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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">History of Sardinia under Byzantine rule (534–11th century)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Sardigna</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">534–11th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caralis" class="mw-redirect" title="Caralis">Caralis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">534</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11th century</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Sardinia" title="Vandal Sardinia">Vandal Sardinia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Sardinian medieval kingdoms</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sardinia,_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Sardinia"><img alt="Flag of Sardinia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg/120px-Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg/180px-Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg/240px-Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="background:#ccccff;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sardinia" title="History of Sardinia">History of Sardinia</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Nuragic_Sardinia" title="Pre-Nuragic Sardinia">Pre-Nuragic Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician%E2%80%93Punic_Sardinia" title="Phoenician–Punic Sardinia">Phoenician–Punic Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia_and_Corsica" title="Sardinia and Corsica">Sardinia and Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Sardinia" title="Vandal Sardinia">Vandal Sardinia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Byzantine Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Sardinia" title="Template:History of Sardinia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Sardinia" title="Template talk:History of Sardinia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Sardinia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Sardinia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Byzantine age</b> in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinian</a> history conventionally begins with the island's reconquest by <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> in 534. This ended the <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Sardinia" title="Vandal Sardinia">Vandal dominion</a> of the island after about 80 years. There was still a substantial continuity with the Roman phase at this time. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Sardinia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Sardinia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sardinia was reconquered by the Byzantine empire during the <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">Vandalic War</a> for possession of Africa. Having defeated the Vandals in Africa, at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tricamarum" title="Battle of Tricamarum">Tricameron</a>, and having victory in hand, the Byzantine general Belisarius sent general Cyril to Sardinia with a fleet to subdue it. </p> <blockquote><p>“[Belisario] immediately sent Cyril with the chief of Zazone and many soldiers to Sardinia, since the islanders, fearful of the Vandals and still not sure of what had happened near Tricamaro [the Vandal defeat], refused to obey. to Justinian. ... Cyril then landed in Sardinia, and exposed Zazone's head in a public place, honorably managed to reduce the two islands [Sardinia and Corsica] tributaries of the empire as they once were.»<sup id="cite_ref-Procopio,_''De_Bello_Gothico'',_IV,_22_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Procopio,_''De_Bello_Gothico'',_IV,_22-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian</a> established that Sardinia were constituted as a <i>ducatus</i> (duchy) within the <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a>. </p> <blockquote><p>"From this [prefecture], with the help of God, seven provinces with their judges will depend, of which Zeugi, which was previously called Proconsular Carthage, Byzacium and Tripoli will have <i>consulares</i> as governors; while the others, namely Numidia, Mauritania and Sardinia will be, with the help of God, governed by <i>praesides</i>".»<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Despite the new establishment, the Byzantines had the fight with the <a href="/wiki/Barbaricini" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbaricini">Barbaricini</a>, who had control of the interior of the isle. So, in the decade of 530, the <i>magister militum per Africam</i> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_(magister_militum)" title="Solomon (magister militum)">Solomon</a> sent some <i>duces</i> to Sardinia to fight against them.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>dux</i> of Sardinia, who had the task of fighting against the Barbaricini, had his residence in the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Barbagia" title="Barbagia">Barbagia</a>, where this people lived, reluctant to allow themselves to be subjugated. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Precisely the <a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">dux</a>'s seat was the <i><a href="/wiki/Forum_Traiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum Traiani">Forum Traiani</a></i>, the walls of which were rebuilt at the behest of Justinian. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barbarian_Invasions">Barbarian Invasions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Sardinia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Barbarian Invasions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the year 551, the ostrogothic king <a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila</a> invaded the island and occupied it.<sup id="cite_ref-Ortu1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ortu1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>magister militum per Africam</i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Troglita" title="John Troglita">John Troglita</a> attempted to recover it, but was defeated by the Goths <sup id="cite_ref-Procopio,_''De_Bello_Gothico'',_IV,_22_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Procopio,_''De_Bello_Gothico'',_IV,_22-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>"Now, Totila desired to seize the islands belonging to Libya. He therefore immediately assembled a fleet of ships, and, putting on board a suitable army, sent it to Corsica and Sardinia. This fleet first sailed towards Corsica and, finding no defenders, took the island and then also took possession of Sardinia. And Totila subjected both islands to paying tribute. But when John, who commanded the Roman army in Libya, heard about this, he sent a fleet of ships and a strong army of soldiers to Sardinia. And when they were near the city of Caralis, they camped to lay siege; but they did not believe themselves capable of assaulting the walls, since the Goths had a sufficient garrison there. When the barbarians heard of this, they made a sortie against them from the city and, suddenly falling upon their enemies, defeated them without difficulty and killed many of them."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However, after the defeat of Totila and Teia (552) and the submission of the Goths, Sardinia was recovered by the Empire. </p><p>The invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Longobards" class="mw-redirect" title="Longobards">Longobards</a> in 568, which changed the face of Italy, only resulted in a few coastal raids on Sardinia, even if there are traces of their presence on the island, documented by the discovery of various objects, including numerous <a href="/wiki/Lombard_coinage" title="Lombard coinage">coins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A failed longobard invasion affected Cagliari in 599, but it was repelled. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_of_Pope_Gregory_I">Time of Pope Gregory I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Sardinia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Time of Pope Gregory I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the pontificate of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> (590-604), Sardinia was included within the Roman sphere, participating in the work of protection, administration and evangelization of this pontiff.He wrote numerous letters dedicated to Sardinian dignitaries. Those letters are the richest documentation preserved about this time. They shown the continued division of Sardinia into a Romanized zone (coasts and coastal cities, plain) and a still barbaric internal region, <a href="/wiki/Barbagia" title="Barbagia">Barbagia</a>. Pope Gregory I worked to convert these inland populations to Christianity by sending letters and emissaries. In particular, he sent <i>Dux</i> Zabarda who in 594 stipulated a pact with the leader of the Barbaricini named <a href="/wiki/Hospito" title="Hospito">Hospito</a>. </p><p>In 595, Gregory sent a bishop to Sardinia to continue the mission of conversion. It was discovered that the <i>Iudex Provinciae</i> of Sardinia, in order to recover the money lost to purchase the governorship, was allowing pagans to continue worshiping their idols in exchange for paying a tax: <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>"Learning that many of the natives of Sardinia still... make sacrifices to idols..., I sent one of the bishops of Italy, who... converted many of the natives. But he told me that... those who sacrifice idols on the island pay a tax to the governor of the province for doing so. And, when some were baptized and stopped making sacrifices to idols, the said governor of the island continued to demand payment of the tax... And, when said bishop spoke with him, he responded that he had promised him a suffrage. so great that I would not have been able to pay it if I had not acted in this way... I suspect that such misdeeds have not reached your most pious ears, because if they had, they would not have continued to this point. day at all. But it is time for Our Most Pious Lord [the Emperor] to find out about this, so that he can remove such a serious burden of guilt from his soul, from the Empire and from his children. I know that you will say that what is withdrawn from these islands is used in the expenses of the armies for their defense; but perhaps this is the reason for the little benefit they obtain from such collections, since they are taken from others and not without an admixture of guilt."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_raids">Muslim raids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Sardinia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Muslim raids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 806-807, the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> from Spain attempted an incursion in Sardinia, which were blocked and the invasors suffered serious losses. According to the chronicler <a href="/wiki/Einhard" title="Einhard">Einhard</a>, 3,000 men fell in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 810, Sardinia and <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> were attacked by <i>Moors from all Spain</i> (<i>Mauri de tota Hispania</i>), en route for Corsica, which they took as it was undefended. Two years later a fleet coming from Africa and Spain to ravage Italy split into two parts, and the part which was brought to Sardinia was nearly wiped out. </p><p>Moorish pirates also established some bases in Sardinia. They used <a href="/wiki/Tavolara_Island" title="Tavolara Island">Tavolara Island</a> as base for a major attack on Rome in 845.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archontate">Archontate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Sardinia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Archontate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the fall of Carthage to the Arabs, Sardinia depended directly from Constantinople. Then it became an <a href="/wiki/Archontate" class="mw-redirect" title="Archontate">archontate</a>, which lasted until its fragmentation in the first half of the eleventh century. It was replaced by two <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">judicates</a> (Torres and Caglari). In 1073, when the records improved, four polities are attested 4 (Torres, Cagliari, Logoduro, Arborea).<sup id="cite_ref-The_Iudex_Sardiniae_and_the_Archon_Sardanias_between_the_6th_and_11th_Century_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Iudex_Sardiniae_and_the_Archon_Sardanias_between_the_6th_and_11th_Century-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 815, ambassadors from Sardinia went to the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>, with gifts to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a>, possibly to request military assistance against the Arab attacks. <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in 829, the <a href="/wiki/Boniface_II,_Margrave_of_Tuscany" title="Boniface II, Margrave of Tuscany">Count Bonifacio</a> (Carolingian feudal lord in charge of defense of Corsica) arrived in Sardinia, searching for help from Sardinian authorities for his counterattack of the Arab pirates in the African coasts. </p><p>From the mid-9th century, the popes interacted with the supreme ruler in Sardinia called the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">iudex</i></span> ('judge'). So it was the letter of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Pope Leo IV</a> (847– 55) to the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">iudex</i></span> of Sardinia: </p> <blockquote><p>"'[...] to the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">iudex</i></span> of Sardinia. We have thought to beg your highness to deign to send us, as many as your magnificence sees fit, Sardinians, adults or young men with their weapons, who might be able to carry out for us every day orders."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Later pontifical letters until the eleventh century would show the gradual reduction of the institutional and political importance of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">iudices</i></span> in the eyes of the popes. Byzantium ceased to send military officials to Sardinia after the middle of the ninth century. It is possible that, after the start of the <a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_conquest_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabid conquest of Sicily">Aghlabid conquest of Sicily</a> in 827, the Byzantine army was regionalised, and that some noble family of Sardinia had assumed the title of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Iudices Sardiniae</i></span>, in accordance with the provisions of Justinian I, and also claimed the military power of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">dux</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Iudex_Sardiniae_and_the_Archon_Sardanias_between_the_6th_and_11th_Century_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Iudex_Sardiniae_and_the_Archon_Sardanias_between_the_6th_and_11th_Century-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the pontifical letters of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Pope Nicholas I</a> (858–67) and <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">John VIII</a> to Sardinia, it isn't clear if the island was divided at this point or a central authority remained in the island, but an increasing consensus saw that a supreme ruler of Sardinia (the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">archon</i></span>) had supremacy over local <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">principes</i></span> as local <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">archontes</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Byzantium Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a> named the ruler of Sardinia (a nominal and autonomous vassal at this time) as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">archon</i></span> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/De_Cerimoniis" class="mw-redirect" title="De Cerimoniis">De Cerimoniis</a></i> (956–959 AD). He also mentioned the existence of Sardinian imperial guards:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>"To the archon of Sardinia, a two-solidi gold seal. Mandate from the Christ-loving ruler to the archon of Sardinia. To the duke of Venice; to the prince of Capua; to the prince of Salerno; to the duke of Naples; to the archon of Amalfi; to the archon of Gaeta."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The archontate is also attested in local inscriptions in churches from the end of the tenth century (naming some archons as Torchotorio and Salousio) <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some seals from the period. </p> <blockquote><p>"Lord, help the servants of God and our most noble archontes Torchoutorio, imperial (proto) spatharios, and Salousio our most noble archontes. Amen. Remember, Lord, also your servant Ortzokor. Amen'."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>At this time the relations with Byzantium, if not completely interrupted, had become intermittent.<sup id="cite_ref-Ortu2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ortu2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archon of Sardinia (named 'lord of the island of Sardinia') sent an envoy to conclude a peace treaty with the Caliph of Cordoba <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_III" title="Abd al-Rahman III">Abd al-Rahman III</a> in the year 942.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contacts between Sardinia and Byzantium are attested as later as 1006, when envoys of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> arrived at the port of Medinaceli with some Andalusi sailors who had been captured on the Sardinian and Corsican coasts. The envoys invited the caliph to forbid the piracy and to respect previous friendship treaties. <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Invasion_of_Mujahid_of_Dénia"><span id="The_Invasion_of_Mujahid_of_D.C3.A9nia"></span>The Invasion of Mujahid of Dénia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Sardinia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Invasion of Mujahid of Dénia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mujahid%27s_invasion_of_Sardinia" title="Mujahid's invasion of Sardinia">Mujahid's invasion of Sardinia</a></div> <p>In the years 1015 and 1016, the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_D%C3%A9nia" title="Taifa of Dénia">taifa of Dénia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mujahid_al-Amiri" title="Mujahid al-Amiri">Mujahid al-Amiri</a>, launched a major invasion of Sardinia, intending to conquer it. The local Sardinian ruler, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salusio_I_of_Cagliari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salusio I of Cagliari (page does not exist)">Salusio</a> (or <i>Malut</i>/Malik) was killed in a bloody battle and the organised resistance broke down.<sup id="cite_ref-bruce134_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruce134-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhajid ruled the isle for a year and only a joint expeditions from the maritime <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Republic of Pisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a> repelled the invaders. </p><p>The invasion had great repercussions for Sardinia and it is possible that it provoked the final fragmentation of the Sardinian archontate. So in the middle of the eleventh century, Sardinia left the Byzantine political orbit and went into the sphere of the Latin West. The four "judges", Torres, Cagliari, Arborea, and Gallura, appeared soon as independent kingdoms. Its first unequivocal attestation of four separate kingdoms in Sardinia is the letter sent on October<span class="nowrap"> </span>14, 1073 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a> (1073–1085) to <a href="/wiki/Torchitorio_I_of_Cagliari" title="Torchitorio I of Cagliari">Orzocco of Cagliari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orzocorre_I_of_Arborea" title="Orzocorre I of Arborea">Orzocco d'Arborea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marianus_I_of_Torres" title="Marianus I of Torres">Marianus of Torres</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Gallura" title="Constantine I of Gallura">Constantine of Gallura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early <a href="/wiki/Giudicati" class="mw-redirect" title="Giudicati">Giudicati</a> era, the <a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Cagliari" title="Judicate of Cagliari">Judicate of Cagliari</a> was a direct descendant of the former Archontate of Sardinia. It helped many Byzantine institutions, including the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a> language, to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the century Greek had been supplanted by <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>. </p><p>Since the second half of the eleventh century and for the next century, the rulers of the four judicates tried to establish themselves institutionally as kings (<i>reges</i>) ruling over kingdoms (<i>regna</i>). Their efforts were frustrated by the Papacy, which was enforcing its <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Reform" title="Gregorian Reform">Gregorian Reforms</a> and claimed for itself the right to determine who was king in the Latin West.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Iudex_Sardiniae_and_the_Archon_Sardanias_between_the_6th_and_11th_Century_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Iudex_Sardiniae_and_the_Archon_Sardanias_between_the_6th_and_11th_Century-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Sardinia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visione_frontale_della_Basilica_di_San_Saturnino.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Visione_frontale_della_Basilica_di_San_Saturnino.JPG/220px-Visione_frontale_della_Basilica_di_San_Saturnino.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Visione_frontale_della_Basilica_di_San_Saturnino.JPG/330px-Visione_frontale_della_Basilica_di_San_Saturnino.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Visione_frontale_della_Basilica_di_San_Saturnino.JPG/440px-Visione_frontale_della_Basilica_di_San_Saturnino.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3177" data-file-height="2313" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Saturnino" title="Basilica of San Saturnino">Basilica of San Saturnino</a>, Cagliari</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> was an autocratic state, with its administration centralised around the Emperor. In addition to being the chief of the army he also had authority in the Church, often appointing the Ecumenical Patriarch. Following the Byzantine reconquest, Sardinia was part of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">Praetorian prefecture of Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasula1994137_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasula1994137-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The province of Sardinia was ruled by a <i><a href="/wiki/Praeses_provinciae" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeses provinciae">praeses provinciae</a></i>, also known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Iudex" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudex">iudex</a> provinciae</i>, based in Cagliari. A <i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">dux</a></i> was responsible for military matters and was based at <a href="/wiki/Fordongianus" title="Fordongianus">Fordongianus</a> (<i>Forum Traiani</i>), which since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> times had been a fortified bastion against the inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Barbagia" title="Barbagia">Barbagia</a>. These two most important offices, <i>iudex</i> and <i>dux</i>, were unified in the 7th century. To allow for control of the routes that crossed the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a>, the island was also home to a squadron of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine fleet">Byzantine fleet</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1372_-_Inscription_for_Gaudiosus_(6th_century)_-_Museo_Archeologico,_Cagliari_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_November_11_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1372_-_Inscription_for_Gaudiosus_%286th_century%29_-_Museo_Archeologico%2C_Cagliari_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_November_11_2016.jpg/220px-1372_-_Inscription_for_Gaudiosus_%286th_century%29_-_Museo_Archeologico%2C_Cagliari_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_November_11_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1372_-_Inscription_for_Gaudiosus_%286th_century%29_-_Museo_Archeologico%2C_Cagliari_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_November_11_2016.jpg/330px-1372_-_Inscription_for_Gaudiosus_%286th_century%29_-_Museo_Archeologico%2C_Cagliari_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_November_11_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1372_-_Inscription_for_Gaudiosus_%286th_century%29_-_Museo_Archeologico%2C_Cagliari_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_November_11_2016.jpg/440px-1372_-_Inscription_for_Gaudiosus_%286th_century%29_-_Museo_Archeologico%2C_Cagliari_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_November_11_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Funerary inscription of Gaudiosus, officer of the Byzantine army, died in the 6th century at 24 years old and buried near the Basilica of San Saturnino in Cagliari<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Units of the Byzantine field army, the <i><a href="/wiki/Comitatenses" title="Comitatenses">comitatenses</a></i>, were based at Fordongianus. Along the border with the Barbagia region were fortresses such as those at <a href="/wiki/Austis" title="Austis">Austis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samugheo" title="Samugheo">Samugheo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuragus" title="Nuragus">Nuragus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armungia" title="Armungia">Armungia</a>. Soldiers of different origins (<a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan">Balkan</a> peoples, <a href="/wiki/Longobards" class="mw-redirect" title="Longobards">Longobards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a> among others<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), called <i><a href="/wiki/Limitanei" title="Limitanei">limitanei</a></i> (border troops), were garrisoned here. Some of the island's garrison soldiers were <i>caballarii</i> (horsemen) and received in compensation for their military services land parcels to farm.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the countryside there continued to be the great estates, but also smaller properties and common lands. The rural population consisted of both free people (the <i>possessors</i>) and slaves, mostly living in villages (<a href="/wiki/Vicus" title="Vicus">vici</a>). They worked the private and community lands with hoes and nail plows, grazed livestock and fished. Extensive vineyards were cultivated but there seemed to have been few orchards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_of_the_administration">Evolution of the administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Sardinia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Evolution of the administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I_plutei_di_S.Macario,_arredo_chiesa_di_S.Efisio_a_Nora,_et%C3%A0_mediobizantina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/I_plutei_di_S.Macario%2C_arredo_chiesa_di_S.Efisio_a_Nora%2C_et%C3%A0_mediobizantina.jpg/220px-I_plutei_di_S.Macario%2C_arredo_chiesa_di_S.Efisio_a_Nora%2C_et%C3%A0_mediobizantina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/I_plutei_di_S.Macario%2C_arredo_chiesa_di_S.Efisio_a_Nora%2C_et%C3%A0_mediobizantina.jpg/330px-I_plutei_di_S.Macario%2C_arredo_chiesa_di_S.Efisio_a_Nora%2C_et%C3%A0_mediobizantina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/I_plutei_di_S.Macario%2C_arredo_chiesa_di_S.Efisio_a_Nora%2C_et%C3%A0_mediobizantina.jpg/440px-I_plutei_di_S.Macario%2C_arredo_chiesa_di_S.Efisio_a_Nora%2C_et%C3%A0_mediobizantina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Pluteuses from the San Macario Island (<a href="/wiki/Pula,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pula, Italy">Pula</a>). <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Cagliari" title="National Archaeological Museum, Cagliari">National Archaeological Museum, Cagliari</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the fall of the African Exarchate in the 7th century, caused by the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carthage_(698)" title="Battle of Carthage (698)">Arab conquest of Carthage</a>, the <i>ducatus</i> was directly dependent on <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orecchini_a_pendente_a_pelta_in_oro_e_paste_vitree,_da_bruncu_e%27_s%27olia-dolianova,_VI-VII_secolo_dc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Orecchini_a_pendente_a_pelta_in_oro_e_paste_vitree%2C_da_bruncu_e%27_s%27olia-dolianova%2C_VI-VII_secolo_dc.jpg/220px-Orecchini_a_pendente_a_pelta_in_oro_e_paste_vitree%2C_da_bruncu_e%27_s%27olia-dolianova%2C_VI-VII_secolo_dc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Orecchini_a_pendente_a_pelta_in_oro_e_paste_vitree%2C_da_bruncu_e%27_s%27olia-dolianova%2C_VI-VII_secolo_dc.jpg/330px-Orecchini_a_pendente_a_pelta_in_oro_e_paste_vitree%2C_da_bruncu_e%27_s%27olia-dolianova%2C_VI-VII_secolo_dc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Orecchini_a_pendente_a_pelta_in_oro_e_paste_vitree%2C_da_bruncu_e%27_s%27olia-dolianova%2C_VI-VII_secolo_dc.jpg/440px-Orecchini_a_pendente_a_pelta_in_oro_e_paste_vitree%2C_da_bruncu_e%27_s%27olia-dolianova%2C_VI-VII_secolo_dc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3372" data-file-height="2557" /></a><figcaption>Gold earrings from Bruncu e' s'Olia-<a href="/wiki/Dolianova" title="Dolianova">Dolianova</a>. National Archaeological Museum, Cagliari</figcaption></figure> <p>It became then an <i><a href="/wiki/Archontate" class="mw-redirect" title="Archontate">archontate</a></i>; that is, a region with the same characteristics of a <i><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">theme</a></i> but smaller and less rich. The governors of the island originally held the rank of <i><a href="/wiki/Hypatos" title="Hypatos">hypatos</a></i> and later that of <i><a href="/wiki/Protospatharios" title="Protospatharios">protospatharios</a></i>, before receiving the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Patrikios" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrikios">patrikios</a></i> from the middle of the ninth century.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracen</a> attacks, in the 9th century <a href="/wiki/Tharros" title="Tharros">Tharros</a> was abandoned in favor of <a href="/wiki/Oristano" title="Oristano">Oristano</a>, after more than 1,800 years of human occupation while <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Caralis</a> was abandoned in favor of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Igia" title="Santa Igia">Santa Igia</a>. Numerous other coastal centres suffered the same fate (Nora, Sulci, Bithia, Cornus, Bosa, and Olbia among others). </p><p>The Sardinian <i><a href="/wiki/Archon" title="Archon">archon</a></i> had both military and civil functions. During the period of direct Byzantine rule, these were delegated to two different officers, the <i>dux</i> and the <i>praeses</i>. The office of <i>archon</i> became the prerogative of a specific family who transmitted the title in succession from father to a son. At the beginning of the 11th century there was a single <i>archon</i> for the whole island. This situation changed over the following decades. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Sardinia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siligo_-_Chiesa_di_Santa_Maria_di_Mesumundu_(01).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Siligo_-_Chiesa_di_Santa_Maria_di_Mesumundu_%2801%29.JPG/220px-Siligo_-_Chiesa_di_Santa_Maria_di_Mesumundu_%2801%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Siligo_-_Chiesa_di_Santa_Maria_di_Mesumundu_%2801%29.JPG/330px-Siligo_-_Chiesa_di_Santa_Maria_di_Mesumundu_%2801%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Siligo_-_Chiesa_di_Santa_Maria_di_Mesumundu_%2801%29.JPG/440px-Siligo_-_Chiesa_di_Santa_Maria_di_Mesumundu_%2801%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Church of <a href="/wiki/Nostra_Segnora_de_Mesumundu" title="Nostra Segnora de Mesumundu">Nostra Segnora de Mesumundu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siligo" title="Siligo">Siligo</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_sabina,_veduta_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Santa_sabina%2C_veduta_01.JPG/220px-Santa_sabina%2C_veduta_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Santa_sabina%2C_veduta_01.JPG/330px-Santa_sabina%2C_veduta_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Santa_sabina%2C_veduta_01.JPG/440px-Santa_sabina%2C_veduta_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Church of Santa Sabina in front of the homonym <a href="/wiki/Nuraghe" title="Nuraghe">nuraghe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silanus,_Sardinia" title="Silanus, Sardinia">Silanus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Sardinian Church followed the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Rite</a>, in which baptism and confirmation were imparted together. Baptism was carried out by submersion in tanks where water came to the knees of the catechumens. Similar baptismal tanks are found in <a href="/wiki/Tharros" title="Tharros">Tharros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolianova" title="Dolianova">Dolianova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nurachi" title="Nurachi">Nurachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornus" title="Cornus">Cornus</a> and Fordongianus. Alongside the secular clergy operated the <a href="/wiki/Basilian_monks" title="Basilian monks">Basilian monks</a>, who spread <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in Barbagia. </p><p>In the Byzantine period several <a href="/wiki/Cross-in-square" title="Cross-in-square">cross-in-square</a> churches were erected, with the four arms around a domed roof over their junction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Sardinia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wandbild_Sant%E2%80%99_Andria_Priu_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Wandbild_Sant%E2%80%99_Andria_Priu_2.jpg/220px-Wandbild_Sant%E2%80%99_Andria_Priu_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Wandbild_Sant%E2%80%99_Andria_Priu_2.jpg/330px-Wandbild_Sant%E2%80%99_Andria_Priu_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Wandbild_Sant%E2%80%99_Andria_Priu_2.jpg/440px-Wandbild_Sant%E2%80%99_Andria_Priu_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="2584" /></a><figcaption>Byzantine era fresco from the <a href="/wiki/Necropolis_of_Sant%27Andrea_Priu" title="Necropolis of Sant'Andrea Priu">necropolis of Sant'Andrea Priu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonorva" title="Bonorva">Bonorva</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>534 Conquest of Sardinia by Justinian</li> <li>551-552 Very short occupation of Sardinia by the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> of <a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">Gothic War</a>.</li> <li>565–578 <a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a> succeeds <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>. Better tax policy.</li> <li>590–604 Pontificate of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a>. Letter to the <i>dux Barbaricinorum</i> <a href="/wiki/Hospito" title="Hospito">Hospito</a> for the conversion of the <a href="/wiki/Barbagia" title="Barbagia">Barbagians</a>.</li> <li>594 Peace between the Byzantines and the Barbagians.</li> <li>599 A Longobard attack on the coast of Cagliari is defeated.</li> <li>603 The papal envoy Vitale is commissioned by the Sardinians to go to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a> to demand a reduction in the tax burden.</li> <li>642 Beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of North Africa">Muslim conquest of North Africa</a>.</li> <li>674–678 <a href="/wiki/First_Arab_Siege_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="First Arab Siege of Constantinople">First Arab Siege of Constantinople</a></li> <li>698 The conquest of Carthage is a decisive date for the occupation of North-West Africa by the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a>; start of the Islamization of that region.</li> <li>705–753 Arab raids</li> <li>827 The <a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_dynasty" title="Aghlabid dynasty">Aghlabid</a> begin the conquest of Sicily. this event is probably relevant with the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> separation of Sardinia from the Byzantine empire.</li> <li>934 Massive raid from the North Africa <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimids</a>.</li> <li>947 Peace treaty between the Byzantine Empire and the Umayyad Caliphate of Spain.</li> <li>1015-16 Attempted conquest of the island by Mujāhid al-Amirī. The Pisano-Genoese expeditions to Sardinia repelled the attack.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Sardinia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Procopio,_''De_Bello_Gothico'',_IV,_22-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Procopio,_''De_Bello_Gothico'',_IV,_22_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Procopio,_''De_Bello_Gothico'',_IV,_22_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Procopio, <i>De Bello Gothico</i>, IV,22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Justinian_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian Code">Justinian Code</a>, I.XXVII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Procopio, <i>De Bello Vandalico</i>, II,13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cod. Iust. <i>de off. praef. Africae</i> I 27, 2, 3: <i>In Sardinia autem iubemus ducem ordinari et eum iuxta montes, ubi Barbaricini videntur sedere, habentem milites pro custodia locorum quantos et ubi tua magnitudo providerit</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procopio_di_Cesarea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procopio di Cesarea (page does not exist)">Procopio</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/De_aedificiis" class="mw-redirect" title="De aedificiis">De aedificiis</a></i>, VI,7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ortu1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ortu1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ortu, Gian Giacomo (2005) <i>La Sardegna dei Giudici</i> p.21-22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procopio_di_Cesarea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procopio di Cesarea (page does not exist)">Procopio di Cesarea</a>, <i>De Bello Gothico</i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/mefrm/7947"><i>La Sardegna nel Mediterraneo di VII-VIII secolo attraverso il dato archeologico, numismatico e sfragistico</i></a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Sardegna+nel+Mediterraneo+di+VII-VIII+secolo+attraverso+il+dato+archeologico%2C+numismatico+e+sfragistico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fmefrm%2F7947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+Sardinia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/resource/work/12050888"><i>Monili, ceramiche e monete (bizantine e longobarde) dal mausoleo di Cerredis (Villaputzu-Sardegna)</i></a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monili%2C+ceramiche+e+monete+%28bizantine+e+longobarde%29+dal+mausoleo+di+Cerredis+%28Villaputzu-Sardegna%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2Fresource%2Fwork%2F12050888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+Sardinia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pope Gregorio I, <i>Epistolae</i>, V,41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pope Gregorio I, <i>Epistole</i>, V,41. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Einhard, <i>Annales regni Francorum inde ab a. 741 usque ad a. 829, qui dicuntur Annales Laurissenses maiores et Einhard</i>, pg.124. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L.M. Duchesne,ed, <i>Liber Pontificalis</i>,vol. 2, 2 vols, pg.117. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Iudex_Sardiniae_and_the_Archon_Sardanias_between_the_6th_and_11th_Century-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Iudex_Sardiniae_and_the_Archon_Sardanias_between_the_6th_and_11th_Century_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Iudex_Sardiniae_and_the_Archon_Sardanias_between_the_6th_and_11th_Century_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Iudex_Sardiniae_and_the_Archon_Sardanias_between_the_6th_and_11th_Century_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallinari2021" class="citation book cs1">Gallinari, Luciano (2021-08-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789004467545/BP000008.xml"><i>The Iudex Sardiniae and the Archon Sardanias between the Sixth and Eleventh Century</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46754-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46754-5"><bdi>978-90-04-46754-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iudex+Sardiniae+and+the+Archon+Sardanias+between+the+Sixth+and+Eleventh+Century&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021-08-05&rft.isbn=978-90-04-46754-5&rft.aulast=Gallinari&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2F9789004467545%2FBP000008.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+Sardinia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Einhard, <i>Annales regni Francorum inde ab a. 741 usque ad a. 829, qui dicuntur Annales Laurissenses maiores et Einhard</i>, pg.143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirsch- Gereuth,editor, <i>Epistolae selectae Sergii II., Leonis IV., Benedicti III., pontificum Romanorum’</i> in Epistolae Karolini Aevi iii, mgh Epp. 5 (Berlin, 1899), no. 17 p. 596 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spanu et al., <i>L’arcontato d’Arborea tra Islam ed eredità bizantina</i>,pg 525</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrinnaZichi2017" class="citation book cs1">Strinna, Giovanni; Zichi, Giuseppe (30 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ihEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38"><i>S. Elia di Monte Santo: il primo cenobio benedettino della Sardegna tra storia, arte e devozione popolare</i></a>. All’Insegna del Giglio. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788878148208" title="Special:BookSources/9788878148208"><bdi>9788878148208</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S.+Elia+di+Monte+Santo%3A+il+primo+cenobio+benedettino+della+Sardegna+tra+storia%2C+arte+e+devozione+popolare&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=All%E2%80%99Insegna+del+Giglio&rft.date=2017-11-30&rft.isbn=9788878148208&rft.aulast=Strinna&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft.au=Zichi%2C+Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ihEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+Sardinia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.J. Reiske, ed.,<i>Constantini Porphyrogeniti imperatoris De cerimoniis aulae Byzantinae libri duo</i>, 2nd ed., vol. 1, 2 vols, Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae (Bonn, 1829), chapter 48 pg 690.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Guillou, <i>Recueil des inscriptions grecques médiévales d’Italie, Collection de l’École française de Rome 222</i>, no. 215 pg. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Guillou, <i>Recueil des inscriptions grecques médiévales d’Italie, Collection de l’École française de Rome 222</i>, no. 215 pg. 239-240..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ortu2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ortu2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ortu, Gian Giacomo (2005) <i>La Sardegna dei Giudici</i> p.45-46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Ḥayyān, <i>Crónica del califa ʻAbdarraḥmān III An- Nāṣir entre los años 912 y 942 (al- Muqtabis V),</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Levi-Provençal, <i>Histoire de l’Espagne Musulmane</i>, vol. 1, 3 vols</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bruce134-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bruce134_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce 2006, 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ortu, Gian Giacomo (2005) <i>La Sardegna dei Giudici</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sardegnacultura.it/j/v/258?s=19922&v=2&c=2654&t=7"><i>Le iscrizioni greco-bizantine</i></a> SardegnaCultura.it<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171001074841/http://www.sardegnacultura.it/j/v/258?s=19922&v=2&c=2654&t=7">Archived</a> 2017-10-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasula1994137-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasula1994137_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasula1994">Casula 1994</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://virtualarchaeology.sardegnacultura.it/index.php/en/archaeological-sites/periodo-romano/basilica-di-san-saturnino/reperti/3979-iscrizione-di-gaudiosus">"Inscription by Gaudiosus"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inscription+by+Gaudiosus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvirtualarchaeology.sardegnacultura.it%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Farchaeological-sites%2Fperiodo-romano%2Fbasilica-di-san-saturnino%2Freperti%2F3979-iscrizione-di-gaudiosus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+Sardinia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/10%20Christie-opt-sec.pdf">"Neil Christie, <i>Byzantines, Goths and Lombards in Italy: Jewellery, Dress and Cultural Interactions.</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019154853/http://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/10%20Christie-opt-sec.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neil+Christie%2C+Byzantines%2C+Goths+and+Lombards+in+Italy%3A+Jewellery%2C+Dress+and+Cultural+Interactions.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fpdf%2F10%2520Christie-opt-sec.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+Sardinia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Pier Giorgio Spanu, <i>La Sardegna Bizantina fra VI e VII secolo</i> (1998) pg.126-127-128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Storia della marineria bizantina</i>, pp. 85–86</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Sardinia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce2006" class="citation cs2">Bruce, Travis (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://his.library.nenu.edu.cn/upload/soft/haoli/111/56.pdf">"The Politics of Violence and Trade: Denia and Pisa in the Eleventh Century"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of Medieval History</i>, <b>32</b> (2): 127–42, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmedhist.2006.04.004">10.1016/j.jmedhist.2006.04.004</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154206387">154206387</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medieval+History&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Violence+and+Trade%3A+Denia+and+Pisa+in+the+Eleventh+Century&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=127-42&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jmedhist.2006.04.004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154206387%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Travis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhis.library.nenu.edu.cn%2Fupload%2Fsoft%2Fhaoli%2F111%2F56.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+Sardinia" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Sardinia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Consentino, Salvatore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/21565426/Byzantine_Sardinia_between_West_and_East._Features_of_a_Regional_Culture">"Byzantine Sardinia between West and East"</a>. <i>Millennium: Jahrbuch zu Kultur und Geschichte des ersten Jahrtausends n. Chr.</i> <b>1</b> (2004): 329–67.</li> <li>Contu, Giuseppe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hostweb3.ammin.uniss.it/lingue/annali_file/vol_3/12_contu.pdf">"Sardinia in Arabic Sources"</a>. <i>AnnalSS</i> <b>3</b> (2003): 287–97.</li> <li>Dyson, Stephen L., and Rowland, Robert J. <i>Archaeology and History in Sardinia from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages: Shepherds, Sailors, and Conquerors</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsyolvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 2007.</li> <li>Galoppini, Laura. "Overview of Sardinia History (500–1500)", pp. 85–114. In Michalle Hobart (ed.), <i>A Companion to Sardinian History, 500–1500</i>. Leiden: Brill, 2017.</li> <li>Kaegi, Walter Emil. "Gightis and Olbia in the Pseudo-Methodius Apocalypse and Their Significance". <i>Byzantinische Forschungen</i> <b>26</b> (2000): 161–67.</li> <li>Kaegi, Walter Emil. "Byzantine Sardinia and Africa Face the Muslims: Seventh-Century Evidence". <i>Bizantinistica</i> <b>3</b> (2001): 1–25.</li> <li>Kaegi, Walter Emil. "Byzantine Sardinia Threatened: Its Changing Situation in the Seventh Century", pp. 43–56. In Paola Corrias (ed.), <i>Forme e Caratteri della presenza bizantina: la Sardegna (secoli VI–XI)</i>. Condaghes, 2012.</li> <li>Rowland, Robert J. <i>The Periphery in the Center: Sardinia in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds</i>. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2001.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian">Italian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Sardinia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Italian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasula1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cesare_Casula" title="Francesco Cesare Casula">Casula, Francesco Cesare</a> (1994). <i>La Storia di Sardegna</i>. Sassari: Delfino.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Storia+di+Sardegna&rft.place=Sassari&rft.pub=Delfino&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Casula&rft.aufirst=Francesco+Cesare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+Sardinia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gian Giacomo Ortu, <i>La Sardegna dei Giudici</i>, Il Maestrale, Nuoro 2005.</li> <li>Paola Corrias (ed.), <i>Forme e Caratteri della presenza bizantina: la Sardegna (secoli VI–XI)</i>, Condaghes, 2012.</li> <li>Giorgio Ravegnani, <i>I Bizantini in Italia</i>, Bologna, il Mulino, 2004.</li> <li><i>Storia della marineria bizantina</i>, a cura di Antonio Carile, Salvatore Cosentino, Editrice Lo Scarabeo, Bologna, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8478-064-0" title="Special:BookSources/88-8478-064-0">88-8478-064-0</a></li> <li>Pier Giorgio Spanu, <i>La Sardegna bizantina tra VI e VII secolo</i>, S'Alvure, Oristano, 1998.</li> <li>Letizia Pani Ermini, <i>La Sardegna nel periodo vandalico</i>, in AA. VV. <i>Storia dei Sardi e della Sardegna</i>, a cura di Massimo Guidetti, vol. I Dalle origini alla fine dell'età bizantina, Jaca Book, Milano, 1987, pagg. 297–327</li> <li>André Guillou, <i>La lunga età bizantina: politica ed economia</i> e <i>La diffusione della cultura bizantina</i>, in AA. VV. <i>Storia dei Sardi e della Sardegna</i> cit., pag. 329–423</li> <li>Giuseppe Meloni, <i>Il Condaghe di San Gavino: un documento unico sulla nascita dei giudicati</i>, Cagliari, CUEC, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8884672805" title="Special:BookSources/8884672805">8884672805</a>.</li> <li>Giulio Paulis, <i>Lingua e cultura nella Sardegna Bizantina</i>, Sassari, 1983;</li> <li>Alberto Boscolo, <i>La Sardegna bizantina e alto-giudicale</i>, Sassari, Chiarella 1978;</li> <li>Victor Leontovitsch, <i>Elementi di collegamento fra le istituzioni di diritto pubblico della Sardegna medioevale ed il diritto pubblico dell'Impero bizantino</i>, in "Medioevo. Saggi e rassegne", 3, Cagliari, 1977, pagg. 9–26</li> <li>Piras P.G., <i>Aspetti della Sardegna bizantina</i>, Cagliari, 1966.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/History_of_Albania#Greeks_and_Romans" title="History of Albania">Albania (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Albania under the Byzantine Empire">Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra#Iberian_and_Roman_Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Armenia (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_influence_in_Caucasian_Albania" title="Roman influence in Caucasian Albania">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria#Roman_era" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans#Roman_period" title="History of the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Belgium</a></li> <li><a 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Medieval)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey#Early_history" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">(Classical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan#Classical_period" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">(Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Late Antique/Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo#Roman_period" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Roman heritage in Kosovo">(Classical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Roman_rule" title="Phoenicia under Roman rule">Lebanon (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Libya" title="Roman Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein#Antiquity" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg#Early_history" title="History of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta#Roman_rule" title="History of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesian_Limes#Expansion_beyond" title="Moesian Limes">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monaco#Roman_rule" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Roman,_and_sub-Roman_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity#Roman_era" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Palestine" title="Roman Palestine">Palestine (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#Romanization" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a> <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">(Classical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino#The_Foundation_Myth" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Romans_in_Arabia" title="History of the Romans in Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <a href="/wiki/Limes_Arabicus" title="Limes Arabicus">(Classical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia#Iron_Age_and_the_Roman_era" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia#Ancient_Romans" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Spain (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Spain">Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City#Early_history" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <a href="/wiki/Ager_Vaticanus" title="Ager Vaticanus">(Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Early Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesian_Limes#Expansion_beyond" title="Moesian Limes">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman-era_Tunisia" title="History of Roman-era Tunisia">Tunisia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Carthage" title="Roman Carthage">Roman Carthage</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Anatolia">Turkey (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Medieval)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Thrace">Thrace (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Thrace">Medieval)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Template:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Template talk:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">List of historic states of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Pre-Roman period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a> (753 BC–509 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> (509 BC–27 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (27 BC–395 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (395–476 AD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Medieval<br />and<br />Early Modern<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Barbarian kingdoms<br />(476–774)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(476%E2%80%93493)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (476–493)">Odoacer's rule</a> (476–493)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic rule</a> (493–553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal rule</a> (435–534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard rule</a> (568–774) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Duchy of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Friuli" title="Duchy of Friuli">Duchy of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tridentum" title="Duchy of Tridentum">Duchy of Tridentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tuscia" title="Duchy of Tuscia">Duchy of Tuscia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (584–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a> (584–751) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Duchy of Rome</a> (533–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Perugia" title="Duchy of Perugia">Duchy of Perugia</a> (554–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Pentapolis" title="Duchy of the Pentapolis">Duchy of the Pentapolis</a> (554–752)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a> (585–698)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a><br />(754–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrimony_of_Saint_Peter" title="Patrimony of Saint Peter">Patrimony of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campagna_e_Marittima_Province" title="Campagna e Marittima Province">Campagna e Marittima Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Castro" title="Duchy of Castro">Duchy of Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrara" title="Duchy of Ferrara">Duchy of Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Urbino" title="Duchy of Urbino">Duchy of Urbino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><br />and other<br />independent<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Brixen" title="Prince-Bishopric of Brixen">Bishopric of Bressanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_Republic" title="Corsican Republic">Corsican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Fiume)" title="Corpus separatum (Fiume)">City of Fiume and its District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Gorizia" title="County of Gorizia">County of Gorizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_County_of_Gorizia_and_Gradisca" title="Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca">Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Guastalla" title="County of Guastalla">County of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Santa_Fiora" title="County of Santa Fiora">County of Santa Fiora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Duchy of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ancona" title="March of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Ceva" title="Marquisate of Ceva">Ceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Finale" title="Marquisate of Finale">Finale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Friuli" title="March of Friuli">March of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patria_del_Friuli" title="Patria del Friuli">Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ivrea" title="March of Ivrea">Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Istria" title="March of Istria">Istria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Milan" title="Lordship of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Montferrat" title="March of Montferrat">March of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Montferrat" title="Duchy of Montferrat">Duchy of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Free_City_of_Trieste" title="Imperial Free City of Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Turin" title="March of Turin">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Tuscany" title="March of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Verona" title="March of Verona">Verona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mantua" title="Duchy of Mantua">Duchy of Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Merania" title="Duchy of Merania">Duchy of Merania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mirandola" title="Duchy of Mirandola">Duchy of Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Novellara_and_Bagnolo" title="County of Novellara and Bagnolo">County of Novellara and Bagnolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Piombino" title="Principality of Piombino">Principality of Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Reggio" title="Duchy of Reggio">Duchy of Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Saluzzo" title="Marquisate of Saluzzo">Marquisate of Saluzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Tarentaise" title="Ancient Diocese of Tarentaise">Bishopric of Tarantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Trent" title="Prince-Bishopric of Trent">Prince-Bishopric of Trento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_state" title="Savoyard state">Savoyard state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Savoy" title="County of Savoy">County of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Piedmont" title="Prince of Piedmont">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aosta" title="Duchy of Aosta">Duchy of Aosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tende" title="Tende">County of Tenda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a><br />(697–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogado" title="Dogado">Dogado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domini_di_Terraferma" title="Domini di Terraferma">Domini di Terraferma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other Republics<br />(c. 1000–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cospaia" title="Republic of Cospaia">Republic of Cospaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Republic of Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Massa" title="Republic of Massa">Republic of Massa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Republic of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Noli" title="Republic of Noli">Republic of Noli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Republic of Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" title="Republic of Ancona">Republic of Ancona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_south_Italian_principalities" title="List of south Italian principalities">Southern Italy</a><br />(774–1139)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Byzantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Duchy of Amalfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gaeta" title="Duchy of Gaeta">Duchy of Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catepanate_of_Italy" title="Catepanate of Italy">Catepanate of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longobardia" title="Longobardia">Longobardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucania_(theme)" title="Lucania (theme)">Theme of Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Naples" title="Duchy of Naples">Duchy of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Theme of Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Byzantine Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sorrento" title="Duchy of Sorrento">Duchy of Sorrento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bari" title="Emirate of Bari">Emirate of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Muslim Sicily</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lombard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Principality of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salerno" title="Principality of Salerno">Principality of Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Capua" title="Principality of Capua">Principality of Capua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="County of Apulia and Calabria">County of Apulia and Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Aversa" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Aversa">County of Aversa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">County of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> <br />(from the 9th century)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Judicates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agugliastra" title="Agugliastra">Agugliastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Arborea" title="Judicate of Arborea">Arborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Cagliari" title="Judicate of Cagliari">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Gallura" title="Judicate of Gallura">Gallura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Logudoro" title="Judicate of Logudoro">Logudoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Oristano" title="Marquisate of Oristano">Oristano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sassari" title="Republic of Sassari">Republic of Sassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1324–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a><br />(1130–1816) and<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a><br />(1282–1816)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Presidi" title="State of the Presidi">State of the Presidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_San_Donato" title="Duke of San Donato">Duke of San Donato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sora" title="Duchy of Sora">Duchy of Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bari" title="Duchy of Bari">Duchy of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sancti_Benedicti" title="Terra Sancti Benedicti">Terra Sancti Benedicti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Republic_(1647%E2%80%931648)" title="Neapolitan Republic (1647–1648)">Neapolitan Republic</a> (1647–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">Hospitaller Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Gozo (1798–1800)">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Malta Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Crown Colony of Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Revolutionary</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Napoleonic</a> eras<br />(1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Republics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Republic" title="Ligurian Republic">Liguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic" title="Parthenopean Republic">Parthenopea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_Republic" title="Piedmontese Republic">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1798%E2%80%931799)" title="Roman Republic (1798–1799)">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subalpine_Republic" title="Subalpine Republic">Subalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpadane_Republic" title="Transpadane Republic">Transpadania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Monarchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Lucca and Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Pontecorvo" title="Principality of Pontecorvo">Pontecorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Benevento_(Napoleonic_era)" title="Principality of Benevento (Napoleonic era)">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Elba" title="Principality of Elba">Elba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Post-Napoleonic<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Genoa" title="Duchy of Genoa">Duchy of Genoa</a> (1815–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lucca" title="Duchy of Lucca">Duchy of Lucca</a> (1815–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a> (1814–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a> (1815–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_United_Provinces" title="Italian United Provinces">Italian United Provinces</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Provisional Government of Milan</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a> (1848–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1849%E2%80%931850)" title="Roman Republic (1849–1850)">Roman Republic</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a> (1859–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1814–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a> (1816–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a> (1815–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States#Italian_unification" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> (1814–1870)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Post-unification" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-<a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> (1861–1946) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> (1882–1960)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a> (1920–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> (1947–1954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Sardinia&oldid=1261927981">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Sardinia&oldid=1261927981</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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