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id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Obsah</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">presunúť do postranného panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skryť</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Začiatok</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Prehľad_fylogenézy_rastlín_a_fosílneho_záznamu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehľad_fylogenézy_rastlín_a_fosílneho_záznamu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Prehľad fylogenézy rastlín a fosílneho záznamu</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prehľad_fylogenézy_rastlín_a_fosílneho_záznamu-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Prehľad fylogenézy rastlín a fosílneho záznamu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prehľad_fylogenézy_rastlín_a_fosílneho_záznamu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vznik_fotosyntézy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vznik_fotosyntézy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Vznik fotosyntézy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vznik_fotosyntézy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vznik_rias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vznik_rias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Vznik rias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vznik_rias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fosílny_záznam_rias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fosílny_záznam_rias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Fosílny záznam rias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fosílny_záznam_rias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vznik_vyšších_rastlín" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vznik_vyšších_rastlín"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Vznik vyšších rastlín</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vznik_vyšších_rastlín-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pozri_aj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pozri_aj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pozri aj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pozri_aj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iné_projekty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iné_projekty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Iné projekty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iné_projekty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externé_odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externé_odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Externé odkazy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externé_odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prepnúť obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prepnúť obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paleobotanika</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prejsť na článok v inom jazyku. Je dostupný v 46 jazykoch" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 jazykov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="علم النباتات القديمة – arabčina" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم النباتات القديمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobotanika" title="Paleobotanika – azerbajdžančina" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Paleobotanika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžančina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobotanika" title="Paleobotanika – bosniačtina" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Paleobotanika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniačtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobot%C3%A0nica" title="Paleobotànica – katalánčina" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paleobotànica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobotanika" title="Paleobotanika – čeština" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paleobotanika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čeština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A6obotanik" title="Palæobotanik – dánčina" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Palæobotanik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A4obotanik" title="Paläobotanik – nemčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paläobotanik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Παλαιοβοτανική – gréčtina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παλαιοβοτανική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gréčtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Paleobotany" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobotaniko" title="Paleobotaniko – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paleobotaniko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobot%C3%A1nica" title="Paleobotánica – španielčina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paleobotánica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španielčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobotaanika" title="Paleobotaanika – estónčina" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paleobotaanika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobotanika" title="Paleobotanika – baskičtina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paleobotanika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="دیرین‌گیاه‌شناسی – perzština" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیرین‌گیاه‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobotaniikka" title="Paleobotaniikka – fínčina" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paleobotaniikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fínčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A9obotanique" title="Paléobotanique – francúzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paléobotanique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francúzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobot%C3%A1nica" title="Paleobotánica – galícijčina" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paleobotánica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galícijčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पुरावनस्पति विज्ञान – hindčina" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुरावनस्पति विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%90sn%C3%B6v%C3%A9nytan" title="Ősnövénytan – maďarčina" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ősnövénytan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maďarčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A7%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հնէաբուսաբանություն – arménčina" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնէաբուսաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobotani" title="Paleobotani – indonézština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paleobotani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonézština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobotanica" title="Paleobotanica – taliančina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paleobotanica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="taliančina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="古植物学 – japončina" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古植物学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japončina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Палеоботаника – kazaština" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Палеоботаника" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99" title="고식물학 – kórejčina" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고식물학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="kórejčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeobotanica" title="Palaeobotanica – latinčina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Palaeobotanica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobotanika" title="Paleobotanika – litovčina" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paleobotanika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litovčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF" title="പാലിയോബോട്ടണി – malajálamčina" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാലിയോബോട്ടണി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajálamčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobotanie" title="Paleobotanie – holandčina" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paleobotanie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobotanika" title="Paleobotanika – poľština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paleobotanika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poľština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobot%C3%A2nica" title="Paleobotânica – portugalčina" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paleobotânica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobotanic%C4%83" title="Paleobotanică – rumunčina" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paleobotanică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Палеоботаника – ruština" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Палеоботаника" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paleobotany" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobotanika" title="Paleobotanika – albánčina" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Paleobotanika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Палеоботаника – srbčina" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Палеоботаника" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobotanik" title="Paleobotanik – švédčina" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paleobotanik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švédčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="தொல் தாவரவியல் – tamilčina" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொல் தாவரவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Палеоботаника – tadžičtina" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Палеоботаника" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="บรรพพฤกษศาสตร์ – thajčina" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บรรพพฤกษศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thajčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobotanik" title="Paleobotanik – turečtina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paleobotanik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Палеоботаніка – ukrajinčina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Палеоботаніка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="قدیم نباتیات – urdčina" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قدیم نباتیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobotanika" title="Paleobotanika – uzbečtina" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Paleobotanika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%95_th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Cổ thực vật học – vietnamčina" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cổ thực vật học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="古植物学 – čínština" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古植物学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="čínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192694#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Upraviť medzijazykové odkazy" class="wbc-editpage">Upraviť odkazy</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Menné priestory"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Paleobotanika" title="Zobraziť obsah stránky [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stránka</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskusia:Paleobotanika&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskusia o obsahu stránky (stránka neexistuje) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Změnit variantu jazyka" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">slovenčina</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Zobrazenia"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Paleobotanika"><span>Čítať</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleobotanika&veaction=edit" title="Upraviť túto stránku [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Upraviť</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleobotanika&action=edit" title="Upraviť zdrojový kód tejto stránky [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Upraviť zdroj</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleobotanika&action=history" title="Minulé revízie tejto stránky. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Zobraziť históriu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Nástroje stránky"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Nástroje" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Nástroje</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Nástroje</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">presunúť do postranného panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skryť</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Další možnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Akcie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Paleobotanika"><span>Čítať</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleobotanika&veaction=edit" title="Upraviť túto stránku [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Upraviť</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleobotanika&action=edit" title="Upraviť zdrojový kód tejto stránky [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Upraviť zdroj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleobotanika&action=history"><span>Zobraziť históriu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Všeobecné </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:%C4%8CoOdkazujeSem/Paleobotanika" title="Zoznam všetkých wiki stránok, ktoré sem odkazujú [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Odkazy na túto stránku</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:S%C3%BAvisiacePosledn%C3%A9%C3%9Apravy/Paleobotanika" rel="nofollow" title="Posledné úpravy na stránkach, na ktoré odkazuje táto stránka [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Súvisiace úpravy</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=sk" title="Nahranie súborov [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Nahrať súbor</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lneStr%C3%A1nky" title="Zoznam všetkých špeciálnych stránok [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Špeciálne stránky</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleobotanika&oldid=6772299" title="Trvalý odkaz na túto verziu stránky"><span>Trvalý odkaz</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleobotanika&action=info" title="Viac informácií o tejto stránke"><span>Informácie o stránke</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:Citova%C5%A5&page=Paleobotanika&id=6772299&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informácie ako citovať túto stránku"><span>Citovať túto stránku</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsk.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPaleobotanika"><span>Získať skrátené URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsk.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPaleobotanika"><span>Stiahnuť QR kód</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tlačiť/exportovať </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:Knihy&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Paleobotanika"><span>Vytvoriť knihu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:DownloadAsPdf&page=Paleobotanika&action=show-download-screen"><span>Stiahnuť ako PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleobotanika&printable=yes" title="Verzia tejto stránky pre tlač [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Verzia pre tlač</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> V iných projektoch </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paleobotany" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192694" title="Odkaz na prepojenú položku dátového úložiska [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Položka Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Nástroje stránky"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Vzhľad"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vzhľad</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">presunúť do postranného panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skryť</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">z Wikipédie, slobodnej encyklopédie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sk" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:Neuropteris.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Neuropteris.JPG/220px-Neuropteris.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Neuropteris.JPG/330px-Neuropteris.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Neuropteris.JPG/440px-Neuropteris.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="2576" /></a><figcaption>Fosílna papraď rodu <i>Neuropteris</i> z vrchného <a href="/wiki/Karb%C3%B3n_(geochronologick%C3%A1_jednotka)" title="Karbón (geochronologická jednotka)">karbónu</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Paleobotanika</b> (z <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9%C4%8Dtina" class="mw-disambig" title="Gréčtina">gr.</a> <i>paleon</i> - <i>starý</i> + <i>botanikos</i> - <i>rastlinný</i>), alebo <b>fytopaleontológia</b> je vedný odbor, zaoberajúci sa identifikáciou, rekonštrukciou a systematikou <a href="/wiki/Rastliny" title="Rastliny">rastlín</a> v minulosti <a href="/wiki/Zem" title="Zem">Zeme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fylogen%C3%A9za" title="Fylogenéza">fylogenénzou</a> jednotlivých skupín rastlín a tiež rekonštrukciou ich <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivotn%C3%A9_prostredie" title="Životné prostredie">životného prostredia</a>. Paleobotanika študuje suchozemské, ako aj vodné rastlinstvo. Príbuzný vedný odbor je <a href="/wiki/Palynol%C3%B3gia" title="Palynológia">palynológia</a>, ktorá sa zaoberá štúdiom <a href="/wiki/Pe%C4%BE" title="Peľ">peľu</a> a rastlinných <a href="/wiki/Semeno_(rastlina)" title="Semeno (rastlina)">semien</a>. </p><p>Paleobotanika je základ pri štúdiu vývoja rastlín a tiež dôležitý prvok pri rekonštrukcii prehistorických <a href="/wiki/Podnebie_(kl%C3%ADma)" title="Podnebie (klíma)">klimatických</a> modelov. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehľad_fylogenézy_rastlín_a_fosílneho_záznamu"><span id="Preh.C4.BEad_fylogen.C3.A9zy_rastl.C3.ADn_a_fos.C3.ADlneho_z.C3.A1znamu"></span>Prehľad fylogenézy rastlín a fosílneho záznamu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleobotanika&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Upraviť sekciu: Prehľad fylogenézy rastlín a fosílneho záznamu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleobotanika&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Prehľad fylogenézy rastlín a fosílneho záznamu"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vznik_fotosyntézy"><span id="Vznik_fotosynt.C3.A9zy"></span>Vznik fotosyntézy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleobotanika&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Upraviť sekciu: Vznik fotosyntézy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleobotanika&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Vznik fotosyntézy"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Samotný vznik rastlín súvisí z evolúciou <a href="/wiki/Fotosynt%C3%A9za" title="Fotosyntéza">fotosyntézy</a>. V súčasnosti prevláda názor, že prvé organizmy sa vyvíjali v horúcich podmienkach (pri podmorských <a href="/wiki/Sopka" title="Sopka">sopečných</a> komínoch, v horúcich prameňoch a podobne) a boli <a href="/wiki/Chemosynt%C3%A9za" title="Chemosyntéza">chemoautotrofné</a>, závislé od sopečnej činnosti. Z nich sa vyvinuli prvé <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotoautotrofia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotoautotrofia (stránka neexistuje)">fotoautotrofné</a> organizmy, ktoré pre <a href="/wiki/Fotosynt%C3%A9za" title="Fotosyntéza">fotosyntézu</a> využili svoje systémy citlivé na <a href="/wiki/Svetlo" class="mw-disambig" title="Svetlo">svetlo</a>, ktoré boli pravdepodobne pôvodne určené na ochranu proti žiareniu (hlavne <a href="/wiki/Ultrafialov%C3%A9_%C5%BEiarenie" title="Ultrafialové žiarenie">ultrafialovému</a>). Prvým fotosyntetizujúcim organizmom sa v súčasnosti najviac podobajú: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelen%C3%A9_s%C3%ADrne_bakt%C3%A9rie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zelené sírne baktérie (stránka neexistuje)">zelené sírne baktérie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelen%C3%A9_nes%C3%ADrne_bakt%C3%A9rie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zelené nesírne baktérie (stránka neexistuje)">zelené nesírne baktérie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heliobakt%C3%A9rie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heliobaktérie (stránka neexistuje)">heliobaktérie</a> ich systém nepostačuje na <a href="/wiki/Autotrofia" title="Autotrofia">autotrofiu</a>, ale vykazuje podobnosť so <a href="/wiki/Sinice" title="Sinice">sinicami</a> (t. j. cyanobaktériami)</li></ul> <p>Fotosyntéza týchto organizmov je anoxigénna. Nerozkladajú molekuly <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">vody</a> a neuvoľňujú <a href="/wiki/Kysl%C3%ADk" title="Kyslík">kyslík</a>, pretože obsahujú bakteriochlorofyly, ktoré nedokážu zo svetla získavať dostatočnú <a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energiu</a>. Ako donor <a href="/wiki/Elektr%C3%B3n" title="Elektrón">elektrónov</a> však môžu využiť <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDelezo" title="Železo">železo</a> (prípadne aj <a href="/wiki/Peroxid_vod%C3%ADka" title="Peroxid vodíka">peroxid vodíka</a>). </p><p>Ďalším dôležitým predchodcom rastlín boli sinice, ktoré už majú <a href="/wiki/Chlorofyl" title="Chlorofyl">chlorofyly</a> bežné aj u rastlín, ktoré získavajú zo svetla dostatočnú energiu na štiepenie vody. Sinice pravdepodobne vznikli pred približne 3,2 miliardami rokov. Niektoré z nich formovali guľovité skalnaté útvary <a href="/wiki/Stromatolit" title="Stromatolit">stromatolity</a>, ktoré sú typickými fosíliami <a href="/wiki/Prekambrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Prekambrium">prekambria</a> (ale vzácne, v extrémnych podmienkach, sa vyskytujú dodnes). Vďaka svojej fotosyntetickej schopnosti produkovali kyslík, ktorý bol veľmi toxickým biologickým odpadom. Jeho koncentrácia v ovzduší dosiahla hodnoty podobné súčasnosti za 1-2 miliardy rokov. To bol dostatočne dlhý čas na to, aby sa organizmy naučili s kyslíku odolávať a dokonca ho aj využiť vo svoj prospech. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vznik_rias">Vznik rias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleobotanika&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Upraviť sekciu: Vznik rias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleobotanika&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Vznik rias"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Riasa" class="mw-disambig" title="Riasa">Riasy</a> vznikli pravdepodobne tak, že došlo ku symbióze sinice s <a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">eukaryotickým organizmom</a>, ktorý sinicu pohltil, tá ostala pri živote a oba organizmy ťažili zo <a href="/wiki/Symbi%C3%B3za" title="Symbióza">vzájomnej spolupráce</a>. Takto vznikli <a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">chloroplasty</a> (podobným spôsobom vznikli aj <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" title="Mitochondria">mitochondrie</a>, k čomu došlo ešte pred vznikom <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplastov</a> u predkov rastlín živočíchov aj húb). Dôkazom tejto teórie je napr. dodnes zachovalá <a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonukleov%C3%A1_kyselina" title="Deoxyribonukleová kyselina">DNA</a> bakteriálneho typu v chloplastoch (odlišná od jadrovej), syntéza <a href="/wiki/Bielkovina" title="Bielkovina">bielkovín</a> v choloroplaste taktiež bakteriálneho typu (napr. <a href="/wiki/Riboz%C3%B3mov%C3%A1_RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribozómová RNA">ribozómová RNA</a>), ako aj dvojitá <a href="/wiki/Membr%C3%A1na" class="mw-disambig" title="Membrána">membrána</a> chloroplastov (jedna pochádzajúca v vonkajšej membrány sinice a druhá je membránov hostiteľskej <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotick%C3%A1_bunka" title="Eukaryotická bunka">eukaryotickej bunky</a>). </p><p>Po pohltení sinice došlo k rozdeleniu rias na dve základné línie. Prvá zahŕňa <a href="/wiki/Zelen%C3%A9_riasy" title="Zelené riasy">zelené riasy</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></i>) a rastliny, s tvz. "zeleným" typom chloroplastu pre ktorý je typická prítomnosť <a href="/wiki/Chlorofyl" title="Chlorofyl">chlorofylu</a> b. Druhá línia má tvz. "červený" chloroplast a zahrňuje napr. červené (<i><a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a></i>) aj hnedasté riasy (<i><a href="/wiki/Chromista" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromista">Chromista</a></i>). </p><p>V niektorých skupinách rias (netýkalo sa to ale predkov suchozemských rastlín) došlo k druhotnému pohlteniu, keď jedna eukaryotická bunka pohltila inú vrátane jej chloroplastov. K tomuto procesu došlo tak v "zelenej" línii chloroplastov (vznikli euglény - <i><a href="/wiki/Euglenophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Euglenophyta">Euglenophyta</a></i>), ako aj v "červenej" chloroplastovej línii (takto vznikli napr. všetky hnedasté riasy - <i><a href="/wiki/Chromista" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromista">Chromista</a></i>). Dnes má chloroplast takýchto rias štyri membrány a medzi 2. a 3. membránov obsahuje tvz. nukleomorf, ktorý je pozostatkom DNA v pohltenej eukaryotickej bunky (DNA nukleomorfu sa v súčasnosti študuje a je stopou totožnosti pohltenej eukaryotickej bunky). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fosílny_záznam_rias"><span id="Fos.C3.ADlny_z.C3.A1znam_rias"></span>Fosílny záznam rias</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleobotanika&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Upraviť sekciu: Fosílny záznam rias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleobotanika&action=edit&section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Fosílny záznam rias"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fos%C3%ADlia" title="Fosília">Fosílne</a> nálezy rias zahrňujú hlavne druhy, ktoré vytvárali pevnú vonkajšiu schránku, ktorá po ich odumretí fosilizovala na dne <a href="/wiki/Oce%C3%A1n" class="mw-disambig" title="Oceán">oceánov</a>. Najstaršie <a href="/wiki/Mikrofos%C3%ADlia" title="Mikrofosília">mikrofosílie</a> siníc sú známe spred vyše 2,5 mld. rokov. Najstaršie fosílie eukaryotických rias majú asi 1,7 mld. rokov, avšak dobre zachované fosílie, ktoré môžeme aj systematicky zaradiť sú spred 1,2 mld. rokov a patria "červenej" línii rias. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vznik_vyšších_rastlín"><span id="Vznik_vy.C5.A1.C5.A1.C3.ADch_rastl.C3.ADn"></span>Vznik vyšších rastlín</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleobotanika&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Upraviť sekciu: Vznik vyšších rastlín" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleobotanika&action=edit&section=5" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Vznik vyšších rastlín"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:LepidodendronOhio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/LepidodendronOhio.jpg/220px-LepidodendronOhio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/LepidodendronOhio.jpg/330px-LepidodendronOhio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/LepidodendronOhio.jpg/440px-LepidodendronOhio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1821" data-file-height="1251" /></a><figcaption>Fosílny odtlačok kôry stromovitého plavúňa rodu <i>Lepidodendron</i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Vy%C5%A1%C5%A1ie_rastliny" class="mw-disambig" title="Vyššie rastliny">Vyššie rastliny</a> zrejme vznikli zo zelených rias, ktoré žili v plytkých vodách. Prvé <a href="/wiki/Fos%C3%ADlia" title="Fosília">fosílie</a> vyšších rastlín sa vyskytujú od <a href="/wiki/Sil%C3%BAr" title="Silúr">silúru</a> v <a href="/wiki/Prvohory" class="mw-redirect" title="Prvohory">prvohorách</a>. Žili v <a href="/wiki/Pobre%C5%BEie" title="Pobrežie">pobrežných</a> oblastiach čiastočne ponorené do vody. V tom čase sa od seba oddelili <a href="/wiki/Machorasty" title="Machorasty">machorasty</a>, ktoré ostali drobné a stavili na stratégiu vzájomného podopierania sa a zadržiavania čo najväčšieho množstva vody. Druhá skupina rastlín (<i><a href="/wiki/Rhyniophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhyniophyta">Rhyniophyta</a></i>) si vyvinula <a href="/wiki/Poko%C5%BEka_(rastliny)" title="Pokožka (rastliny)">pokožku</a> odolnejšiu proti vysychaniu, čo im umožnilo rast do väčších rozmerov. Rastliny zo skupiny <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psiplophytaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psiplophytaceae (stránka neexistuje)">Psiplophytaceae</a></i> dosiahli <a href="/wiki/Strom" title="Strom">stromovitý</a> vzrast a prenikali hlbšie do <a href="/wiki/Pevnina" class="mw-disambig" title="Pevnina">pevniny</a>. </p><p>Od vrchného <a href="/wiki/Dev%C3%B3n" title="Devón">devónu</a> sa hromadne vyskytujú skameneliny <a href="/wiki/Kore%C5%88_(botanika)" title="Koreň (botanika)">koreňov</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kme%C5%88_(botanika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kmeň (botanika) (stránka neexistuje)">kmeňov</a> a <a href="/wiki/List_(botanika)" title="List (botanika)">listov</a> prvých stromov (<i>Archaeopteris</i>). Vznikali prvé <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plav%C3%BA%C5%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plavúň (stránka neexistuje)">plavúňe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prasli%C4%8Dky" class="mw-redirect" title="Prasličky">prasličky</a> a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paprade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paprade (stránka neexistuje)">paprade</a>. V <a href="/wiki/Karb%C3%B3n_(geochronologick%C3%A1_jednotka)" title="Karbón (geochronologická jednotka)">karbóne</a> bola sa zvýšila teplota Zeme a vznikali rozsiahle [močiar]e. V nich rástli stromovité plavúne a paprade obrovských rozmerov. Po odumretí padali do vody, kde v bezkyslíkatom prostredí nepodliehali rozkladu, ale postupne <a href="/wiki/Uhlie" title="Uhlie">zuhoľnateli</a>. V uhlí sa zachovalo aj obrovské množstvo otlačkov listov, alebo <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B4ra" class="mw-disambig" title="Kôra">kôry</a> týchto stromov. V karbóne vznikli aj prvé <a href="/wiki/Nahosemenn%C3%A9_rastliny" title="Nahosemenné rastliny">nahosemenné rastliny</a>, ktoré sa ďalej vyvíjali v období permu a <a href="/wiki/Druhohory" class="mw-redirect" title="Druhohory">druhohorách</a> sa stali dominantnou skupinou rastlín (vyskytovalo sa množstvo ihličnatých stromov, <a href="/wiki/Cykasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cykasy">cykasov</a> a <a href="/wiki/Ginko" class="mw-disambig" title="Ginko">gínk</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Krytosemenn%C3%A9_rastliny" title="Krytosemenné rastliny">Krytosemenné rastliny</a> sú známe od <a href="/wiki/Mezozoikum" title="Mezozoikum">mezozoika</a>, presnejšie od spodnej <a href="/wiki/Krieda_(geochronologick%C3%A1_jednotka)" title="Krieda (geochronologická jednotka)">kriedy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pozri_aj">Pozri aj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleobotanika&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Upraviť sekciu: Pozri aj" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleobotanika&action=edit&section=6" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Pozri aj"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleontol%C3%B3gia" title="Paleontológia">Paleontológia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iné_projekty"><span id="In.C3.A9_projekty"></span>Iné projekty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleobotanika&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Upraviť sekciu: Iné projekty" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleobotanika&action=edit&section=7" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Iné projekty"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="interProject commons" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fossil_plants" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fossil plants">Commons</a></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spolupracuj na Commons"><img alt="Spolupracuj na Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Commons ponúka multimediálne súbory na tému <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fossil_plants" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fossil plants">paleobotanika</a></b>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externé_odkazy"><span id="Extern.C3.A9_odkazy"></span>Externé odkazy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleobotanika&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Upraviť sekciu: Externé odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleobotanika&action=edit&section=8" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Externé odkazy"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palaeobotany.org/">www.paleobotany.org</a> - medzinárodná paleobotanická organizácia (IOP)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/paleonet/">paleonet</a> - server o článkoch týkajúcich sa paleontológie</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.equisetites.de/palbot1.html">Links for Palaeobotanists</a></li></ul> <div style="border: solid #aaa 1px; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 0ex 1ex; font-size: 90%;" class="tright" title="Portál, ktorého súčasťou je táto stránka"> <table style="margin: 0; padding: 0ex"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;margin: 0;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/36px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/54px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/72px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Vedy_o_Zemi" title="Portál:Vedy o Zemi">Portál vied o Zemi</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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