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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Growing tensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growing_tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crisis_of_1830" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crisis_of_1830"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Crisis of 1830</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crisis_of_1830-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posses,_arrests,_and_the_mobilization_of_militia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posses,_arrests,_and_the_mobilization_of_militia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Posses, arrests, and the mobilization of militia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posses,_arrests,_and_the_mobilization_of_militia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_and_British_governments_step_in" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_and_British_governments_step_in"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>American and British governments step in</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_and_British_governments_step_in-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aroostook War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Арустукская вайна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арустукская вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_d%27Aroostook" title="Guerra d'Aroostook – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra d'Aroostook" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroostook-Krieg" title="Aroostook-Krieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aroostook-Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Aroostook" title="Guerra de Aroostook – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra de Aroostook" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_d%27Aroostook" title="Guerre d'Aroostook – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre d'Aroostook" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroostookoorlog" title="Aroostookoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aroostookoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="アルーストック戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルーストック戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_o_Aroostook" title="Wojna o Aroostook – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna o Aroostook" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Aroostook" title="Guerra de Aroostook – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra de Aroostook" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Арустукская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арустукская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroostook-sota" title="Aroostook-sota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aroostook-sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroostookkriget" title="Aroostookkriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aroostookkriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Арустукська війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арустукська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q698312#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Aroostook War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Disputed_Border_in_the_East.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Disputed_Border_in_the_East.jpg/300px-Disputed_Border_in_the_East.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Disputed_Border_in_the_East.jpg/450px-Disputed_Border_in_the_East.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Disputed_Border_in_the_East.jpg/600px-Disputed_Border_in_the_East.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3813" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span><br />Map showing the boundary claims and final border</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1838–1839</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>–<a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> border</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Compromise </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webster%E2%80%93Ashburton_Treaty" title="Webster–Ashburton Treaty">Webster–Ashburton Treaty</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="United States"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281837%E2%80%931845%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281837%E2%80%931845%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281837%E2%80%931845%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281837%E2%80%931845%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281837%E2%80%931845%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281837%E2%80%931845%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 6,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 15,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> None</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> None</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Casualties">38 non-combat deaths</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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American Revolution">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western theater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_War" title="Patriot War">Patriot War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aroostook War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_War_(1859)" title="Pig War (1859)">Pig War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Affair" title="Chesapeake Affair">Chesapeake Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian raids</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_disputed_by_Canada_and_the_United_States" title="List of areas disputed by Canada and the United States">Current Border Disputes</a></b> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Aroostook War</b> (sometimes called the <b>Pork and Beans War</b><sup id="cite_ref-leduc1947_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leduc1947-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), or the <b>Madawaska War</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a military and civilian-involved confrontation in 1838–1839 between the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> over the international boundary between the British colony of <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> and the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a>. The term "war" was rhetorical; local militia units were called out but never engaged in actual combat. The event is best described as an <a href="/wiki/International_incident" title="International incident">international incident</a>. </p><p>Negotiations between British diplomat <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Baring,_1st_Baron_Ashburton" title="Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton">Baron Ashburton</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> settled the dispute. The <a href="/wiki/Webster%E2%80%93Ashburton_Treaty" title="Webster–Ashburton Treaty">Webster–Ashburton Treaty</a> of 1842 established the final boundary between the countries, giving most of the disputed area to Maine while preserving an overland connection between <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes#19th_century" title="The Maritimes">Maritime colonies</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disputed_border">Disputed border</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aroostook_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Disputed border"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1820_Map_of_the_state_of_Maine,_by_Moses_Greenleaf_and_William_B._Annin,_from_the_Digital_Commonwealth_-_commonwealth_6t053q062.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1820_Map_of_the_state_of_Maine%2C_by_Moses_Greenleaf_and_William_B._Annin%2C_from_the_Digital_Commonwealth_-_commonwealth_6t053q062.jpg/220px-1820_Map_of_the_state_of_Maine%2C_by_Moses_Greenleaf_and_William_B._Annin%2C_from_the_Digital_Commonwealth_-_commonwealth_6t053q062.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1820_Map_of_the_state_of_Maine%2C_by_Moses_Greenleaf_and_William_B._Annin%2C_from_the_Digital_Commonwealth_-_commonwealth_6t053q062.jpg/330px-1820_Map_of_the_state_of_Maine%2C_by_Moses_Greenleaf_and_William_B._Annin%2C_from_the_Digital_Commonwealth_-_commonwealth_6t053q062.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1820_Map_of_the_state_of_Maine%2C_by_Moses_Greenleaf_and_William_B._Annin%2C_from_the_Digital_Commonwealth_-_commonwealth_6t053q062.jpg/440px-1820_Map_of_the_state_of_Maine%2C_by_Moses_Greenleaf_and_William_B._Annin%2C_from_the_Digital_Commonwealth_-_commonwealth_6t053q062.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5588" data-file-height="8700" /></a><figcaption>1820 map of Maine</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a> ended the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a> but did not clearly determine the boundary between <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> (Quebec and New Brunswick) and the United States. The Commonwealth of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> thereafter began issuing land grants in its <a href="/wiki/District_of_Maine" title="District of Maine">District of Maine</a>, including areas to which the British had already laid claim. </p><p>Questions regarding the boundary line arose not long afterward, and the negotiators of the 1794 <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a> agreed that a commission should determine the source of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix_River_(Maine%E2%80%93New_Brunswick)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick)">St. Croix River</a>, the principal geographical feature identified in the earlier treaty. The parties sent a collaborative survey team to locate the mouth of the proper river, and to establish its headwaters. In 1798 the commission decided the southernmost portion of this boundary, from the mouth of the St. Croix to its source, which was determined to be the <a href="/wiki/Chiputneticook_Lakes" title="Chiputneticook Lakes">Chiputneticook Lakes</a>. This commission did no work to finalize details of the border north of the lakes, which was described as running in a straight line north to the highlands separating the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a> watershed from watersheds draining to the south. It also left unresolved the question of who claimed which islands in <a href="/wiki/Passamaquoddy_Bay" title="Passamaquoddy Bay">Passamaquoddy Bay</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, the British occupied most of eastern Maine, including <a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Maine" title="Washington County, Maine">Washington County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hancock_County,_Maine" title="Hancock County, Maine">Hancock County</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Penobscot_County,_Maine" title="Penobscot County, Maine">Penobscot County</a>, for eight months, intending to permanently annex the region into British North America as <a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_(Maine)" title="New Ireland (Maine)">New Ireland</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a> ended the war in 1815 and re-established the boundary line of the 1783 treaty. A commission was appointed which resolved most of the issues surrounding the islands (<a href="/wiki/Machias_Seal_Island" title="Machias Seal Island">Machias Seal Island</a> continues to be formally disputed between the United States and Canada). A recommendation by the British commissioner that the northward line to the "highlands" end at <a href="/wiki/Mars_Hill_(Maine)" title="Mars Hill (Maine)">Mars Hill</a> (about 100 mi or 160 km south of where this line was eventually negotiated to end) was rejected. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> broke away from Massachusetts as a separate state in 1820, the status and location of the border emerged as a chief concern to the new state government. Massachusetts also retained an interest in the matter, as it retained ownership of half the public lands in Maine, including a large part of the disputed territory, as part of the separation. For their part the British considered that Maine's territory protruding so deeply into British territory and nearly reaching the St. Lawrence in some areas constituted a serious hindrance to communications between <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> and the maritime colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Securing the northern half of Maine would cut travel time between <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a> almost in half, as it lay directly between them. </p><p>As late as September 1825, Maine and Massachusetts land agents issued deeds, sold timber permits, took censuses, and recorded births, deaths, and marriages in the contested area of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_River_(New_Brunswick)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint John River (New Brunswick)">Saint John River</a> valley and its tributaries. Massachusetts land agent George Coffin recorded in his journal during one such journey during autumn 1825, returning from the Upper Saint John and <a href="/wiki/Madawaska_River_(Saint_John_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madawaska River (Saint John River)">Madawaska</a> area to <a href="/wiki/Fredericton,_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Fredericton, New Brunswick">Fredericton, New Brunswick</a>, that a thunderstorm had ignited a forest fire. This <a href="/wiki/Miramichi_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Miramichi Fire">Miramichi Fire</a> destroyed thousands of acres of prime New Brunswick timber, killed hundreds of settlers, left thousands more homeless, and destroyed several thriving communities. The journal entries of the newly appointed Governor of New Brunswick record the destruction and comments that survival of New Brunswick depended on the vast forests to the west in the area disputed with the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Growing_tensions">Growing tensions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aroostook_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Growing tensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mostly early <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a> (descendants of the original French colonists) settled the Saint John and <a href="/wiki/Madawaska_River_(Saint_John_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madawaska River (Saint John River)">Madawaska River</a> basins. Some Americans then settled in the <a href="/wiki/Aroostook_River" title="Aroostook River">Aroostook River</a> Valley. During 1826–1830, provincial timber interests also settled the west bank of the Saint John river and its tributaries, and British families built homes in <a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_New_Brunswick" title="Woodstock, New Brunswick">Woodstock</a>, Tobique, and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Falls,_New_Brunswick" title="Grand Falls, New Brunswick">Grand Falls, New Brunswick</a>. </p><p>The French-speaking population of Madawaska were "<a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayons</a>" – nominally British subjects – who (at least rhetorically) considered themselves to belong to the unofficial "<i><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Madawaska" title="Republic of Madawaska">République du Madawaska</a></i>", and thus professed allegiance to neither the United States nor Great Britain. Another factor was the mutual sympathy between John Baker (see below) and many members of French-speaking communities located near Baker's mill, who both felt betrayed by their respective authorities. The population of the area swelled with outsiders, however, when winter freed lumbermen from farm work to "long-pole" up the Saint John River to the valley. These migrant seasonal lumbermen caused particular tension for the governments of Maine and Massachusetts, responsible for the protection of resources and revenues of their respective states. Some itinerant lumbermen eventually settled year-round in the Saint John valley. Most settlers found themselves too remote from the authorities to apply formally for land. Disputes heated as factions maneuvered for control over the best stands of trees. </p><p>John Baker on 4 July 1827 raised an American flag, which his wife made, on the western bank of Baker Brook at its confluence with the Saint John River, on the river's left (here northern) bank, now Canadian territory. New Brunswick authorities subsequently arrested Baker, fined him £25, and held him in jail until he paid his fine.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crisis_of_1830">Crisis of 1830</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aroostook_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Crisis of 1830"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In preparation for a United States census in 1830, the <a href="/wiki/Maine_Legislature" title="Maine Legislature">Maine Legislature</a> sent John Deane and Edward James to the disputed area to document the numbers of inhabitants and to assess the extent of what they considered to be British trespass. During that summer, several residents of the west bank of the Saint John at <a href="/wiki/Madawaska,_Maine" title="Madawaska, Maine">Madawaska</a> filed requests for inclusion of their land in Maine. Acting on advice from <a href="/wiki/Penobscot_County,_Maine" title="Penobscot County, Maine">Penobscot County, Maine</a>, officials, they called a meeting to select representatives preparatory to incorporating Madawaska as a town. A local resident from the east bank of the Saint John river alerted local representatives of the New Brunswick militia, who entered the hall during one of these meetings and threatened to arrest any resident attempting to organize. The meetings continued, however, even as more militiamen arrived. New Brunswick authorities arrested some residents, others fled to the woods, and local Americans sent letters to the Maine authorities in Augusta. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a> (ratified by the U.S. Senate in 1815) provided for the establishment of a neutral third party as arbitrator in the event that a joint commission could not agree on the border; commissioners <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_P._Van_Ness" title="Cornelius P. Van Ness">Cornelius P. Van Ness</a> of Vermont and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Barclay" title="Thomas Henry Barclay">Thomas Henry Barclay</a> for Britain asked King <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William I of the Netherlands</a> to arbitrate. </p><p>William was given a topographical map of the disputed area with the parties' arguments, with detailed scientific and diplomatic evidence for each. A century later, Canadian Hugh L. Keenleyside and American Gerald S. Brown wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-keenleyside1952_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keenleyside1952-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There can now be little doubt that the American claim was justified by the intentions of the commissioners of 1783. It is morally certain that the intention then was to re-enact the boundary line of the Proclamation of 1763, and that the British argument based on the difference between the Bay of Fundy and the Atlantic Ocean was simply an ingenious quibble. Unfortunately, the Treaty of 1783 was so badly worded that it could not be translated into a practical topographical boundary. The British case was not a sound one, and a decision based solely upon justice would, in all probability, have given Maine more than was ultimately received.<sup id="cite_ref-keenleyside1952_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keenleyside1952-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>William indeed found reconciling the treaty with the map so difficult that he gave up. On 20 January 1831 he called the treaty "inexplicable and impractical", and compromised by drawing a line between the two listed options. The United States received 7,908 square miles (20,480 km<sup>2</sup>) and Britain received 4,119 square miles (10,670 km<sup>2</sup>). The British government accepted this decision, but Maine rejected it and the new treaty failed to pass the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>. Although the king had not made a judicial decision for one side as expected, he had followed the arbitration agreement's request to "make a decision on the points of difference". The American refusal to accept his decision would ultimately cost the United States 900 square miles (2,300 km<sup>2</sup>) of territory.<sup id="cite_ref-keenleyside1952_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keenleyside1952-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posses,_arrests,_and_the_mobilization_of_militia"><span id="Posses.2C_arrests.2C_and_the_mobilization_of_militia"></span>Posses, arrests, and the mobilization of militia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aroostook_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Posses, arrests, and the mobilization of militia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1835 the British rescinded their acceptance of the Dutch compromise and offered another boundary, which the Americans rejected. The United States offered to ask Maine to accept the Saint John River as the boundary, which the British rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-keenleyside1952_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keenleyside1952-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1836 Maine took a special census. <a href="/wiki/Penobscot_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Penobscot County">Penobscot County</a> Census Representative Ebenezer Greeley thus began a census of the upper Aroostook River territory.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Harvey (British Army officer)">John Harvey</a> of New Brunswick had Greeley arrested. Letters from New Brunswick accused the Governor of Maine of bribery and threatened military action if Maine continued to exercise jurisdiction in the basins of the Aroostook river and its tributaries. In response, Governor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dunlap_(governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Dunlap (governor)">Robert Dunlap</a> of Maine issued a general order announcing that a foreign power had invaded Maine.<sup id="cite_ref-google_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1838, the state demanded a survey based on the American claim and that the federal government enforce the claim. Washington refused, but did authorize a survey for possible fortifications. The state legislature authorized $800,000 for military defense, and Congress gave the President authority to raise the militia with a $10,000,000 budget. Meanwhile, Nova Scotia voted $100,000 in funds to defend New Brunswick.<sup id="cite_ref-keenleyside1952_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keenleyside1952-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both American and New Brunswick <a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">lumberjacks</a> cut timber in the disputed territory during the winter of 1838–1839, according to reports submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Maine_Legislature" title="Maine Legislature">Maine Legislature</a>, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caribou" title="Battle of Caribou">Battle of Caribou</a> and other conflicts. On 24 January 1839, the Maine Legislature authorized the newly elected Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Fairfield" title="John Fairfield">John Fairfield</a> to send Maine's land agent, <a href="/wiki/Rufus_McIntire" title="Rufus McIntire">Rufus McIntire</a>, the Penobscot County sheriff, and a posse of volunteer militia to the upper Aroostook to pursue and arrest the New Brunswickers. The posse left <a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Maine" title="Bangor, Maine">Bangor, Maine</a>, on 8 February 1839. Arriving at T10 R5 (now <a href="/wiki/Masardis,_Maine" title="Masardis, Maine">Masardis</a>), the posse established a camp at the junction of Saint Croix Stream and the Aroostook River and began confiscating New Brunswick lumbering equipment, and sending any lumbermen caught and arrested back to Maine for trial. A group of New Brunswick lumbermen learned of these activities and, unable to retrieve their oxen and horses, broke into the arsenal in Woodstock to arm themselves. They gathered their own posse, and seized the Maine land agent and his assistants in the middle of the night. This New Brunswick posse transported the Maine officials in chains to Woodstock and held them for an "interview". </p><p>Terming the Americans "political prisoners", Sir John Harvey sent correspondence to Washington, D.C., that he lacked the authority to act on the arrests without instructions from London, which he awaited. He added that he intended meanwhile to exercise his responsibilities to ensure British jurisdiction over the Aroostook, and he demanded removal from the region of all Maine forces. He then sent his military commander to the T10 R5 campsite and ordered the Maine militia to leave. Captain Rines and the others refused, stating they were following orders and doing their duty. The Maine side then took the New Brunswick military commander himself into custody. </p><p>On 15 February 1839, the Maine Legislature authorized militia Major General <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hodsdon" title="Isaac Hodsdon">Isaac Hodsdon</a> to lead 1,000 additional volunteers to augment the posse then on the upper Aroostook River. Additional correspondence from governor Sir John Harvey of New Brunswick, reports of <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> troops arriving from the West Indies, reports of the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk people</a> offering their services to Quebec, and reports of New Brunswick forces gathering on the Saint John River resulted in the issuance of General Order No 7 on 19 February 1839, calling for a general draft of Maine militia. Maine militia companies mustered in Bangor and traveled to the Upper Aroostook until 26 February 1839, when the early construction of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Fairfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Fairfield">Fort Fairfield</a>, which the earlier posse built on the <a href="/wiki/Aroostook_River" title="Aroostook River">Aroostook River</a> from seized stolen timber, allowed for camping troops on the eastern boundary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_and_British_governments_step_in">American and British governments step in</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aroostook_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: American and British governments step in"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1839_Map_of_the_disputed_territory_(Maine),_reduced_from_the_original_of_Messrs._Featherstonehaugh_%26_Mudge,_British_commissioners,_by_William_James_Stone,_from_the_Digital_Commonwealth_-_commonwealth_7h14b0247.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1839_Map_of_the_disputed_territory_%28Maine%29%2C_reduced_from_the_original_of_Messrs._Featherstonehaugh_%26_Mudge%2C_British_commissioners%2C_by_William_James_Stone%2C_from_the_Digital_Commonwealth_-_commonwealth_7h14b0247.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1839_Map_of_the_disputed_territory_%28Maine%29%2C_reduced_from_the_original_of_Messrs._Featherstonehaugh_%26_Mudge%2C_British_commissioners%2C_by_William_James_Stone%2C_from_the_Digital_Commonwealth_-_commonwealth_7h14b0247.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1839_Map_of_the_disputed_territory_%28Maine%29%2C_reduced_from_the_original_of_Messrs._Featherstonehaugh_%26_Mudge%2C_British_commissioners%2C_by_William_James_Stone%2C_from_the_Digital_Commonwealth_-_commonwealth_7h14b0247.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8246" data-file-height="7899" /></a><figcaption>1839 map of the disputed territory</figcaption></figure> <p>During Congressional debates in Washington on 2 March 1839, Representative <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ormand_Jonathan_Smith" title="Francis Ormand Jonathan Smith">Francis Ormand Jonathan Smith</a> of Maine outlined the events and the various communications sent and received since 1825. Representative Smith noted the primary responsibility of the national government to protect and defend its own territory and citizens, but declared that Maine would defend its territory alone if the national government chose to not fulfill its obligations. President <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> assigned Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a>, then involved in the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_removal" title="Cherokee removal">Cherokee removal</a>, to the conflict area; he arrived in Boston in early March 1839. </p><p>Additional information arriving in Washington through April and May 1839 kept Congressional debate lively until Congress authorized a force of 50,000 men and appropriated $10 million, placed at the disposal of the President in the event foreign military troops crossed into United States territory during the Congressional recess of summer 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maine initially committed three thousand to ten thousand militia to the conflict in addition to the land agent's posse. </p><p>Sir John Harvey had supervised Winfield Scott during his time as prisoner of war during the War of 1812, and the President and his advisers saw that relationship as a point of mutual respect. Pursuant to the terms of the truce for administration within the disputed area, the Maine Legislature on 6 April 1839 created an armed civil posse. On advice of Brigadier General Scott, Maine issued General Orders to recall the militia in May and June 1839 and to replace the militiamen with the armed civil posse. The office of the Maine state land agent led the armed civil posse with Deputy Land Agent William Parrott at Fort Fairfield and Captain Stover Rines at Camp Jarvis on the Fish River (later <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kent,_Maine" title="Fort Kent, Maine">Fort Kent, Maine</a>). The United States Army began the permanent structure of Fort Fairfield in April 1839 and that of Fort Kent in October 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major R. M. Kirby commanded of <a href="/wiki/Hancock_Barracks" title="Hancock Barracks">Hancock Barracks</a> post near <a href="/wiki/Houlton,_Maine" title="Houlton, Maine">Houlton, Maine</a>, with three companies of the United States 1st Artillery Regiment. Four companies of the British 11th Regiment marched to the area from <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> to represent Canada with the intent to build a suitable barracks across the Saint John River from Fort Kent. New Brunswick meanwhile armed every tributary of the Saint John River that flowed from the Aroostook Territory with regular and militia soldiers. </p><p>In 1840, Maine created <a href="/wiki/Aroostook_County,_Maine" title="Aroostook County, Maine">Aroostook County, Maine</a>, to administer the civilian authority of the area. However, reports of collusion resulted in the Maine Executive Council assigning Alphus Lyons to investigate Sheriff Packard and District Attorney Tabor.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two nations agreed to refer the dispute to a boundary commission, but further clashes between their forces continued in the interim. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Settlement">Settlement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aroostook_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Webster-Ashburton_treaty_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Webster-Ashburton_treaty_map-en.svg/220px-Webster-Ashburton_treaty_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Webster-Ashburton_treaty_map-en.svg/330px-Webster-Ashburton_treaty_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Webster-Ashburton_treaty_map-en.svg/440px-Webster-Ashburton_treaty_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>Webster–Ashburton Treaty</figcaption></figure> <p>Neither nation wanted a war that would have greatly interfered with the two nations' trade.<sup id="cite_ref-keenleyside1952_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keenleyside1952-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Baring,_1st_Baron_Ashburton" title="Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton">Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton</a>, reached a compromise, the <a href="/wiki/Webster%E2%80%93Ashburton_Treaty" title="Webster–Ashburton Treaty">Webster–Ashburton Treaty</a> of Washington in 1842, which settled the Maine–Canada–New Brunswick boundary and the boundaries between British North America and New Hampshire, Michigan and Minnesota. This treaty awarded 7,015 square miles (18,170 km<sup>2</sup>) to the United States and 5,012 square miles (12,980 km<sup>2</sup>) to British control. The British retained the northern area of the disputed territory, including the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Road" title="Halifax Road">Halifax Road</a> with its year-round overland military communications between the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. federal government">U.S. federal government</a> agreed to pay the states of Maine and Massachusetts $150,000 each for the loss of the lands of their states and for expenses incurred during the time Maine's armed civil posse administered the truce period. </p><p>Webster used a map that American <a href="/wiki/Jared_Sparks" title="Jared Sparks">Jared Sparks</a> found in the Paris Archives while searching for pro-American evidence, which <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> had supposedly marked with a red line, to persuade Maine and Massachusetts to accept the agreement. The map showed that the disputed region belonged to the British, and so helped convince the representatives of those states to accept the compromise. Webster replied to later criticism for hiding the map, "I did not think it a very urgent duty to go to Lord Ashburton and tell him that I had found a bit of doubtful evidence in Paris." Ashburton agreed, saying "My own opinion is that in this respect no reproach can fairly be made." The British Foreign Office, without Ashburton's knowledge, acted similarly by hiding the "<a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Map" title="Mitchell Map">Mitchell's map</a>", which generally supported the American case.<sup id="cite_ref-keenleyside1952_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keenleyside1952-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some claim that British officials created the Franklin map as a fake to pressure the American negotiators. The evidence is that the British map placed the entire disputed area on the American side of the border.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Lord_Palmerston" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a> and many Conservatives in Parliament denounced the treaty, the British government was pleased, and Conservatives such as <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a> supported it. Similarly, Maine and Massachusetts complained but were happy to be paid for the loss of territory. Canada and New Brunswick were unhappy, however, as it viewed the treaty as the British improving relations with the United States by permitting American territory to separate Canada from the Maritimes. Keenleyside and Brown later wrote "Unjust as such accusations are, it is nevertheless a fact that many Canadians still consider the Ashburton Treaty of 1842 to be the first and most important instance of the loss of Canadian rights due to the complacency of Great Britain and the crooked diplomacy of the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-keenleyside1952_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keenleyside1952-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British North America retained a militarily vital connection between Canada and the Maritime colonies, as well as a project for a commercial right-of-way that would allow British commercial interests to transit through Maine on their way to and from southern New Brunswick or Nova Scotia. This right-of way is still used in 2013 by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Maine_Railway_(1995)" title="Eastern Maine Railway (1995)">Eastern Maine Railway</a> subsidiary of the <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Railway" title="New Brunswick Railway">New Brunswick Railway Company</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Montreal,_Maine_and_Atlantic_Railway" title="Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway">Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway</a>. That trackage was originally part of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a>'s Sherbrooke – Saint John rail line.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aroostook_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Aroostook War, though without direct combat, did see militiamen die of accident and disease; one example was Private <a href="/wiki/Hiram_T._Smith" title="Hiram T. Smith">Hiram T. Smith</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aroostook_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tensions leading up to the Aroostook War are referenced in the 1835 short story "The Squatter" by <a href="/wiki/John_Neal_(writer)" title="John Neal (writer)">John Neal</a>. The narration of the main character, Hayes, voices critical comments on these events from a soldier's point of view before the conflict came to a head.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aroostook_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroline Affair">Caroline Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Indian_Stream" title="Republic of Indian Stream">Republic of Indian Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Madawaska" title="Republic of Madawaska">Republic of Madawaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_War_(1859)" title="Pig War (1859)">Pig War (1859)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aroostook_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-leduc1947-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leduc1947_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Duc, Thomas (1947). The Maine Frontier and the Northeastern Boundary Controversy. <i>The American Historical Review</i> Vol. 53, No. 1 (Oct., 1947), pp. 30–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Howard. "Anglophobia and the Aroostook War." The New England Quarterly, vol. 48, no. 4, 1975, pp. 519–39. JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/364636">https://doi.org/10.2307/364636</a>. Accessed 1 Jun. 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upperstjohn.com/people/JohnBakerMemorial.htm">"Under his Own Flag"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-keenleyside1952-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-keenleyside1952_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-keenleyside1952_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-keenleyside1952_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-keenleyside1952_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-keenleyside1952_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-keenleyside1952_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-keenleyside1952_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-keenleyside1952_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKeenleyside,_Hugh_L.Brown,_Gerald_S.1952" class="citation book cs1">Keenleyside, Hugh L.; Brown, Gerald S. (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200915105614/https://www.questia.com/read/9352181/canada-and-the-united-states-some-aspects-of-their"><i>Canada and the United States: Some Aspects of Their Historical Relations</i></a>. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 144–152. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/9352181/canada-and-the-united-states-some-aspects-of-their">the original</a> on 15 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+and+the+United+States%3A+Some+Aspects+of+Their+Historical+Relations&rft.pages=144-152&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1952&rft.au=Keenleyside%2C+Hugh+L.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Gerald+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F9352181%2Fcanada-and-the-united-states-some-aspects-of-their&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAroostook+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=67321.">"Martin Van Buren: State of Maine – Resolves Relative to the Northeastern Boundary June 27, 1837"</a>. The American Presidency Project UCSB.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Van+Buren%3A+State+of+Maine+%E2%80%93+Resolves+Relative+to+the+Northeastern+Boundary+June+27%2C+1837&rft.pub=The+American+Presidency+Project+UCSB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2F%3Fpid%3D67321.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAroostook+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaine_Council1904" class="citation book cs1">Maine Council (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aroostookwarhis00coungoog"><i>Aroostook War: Historical Sketch and Roster of Commissioned Officers and Enlisted Men Called Into Service for the Protection of the Northeastern Frontier of Maine. From February to May, 1839</i></a>. Kennebec Journal Print<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aroostook+War%3A+Historical+Sketch+and+Roster+of+Commissioned+Officers+and+Enlisted+Men+Called+Into+Service+for+the+Protection+of+the+Northeastern+Frontier+of+Maine.+From+February+to+May%2C+1839&rft.pub=Kennebec+Journal+Print&rft.date=1904&rft.au=Maine+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faroostookwarhis00coungoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAroostook+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Works of James Buchanan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Journal and Letterbook of William Parrott</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Executive Council Report on the investigation of the Aroostook County Sheriff, Oct 1840, Maine State Archives</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John A. Garraty, <i>The American Nation</i>, Houghton Mifflin, p. 336</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Remini, <i>Daniel Webster</i> (1997) 535–64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeal1835" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/John_Neal_(writer)" title="John Neal (writer)">Neal, John</a> (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89066341652&view=1up&seq=125">"The Squatter"</a>. <i>The New-England Magazine</i>. Vol. 8 (January–June, 1835). Boston, Massachusetts: J. T. and E. Buckingham. pp. 97–104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New-England+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Squatter&rft.volume=8+%28January%E2%80%93June%2C+1835%29&rft.pages=97-104&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Neal&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dwu.89066341652%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAroostook+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aroostook_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Campbell, W. E. (Gary). <i>The Aroostook War of 1839</i> (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Aroostook-1839-Brunswick-Military-Heritage/dp/0864926782/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Carroll, Francis M. "Drawing the Line" <i>Beaver</i> 2003 83(4): 19–25</li> <li>Carroll, Francis M. "The Passionate Canadians: The Historical Debate about the Eastern Canadian-American Boundary," <i>New England Quarterly</i> 70#1 (1997), pp. 83–101 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/366528">online</a></li> <li>Jones. Howard. "Anglophobia and the Aroostook War," <i>New England Quarterly</i>, Vol. 48, No. 4 (Dec., 1975), pp. 519–539 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/364636">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Jones. Howard. <i>To the Webster–Ashburton Treaty: A Study in Anglo-American Relations, 1783–1843</i> (1977). 251 pp.</li> <li>Jones, Wilbur Devereux. "The Influence of Slavery on the Webster–Ashburton Negotiations," <i>Journal of Southern History</i>, Vol. 22, No. 1 (Feb., 1956), pp. 48–58 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2955259">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>LeDuc, Thomas. "The Webster–Ashburton Treaty and the Minnesota Iron Ranges," <i>Journal of American History,</i> Vol. 51, No. 3 (Dec., 1964), pp. 476–481 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1894897">in JSTOR</a>, shows the value of the iron range was not known when the treaty was drawn</li> <li>Merk, Frederick. "The Oregon Question in the Webster–Ashburton Negotiations," <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i>, Vol. 43, No. 3 (Dec., 1956), pp. 379–404 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1893529">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Perry, Michael T. " 'Maine and Her Soil, or Blood!': Political Rhetoric and Spatial Identity during the Aroostook War in Maine." <i>Maine History</i> 47.1 (2013): 68-93. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1095&context=mainehistoryjournal">online</a></li> <li>Remini, Robert. <i>Daniel Webster</i> (1997) 535–64</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aroostookwarhis00coungoog"><i>HISTORICAL SKETCH Roster of Commissioned Officers and Enlisted Men CALLED INTO SERVICE FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE NORTHEASTERN FRONTIER OF MAINE FROM FEBRUARY TO MAY 1839</i></a>. The Maine Council. Augusta, ME: Kennebec Journal Print. 1904. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aroostookwarhis00coungoog/page/n10">4–5</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HISTORICAL+SKETCH+Roster+of+Commissioned+Officers+and+Enlisted+Men+CALLED+INTO+SERVICE+FOR+THE+PROTECTION+OF+THE+NORTHEASTERN+FRONTIER+OF+MAINE+FROM+FEBRUARY+TO+MAY+1839&rft.place=Augusta%2C+ME&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=Kennebec+Journal+Print&rft.date=1904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faroostookwarhis00coungoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAroostook+War" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aroostook_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2001" class="citation news cs1">Gould, John (13 July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0713/p23s2.html">"Hiram Smith, hero of the war that wasn't"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Hiram+Smith%2C+hero+of+the+war+that+wasn%27t&rft.date=2001-07-13&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2001%2F0713%2Fp23s2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAroostook+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upperstjohn.com/history/northeastborder.htm">The Upper St. John River Valley: The Boundary Dispute</a>, with maps and historic texts</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~jbolin/Page04_Crouseville_in_1831.htm">Deane and Kavanagh's 1831 Aroostook Valley legislative report (covering present-day Crouseville, Maine)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.mainegenealogy.net/2006/12/officers-in-service-during-aroostook.html">Officers in Service During the Aroostook War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091030115601/http://www.cmhg.gc.ca/cmh/en/page_439.asp">Canadian Militia History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89066341652&view=1up&seq=125">"The Squatter"</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Neal_(writer)" title="John Neal (writer)">John Neal</a>, an 1835 short story referencing events leading to the Aroostook War from a soldier's perspective</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_United_States" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armed_conflicts_involving_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Template:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armed_conflicts_involving_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Template talk:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armed_conflicts_involving_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>Listed chronologically</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Domestic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fries%27s_Rebellion" title="Fries's Rebellion">Fries's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1811_German_Coast_uprising" title="1811 German Coast uprising">1811 German Coast uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Turner's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_Mormon_War" title="1838 Mormon War">Mormon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Dorr Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">Harpers Ferry raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place" title="Battle of Liberty Place">Battle of Liberty Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_war" title="Range war">Range War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_massacre" title="Hamburg massacre">Hamburg riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County_War" title="Lincoln County War">Lincoln County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County_War" title="Johnson County War">Johnson County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Creek_War" title="Coal Creek War">Coal Creek War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_strike" title="Homestead strike">Homestead strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pullman_Strike" title="Pullman Strike">Pullman Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Coalfield_War" title="Colorado Coalfield War">Colorado Coalfield War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Summer" title="Red Summer">Red Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blair_Mountain" title="Battle of Blair Mountain">Battle of Blair Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonus_Army" title="Bonus Army">Bonus Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party_revolts_of_the_1950s" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s">Puerto Rican revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_riots_(1964%E2%80%931969)" title="Ghetto riots (1964–1969)">1960s ghetto rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Greensboro_uprising" title="1969 Greensboro uprising">1969 Greensboro uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_State_shootings" title="Kent State shootings">Kent State shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots">1992 Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_United_States_racial_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2023 United States racial unrest">2020 racial unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">2021 U.S. Capitol attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American%E2%80%93Algerian_War_(1785%E2%80%931795)" title="American–Algerian War (1785–1795)">American–Algerian War (1785–1795)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sumatran_expedition" title="First Sumatran expedition">First Sumatran expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sumatran_expedition" title="Second Sumatran expedition">Second Sumatran expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast_expedition" title="Ivory Coast expedition">Ivory Coast expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fiji_expedition" title="First Fiji expedition">First Fiji expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fiji_expedition" title="Second Fiji expedition">Second Fiji expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosa_Expedition" title="Formosa Expedition">Formosa Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea" title="United States expedition to Korea">Korean Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Border_War_(1910%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Border War (1910–1919)">Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Force_in_Lebanon" title="Multinational Force in Lebanon">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">Intervention in Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deliberate_Force" title="Operation Deliberate Force">Bosnian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">Kosovo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">War in North-West Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">First Libyan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">War against the Islamic State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency#American_military_support" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_intervention_in_Libya_(2015%E2%80%932019)" class="mw-redirect" title="American intervention in Libya (2015–2019)">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_United_States" title="List of conflicts in the United States">Conflicts in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States" title="List of wars involving the United States">Wars involving the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_military_operations" title="Timeline of United States military operations">Timeline of U.S. military operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_lengths_of_United_States_participation_in_wars" title="List of the lengths of United States participation in wars">Length of U.S. participation in major wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="History of the Central Intelligence Agency">History of the Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_casualties_of_war" title="United States military casualties of war">Casualties of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement#United_States" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_organizations#United_States" title="List of anti-war organizations">List of anti-war organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector#United_States" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes" title="United States war crimes">War crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q698312#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85007406">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294981405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aroostook_War&oldid=1253033596">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aroostook_War&oldid=1253033596</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aroostook_War" title="Category:Aroostook War">Aroostook War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1830s_conflicts" title="Category:1830s conflicts">1830s conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:19th-century military history of the United Kingdom">19th-century military history of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1830s_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1830s in the United States">1830s in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1838_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1838 in the United States">1838 in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1839_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1839 in the United States">1839 in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1830s_in_Canada" title="Category:1830s in Canada">1830s in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1838_in_Canada" title="Category:1838 in Canada">1838 in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1839_in_Canada" title="Category:1839 in Canada">1839 in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:United Kingdom–United States relations">United Kingdom–United States relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Canada–United States relations">Canada–United States relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1838" title="Category:Conflicts in 1838">Conflicts in 1838</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1839" title="Category:Conflicts in 1839">Conflicts in 1839</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" title="Category:Wars involving the Indigenous peoples of North America">Wars involving the Indigenous peoples of North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_United_States" title="Category:Wars involving the United States">Wars involving the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Wars involving the United Kingdom">Wars involving the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_New_Brunswick" title="Category:Conflicts in New Brunswick">Conflicts in New Brunswick</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_Quebec" title="Category:Conflicts in Quebec">Conflicts in Quebec</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Maine" title="Category:Military history of Maine">Military history of Maine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_and_conflicts_without_fatalities" title="Category:Battles and conflicts without fatalities">Battles and conflicts without fatalities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border_disputes" title="Category:Canada–United States border disputes">Canada–United States border disputes</a></li><li><a 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