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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_classification_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_classification_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Other classification considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_classification_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Styles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Styles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Styles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Single_varietal_cider_cultivars" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fruit used for making apple cider</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cider_Apples_(21600773933).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cider_Apples_%2821600773933%29.jpg/220px-Cider_Apples_%2821600773933%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cider_Apples_%2821600773933%29.jpg/330px-Cider_Apples_%2821600773933%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cider_Apples_%2821600773933%29.jpg/440px-Cider_Apples_%2821600773933%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Cider apples ripening in <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cider apples</b> are a group of <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apple</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> grown for their use in the production of <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a> (referred to as "hard cider" in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>). Cider apples are distinguished from "cookers" and "eaters", or dessert apples, by their bitterness or dryness of flavour, qualities which make the fruit unpalatable but can be useful in cidermaking. Some apples are considered to occupy more than one category. </p><p>In the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Long_Ashton_Research_Station" title="Long Ashton Research Station">Long Ashton Research Station</a> categorised cider apples in 1903 into four main types according to the proportion of <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malic_acid" title="Malic acid">malic acid</a> in the fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For cider production, it is important that the fruit contains high <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> levels which encourage <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermentation</a> and raise the final <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a> levels. Cider apples therefore often have higher sugar levels than <a href="/wiki/Table_apple" title="Table apple">dessert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cooking_apples" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooking apples">cooking apples</a>. It is also considered important for cider apples to contribute tannins, which add depth to the finished cider's flavour. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_of_cider_apples">Classification of cider apples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider_apple&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification of cider apples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_Ashton_Research_Station_classification_system">Long Ashton Research Station classification system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider_apple&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Long Ashton Research Station classification system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1903, Professor B.T.P. Barker, the first director of the Long Ashton Research Station (LARS) in <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, England,<sup id="cite_ref-first_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> established an analytical classification system for cider apples based on tannin and malic acid percentages in pressed juice. This system is divided into four categories,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Long Ashton four class system </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Classification</th> <th>Malic Acid (% w/v)</th> <th>Tannin (% w/v)</th> <th>Examples</th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td>Sweet (SW)<sup id="cite_ref-first_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><0.45 (low)</td> <td><0.2 (low)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slack-ma-Girdle" title="Slack-ma-Girdle">Slack-ma-Girdle</a>, Sweet Alford, Sweet Coppin,<sup id="cite_ref-third_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-third-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northwood</td> <td>Sweets are defined by low acid and tannin levels. Most dessert apples are also sweets,<sup id="cite_ref-fourth_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourth-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though there is a group of cider cultivars with these characteristics. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sharp (SH)</td> <td>>0.45 (high)</td> <td><0.2 (low)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crimson_King_(apple)" title="Crimson King (apple)">Crimson King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Putt_(apple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Putt (apple)">Tom Putt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-first_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brown's Apple, Backwell Red</td> <td>The high acidity of sharps, like that from bittersharps, can add "bite" to the cider. While there is a group of sharp cider apples, most cooking apples are also sharps,<sup id="cite_ref-fourth_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourth-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-another_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-another-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and traditional cooking varieties were often used in cidermaking in eastern England.<sup id="cite_ref-quinion5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quinion5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bittersweet (BSW)</td> <td><0.45 (low)</td> <td>>0.2 (high)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brown_Snout" title="Brown Snout">Brown Snout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dabinett" title="Dabinett">Dabinett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarlington_Mill" title="Yarlington Mill">Yarlington Mill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chisel_Jersey" title="Chisel Jersey">Chisel Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hangdown_(apple)" title="Hangdown (apple)">Hangdown</a></td> <td>Bittersweet cultivars are often of European origin;<sup id="cite_ref-fifth_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifth-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they were often widely supposed to have originated in northwestern France, and bittersweet cultivars were often referred to by the terms "French" and "Norman" in the cider-producing counties of <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-martell_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martell-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The raised levels of tannin add bitterness or astringency to the cider, a desirable quality. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bittersharp (BSH)</td> <td>>0.45 (high)</td> <td>>0.2 (high)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Foxwhelp" title="Foxwhelp">Foxwhelp</a>, Virginia Crab (Hewes), <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Black_Apple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingston Black Apple">Kingston Black</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-first_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cap_of_Liberty_(apple)" title="Cap of Liberty (apple)">Cap of Liberty</a></td> <td>Having high levels of tannin and acid, bittersharps are particularly suitable for single-varietal ciders.<sup id="cite_ref-last_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-last-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with bittersweets, these have historically been known as “spitters” because they are naturally unpalatable.<sup id="cite_ref-third_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-third-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Long Ashton's classification system also included a three-level classification of tannin: "full" for an apple with pronounced tannins (e.g. a "full bittersweet" such as <a href="/wiki/Chisel_Jersey" title="Chisel Jersey">Chisel Jersey</a>, "mild" for light tannins such as Cummy Norman, and "medium" such as Dabinett.<sup id="cite_ref-jolicoeur47_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jolicoeur47-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Long Ashton seven class system </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Classification</th> <th>Malic acid %</th> <th>Tannin %</th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td>Sweet</td> <td><0.45</td> <td><0.20</td> <td>Sweet Alford, Woodbine </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bittersharp</td> <td>>0.45</td> <td>>0.20</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mild Bittersweet</td> <td>0.45</td> <td>0.20-0.25</td> <td>Cummy Norman, Hangdown, Perthyre, Royal Wilding. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medium Bittersweet</td> <td><0.45</td> <td>0.25-0.30</td> <td>Dabinett, Dove, Yarlington Mill. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Full Bittersweet</td> <td><0.45</td> <td>>0.30</td> <td>Knotted Kernel, Strawberry Norman. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medium Sharp</td> <td>0.45-0.75</td> <td><0.20</td> <td>Lambrook Pippin, Langworthy, Crimson King. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Full Sharp</td> <td>>0.75</td> <td>0.20</td> <td>Cap of Liberty, Fair Maid of Devon, Frederick. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tannins are further sometimes categorised as "hard" or "soft", for bitter and astringent tannins respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-jolicoeur47_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jolicoeur47-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British cidermakers normally blend juice from apples of multiple categories to ensure a finished cider with a balanced flavour and for the best and most consistent quality.<sup id="cite_ref-fourth_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourth-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While traditional ciders were made from whatever apples were available locally, the blend of sugar, acid and tannin required for a successful cider is difficult to achieve from any single cultivar with the possible exception of some bittersharps.<sup id="cite_ref-lea156_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lea156-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As bittersharps are rare, a common modern approach is to use a range of bittersweet varieties with some sharps, or a cooking apple such as the readily available <a href="/wiki/Bramley_apple" title="Bramley apple">Bramley</a>, to balance the acidity.<sup id="cite_ref-ciderorg2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciderorg2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sharps, with their high acid content, also keep the cider's pH below 3.8 to prevent spoilage; sweets help provide adequate sugar for fermentation to the proper alcohol content.<sup id="cite_ref-last_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-last-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_and_Spanish_classification_systems">French and Spanish classification systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider_apple&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: French and Spanish classification systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the Long Ashton Research Station classification, Charles Neal has written about a French classification system.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France and Spain, the system has an intermediate category called <i>acidulée</i> or <i>acidulada</i> respectively, which is sometimes used to classify cider apples that are semi-tart and have low tannin content.<sup id="cite_ref-third_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-third-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to the English system, acidity and tannins are considered. Apples are classified as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>French classification system </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Classification</th> <th>Malic Acid (% w/v)</th> <th>Tannin (% w/v)</th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td>Douce</td> <td>0 - 0.40</td> <td><0.2 (low)</td> <td>Doux Normandie, Rouge Duret </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amere</td> <td>0 - 0.40</td> <td>>0.3 (high)</td> <td>Cidor, Domaines </td></tr> <tr> <td>Douce Amere</td> <td>0 - 0.40</td> <td>0.20 - 0.30 (medium)</td> <td>Bedan, Saint Martin </td></tr> <tr> <td>Acidule</td> <td>0.40 - 0.60</td> <td><0.20 (low)</td> <td>Judeline, Blanchet </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aigre Amere</td> <td>>0.60</td> <td>> 0.3 (high)</td> <td>Cazo Jaune </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aigre</td> <td>>0.60</td> <td><0.2 (low)</td> <td>Avrolles, Judaine </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Spanish classification system </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Classification</th> <th>Malic acid %</th> <th>Tannin %</th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td>Acido</td> <td>> 0.65</td> <td>< 0.145</td> <td>Blanquina, Teórica </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amargo</td> <td>< 0.45</td> <td>> 0.2</td> <td>Clara </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dulce</td> <td>< 0.45</td> <td>< 0.145</td> <td>Pepa, No Prieta Antigua, Coloradona </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dulce-Amargo</td> <td>< 0.45</td> <td>0.145 - 0.2</td> <td>Obdulina </td></tr> <tr> <td>Acido-Amarga</td> <td>> 0.65</td> <td>0.145 - 0.2</td> <td>Meana </td></tr> <tr> <td>Acidulado o Semiacido</td> <td>0.45 - 0.65</td> <td>< 0.145</td> <td>Dolores, Campillo </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the US, there are four regions where cider apples are grown in orchards: the Northeast, Mid-Atlantic, Midwest, and Northwest. Out of the twenty most commonly grown cider apple varieties, half originate from England, two come from France, and the rest originate in America. Most special cider cultivars for European ciders are bittersweets and bittersharps, which have high tannin content. There are not a lot of cultivars with high tannins readily available in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most ciders in the United States are made from culled dessert apples that are generally sweets and sharps.<sup id="cite_ref-third_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-third-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no systematic classification of North American apple cultivars for cider-making purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-third_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-third-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is a database for apple varieties called the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS).<sup id="cite_ref-fourth_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourth-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_classification_considerations">Other classification considerations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider_apple&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other classification considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beyond the Long Ashton or English system and French system for classifying cider apples, there are other considerations for characterisation. Other measurements taken of apple varieties towards use in cider classification include pH, polyphenol composition, <a href="/wiki/Yeast_assimilable_nitrogen" title="Yeast assimilable nitrogen">yeast assimilable nitrogen</a> (YAN),<sup id="cite_ref-fifth_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifth-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and soluble solid concentration (ºBrix).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sharpness of an apple is affected by pH and <a href="/wiki/Titratable_acid" title="Titratable acid">titratable acidity</a>. Most cultivars must reach pH levels of around 3.3 to 3.8 to aid in the fermentation process, and additions of malic acid may be necessary if the cider apple is over this desired threshold. Soluble solids as measured in units of degrees Brix can be used to quantify the potential alcohol that a yeast can ferment from the initial juice of the cider apple. This is carefully considered in cultivars from areas where there are tax regulations on the percentage of alcohol by volume that is contained in these products. In the United States, "hard cider" legally falls between the 0.5% to 8.5% alcohol by volume tax bracket.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cideries that exceed a soluble solids level of 17 °Brix will be subject to higher tax levels that are classified under cider wine.<sup id="cite_ref-last_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-last-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom, cider falls in two duty brackets, with a flat rate for up to 7.4% ABV, and a higher duty rate for ciders between 7.4% to 8.5% ABV.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foaming is an intricate, yet essential component that can be used to assess the overall quality of a cider and distinguish between natural and sparkling ciders. Chemically, hydrophobic polypeptides contribute to the initial foam, bubble size, the extent to which it persists, number of nucleation sites, and the froth of the foam (foam collar). These chemical compositions and parameters are quantitatively measured through metrics such as foam height, foam stability height, and stability time.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The olfactory sensory profile is used to determine the specific aroma of the cider. Research is still ongoing in this field, but the aromas that contribute to the sensory perceptions of cider mainly come from the phenols 4-ethyl guaiacol and 4-ethyl phenol.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Styles">Styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider_apple&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cider is made in several countries and can be made from any apples. Historically the flavours preferred and varieties used to produce cider have varied by region. Many of the most traditional apple varieties used for ciders come from or are derived from those from <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and these areas are considered to have their own broad cider styles although the many exceptions make this more of a historic footnote. Normandy cider is usually naturally carbonated and clear: Asturian cider apple varieties are mainly 'sharps' or mild 'bittersweets',<sup id="cite_ref-lea154_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lea154-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> producing a mildly acidic cider which is customarily served by being poured from height into the glass to oxygenate it.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the UK there are two broad styles of cider, determined by the types of apple available. The style associated with the east of England (<a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>) used surplus dessert and cooking apples and was therefore characterised by an acidic, light-bodied cider. The other style, using specific cider apple cultivars with higher tannin levels, is usually associated with the <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Three_Counties_(Gloucestershire,_Herefordshire_and_Worcestershire)" title="Three Counties (Gloucestershire, Herefordshire and Worcestershire)">Three Counties</a>. Within these broad types there are also a number of more specific regional styles. The ciders of Devon were often made largely from sweets, the cultivars low in acid and tannins that typified the county's orchards.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenstein_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenstein-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jma_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jma-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Devon cidermakers also specialised in "keeved", or "matched" cider, where fermentation was slowed to produce a naturally sweet finish, though such ciders were usually intended for the London market and a fully fermented, dry "rough" cider was preferred for home consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-shapter_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shapter-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Somerset ciders, by contrast, have tended to be stronger and more tannic. Bittersweet cultivars, locally known as "Jersey" apples, were typical of Somerset, although the county's most famous apple, Kingston Black, was a mild bittersharp.<sup id="cite_ref-morgan_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morgan-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The West Midland county of Gloucestershire traditionally favoured bittersharp apples, giving strong ciders with a higher bite of acidity and tannins: neighbouring Worcestershire and Herefordshire also favoured acidic cider apples, but their growers also made plantings of dual purpose apples to take advantage of markets in nearby industrial centres.<sup id="cite_ref-morgan_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morgan-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single_varietal_cider_cultivars">Single varietal cider cultivars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider_apple&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Single varietal cider cultivars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically ciders have been almost invariably made from blending apple varieties, and the practice of making single variety ciders is considered largely a modern approach. Only a very small number of apple varieties are considered to be capable of making a good single-variety cider. These fruit are designated as having "vintage" quality, a term first introduced by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hogg_(biologist)" title="Robert Hogg (biologist)">Robert Hogg</a> in 1888, and further popularised by Barker at Long Ashton: it should be understood as referring to the cultivar's ability to produce complex and interesting flavours, rather than in the sense "vintage" is used in winemaking.<sup id="cite_ref-lea154_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lea154-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Sweet Coppin is a sweet originating in Devon;</li> <li>Sweet Alford is another Devon sweet variety;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimson_King_(apple)" title="Crimson King (apple)">Crimson King</a> is a sharp, first grown in Somerset;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlington_Mill" title="Yarlington Mill">Yarlington Mill</a> is a bittersweet, named after the mill in <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a> where it was found;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabinett" title="Dabinett">Dabinett</a> is a bittersweet named after William Dabinett, and is from Middle Lambrook, <a href="/wiki/South_Petherton" title="South Petherton">South Petherton</a>, Somerset;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_(cider_apple)" title="Major (cider apple)">Major</a> is an old bittersweet variety, found in orchards in South Devon and east of the <a href="/wiki/Blackdown_Hills_National_Landscape" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackdown Hills National Landscape">Blackdown Hills</a> in south Somerset;<sup id="cite_ref-lars_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lars-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Broxwood Foxwhelp is a Herefordshire bittersharp, probably a <a href="/wiki/Sport_(botany)" title="Sport (botany)">sport</a> of the old variety <a href="/wiki/Foxwhelp" title="Foxwhelp">Foxwhelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Black_Apple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingston Black Apple">Kingston Black</a> is a bittersharp probably named after the village of Kingston, near <a href="/wiki/Taunton,_Somerset" class="mw-redirect" title="Taunton, Somerset">Taunton, Somerset</a>;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stoke_Red&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stoke Red (page does not exist)">Stoke Red</a> is a bittersharp originating from the village of Rodney Stoke in <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a></li></ul> <p>Although considered suitable for single-variety ciders, they can also contribute well to blends. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cider_apple_composition">Cider apple composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider_apple&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cider apple composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polyphenols_and_tannins">Polyphenols and tannins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider_apple&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Polyphenols and tannins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">Polyphenols</a> are an important component of ciders, contributing astringency, bitterness, <a href="/wiki/Colloidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloidal">colloidal</a> stability and colour.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The content in apples varies depending on cultivar, production practices, and part of the fruit, with the peel of an apple having more polyphenols than the flesh.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary polyphenol in apples is <a href="/wiki/Procyanidin" title="Procyanidin">procyanidins</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Hydroxycinnamic_acid" title="Hydroxycinnamic acid">hydroxycinnamic acids</a> in the flesh and <a href="/wiki/Flavonols" title="Flavonols">flavonols</a> in peel.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the polyphenols in the fruit are not pressed into the juice, because they bind to polysaccharides in the fruit cell wall, becoming bound to the <a href="/wiki/Pomace" title="Pomace">pomace</a>, when the cell wall is ruptured during the pressing process.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Procyanidins are especially prone to binding to the pomace with about 30% extracted into the juice.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cider apples can have five times the total phenolic content compared to <a href="/wiki/Table_apple" title="Table apple">dessert apples</a>, but there is a limited supply of bittersweet and bittersharp apples in the U.S. to meet the needs of the fast-growing cider industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some cider makers add exogenous <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a> to improve phenolic characteristics, and researchers are working on improving polyphenol extraction technology.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In countries with more well-established cider industries, such as the U.K. and France, there is an adequate supply of high tannin cider apples. About one half of the apples processed for cider in Europe are bittersweet fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orchard_design">Orchard design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider_apple&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Orchard design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_orchard_design">Traditional orchard design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider_apple&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Traditional orchard design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AppleOrchard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/AppleOrchard.jpg/220px-AppleOrchard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/AppleOrchard.jpg/330px-AppleOrchard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/AppleOrchard.jpg/440px-AppleOrchard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Old growth apple orchard in Ottawa, Canada</figcaption></figure><p>The end of the 1950s saw a huge turn in cider apple <a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">orchard</a> design, where before<sup id="cite_ref-:05_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> traditional styles of orchard had been maintained for centuries. Traditional orchards are now uncommon, though they can still be found in places like <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> where most growers have maintained traditional systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional orchards were designed with large spacing between individual large trees;(6–12 meters tall and spaced about 7.6–9 meters apart<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) typically, less than 150 trees per hectare.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trees within an orchard were more variable in age; individual trees would be grown until they died and a new tree would be planted in its place.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Older trees in traditional orchards can grow gnarled and <a href="/wiki/Tree_hollow" title="Tree hollow">hollowed</a> for the tree's entire lifespan.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large (7.6 meter) spherical-shaped canopies of traditional methods differ from various planting systems that use conic, flat planar or v-shaped styles.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orchard3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Orchard3.jpg/220px-Orchard3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Orchard3.jpg/330px-Orchard3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Orchard3.jpg/440px-Orchard3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Traditional apple orchard in Eastwood, Essex</figcaption></figure><p> Traditional orchards were often <a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">intercropped</a>: it was particularly common to use a <a href="/wiki/Silvopasture" title="Silvopasture">silvopastoral</a> system that combined <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree" title="Fruit tree">fruit trees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pasture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The natural grasses forming the orchard's <a href="/wiki/Undergrowth" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergrowth">undergrowth</a> were often <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazed</a> by sheep or cows:<sup id="cite_ref-:12_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the English "grass orchard" was particularly associated with cider producing districts.<sup id="cite_ref-hoare212_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoare212-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Management techniques did not use <a href="/wiki/Fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiliser">fertiliser</a> or chemicals, other than the natural fertilisation from the dung of grazing cattle, and generally required less training than modern, high-density systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Budding of scions took place high up in the tree, typically using vigorous rootstocks or seedlings.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional orchards have been found to produce apples with lower nitrogen content and higher polyphenolic levels.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, there has been a decline in the numbers of traditional cider orchards and a corresponding loss of orchard design knowledge between generations of apple growers.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional orchards have, for example decreased by about 20% since 1994 in parts of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decline is partly attributed to the high maintenance demands of large trees and the physical limitations for apple pickers,<sup id="cite_ref-:22_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the low yield (10-12 tons per hectare,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) the slow cropping of trees (15 years compared to the average 8 years of high-density orchards,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and <a href="/wiki/Cider_in_the_United_States" title="Cider in the United States">historical changes</a> in regional alcohol preferences. During the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> subsidised growers who converted to high-density orchards. By the 1990s, most of France no longer used traditional orchard styles.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1970s, traditional style orchards were only used for making 25% of the <a href="/wiki/Cider_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cider in the United Kingdom">cider in the United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bush_orchards">Bush orchards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider_apple&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bush orchards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apple_orchard_near_Cowleigh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_796019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Apple_orchard_near_Cowleigh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_796019.jpg/220px-Apple_orchard_near_Cowleigh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_796019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Apple_orchard_near_Cowleigh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_796019.jpg/330px-Apple_orchard_near_Cowleigh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_796019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Apple_orchard_near_Cowleigh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_796019.jpg/440px-Apple_orchard_near_Cowleigh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_796019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>A bush orchard near Cowleigh, United Kingdom.</figcaption></figure><p>In response to the rising demand for cider apples in the United Kingdom in the 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Long_Ashton_Research_Station" title="Long Ashton Research Station">Long Ashton Research Station</a> developed the bush orchard system commonly used in the UK today. Cider apple varieties are grafted onto semi-dwarfing <a href="/wiki/Rootstock" title="Rootstock">rootstocks</a> and reach a maximum height of 15 to 20 feet (4.5 to 6 m).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trees are planted at a density of approximately 750 per hectare, with trees spaced 2 – 3 m (6.5–10 ft) apart in rows 5.5 m (18 ft) wide.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although more densely planted than a traditional orchard, rows are still wide enough for tractors, harvesters, and other machinery to access the rows. Unlike a high density orchard, trees are free standing and are not supported by a trellis. Bush orchards can yield 2-3 times as much as a traditional orchard,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> up to 35-50 tons per hectare.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bush orchard style became especially popular in the 1970s after the <a href="/wiki/H._P._Bulmer" title="H. P. Bulmer">H.P. Bulmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taunton_Cider_Company" title="Taunton Cider Company">Taunton Cider</a> companies established Incentive Planting Schemes, which rewarded farmers for planting bush orchards of cider apple varieties. Today, approximately two thirds of cider apples in the United Kingdom are grown in bush orchards.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_density_orchards">High density orchards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider_apple&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: High density orchards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intensive_apple_orchard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Intensive_apple_orchard.jpg/220px-Intensive_apple_orchard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Intensive_apple_orchard.jpg/330px-Intensive_apple_orchard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Intensive_apple_orchard.jpg/440px-Intensive_apple_orchard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>Apple trees in a modern high-density orchard.</figcaption></figure><p>High density planting became popular in the 1960s and 1970s, and is a common method of growing cider apples outside of the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average high density orchard contains about 1,000 trees per acre, although some orchards in Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> may contain up to 9,000 trees per acre.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trees in high density orchards are grafted onto a precocious dwarfing <a href="/wiki/Rootstock" title="Rootstock">rootstock</a> that keeps the tree small and encourages early fruit production, with trees often bearing within two to three years of planting. This allows growers to bring new varieties of apple to market more quickly than they could with traditional, more widely spaced orchard designs that are slower to mature. Because trees grown on a dwarfing rootstock are small and thin, they must be supported by a <a href="/wiki/Trellis_(architecture)" title="Trellis (architecture)">trellis</a> system. Rows are spaced depending on the height of the mature tree, usually half the tree height plus three feet (approximately 1m).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High density orchards are more labor efficient than traditional orchards, as workers do not need to climb ladders during maintenance or harvest<sup id="cite_ref-:03_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a> application is also more efficient, as chemicals can be applied by over-the-row sprayers, fixed in-canopy systems,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or other devices that reduce pesticide waste. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tree_types_and_planting_systems">Tree types and planting systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider_apple&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tree types and planting systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the move to higher density plantings, different tree types and planting systems have been developed, and are used around the world. These systems include: </p><p><b>Central leader</b> trees are commonly grown in a conical shape, with a central vertical shoot (the central leader), and horizontal larger branches at the bottom decreasing to smaller branches near the top. Central leader trees grown with standard or semi dwarf rootstocks are large and free standing, unlike modern high density plantings.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central leader system has been adjusted in recent years to suit the requirements of modern orchard designs and high density plantings. </p><p>An example of this is <b>slender spindle</b>. While there are different forms, slender spindle trees have the same tapered design. Top branches are regularly renewed by pruning, or weakened by bending. A less vigorous rootstock is used to limit growth, creating a smaller tree, usually individually staked for support of heavy cropping.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Solaxe and vertical axis</b> systems are similar to both central leader and slender spindle, and has been used as a transition from low density plantings to high density plantings. Tree size is determined by rootstock, ranging from semi dwarf to fully dwarf. The trees require a form of support. These systems aim to create an equilibrium between fruiting and vegetative growth, receiving minimal pruning. <b>Solaxe</b> uses limb bending to control vigour, a modification from <b>vertical axis</b> which uses periodical pruning.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Super spindle</b> orchard design utilises high density planting, with up to or over 2000 trees/acre. The benefits of high density include high early yields with reduced inputs such as labour due to reduced manual work and the ability to have high output picking during harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High density plantings are grown with a trellis system for tree support. </p><p><b>Tall spindle</b> shares many of the high density benefits as super spindle, and is a combination of slender spindle, vertical axis, solaxe and super spindle systems. It utilises high density planting on dwarfing rootstocks with a range between 2,500 and 3,300 trees/acre. Tall spindle systems utilise minimal pruning at planting, and uses branch bending to control growth, and limb pruning to renew branches as they become too large. As tree height exceeds 90% of the row spacing, fruit quality at the lower parts of the tree may be reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider_apple&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLea" class="citation web cs1">Lea, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cider.org.uk/appledat.htm">"Cider Apple Compositional Data"</a>. <i>www.cider.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913174154/http://www.cider.org.uk/appledat.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=content.ces.ncsu.edu&rft.atitle=High+Density+Apple+Orchard+Management+%7C+NC+State+Extension+Publications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.ces.ncsu.edu%2Fhigh-density-apple-orchard-management&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider+apple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://extension.psu.edu/beginning-grower-planning-and-planting-an-orchard">"Beginning Grower: Planning and Planting an Orchard"</a>. <i>extension.psu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=extension.psu.edu&rft.atitle=Beginning+Grower%3A+Planning+and+Planting+an+Orchard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fextension.psu.edu%2Fbeginning-grower-planning-and-planting-an-orchard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider+apple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnelloLanders" class="citation journal cs1">Agnello, A.; Landers, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hort.cornell.edu/expo/proceedings/2013/Drosophila/Drosophila%20Agnello%20Fixed%20Spraying%20System.pdf">"Progress in the development of an in-canopy fixed spraying system for high-density orchards"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cornell University</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cornell+University&rft.atitle=Progress+in+the+development+of+an+in-canopy+fixed+spraying+system+for+high-density+orchards&rft.aulast=Agnello&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Landers%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hort.cornell.edu%2Fexpo%2Fproceedings%2F2013%2FDrosophila%2FDrosophila%2520Agnello%2520Fixed%2520Spraying%2520System.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider+apple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:04_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baugher, T. A. 2003. Training Systems, p349-355. In: Baugher, T. A., & Singha, S. Concise encyclopedia of temperate tree fruit. New York: Food Products Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonHoyingReginato2011" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, T.L.; Hoying, S.A.; Reginato, G.H. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.actahort.org/books/903/903_79.htm">"The Tall Spindle Planting System: Principles and Performance"</a>. <i>Acta Horticulturae</i> (903): 571–579. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17660%2Factahortic.2011.903.79">10.17660/actahortic.2011.903.79</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0567-7572">0567-7572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Horticulturae&rft.atitle=The+Tall+Spindle+Planting+System%3A+Principles+and+Performance&rft.issue=903&rft.pages=571-579&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17660%2Factahortic.2011.903.79&rft.issn=0567-7572&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=T.L.&rft.au=Hoying%2C+S.A.&rft.au=Reginato%2C+G.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.actahort.org%2Fbooks%2F903%2F903_79.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider+apple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1998" class="citation journal cs1">Weber, M.S. (August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.actahort.org/books/513/513_32.htm">"The Super Spindle System"</a>. <i>Acta Horticulturae</i> (513): 271–278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17660%2Factahortic.1998.513.32">10.17660/actahortic.1998.513.32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0567-7572">0567-7572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Horticulturae&rft.atitle=The+Super+Spindle+System&rft.issue=513&rft.pages=271-278&rft.date=1998-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17660%2Factahortic.1998.513.32&rft.issn=0567-7572&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=M.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.actahort.org%2Fbooks%2F513%2F513_32.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACider+apple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cider_apple&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150628153722/http://ukcider.co.uk/wiki/index.php/Cider_Apples">Cider Apples article</a> on the 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cultivars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple"><i>Malus domestica</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_niedzwetzkyana" title="Malus niedzwetzkyana">Malus niedzwetzkyana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_sieversii" title="Malus sieversii">Malus sieversii</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Table_apple" title="Table apple">Table apples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Pearmain" title="Adams Pearmain">Adams Pearmain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aia_Ilu" title="Aia Ilu">Aia Ilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlie_Red_Flesh" title="Airlie Red Flesh">Airlie Red Flesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akane_(apple)" title="Akane (apple)">Akane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85ker%C3%B6" title="Åkerö">Åkerö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkmene_(apple)" title="Alkmene (apple)">Alkmene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allington_Pippin" title="Allington Pippin">Allington Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosia_(apple)" title="Ambrosia (apple)">Ambrosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_(apple)" title="Anna (apple)">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annurca" title="Annurca">Annurca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_(apple)" title="Ariane (apple)">Ariane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Black" title="Arkansas Black">Arkansas Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashmead%27s_Kernel" title="Ashmead's Kernel">Ashmead's Kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Golden_Gala" title="Aurora Golden Gala">Aurora Golden Gala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Bough" title="Autumn Bough">Autumn Bough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Glory" title="Autumn Glory">Autumn Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_(apple)" title="Baldwin (apple)">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beacon_(apple)" title="Beacon (apple)">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_of_Bath" title="Beauty of Bath">Beauty of Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_de_Boskoop" title="Belle de Boskoop">Belle de Boskoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellflower_apple" title="Bellflower apple">Bellflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Davis_(apple)" title="Ben Davis (apple)">Ben Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgit_Bonnier" title="Birgit Bonnier">Birgit Bonnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braeburn" title="Braeburn">Braeburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brina" title="Brina">Brina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(apple)" title="Cameo (apple)">Cameo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champion_(apple)" title="Champion (apple)">Champion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civni_apple" title="Civni apple">Civni (Rubens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claygate_Pearmain" title="Claygate Pearmain">Claygate Pearmain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clivia_(apple)" title="Clivia (apple)">Clivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Aromatic" title="Cornish Aromatic">Cornish Aromatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Gilliflower" title="Cornish Gilliflower">Cornish Gilliflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortland_(apple)" title="Cortland (apple)">Cortland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Crisp" title="Cosmic Crisp">Cosmic Crisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_Pendu_Plat" title="Court Pendu Plat">Court Pendu Plat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cox%27s_Orange_Pippin" title="Cox's Orange Pippin">Cox's Orange Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimson_Gold_(apple)" title="Crimson Gold (apple)">Crimson Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Red" title="Cripps Red">Cripps Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Pink" title="Cripps Pink">Cripps Pink (Pink Lady)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delbard_Jubil%C3%A9e" title="Delbard Jubilée">Delbard Jubilée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delbarestivale" title="Delbarestivale">Delbarestivale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delrouval" title="Delrouval">Delrouval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devonshire_Quarrenden" title="Devonshire Quarrenden">Devonshire Quarrenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(apple)" title="Discovery (apple)">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsett_Golden" title="Dorsett Golden">Dorsett Golden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dougherty_(apple)" title="Dougherty (apple)">Dougherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Oldenburg_(apple)" title="Duchess of Oldenburg (apple)">Duchess of Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumelow%27s_Seedling" title="Dumelow's Seedling">Dumelow's Seedling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egremont_Russet" title="Egremont Russet">Egremont Russet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellison%27s_Orange" title="Ellison's Orange">Ellison's Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elstar" title="Elstar">Elstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_(apple)" title="Empire (apple)">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_(apple)" title="Enterprise (apple)">Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy_(apple)" title="Envy (apple)">Envy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esopus_Spitzenburg" title="Esopus Spitzenburg">Esopus Spitzenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_(apple)" title="Eva (apple)">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EverCrisp" title="EverCrisp">EverCrisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiesta_(apple)" title="Fiesta (apple)">Fiesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippa_(apple)" title="Filippa (apple)">Filippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_(apple)" title="Flamenco (apple)">Flamenco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florina_(apple)" title="Florina (apple)">Florina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_(apple)" title="Fuji (apple)">Fuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gala_(apple)" title="Gala (apple)">Gala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascoyne%27s_Scarlet" title="Gascoyne's Scarlet">Gascoyne's Scarlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geheimrat_Dr._Oldenburg" title="Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg">Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_Gold" title="Ginger Gold">Ginger Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Delicious" title="Golden Delicious">Golden Delicious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Orange_(apple)" title="Golden Orange (apple)">Golden Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldspur" title="Goldspur">Goldspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granny_Smith" title="Granny Smith">Granny Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravenstein" title="Gravenstein">Gravenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes_Golden" title="Grimes Golden">Grimes Golden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haralson_(apple)" title="Haralson (apple)">Haralson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokuto_(apple)" title="Hokuto (apple)">Hokuto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeycrisp" title="Honeycrisp">Honeycrisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeygold" title="Honeygold">Honeygold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idared" title="Idared">Idared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Marie" title="Ingrid Marie">Ingrid Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Grieve_(apple)" title="James Grieve (apple)">James Grieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_(apple)" title="Jazz (apple)">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Black" title="Jersey Black">Jersey Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonadel" title="Jonadel">Jonadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonagold" title="Jonagold">Jonagold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_(apple)" title="Jonathan (apple)">Jonathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_apple" title="Jubilee apple">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julieta_(apple)" title="Julieta (apple)">Julieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(apple)" title="Jupiter (apple)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanzi_(apple)" title="Kanzi (apple)">Kanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmijn_de_Sonnaville" title="Karmijn de Sonnaville">Karmijn de Sonnaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Pippins" title="King of the Pippins">King of the Pippins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knobby_Russet" title="Knobby Russet">Knobby Russet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Alice_(apple)" title="Lady Alice (apple)">Lady Alice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxton%27s_Superb" title="Laxton's Superb">Laxton's Superb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(apple)" title="Liberty (apple)">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liveland_Raspberry_apple" title="Liveland Raspberry apple">Liveland Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_(apple)" title="Lodi (apple)">Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lambourne_(apple)" title="Lord Lambourne (apple)">Lord Lambourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucombe%27s_Seedling" title="Lucombe's Seedling">Lucombe's Seedling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macoun_apple" title="Macoun apple">Macoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McIntosh_(apple)" title="McIntosh (apple)">McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melba_(apple)" title="Melba (apple)">Melba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melrose_(apple)" title="Melrose (apple)">Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutsu_(apple)" title="Mutsu (apple)">Mutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtown_Pippin" title="Newtown Pippin">Newtown Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_(apple)" title="Nicola (apple)">Nicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal_(apple)" title="Opal (apple)">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciros" title="Sciros">Sciros (Pacific Rose)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pam%27s_Delight" title="Pam's Delight">Pam's Delight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papirovka" title="Papirovka">Papirovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Red" title="Paula Red">Paula Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Pearl_(apple)" title="Pink Pearl (apple)">Pink Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinova" title="Pinova">Pinova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_apple" title="Prima apple">Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pristine_apple" title="Pristine apple">Pristine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajka_(apple)" title="Rajka (apple)">Rajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralls_Janet" title="Ralls Janet">Ralls Janet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambo_apple" title="Rambo apple">Rambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MN55_(apple)" title="MN55 (apple)">Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Astrachan" title="Red Astrachan">Red Astrachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Delicious" title="Red Delicious">Red Delicious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Pineapple_(apple)" title="Red Pineapple (apple)">Red Pineapple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlove_apples" title="Redlove apples">Redlove apples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Greening" title="Rhode Island Greening">Rhode Island Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribston_Pippin" title="Ribston Pippin">Ribston Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxbury_Russet" title="Roxbury Russet">Roxbury Russet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandow_(apple)" title="Sandow (apple)">Sandow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansa_apple" title="Sansa apple">Sansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekai_Ichi" title="Sekai Ichi">Sekai Ichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_(apple)" title="Spartan (apple)">Spartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splendour_(apple)" title="Splendour (apple)">Splendour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Devon" title="Star of Devon">Star of Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stayman_(apple)" title="Stayman (apple)">Stayman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmer_Pippin" title="Sturmer Pippin">Sturmer Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summerfree" title="Summerfree">Summerfree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Red" title="Cripps Red">Sundowner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunset_(apple)" title="Sunset (apple)">Sunset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suntan_(apple)" title="Suntan (apple)">Suntan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SweeTango" title="SweeTango">SweeTango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliaferro_(apple)" title="Taliaferro (apple)">Taliaferro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu_Rose" title="Tartu Rose">Tartu Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentation" title="Tentation">Tentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tompkins_King" title="Tompkins King">Tompkins King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz_(apple)" title="Topaz (apple)">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealthy_(apple)" title="Wealthy (apple)">Wealthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winesap" title="Winesap">Winesap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_(apple)" title="Winston (apple)">Winston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_Pearmain" title="Worcester Pearmain">Worcester Pearmain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyken_Pippin" title="Wyken Pippin">Wyken Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Imperial" title="York Imperial">York Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zestar_apple" title="Zestar apple">Zestar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cooking_apple" title="Cooking apple">Cooking apples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonovka" title="Antonovka">Antonovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_(apple)" title="Bismarck (apple)">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Orange" title="Blenheim Orange">Blenheim Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bramley_apple" title="Bramley apple">Bramley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calville_Blanc_d%27hiver" title="Calville Blanc d'hiver">Calville Blanc d'hiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanino" title="Campanino">Campanino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellini_(apple)" title="Cellini (apple)">Cellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_Wonder" title="Chelmsford Wonder">Chelmsford Wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costard_(apple)" title="Costard (apple)">Costard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creston_(apple)" title="Creston (apple)">Creston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimson_Bramley" title="Crimson Bramley">Crimson Bramley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_of_Kent" title="Flower of Kent">Flower of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Noble" title="Golden Noble">Golden Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granny_Smith" title="Granny Smith">Granny Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadier_(apple)" title="Grenadier (apple)">Grenadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Byerd" title="King Byerd">King Byerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manks_Codlin" title="Manks Codlin">Manks Codlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Wonder" title="Newton Wonder">Newton Wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Biffin" title="Norfolk Biffin">Norfolk Biffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Spy" title="Northern Spy">Northern Spy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinette_du_Canada" title="Reinette du Canada">Reinette du Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_apple" title="Rome apple">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upton_Pyne_apple" title="Upton Pyne apple">Upton Pyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Transparent" title="White Transparent">White Transparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_River_(apple)" title="Wolf River (apple)">Wolf River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cider apples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Snout" title="Brown Snout">Brown Snout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_of_Liberty_(apple)" title="Cap of Liberty (apple)">Cap of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel_Jersey" title="Chisel Jersey">Chisel Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccagee" title="Coccagee">Coccagee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimson_King_(apple)" title="Crimson King (apple)">Crimson King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabinett" title="Dabinett">Dabinett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufflin_(apple)" title="Dufflin (apple)">Dufflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Bitter" title="Ellis Bitter">Ellis Bitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxwhelp" title="Foxwhelp">Foxwhelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Russet" title="Golden Russet">Golden Russet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Spire" title="Golden Spire">Golden Spire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangdown_(apple)" title="Hangdown (apple)">Hangdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Cider_Apple" title="Harrison Cider Apple">Harrison Cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Black" title="Kingston Black">Kingston Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_(cider_apple)" title="Major (cider apple)">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelin_(apple)" title="Michelin (apple)">Michelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poveshon" title="Poveshon">Poveshon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redstreak" title="Redstreak">Redstreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack-ma-Girdle" title="Slack-ma-Girdle">Slack-ma-Girdle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styre" title="Styre">Styre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Putt" title="Tom Putt">Tom Putt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodcock_(apple)" title="Woodcock (apple)">Woodcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlington_Mill" title="Yarlington Mill">Yarlington Mill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">Ornamental apple</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_(apple)" title="Flamenco (apple)">Flamenco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldspur" title="Goldspur">Goldspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wijcik_McIntosh" title="Wijcik McIntosh">Wijcik McIntosh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_apple_dishes" title="List of apple dishes">Apple products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_butter" title="Apple butter">Apple butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cake" title="Apple cake">Apple cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cheese" title="Apple cheese">Apple cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_chip" title="Apple chip">Apple chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider_vinegar" title="Apple cider vinegar">Apple cider vinegar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_crisp" title="Apple crisp">Apple crisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_flour" title="Apple flour">Apple flour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_pie" title="Apple pie">Apple pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_sauce" title="Apple sauce">Apple sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_seed_oil" title="Apple seed oil">Apple seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_strudel" title="Apple strudel">Apple strudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_apple" title="Cooking apple">Baked apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_apple" title="Candy apple">Candy apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramel_apple" title="Caramel apple">Caramel apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himmel_und_Erde" title="Himmel und Erde">Himmel und Erde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apple_cake" title="Jewish apple cake">Jewish apple cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">Pectin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drink</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apfelwein" title="Apfelwein">Apfelwein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">Apple cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_juice" title="Apple juice">Apple juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applejack_(drink)" title="Applejack (drink)">Applejack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvados" title="Calvados">Calvados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">Cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cider" title="Ice cider">Ice cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pommeau" title="Pommeau">Pommeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_picking" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple picking">Apple picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_scab" title="Apple scab">Apple scab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applecrab" title="Applecrab">Applecrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Apples" title="Arctic Apples">Arctic Apples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree_pruning" title="Fruit tree pruning">Fruit tree pruning</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gymnosporangium_juniperi-virginianae" title="Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae">Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Appleseed" title="Johnny Appleseed">Johnny Appleseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malling_series" title="Malling series">Malling series</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Malus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearmain" title="Pearmain">Pearmain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree_pollination#Apples" title="Fruit tree pollination">Pollination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pome" title="Pome">Pome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRI_disease_resistant_apple_breeding_program" title="PRI disease resistant apple breeding program">PRI disease resistant apple breeding program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinette" title="Reinette">Reinette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russet_apple" title="Russet apple">Russeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Apple_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="US Apple Association">US Apple Association</a></li> <li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_apple_production" title="List of countries by apple production">Countries by apple production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apple_diseases" title="List of apple diseases">Apple diseases</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apples" title="Category:Apples">Apples</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_cultivars" title="Category:Apple cultivars">Cultivars</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_production" title="Category:Apple production">Production</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cider_apple&oldid=1210832697">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cider_apple&oldid=1210832697</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_cultivars" title="Category:Apple cultivars">Apple cultivars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cider" title="Category:Cider">Cider</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_May_2018" title="Category:Use British English from May 2018">Use British English from May 2018</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited 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