹ geʹgra·ptai,</em> form of <em>graʹpho,</em> “to write”) to introduce quotes from the inspired Hebrew Scriptures. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/67/0" data-bid="68-1" class="b">Ro 2:24;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/67/1" data-bid="68-2" class="b"> 3:10;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/67/2" data-bid="68-3" class="b"> 4:17;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/67/3" data-bid="68-4" class="b"> 8:36;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/67/4" data-bid="68-5" class="b"> 9:13,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/67/5" data-bid="68-6" class="b"> 33;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/67/6" data-bid="68-7" class="b"> 10:15;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/67/7" data-bid="68-8" class="b"> 11:26;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/67/8" data-bid="68-9" class="b"> 15:3,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/67/9" data-bid="68-10" class="b"> 9,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/67/10" data-bid="68-11" class="b"> 21;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/67/11" data-bid="68-12" class="b"> 1Co 1:31;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/67/12" data-bid="68-13" class="b"> 2:9;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/67/13" data-bid="68-14" class="b"> 2Co 8:15</a>) In his letter to the Romans, Paul quoted more than 50 passages from the Hebrew Scriptures and made numerous other references or allusions to them.</p> <p id="p43" data-pid="43" class="s5"><strong>But the righteous one will live by reason of faith:</strong> Some have called <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/68/0" data-bid="69-1" class="b">Ro 1:16, 17</a> the theme text of the book of Romans, since it expresses the book’s central thought: God is impartial and holds out the possibility of salvation to “everyone having faith.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/69/0" data-bid="70-1" class="b">Ro 1:16</a>) Throughout his letter to the Romans, Paul emphasizes the importance of faith, using Greek terms related to “faith” some 60 times. (Some examples are: <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/70/0" data-bid="71-1" class="b">Ro 3:30;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/70/1" data-bid="71-2" class="b"> 4:5,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/70/2" data-bid="71-3" class="b"> 11,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/70/3" data-bid="71-4" class="b"> 16;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/70/4" data-bid="71-5" class="b"> 5:1;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/70/5" data-bid="71-6" class="b"> 9:30;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/70/6" data-bid="71-7" class="b"> 10:17;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/70/7" data-bid="71-8" class="b"> 11:20;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/70/8" data-bid="71-9" class="b"> 12:3;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/70/9" data-bid="71-10" class="b"> 16:26</a>.) Here at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/71/0" data-bid="72-1" class="b">Ro 1:17</a>, Paul quotes from <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/72/0" data-bid="73-1" class="b">Hab 2:4</a>. Also, in two of his other letters, Paul quotes from <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/73/0" data-bid="74-1" class="b">Hab 2:4</a> in the context of encouraging Christians to show faith.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/74/0" data-bid="75-1" class="b">Ga 3:11;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/74/1" data-bid="75-2" class="b"> Heb 10:38</a>; see study note on <strong>by reason of faith</strong> in this verse.</p> <p id="p44" data-pid="44" class="s5"><strong>by reason of faith:</strong> Here Paul quotes from <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/75/0" data-bid="76-1" class="b">Hab 2:4</a>, which says “will live by his <em>faithfulness.”</em> In many languages, the ideas of being faithful and having faith are closely related. The Hebrew word rendered “faithfulness” (<em>ʼemu·nahʹ</em>) is related to the Hebrew term <em>ʼa·manʹ</em> (to be faithful; to be trustworthy), which can also convey the idea of having faith. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/76/0" data-bid="77-1" class="b">Ge 15:6;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/76/1" data-bid="77-2" class="b"> Ex 14:31;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/76/2" data-bid="77-3" class="b"> Isa 28:16</a>) Therefore, <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/77/0" data-bid="78-1" class="b">Hab 2:4</a> (see ftn.) could also be rendered “will live by his <em>faith.”</em> Paul may have quoted the <em>Septuagint</em> rendering of <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/78/0" data-bid="79-1" class="b">Hab 2:4</a>, which uses the Greek word <em>piʹstis.</em> This Greek word primarily conveys the thought of confidence, trust, firm persuasion. It is most often rendered “faith” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/79/0" data-bid="80-1" class="b">Mt 8:10;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/79/1" data-bid="80-2" class="b"> 17:20;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/79/2" data-bid="80-3" class="b"> Ro 1:8;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/79/3" data-bid="80-4" class="b"> 4:5</a>), but depending on the context, it may also be understood to mean “faithfulness” or “trustworthiness” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/80/0" data-bid="81-1" class="b">Mt 23:23</a>, ftn.; <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/81/0" data-bid="82-1" class="b">Ro 3:3;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/81/1" data-bid="82-2" class="b"> Tit 2:10</a>). At <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/82/0" data-bid="83-1" class="b">Heb 11:1</a>, Paul gives a divinely inspired definition of the term “faith” (Greek, <em>piʹstis</em>).—See study note on <strong>But the righteous one will live by reason of faith</strong> in this verse.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/17" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-18"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Joh 3:36; Ro 3:21, 22</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-18" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-18" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/18" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-19"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Hab 2:4; Ga 3:11; Heb 10:38</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-19" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-19" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p28" data-pid="28" class="se"></p> <p id="p29" data-pid="29" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/26/0"><em>Jehovah’s Day,</em> pp. 187-188</a></p> <p id="p30" data-pid="30" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p11" data-pid="11" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/9/0">jd 187-188;</a></p> <p id="p12" data-pid="12" class="sx"></p> <p id="p11" data-pid="11" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/9/0">w82 9/15 29;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/9/2"> w79 6/15 3-4;</a><span class="ni"> g63 12/22 6;</span><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/9/5"> w62 425</a></p> <p id="p12" data-pid="12" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-18" data-section-citation="045001018045001018"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:18</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p46" data-pid="46" class="s5"><strong>ungodliness:</strong> Or “irreverence.” The Scriptures use the Greek word <em>a·seʹbei·a</em> and related terms to refer to a lack of reverence for God and even a defiance of him. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/84/0" data-bid="85-1" class="b">Jude 14, 15</a>) It is an antonym of the term <em>eu·seʹbei·a,</em> rendered “godly devotion; godliness.” This reverence is manifest in a person’s service and devotion to God and His worship.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/85/0" data-bid="86-1" class="b">Ac 3:12;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/85/1" data-bid="86-2" class="b"> 1Ti 2:2;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/85/2" data-bid="86-3" class="b"> 4:7, 8;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/85/3" data-bid="86-4" class="b"> 2Ti 3:5,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/85/4" data-bid="86-5" class="b"> 12</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/19" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-20"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 2:5; Eph 5:6</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-20" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-20" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/20" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-21"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 1:25</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-21" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-21" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p30" data-pid="30" class="se"></p> <p id="p31" data-pid="31" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/27/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> p. 661</a></p> <div id="p32" data-pid="32"><p data-pid="32" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/28/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="32" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/28/0">8/15/2010, p. 13</a></p><p data-pid="32" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/29/0">3/1/1991, p. 7</a></p> </div><p id="p33" data-pid="33" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p12" data-pid="12" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/10/0">it-2 661;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/10/2"> w10 8/15 13;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/10/4"> w91 3/1 7;</a></p> <p id="p13" data-pid="13" class="sx"></p> <p id="p12" data-pid="12" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/10/0">ad 1325</a></p> <p id="p13" data-pid="13" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-19" data-section-citation="045001019045001019"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:19</span></h3><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/21" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-22"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ps 19:1; Ac 14:17</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-22" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-22" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p33" data-pid="33" class="se"></p> <div id="p34" data-pid="34"><p data-pid="34" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/30/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="34" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/30/0">5/1/1996, p. 15</a></p> </div><p id="p35" data-pid="35" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p13" data-pid="13" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/11/0">w96 5/1 15;</a></p> <p id="p14" data-pid="14" class="sx"></p> <p id="p13" data-pid="13" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/11/0">pm 147;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/11/2"> w63 689</a></p> <p id="p14" data-pid="14" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-20" data-section-citation="045001020045001020"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:20</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p48" data-pid="48" class="s5"><strong>world’s creation:</strong> In the Christian Greek Scriptures, the Greek term <em>koʹsmos</em> (“world”) generally refers to the world of mankind or a part of it. In this context, Paul apparently refers to the creation of mankind, since it was only when mankind appeared that there were minds on earth that <strong>perceived</strong> such invisible qualities by observing the visible creation. The Greek term was also used in secular writings to refer to the universe and creation in general, and Paul may have used it in that sense at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/87/0" data-bid="88-1" class="b">Ac 17:24</a> when he was addressing a Greek audience.—See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/13/0">study note on Ac 17:24</a>.</p> <p id="p49" data-pid="49" class="s5"><strong>Godship:</strong> Or “divine nature.” The Greek word <em>thei·oʹtes</em> is related to the Greek term <em>The·osʹ</em> (God). As shown by the context, Paul is discussing discernible things in the physical creation that prove God’s existence. The Scriptures are needed to understand God’s purpose, his name, and many aspects of his personality; however, creation gives evidence of <strong>his invisible qualities</strong> (lit., “unseen things of him”), including his <strong>eternal power,</strong> which he has used to create and sustain the universe. The physical creation gives evidence of his “Godship,” the fact that the Creator truly is God and is worthy of our worship.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/88/0" data-bid="89-1" class="b">Re 4:11</a>.</p> <p id="p50" data-pid="50" class="s5"><strong>inexcusable:</strong> Or “without excuse.” Lit., “defenseless.” The Greek word <em>a·na·po·loʹge·tos</em> was a legal term used when a person was unable to present any convincing evidence in his defense. Here the word is used to describe people who do not acknowledge God. The continual testimony “from the world’s creation onward” proves that God exists. Because his qualities are <strong>clearly seen,</strong> those who deny the truth about God cannot defend or make a valid case for their position. Paul goes on to say that God’s qualities are <strong>perceived by the things made.</strong> The Greek term rendered “perceived” is related to the term for “mind” (Greek, <em>nous</em>), which implies grasping with one’s mind. As one translation says, God’s qualities are “visible . . . to the eye of reason.” By viewing God’s creative works and meditating on them, humans can deduce many of the Creator’s qualities. That understanding, coupled with a detailed knowledge of the Creator’s thinking and purpose gained through a study of the Scriptures, can help a person to build strong faith.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/22" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-23"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Isa 40:26; Re 4:11</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-23" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-23" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/23" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-24"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Jer 10:12</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-24" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-24" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/24" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-25"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ps 103:19; Jer 10:10; Re 15:3</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-25" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-25" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/25" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-26"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 17:27</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-26" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-26" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p35" data-pid="35" class="se"></p> <div id="p36" data-pid="36"><p data-pid="36" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/31/0"><em>The Watchtower</em> (Study)<em>,</em></a></p><p data-pid="36" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/31/0">3/2023, pp. 15-19</a></p> </div><p id="p37" data-pid="37" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/32/0"><em>Bible Questions Answered,</em> article 174</a></p> <p id="p38" data-pid="38" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/33/0"><em>Enjoy Life Forever!,</em> lesson 7</a></p> <p id="p39" data-pid="39" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/34/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 1<em>,</em> p. 639</a></p> <p id="p40" data-pid="40" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/35/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> pp. 14,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/36/0"> 223,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/37/0"> 661,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/38/0"> 1131,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/39/0"> 1206</a></p> <div id="p41" data-pid="41"><p data-pid="41" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/40/0"><em>The Watchtower</em> (Study)<em>,</em></a></p><p data-pid="41" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/40/0">9/2016, pp. 24-25</a></p> </div><div id="p42" data-pid="42"><p data-pid="42" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/41/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="42" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/41/0">7/1/2014, p. 14</a></p><p data-pid="42" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/42/0">8/1/2013, p. 11</a></p><p data-pid="42" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/43/0">1/1/2013, p. 13</a></p><p data-pid="42" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/44/0">6/15/2011, p. 9</a></p><p data-pid="42" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/45/0">4/15/2009, pp. 15-19</a></p><p data-pid="42" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/46/0">5/1/2008, pp. 3,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/47/0"> 4-6</a></p><p data-pid="42" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/48/0">10/1/2004, pp. 10-11</a></p><p data-pid="42" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/49/0">6/1/2004, pp. 9-10</a></p><p data-pid="42" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/50/0">5/1/1996, p. 15</a></p><p data-pid="42" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/51/0">6/15/1993, pp. 8-13</a></p><p data-pid="42" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/52/0">9/1/1991, p. 16</a></p><p data-pid="42" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/53/0">3/1/1988, p. 5</a></p> </div><p id="p43" data-pid="43" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/54/0"><em>Imitate,</em> pp. 11-12</a></p> <div id="p44" data-pid="44"><p data-pid="44" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/55/0"><em>Awake!,</em></a></p><p data-pid="44" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/55/0">3/2010, p. 10</a></p><p data-pid="44" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/56/0">5/8/1997, pp. 13-14</a></p><p data-pid="44" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/57/0">1/22/1996, pp. 11-13</a></p><p data-pid="44" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/58/0">11/8/1995, pp. 7-9</a></p><p data-pid="44" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/59/0">1/22/1987, pp. 6-9</a></p><p data-pid="44" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/60/0">9/22/1986, pp. 14-15</a></p> </div><p id="p45" data-pid="45" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/61/0"><em>Creator,</em> pp. 184-185</a></p> <p id="p46" data-pid="46" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/62/0"><em>Live Forever,</em> pp. 37-38</a></p> <p id="p47" data-pid="47" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/63/0"><em>True Peace,</em> p. 56</a></p> <p id="p48" data-pid="48" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p14" data-pid="14" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/0">ijwbq article 174;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/2"> w23.03 15-19;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/4"> lff lesson 7;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/6"> it-1 639;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/8"> it-2 14,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/11"> 223,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/14"> 661,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/16"> 1131,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/18"> 1206;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/20"> w16.09 24;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/22"> w14 7/1 14;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/24"> w13 1/1 13;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/26"> w13 8/1 11;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/29"> ia 11-12;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/31"> w11 6/15 9;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/33"> g 3/10 10;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/35"> w09 4/15 15-19;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/37"> w08 5/1 3-6;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/42"> w04 6/1 9-10;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/44"> w04 10/1 10-11;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/46"> ct 184-185;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/48"> g97 5/8 13-14;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/50"> w96 5/1 15;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/52"> g96 1/22 11-13;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/54"> g95 11/8 8-9;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/56"> w93 6/15 8-13;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/58"> w91 9/1 16;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/60"> pe 37-38;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/62"> w88 3/1 5;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/64"> g87 1/22 6-9;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/67"> tp 56;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/12/69"> g86 9/22 14-15;</a></p> <p id="p15" data-pid="15" class="sx"></p> <p id="p14" data-pid="14" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/0">w82 8/1 17;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/2"> g82 9/8 5;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/4"> g82 10/8 3-4;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/6"> hp 30;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/8"> g80 4/8 5;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/10"> w79 2/1 5;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/12"> g79 1/8 11;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/14"> g79 4/8 4-5;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/16"> w78 5/15 16;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/18"> w78 7/15 8-13;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/21"> w77 228-229;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/23"> w77 419-420;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/25"> lp 15-16;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/27"> w76 84;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/29"> w76 208-209;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/31"> w76 227;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/33"> gh 53-55;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/36"> hs 10-11;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/38"> w74 147-148;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/40"> w74 375-376;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/42"> w74 643;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/44"> w73 163;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/46"> w73 554-555;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/48"> tp73 59-60;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/50"> g73 7/22 3;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/52"> w72 35,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/54"> 388;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/56"> pm 147;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/58"> ad 458,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/59"> 1672;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/60"> w69 43-44;</a><span class="ni"> g68 3/8 7;</span><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/62"> w65 227;</a><span class="ni"> g65 7/8 6;</span><span class="ni"> g65 11/22 7;</span><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/65"> w63 281,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/66"> 689;</a><span class="ni"> g63 4/22 7;</span><span class="ni"> g63 10/8 19;</span><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/69"> w62 426,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/70"> 479,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/71"> 751;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/72"> w61 392,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/73"> 426;</a><span class="ni"> g61 11/22 7;</span><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/75"> w60 763;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/76"> w59 586;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/77"> w57 317,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/78"> 461;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/79"> w56 100,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/80"> 229;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/81"> w55 570;</a><span class="ni"> dh 58;</span><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/12/83"> w52 407;</a><span class="ni"> lg 26;</span><span class="ni"> rm 24;</span><span class="ni"> ew 45</span></p> <p id="p15" data-pid="15" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-21" data-section-citation="045001021045001021"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:21</span></h3><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/26" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-27"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ge 6:5; Jer 10:14</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-27" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-27" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p15" data-pid="15" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/13/0">hs 10-11;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/13/2"> w74 563;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/13/4"> w70 456-457;</a><span class="ni"> g62 3/22 4;</span><span class="ni"> g62 9/22 3;</span><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/13/10"> w60 106</a></p> <p id="p16" data-pid="16" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-22" data-section-citation="045001022045001022"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:22</span></h3><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p48" data-pid="48" class="se"></p> <div id="p49" data-pid="49"><p data-pid="49" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/64/0"><em>Awake!,</em></a></p><p data-pid="49" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/64/0">5/8/1997, p. 14</a></p> </div><p id="p50" data-pid="50" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p15" data-pid="15" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/13/0">g97 5/8 14;</a></p> <p id="p16" data-pid="16" class="sx"></p> <p id="p16" data-pid="16" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/14/0">w72 585-586;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/14/2"> w70 456-457;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/14/6"> w60 106</a></p> <p id="p17" data-pid="17" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-23" data-section-citation="045001023045001023"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:23</span></h3><div class="group footnote"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Footnotes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item footnote" data-extract-id="verseFootnote-1"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">*</span></span><span class="scalableui"><p id="p93" data-pid="93">Or “creeping things.”</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/27" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-28"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">De 4:15-18; Ps 106:20; Jer 2:11; Ac 17:29</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-28" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-28" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p50" data-pid="50" class="se"></p> <p id="p51" data-pid="51" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/65/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 1<em>,</em> p. 1197</a></p> <p id="p52" data-pid="52" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/66/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> p. 1131</a></p> <p id="p53" data-pid="53" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p16" data-pid="16" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/14/0">it-1 1197;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/14/2"> it-2 1131;</a></p> <p id="p17" data-pid="17" class="sx"></p> <p id="p17" data-pid="17" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/15/0">w76 212-213;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/15/3"> w72 585-586;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/15/5"> kj 157;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/15/6"> w70 456-457;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/15/8"> w64 102;</a><span class="ni"> g62 9/8 6;</span><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/15/10"> w56 10;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/15/11"> w53 394</a></p> <p id="p18" data-pid="18" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-24" data-section-citation="045001024045001024"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:24</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p52" data-pid="52" class="s5"><strong>God . . . gave them up to uncleanness:</strong> Paul may have been alluding to apostate Israelites, who for centuries failed to follow the truth that they knew about God and his righteous decrees. They had “exchanged the truth of God for the lie.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/90/0" data-bid="91-1" class="b">Ro 1:16,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/90/1" data-bid="91-2" class="b"> 21,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/90/2" data-bid="91-3" class="b"> 25,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/90/3" data-bid="91-4" class="b"> 28,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/90/4" data-bid="91-5" class="b"> 32</a>) God had specifically warned the Israelites against idolatry and sexual immorality (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/91/0" data-bid="92-1" class="b">Le 18:5-23;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/91/1" data-bid="92-2" class="b"> 19:29;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/91/2" data-bid="92-3" class="b"> De 4:15-19;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/91/3" data-bid="92-4" class="b"> 5:8, 9;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/91/4" data-bid="92-5" class="b"> 31:16-18</a>), but they repeatedly turned to pagan gods and goddesses that were made in the image of animals or humans (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/92/0" data-bid="93-1" class="b">Nu 25:1-3;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/92/1" data-bid="93-2" class="b"> 1Ki 11:5,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/92/2" data-bid="93-3" class="b"> 33;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/92/3" data-bid="93-4" class="b"> 12:26-28;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/92/4" data-bid="93-5" class="b"> 2Ki 10:28, 29</a>; compare <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/93/0" data-bid="94-1" class="b">Re 2:14</a>). As a result, God “gave them up to uncleanness,” or abandoned them to let them pursue their unclean practices. Paul’s wording also indicates that even people of the nations should have understood that the worship of animals and even of humans was completely unreasonable and would incur God’s wrath.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/94/0" data-bid="95-1" class="b">Ro 1:22</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p53" data-pid="53" class="se"></p> <div id="p54" data-pid="54"><p data-pid="54" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/67/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="54" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/67/0">8/15/2008, p. 29</a></p><p data-pid="54" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/68/0">6/15/2008, p. 29</a></p> </div><p id="p55" data-pid="55" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p17" data-pid="17" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/15/0">w08 6/15 29;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/15/2"> w08 8/15 29;</a></p> <p id="p18" data-pid="18" class="sx"></p> <p id="p18" data-pid="18" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/16/0">w66 291;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/16/1"> w64 694;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/16/2"> w62 703;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/16/3"> w60 106</a></p> <p id="p19" data-pid="19" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-25" data-section-citation="045001025045001025"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:25</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p54" data-pid="54" class="s5"><strong>the lie:</strong> Referring to the falsehood of idolatry. Idols are a lie, or a falsehood. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/96/0" data-bid="97-1" class="b">Jer 10:14</a>) God’s creative works testify that he exists, but some who “knew God” suppressed the truth about him. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/97/0" data-bid="98-1" class="b">Ro 1:18,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/97/1" data-bid="98-2" class="b"> 21,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/97/2" data-bid="98-3" class="b"> 25</a>) They did not serve God in harmony with the truth concerning his eternal power and Godship; instead, they made idols and worshipped these. Their turning to the falsehood of idolatry led to all kinds of degraded practices.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/98/0" data-bid="99-1" class="b">Ro 1:18-31</a>.</p> <p id="p55" data-pid="55" class="s5"><strong>Amen:</strong> Or “So be it.” The Greek word <em>a·menʹ</em> is a transliteration of a Hebrew term derived from the root word <em>’a·manʹ,</em> meaning “to be faithful, to be trustworthy.” (See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/14/0">Glossary</a>.) “Amen” was said in agreement to an oath, a prayer, or a statement. Writers of the Christian Greek Scriptures often used it to express agreement with some form of praise to God, as Paul does here. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/99/0" data-bid="100-1" class="b">Ro 16:27;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/99/1" data-bid="100-2" class="b"> Eph 3:21;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/99/2" data-bid="100-3" class="b"> 1Pe 4:11</a>) In other cases, it is used to emphasize the writer’s wish that God extend favor toward the recipients of the letter. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/100/0" data-bid="101-1" class="b">Ro 15:33;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/100/1" data-bid="101-2" class="b"> Heb 13:20, 21</a>) It is also used to indicate that the writer earnestly agrees with what is expressed.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/101/0" data-bid="102-1" class="b">Re 1:7;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/101/1" data-bid="102-2" class="b"> 22:20</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group footnote"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Footnotes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item footnote" data-extract-id="verseFootnote-2"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">*</span></span><span class="scalableui"><p id="p94" data-pid="94">Or “worshipped.”</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p55" data-pid="55" class="se"></p> <p id="p56" data-pid="56" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/69/0"><em>Enjoy Life Forever!,</em> lesson 13</a></p> <p id="p57" data-pid="57" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/70/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> pp. 223,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/71/0"> 245,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/72/0"> 661,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/73/0"> 1131</a></p> <div id="p58" data-pid="58"><p data-pid="58" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/74/0"><em>Awake!,</em></a></p><p data-pid="58" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/74/0">5/8/1997, p. 14</a></p> </div><div id="p59" data-pid="59"><p data-pid="59" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/75/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="59" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/75/0">6/15/1993, pp. 12-13</a></p> </div><p id="p60" data-pid="60" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/76/0"><em>Mankind’s Search for God,</em> pp. 75-77</a></p> <p id="p61" data-pid="61" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p18" data-pid="18" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/16/0">lff lesson 13;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/16/2"> it-2 223,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/16/5"> 245,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/16/7"> 661,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/16/9"> 1131;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/16/11"> g97 5/8 14;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/16/13"> w93 6/15 12-13;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/16/15"> sh 75-77;</a></p> <p id="p19" data-pid="19" class="sx"></p> <p id="p19" data-pid="19" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/17/0">w82 11/15 31;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/17/2"> w80 8/15 23;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/17/4"> ad 1060,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/17/5"> 1325,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/17/6"> 1618;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/17/7"> w65 62,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/17/8"> 683;</a><span class="ni"> g65 4/8 28;</span><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/17/10"> w64 377,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/17/11"> 381,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/17/12"> 537;</a><span class="ni"> g64 12/8 6;</span><span class="ni"> g62 9/8 6;</span><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/17/15"> w60 106;</a><span class="ni"> pa 166;</span><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/17/17"> w51 607;</a><span class="ni"> w30 11</span></p> <p id="p20" data-pid="20" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-26" data-section-citation="045001026045001026"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:26</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p57" data-pid="57" class="s5"><strong>disgraceful sexual passion:</strong> The Greek word <em>paʹthos</em> refers to strong desire, or uncontrolled passion. The context makes it clear that it refers to desires of a sexual nature. Here these desires are described as being “disgraceful” (Greek, <em>a·ti·miʹa,</em> “dishonor; shame”), since they disgrace, or dishonor, a person.</p> <p id="p58" data-pid="58" class="s5"><strong>the natural use of themselves:</strong> That is, natural sexual intercourse. The Greek word rendered “natural” (<em>phy·si·kosʹ</em>) refers to what is in harmony with the basic and established order or function of things in nature. In support of his reasoning here at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/103/0" data-bid="104-1" class="b">Ro 1:26, 27</a>, Paul may have alluded to the words of the creation account at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/104/0" data-bid="105-1" class="b">Ge 1:27</a>. Instead of using the usual Greek terms for “man” and “woman,” he uses the more specific words rendered “male” and “female.” These words are also used in the <em>Septuagint</em> wording of <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/105/0" data-bid="106-1" class="b">Ge 1:27</a> and in quotations from that verse at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/106/0" data-bid="107-1" class="b">Mt 19:4</a> and <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/107/0" data-bid="108-1" class="b">Mr 10:6</a>. The Genesis account says that God blessed the first human couple and told them to multiply and “fill the earth.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/108/0" data-bid="109-1" class="b">Ge 1:28</a>) Homosexual acts are <strong>contrary to nature,</strong> since such sexual activity was not part of the Creator’s original arrangement for humans and could not produce offspring. The Bible compares homosexual activity to the sexual relations that rebellious angels, who came to be known as demons, had with women before the Deluge of Noah’s day. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/109/0" data-bid="110-1" class="b">Ge 6:4;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/109/1" data-bid="110-2" class="b"> 19:4, 5;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/109/2" data-bid="110-3" class="b"> Jude 6, 7</a>) God views such acts as unnatural.—See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/15/0">study note on Ro 1:27</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/28" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-29"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ga 5:19; 1Th 4:4, 5</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-29" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-29" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/29" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-30"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Jude 7</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-30" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-30" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p61" data-pid="61" class="se"></p> <p id="p62" data-pid="62" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/77/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> pp. 223,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/78/0"> 475</a></p> <div id="p63" data-pid="63"><p data-pid="63" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/79/0"><em>Awake!,</em></a></p><p data-pid="63" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/79/0">1/2012, p. 28</a></p><p data-pid="63" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/80/0">7/8/1989, pp. 26-27</a></p><p data-pid="63" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/81/0">10/8/1988, p. 10</a></p> </div><div id="p64" data-pid="64"><p data-pid="64" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/82/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="64" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/82/0">7/15/1997, pp. 9-10</a></p> </div><p id="p65" data-pid="65" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p19" data-pid="19" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/17/0">it-2 223,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/17/3"> 475;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/17/5"> g 1/12 28;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/17/7"> w97 7/15 9-10;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/17/9"> g89 7/8 26-27;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/17/11"> g88 10/8 10;</a></p> <p id="p20" data-pid="20" class="sx"></p> <p id="p20" data-pid="20" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/18/0">g80 6/22 23;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/18/2"> w78 2/15 31;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/18/4"> w75 364;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/18/6"> w74 483-484;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/18/8"> tp73 153;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/18/10"> w72 596,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/18/12"> 667,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/18/14"> 734-735;</a><span class="ni"> g65 1/8 15;</span><span class="ni"> g62 4/8 27;</span><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/18/18"> w52 406</a></p> <p id="p21" data-pid="21" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-27" data-section-citation="045001027045001027"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:27</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p60" data-pid="60" class="s5"><strong>the natural use of:</strong> Or “natural sexual relations with.” The Greek word rendered “natural” (<em>phy·si·kosʹ</em>) refers to what is in accordance with the basic and established order or function of things in nature. This and the preceding verse show that homosexual and lesbian acts are out of harmony with God’s purpose for humans. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/111/0" data-bid="112-1" class="b">Ge 1:27</a>; see <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/16/0">study note on Ro 1:26</a>.) God’s view of homosexual acts is made clear in the Hebrew Scriptures at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/112/0" data-bid="113-1" class="b">Le 18:22</a>. This prohibition was one of the many moral laws given to the nation of Israel. In contrast, the nations around Israel freely practiced homosexuality, incest, bestiality, and other acts prohibited by the Mosaic Law. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/113/0" data-bid="114-1" class="b">Le 18:23-25</a>) The fact that God in the Christian Greek Scriptures repeats his condemnation of homosexual practices shows that these commandments express his view of such conduct, whether practiced by Jews or non-Jews.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/114/0" data-bid="115-1" class="b">1Co 6:9, 10</a>.</p> <p id="p61" data-pid="61" class="s5"><strong>working what is obscene:</strong> Or “committing indecent (shameless) acts.” The Greek word denotes disgraceful behavior.</p> <p id="p62" data-pid="62" class="s5"><strong>the full penalty:</strong> Or “the full recompense.” The Greek word means a reward given according to what is deserved. Here it is used in a negative sense of an appropriate penalty, a punishment, or an undesirable consequence. At <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/115/0" data-bid="116-1" class="b">2Co 6:13</a>, it denotes an appropriate response.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/30" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-31"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ge 19:5; Le 18:22; 20:13; 1Co 6:9, 10</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-31" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-31" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/31" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-32"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ga 6:7</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-32" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-32" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p65" data-pid="65" class="se"></p> <p id="p66" data-pid="66" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/83/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 1<em>,</em> p. 108</a></p> <p id="p67" data-pid="67" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/84/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> pp. 475,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/85/0"> 617</a></p> <div id="p68" data-pid="68"><p data-pid="68" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/86/0"><em>Awake!,</em></a></p><p data-pid="68" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/86/0">1/2012, p. 28</a></p><p data-pid="68" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/87/0">2/22/1995, p. 14</a></p><p data-pid="68" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/88/0">7/8/1989, pp. 26-27</a></p><p data-pid="68" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/89/0">10/8/1988, p. 10</a></p> </div><div id="p69" data-pid="69"><p data-pid="69" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/90/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="69" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/90/0">7/15/1997, pp. 9-10</a></p> </div><p id="p70" data-pid="70" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/91/0"><em>True Peace,</em> pp. 146-147</a></p> <p id="p71" data-pid="71" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p20" data-pid="20" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/18/0">it-1 108;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/18/2"> it-2 475,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/18/4"> 617;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/18/6"> g 1/12 28;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/18/8"> w97 7/15 9-10;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/18/10"> g95 2/22 14;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/18/12"> g89 7/8 26-27;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/18/14"> g88 10/8 10;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/18/16"> tp 146-147;</a></p> <p id="p21" data-pid="21" class="sx"></p> <p id="p21" data-pid="21" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/19/0">g84 9/8 12;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/19/2"> w83 6/1 11;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/19/4"> w82 12/1 11;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/19/6"> w81 11/1 5;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/19/8"> g80 6/22 23;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/19/10"> w79 2/1 15;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/19/12"> w78 2/15 31;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/19/14"> w78 4/15 23;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/19/16"> g78 11/8 28;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/19/18"> lp 104;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/19/20"> g77 12/8 29;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/19/22"> g76 6/8 12;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/19/24"> w75 48;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/19/26"> w75 364;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/19/28"> w74 483-484;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/19/30"> tp73 149;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/19/32"> w72 667;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/19/34"> ad 79;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/19/35"> w70 511;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/19/37"> w69 765;</a><span class="ni"> g66 6/22 14;</span><span class="ni"> g65 1/8 15;</span><span class="ni"> g63 3/8 4;</span><span class="ni"> g62 4/8 27;</span><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/19/42"> w52 406</a></p> <p id="p22" data-pid="22" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-28" data-section-citation="045001028045001028"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:28</span></h3><div class="group footnote"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Footnotes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item footnote" data-extract-id="verseFootnote-3"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">*</span></span><span class="scalableui"><p id="p95" data-pid="95">Or “they did not consider it worthwhile to have accurate knowledge of God.” Lit., “they did not approve of holding God in accurate knowledge.”</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/32" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-33"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ga 5:19-21</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-33" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-33" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p71" data-pid="71" class="se"></p> <div id="p72" data-pid="72"><p data-pid="72" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/92/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="72" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/92/0">12/1/1989, pp. 10-11</a></p> </div><div id="p73" data-pid="73"><p data-pid="73" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/93/0"><em>Awake!,</em></a></p><p data-pid="73" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/93/0">7/8/1989, pp. 26-27</a></p> </div><p id="p74" data-pid="74" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p21" data-pid="21" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/19/0">w89 12/1 11;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/19/2"> g89 7/8 26-27;</a></p> <p id="p22" data-pid="22" class="sx"></p> <p id="p22" data-pid="22" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/20/0">w81 11/1 13;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/20/3"> hs 54-55;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/20/5"> w74 487;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/20/7"> g74 5/8 4-5;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/20/9"> w73 183;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/20/11"> w64 372;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/20/12"> w60 106;</a><span class="ni"> w33 22</span></p> <p id="p23" data-pid="23" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-29" data-section-citation="045001029045001029"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:29</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p64" data-pid="64" class="s5"><strong>greed:</strong> Or “covetousness.” The Greek word <em>ple·o·ne·xiʹa</em> literally means “having more” and denotes an insatiable desire to have more. This Greek term is also used at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/117/0" data-bid="118-1" class="b">Eph 4:19;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/117/1" data-bid="118-2" class="b"> 5:3</a>. At <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/118/0" data-bid="119-1" class="b">Col 3:5</a>, after mentioning “greediness,” Paul adds, “which is idolatry.”</p> <p id="p65" data-pid="65" class="s5"><strong>whisperers:</strong> Or “gossipers.” The Greek word apparently denotes one who habitually engages in harmful gossip, perhaps spreading malicious rumors.—See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/17/0">study note on 2Co 12:20</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/33" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-34"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Pe 4:3</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-34" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-34" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/34" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-35"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">De 5:21</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-35" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-35" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/35" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-36"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Tit 3:3</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-36" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-36" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/36" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-37"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Jo 3:15</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-37" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-37" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/37" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-38"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Pe 2:1</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-38" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-38" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/38" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-39"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Eph 4:31</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-39" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-39" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-30" data-section-citation="045001030045001030"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:30</span></h3><div class="group footnote"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Footnotes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item footnote" data-extract-id="verseFootnote-4"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">*</span></span><span class="scalableui"><p id="p96" data-pid="96">Or “inventors of injurious things.”</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/39" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-40"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Pe 2:1</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-40" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-40" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/40" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-41"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">De 21:18, 21</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-41" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-41" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-31" data-section-citation="045001031045001031"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:31</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p67" data-pid="67" class="s5"><strong>false to agreements:</strong> Or “opposed to any agreement.” Besides the idea of not abiding by an agreement, the Greek term used here may include the idea of one who is not reliable or who does not keep a promise. According to one reference work, it may also refer to “one who is unwilling to negotiate a solution to a problem involving a second party.”</p> <p id="p68" data-pid="68" class="s5"><strong>having no natural affection:</strong> This phrase, rendered “heartless” in some Bibles, translates the Greek word <em>aʹstor·gos,</em> which consists of the prefix <em>a,</em> meaning “without,” and <em>stor·geʹ,</em> meaning “natural affection.” This term is used to refer to the lack of natural affection between members of the same family, especially that of parents toward children and children toward parents. Those who lack natural affection toward family members could hardly be expected to maintain good relations with others. In harmony with Paul’s statement, ancient historians in the Greco-Roman world documented cases where fathers abandoned families; children neglected aged parents; and unwanted children, including the weak or deformed, were put to death by parents. Paul used this term here at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/120/0" data-bid="121-1" class="b">Ro 1:31</a> to describe how far humans have fallen from their original perfection. At <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070718/121/0" data-bid="122-1" class="b">2Ti 3:3</a>, he used it to indicate how people would act in these critical last days.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/41" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-42"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 1:21</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-42" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-42" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p23" data-pid="23" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/21/0">w72 551;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/21/2"> w71 309;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/21/4"> w52 318</a></p> <p id="p24" data-pid="24" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-1-32" data-section-citation="045001032045001032"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 1:32</span></h3><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/42" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-43"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Re 21:8</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-43" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-43" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p24" data-pid="24" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/22/0">w72 551;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/22/2"> w71 309;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/22/4"> w60 106</a></p> <p id="p25" data-pid="25" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div id="studyParallel" class="studyPane tabContent"> <div class="section"> <h3 class="title">Parallel Translations</h3> <div class="helpText">Click a verse number to display parallel Bible verses.</div> <div class="parallel"> <div class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div> <div class="extract"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="studyMarginals" class="studyPane tabContent"> <div class="section marginalsQuotation"><h3 class="title"><span class="sectionIcon"></span><span class="scalableui">Quotation</span></h3><div class="content categorizedMarginal"><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/18/3" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-19-3"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:17</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Hab 2:4</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-19-3" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-19-3" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="section marginalsGeneral"><h3 class="title"><span class="sectionIcon"></span><span class="scalableui">General</span></h3><div class="content categorizedMarginal"><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/0/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-1-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:1</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 9:11, 15; 13:2; Ga 1:15, 16; 1Ti 1:12</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-1-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-1-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/1/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-2-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:2</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Lu 1:69, 70</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-2-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-2-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/2/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-3-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:3</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">2Sa 7:8, 12; Lu 1:32; 2Ti 2:8</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-3-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-3-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/3/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-4-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:3</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ga 4:4</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-4-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-4-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/4/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-5-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:4</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ps 2:7; Heb 1:5</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-5-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-5-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/5/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-6-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:4</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 13:33; 2Co 13:4</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-6-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-6-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/6/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-7-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:5</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Ti 2:7</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-7-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-7-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/7/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-8-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:5</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 15:14; Ga 2:7; Eph 3:8</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-8-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-8-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/8/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-9-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:7</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Th 2:12</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-9-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-9-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/9/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-10-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:9</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Th 3:10; 2Ti 1:3</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-10-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-10-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/10/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-11-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:12</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 28:15; 1Th 5:11; Heb 10:25</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-11-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-11-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/11/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-12-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:14</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 20:26, 27</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-12-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-12-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/12/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-13-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:15</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 19:21</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-13-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-13-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/13/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-14-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:16</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ps 119:46; Mr 8:38; 2Ti 1:8</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-14-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-14-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/14/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-15-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:16</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Co 1:18; Heb 11:6</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-15-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-15-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/15/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-16-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:16</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 3:25, 26</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-16-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-16-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/16/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-17-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:16</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 18:5, 6</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-17-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-17-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/17/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-18-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:17</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Joh 3:36; Ro 3:21, 22</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-18-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-18-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/18/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-19-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:17</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ga 3:11; Heb 10:38</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-19-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-19-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/19/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-20-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:18</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 2:5; Eph 5:6</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-20-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-20-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/20/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-21-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:18</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 1:25</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-21-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-21-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/21/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-22-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:19</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ps 19:1; Ac 14:17</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-22-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-22-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/22/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-23-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:20</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Isa 40:26; Re 4:11</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-23-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-23-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/23/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-24-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:20</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Jer 10:12</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-24-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-24-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/24/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-25-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:20</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ps 103:19; Jer 10:10; Re 15:3</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-25-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-25-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/25/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-26-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:20</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 17:27</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-26-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-26-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/26/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-27-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:21</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ge 6:5; Jer 10:14</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-27-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-27-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/27/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-28-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:23</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">De 4:15-18; Ps 106:20; Jer 2:11; Ac 17:29</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-28-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-28-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/28/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-29-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:26</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ga 5:19; 1Th 4:4, 5</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-29-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-29-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/29/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-30-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:26</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Jude 7</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-30-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-30-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/30/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-31-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:27</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ge 19:5; Le 18:22; 20:13; 1Co 6:9, 10</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-31-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-31-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/31/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-32-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:27</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ga 6:7</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-32-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-32-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/32/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-33-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:28</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ga 5:19-21</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-33-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-33-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/33/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-34-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:29</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Pe 4:3</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-34-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-34-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/34/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-35-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:29</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">De 5:21</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-35-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-35-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/35/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-36-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:29</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Tit 3:3</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-36-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-36-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/36/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-37-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:29</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Jo 3:15</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-37-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-37-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/37/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-38-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:29</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Pe 2:1</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-38-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-38-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/38/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-39-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:29</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Eph 4:31</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-39-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-39-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/39/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-40-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:30</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">1Pe 2:1</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-40-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-40-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/40/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-41-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:30</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">De 21:18, 21</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-41-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-41-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/41/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-42-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:31</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 1:21</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-42-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-42-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1/42/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-43-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 1:32</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Re 21:8</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-43-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-43-1" 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href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28023" class="cl vx vp study"><strong>1</strong> </a>Paul, a slave of Christ Jesus and called to be an apostle, set apart for God’s good news,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/0" data-bid="1-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v45-1-2-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28024" class="vl vx vp study">2 </a>which he promised beforehand through his prophets in the holy Scriptures,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/1" data-bid="2-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v45-1-3-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28025" class="vl vx vp study">3 </a>concerning his Son, who came to be from the offspring of David<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/2" data-bid="3-1" class="b">+</a> according to the flesh,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/3" data-bid="4-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v45-1-4-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28026" class="vl vx vp study">4 </a>but who with power was declared God’s Son<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/4" data-bid="5-1" class="b">+</a> according to the spirit of holiness by means of resurrection from the dead<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/5" data-bid="6-1" class="b">+</a>—yes, Jesus Christ our Lord. </span><span id="v45-1-5-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28027" class="vl vx vp study">5 </a>Through him we received undeserved kindness and an apostleship<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/6" data-bid="7-1" class="b">+</a> with a view to obedience by faith among all the nations<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/7" data-bid="8-1" class="b">+</a> respecting his name, </span><span id="v45-1-6-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28028" class="vl vp">6 </a>among which nations you also have been called to belong to Jesus Christ— </span><span id="v45-1-7-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28029" class="vl vx vp study">7 </a>to all those who are in Rome as God’s beloved ones, called to be holy ones:<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/8" data-bid="9-1" class="b">+</a></span></p> <p id="p3" data-pid="3" class="sb"><span id="v45-1-7-2" class="v">May you have undeserved kindness and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.</span></p> <p id="p4" data-pid="4" class="sb"><span id="v45-1-8-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28030" class="vl vp">8 </a>First of all, I give thanks to my God through Jesus Christ concerning all of you, because your faith is talked about throughout the whole world. </span><span id="v45-1-9-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28031" class="vl vx vp study">9 </a>For God, to whom I render sacred service with my spirit in connection with the good news about his Son, is my witness of how without ceasing I always mention you in my prayers,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/9" data-bid="10-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v45-1-10-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28032" class="vl vp">10 </a>begging that if at all possible I may now at last succeed in coming to you by God’s will. </span><span id="v45-1-11-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28033" class="vl vx vp study">11 </a>For I am longing to see you, that I may impart some spiritual gift to you for you to be made firm; </span><span id="v45-1-12-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28034" class="vl vx vp study">12 </a>or, rather, that we may have an interchange of encouragement<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/10" data-bid="11-1" class="b">+</a> by one another’s faith, both yours and mine.</span></p> <p id="p5" data-pid="5" class="sb"><span id="v45-1-13-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28035" class="vl vx vp study">13 </a>But I do not want you to be unaware, brothers, that many times I have intended to come to you—but I have been prevented until now—in order that I might acquire some fruitage also among you just as among the rest of the nations. </span><span id="v45-1-14-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28036" class="vl vx vp study">14 </a>Both to Greeks and to foreigners, both to wise and to senseless ones, I am a debtor;<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/11" data-bid="12-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v45-1-15-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28037" class="vl vx vp">15 </a>so I am eager to declare the good news also to you there in Rome.<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/12" data-bid="13-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v45-1-16-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28038" class="vl vx vp study">16 </a>For I am not ashamed of the good news;<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/13" data-bid="14-1" class="b">+</a> it is, in fact, God’s power for salvation to everyone having faith,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/14" data-bid="15-1" class="b">+</a> to the Jew first<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/15" data-bid="16-1" class="b">+</a> and also to the Greek.<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/16" data-bid="17-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v45-1-17-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28039" class="vl vx vp study">17 </a>For in it God’s righteousness is being revealed by faith and for faith,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/17" data-bid="18-1" class="b">+</a> just as it is written: “But the righteous one will live by reason of faith.”<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/18" data-bid="19-1" class="b">+</a></span></p> <p id="p6" data-pid="6" class="sb"><span id="v45-1-18-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28040" class="vl vx vp study">18 </a>For God’s wrath<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/19" data-bid="20-1" class="b">+</a> is being revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men who are suppressing the truth<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/20" data-bid="21-1" class="b">+</a> in an unrighteous way, </span><span id="v45-1-19-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28041" class="vl vx vp">19 </a>because what may be known about God is clearly evident among them, for God made it clear to them.<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/21" data-bid="22-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v45-1-20-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28042" class="vl vx vp study">20 </a>For his invisible qualities are clearly seen from the world’s creation onward, because they are perceived by the things made,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/22" data-bid="23-1" class="b">+</a> even his eternal power<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/23" data-bid="24-1" class="b">+</a> and Godship,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/24" data-bid="25-1" class="b">+</a> so that they are inexcusable.<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/25" data-bid="26-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v45-1-21-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28043" class="vl vx vp">21 </a>For although they knew God, they did not glorify him as God nor did they thank him, but they became empty-headed in their reasonings and their senseless hearts became darkened.<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/26" data-bid="27-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v45-1-22-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28044" class="vl vx vp">22 </a>Although claiming they were wise, they became foolish </span><span id="v45-1-23-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28045" class="vl vx vp">23 </a>and turned the glory of the incorruptible God into something like the image of corruptible man and birds and four-footed creatures and reptiles.<a id="footnotesource1" data-fnid="1" class="fn pr" href="/en/wol/fn/r1/lp-e/1001070149/0">*</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/27" data-bid="28-1" class="b">+</a></span></p> <p id="p7" data-pid="7" class="sb"><span id="v45-1-24-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28046" class="vl vx vp study">24 </a>Therefore, God, in keeping with the desires of their hearts, gave them up to uncleanness, so that their bodies might be dishonored among them. </span><span id="v45-1-25-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28047" class="vl vx vp study">25 </a>They exchanged the truth of God for the lie and venerated<a id="footnotesource2" data-fnid="2" class="fn" href="/en/wol/fn/r1/lp-e/1001070149/1">*</a> and rendered sacred service to the creation rather than the Creator, who is praised forever. Amen. </span><span id="v45-1-26-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28048" class="vl vx vp study">26 </a>That is why God gave them over to disgraceful sexual passion,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28" data-bid="29-1" class="b">+</a> for their females changed the natural use of themselves into one contrary to nature;<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/29" data-bid="30-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v45-1-27-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28049" class="vl vx vp study">27 </a>likewise also the males left the natural use of the female and became violently inflamed in their lust toward one another, males with males,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/30" data-bid="31-1" class="b">+</a> working what is obscene and receiving in themselves the full penalty, which was due for their error.<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/31" data-bid="32-1" class="b">+</a></span></p> <p id="p8" data-pid="8" class="sb"><span id="v45-1-28-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28050" class="vl vx vp">28 </a>Just as they did not see fit to acknowledge God,<a id="footnotesource3" data-fnid="3" class="fn" href="/en/wol/fn/r1/lp-e/1001070149/2">*</a> God gave them over to a disapproved mental state, to do the things not fitting.<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/32" data-bid="33-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v45-1-29-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28051" class="vl vx vp study">29 </a>And they were filled with all unrighteousness,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/33" data-bid="34-1" class="b">+</a> wickedness, greed,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/34" data-bid="35-1" class="b">+</a> and badness, being full of envy,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/35" data-bid="36-1" class="b">+</a> murder,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/36" data-bid="37-1" class="b">+</a> strife, deceit,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/37" data-bid="38-1" class="b">+</a> and malice,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/38" data-bid="39-1" class="b">+</a> being whisperers, </span><span id="v45-1-30-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28052" class="vl vp">30 </a>backbiters,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/39" data-bid="40-1" class="b">+</a> haters of God, insolent, haughty, boastful, schemers of what is harmful,<a id="footnotesource4" data-fnid="4" class="fn" href="/en/wol/fn/r1/lp-e/1001070149/3">*</a> disobedient to parents,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/40" data-bid="41-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v45-1-31-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28053" class="vl vx vp study">31 </a>without understanding,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/41" data-bid="42-1" class="b">+</a> false to agreements, having no natural affection, and merciless. </span><span id="v45-1-32-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28054" class="vl vx vp">32 </a>Although these know full well the righteous decree of God—that those practicing such things are deserving of death<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/42" data-bid="43-1" class="b">+</a>—they not only keep on doing them but also approve of those practicing them.</span></p>  <div class="pswp" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pswp__bg"></div> <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">  <div class="pswp__container"> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> </div> <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden"> <div class="pswp__top-bar"> <div class="pswp__counter"></div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></button> <div class="pswp__preloader"> <div class="pswp__preloader__icn"> <div class="pswp__preloader__cut"> <div class="pswp__preloader__donut"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div 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