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<li id="toc-Prelude_to_cinematography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude_to_cinematography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prelude to cinematography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude_to_cinematography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country_and_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country_and_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>By country and region</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country_and_region-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By country and region subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_country_and_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cambodia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_mainland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_mainland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Chinese mainland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_mainland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shadow_puppetry_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shadow_puppetry_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Shadow puppetry today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shadow_puppetry_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shadow play</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schattenspiel" title="Schattenspiel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schattenspiel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B8%D9%84" title="خيال الظل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خيال الظل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solombres_chinesques" title="Solombres chinesques – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Solombres chinesques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombres_xineses" title="Ombres xineses – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ombres xineses" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schattenspiel" title="Schattenspiel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schattenspiel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varjuteater" title="Varjuteater – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Varjuteater" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF_%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Θέατρο σκιών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θέατρο σκιών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sombras_chinescas" title="Sombras chinescas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sombras chinescas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombroludo" title="Ombroludo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ombroludo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itzal-antzerki" title="Itzal-antzerki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itzal-antzerki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_d%27ombres" title="Théâtre d'ombres – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Théâtre d'ombres" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sombras_chinesas" title="Sombras chinesas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sombras chinesas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC%EC%9E%90%EA%B7%B9" title="그림자극 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그림자극" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ստվերների թատրոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստվերների թատրոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_d%27ombre" title="Teatro d'ombre – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Teatro d'ombre" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="תיאטרון צלליות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תיאטרון צלליות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%BA%D3%A9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Көлөкө театры – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көлөкө театры" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0e%C5%A1%C4%97li%C5%B3_teatras" title="Šešėlių teatras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šešėlių teatras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rnyj%C3%A1t%C3%A9k" title="Árnyjáték – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Árnyjáték" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Театар со сенки – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Театар со сенки" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="छायानाट्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="छायानाट्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%84" title="خيال الضل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خيال الضل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schimmenspel" title="Schimmenspel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schimmenspel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%B1%E7%B5%B5" title="影絵 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="影絵" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyggespill" title="Skyggespill – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skyggespill" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soya_teatri" title="Soya teatri – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Soya teatri" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatr_cieni" title="Teatr cieni – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Teatr cieni" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_de_sombras" title="Teatro de sombras – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teatro de sombras" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatru_de_umbre" title="Teatru de umbre – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Teatru de umbre" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Театр теней – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Театр теней" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatar_sjena" title="Teatar sjena – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Teatar sjena" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skuggspel" title="Skuggspel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skuggspel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நிழற் பொம்மலாட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிழற் பொம்மலாட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6lge_oyunu" title="Gölge oyunu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gölge oyunu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Театр тіней – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Театр тіней" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient form of storytelling</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about shadows cast by puppet figures. For shadows cast by hands, see <a href="/wiki/Shadowgraphy_(performing_art)" title="Shadowgraphy (performing art)">Shadowgraphy (performing art)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Shadowplay_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Shadowplay (disambiguation)">Shadowplay (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Shadow puppets" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Shadow_puppets_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Shadow puppets (disambiguation)">Shadow puppets (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ki_Sigit_Ariyanto_Dalang_Wayang_Kulit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ki_Sigit_Ariyanto_Dalang_Wayang_Kulit.jpg/270px-Ki_Sigit_Ariyanto_Dalang_Wayang_Kulit.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ki_Sigit_Ariyanto_Dalang_Wayang_Kulit.jpg/405px-Ki_Sigit_Ariyanto_Dalang_Wayang_Kulit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ki_Sigit_Ariyanto_Dalang_Wayang_Kulit.jpg/540px-Ki_Sigit_Ariyanto_Dalang_Wayang_Kulit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A performance of <i><a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">wayang</a></i>, an Indonesian shadow puppet form</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Shadow play</b>, also known as <b>shadow puppetry</b>, is an ancient form of <a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">storytelling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">entertainment</a> which uses flat articulated cut-out figures (shadow puppets) which are held between a source of light and a translucent screen or <a href="/wiki/Scrim_(material)" title="Scrim (material)">scrim</a>. The cut-out shapes of the puppets sometimes include translucent color or other types of detailing. Various effects can be achieved by moving both the puppets and the light source. A skilled <a href="/wiki/Puppeteer" title="Puppeteer">puppeteer</a> can make the figures appear to walk, dance, fight, nod and laugh. </p><p>There are four different types of performances in shadow play: the actors using their bodies as shadows, puppets where the actors hold them as shadows in the daytime, spatial viewing, and viewing the shadows from both sides of the screen.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shadow play is popular in various cultures, among both children and adults in many countries around the world. More than 20 countries are known to have shadow show troupes. Shadow play is an old tradition and is listed as a <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> intangible cultural heritage by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has a long history in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>. It has been an ancient art and a living folk tradition in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. It is also known in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-orr69_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orr69-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bosnes302_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bosnes302-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadow_play&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shadow play probably developed from "par" shows with narrative scenes painted on a large cloth and the story further related through song. As the shows were mostly performed at night the par was illuminated with an oil lamp or candles. Shadow puppet theatre likely originated in Central Asia-China or in India in the 1st millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-chen25_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chen25-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-orr69_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orr69-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By at least around 200 BCE, the figures on cloth seem to have been replaced with puppetry in Indian <i><a href="/wiki/Tholu_bommalata" title="Tholu bommalata">tholu bommalata</a></i> shows. These are performed behind a thin screen with flat, jointed puppets made of colorfully painted transparent leather. The puppets are held close to the screen and lit from behind, while hands and arms are manipulated with attached canes and lower legs swinging freely from the knee.<sup id="cite_ref-Rawling1999_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawling1999-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The evidence of shadow puppet theatre is found in both old Chinese and Indian texts. The most significant historical centers of shadow play theatre have been China, Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-orr69_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orr69-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bosnes302_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bosnes302-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Martin Banham, there is little mention of indigenous theatrical activity in the Middle East between the 3rd century CE and the 13th century, including the centuries that followed the Islamic conquest of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Banham1996p241_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banham1996p241-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shadow puppet play, states Banham, probably came into vogue in the Middle East after the Mongol invasions and thereafter it incorporated local innovations by the 16th century. Little mention of shadow play is found in Islamic literature of Iran, but much is found in Turkish and 19th-century Ottoman Empire-influenced territories.<sup id="cite_ref-Banham1996p241_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banham1996p241-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While shadow play theatre is an Asian invention, hand puppets have a long history in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Banham1996p887_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banham1996p887-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As European merchant ships sailed in the search of sea routes to India and China, they helped diffuse popular entertainment arts and cultural practices into Europe. Shadow theatre became popular in France, Italy, Britain and Germany by the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-kuhn371_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuhn371-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-boehn352_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boehn352-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, shadow play was advertised as <i>ombres chinoises</i>, while elsewhere they were called "magic lantern".<sup id="cite_ref-kuhn371_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuhn371-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a> helped build a shadow play theatre in Tiefurt in 1781.<sup id="cite_ref-boehn352_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boehn352-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prelude_to_cinematography">Prelude to cinematography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadow_play&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prelude to cinematography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Stephen Herbert, the popular shadow theatre evolved nonlinearly into projected slides and ultimately into <a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">cinematography</a>. The common principle in these innovations were the creative use of light, images and a projection screen.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Olive Cook, there are many parallels in the development of shadow play and modern cinema, such as their use of music, voice, attempts to introduce colors and mass popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country_and_region">By country and region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadow_play&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: By country and region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadow_play&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bradshaw_(puppeteer)" title="Richard Bradshaw (puppeteer)">Richard Bradshaw</a> is an Australian shadow puppeteer known for his characters like "Super Kangaroo".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bradshaw's puppetry has been featured in television programs made by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Henson" title="Jim Henson">Jim Henson</a> as well as the long-running ABC children's TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Play_School_(Australian_TV_series)" title="Play School (Australian TV series)">Play School</a></i>. </p><p>The Shadow Theatre of Anaphoria<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (relocated to Australia from California) combines a mixture of reconstructed and original puppets with multiple sources of lights. The company is under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Kraig_Grady" title="Kraig Grady">Kraig Grady</a>. </p><p>Australian company Shadowplay Studios' debut game <i>Projection: First Light</i> was inspired by shadow puppetry and its art style replicates the traditional shadow play canvas using black props and sepia backgrounds. They visited Richard Bradshaw to gain more insight into shadow puppetry, to make their game more authentic and to get references for the game's shadow puppet characters.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadow_play&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cambodia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Khmer_shadow_theatre" title="Khmer shadow theatre">Khmer shadow theatre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sita,_Nang_Sbek,_Cambodia_-_Museu_do_Oriente_-_Lisbon,_Portugal_-_DSC06801.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sita%2C_Nang_Sbek%2C_Cambodia_-_Museu_do_Oriente_-_Lisbon%2C_Portugal_-_DSC06801.JPG/170px-Sita%2C_Nang_Sbek%2C_Cambodia_-_Museu_do_Oriente_-_Lisbon%2C_Portugal_-_DSC06801.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sita%2C_Nang_Sbek%2C_Cambodia_-_Museu_do_Oriente_-_Lisbon%2C_Portugal_-_DSC06801.JPG/255px-Sita%2C_Nang_Sbek%2C_Cambodia_-_Museu_do_Oriente_-_Lisbon%2C_Portugal_-_DSC06801.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sita%2C_Nang_Sbek%2C_Cambodia_-_Museu_do_Oriente_-_Lisbon%2C_Portugal_-_DSC06801.JPG/340px-Sita%2C_Nang_Sbek%2C_Cambodia_-_Museu_do_Oriente_-_Lisbon%2C_Portugal_-_DSC06801.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3390" data-file-height="4635" /></a><figcaption>Cambodian shadow puppet depicting Sita</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, the shadow play is called <i>Nang Sbek Thom</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or simply as <i>Sbek Thom</i> (literally "large leather hide"), <i>Sbek Touch</i> ("small leather hide") and <i>Sbek Por</i> ("colored leather hide").<sup id="cite_ref-Kravel1995p1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kravel1995p1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is performed during sacred temple ceremonies, at private functions, and for the public in Cambodia's villages. The popular plays include the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> epics, as well as other Hindu myth and legends.<sup id="cite_ref-Kravel1995p1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kravel1995p1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The performance is accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Pinpeat" title="Pinpeat">pinpeat</a> orchestra.<sup id="cite_ref-banham155_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banham155-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Sbek Thom</i> is based on the Cambodian version of the Indian epic <i>Ramayana</i>, an epic story about good and evil involving <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kravel4_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kravel4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a sacred performance, embodying Khmer beliefs built on the foundations and mythologies of <a href="/wiki/Brahmanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanism">Brahmanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kravel4_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kravel4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cambodian shadow puppets are made of cowhide, and their size are usually quite large, depicting a whole scene, including its background. Unlike their Javanese counterparts, Cambodian shadow puppets are usually not articulated, rendering the figure's hands unmovable, and are left uncolored, retaining the original color of the leather. The main shadow puppet production center is <a href="/wiki/Roluos" title="Roluos">Roluos</a> near Siem Reap. Cambodian shadow puppetry is one of the cultural performances staged for tourists alongside <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Cambodia" title="Dance in Cambodia">Cambodian traditional dances</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <i>Sbek Thom</i> figures are unlike puppets because they are large and heavy, with no moveable parts. The <i>Sbek Touch</i>, in contrast, are much smaller puppets with movable parts; their shows have been more popular.<sup id="cite_ref-kravel4_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kravel4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Sbek Thom</i> shadow play involves many puppeteers dancing on the screen, each puppeteer playing one character of the <i>Ramayana</i>, while separate narrators recite the story accompanied by an orchestra.<sup id="cite_ref-banham155_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banham155-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadow_play&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Han_shadow_puppet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Han_shadow_puppet.jpg/180px-The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Han_shadow_puppet.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Han_shadow_puppet.jpg/270px-The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Han_shadow_puppet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Han_shadow_puppet.jpg/360px-The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Han_shadow_puppet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>This Chinese shadow puppet is illustrative of the ornate detail that goes into the figures. From the collection of <a href="/wiki/The_Children%27s_Museum_of_Indianapolis" title="The Children's Museum of Indianapolis">The Children's Museum of Indianapolis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_mainland">Chinese mainland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadow_play&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chinese mainland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several myths and legends about the origins of shadow puppetry in China. The most famous one has it that Chinese shadow puppetry originated when the favorite <a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu of Han</a> (156 BCE – 87 BCE) died and magician Shao-weng promised to raise her spirit. The emperor could see a shadow that looked like her move behind the curtains that the magician had placed around some lit torches. It is often told that the magician used a shadow puppet, but the original text in <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i> gives no reason to believe in a relation to shadow puppetry.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there are many earlier records of all kinds of puppetry in China, clear mention of Chinese shadow play does not occur until the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Song">Northern Song</a> dynasty (960–1127). A 1235 book mentions that the puppets were initially cut out of paper, but later made of colored leather or parchment. The stories were mostly based on history and half fact half fiction, but comedies were also performed.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shadow play in China is called <i>piyingxi.</i> There are two distinct styles of shadow play: Luanzhou (North China) and Sichuan (South China). Within Sichuan, there are two styles: Chuanbei piyingxi (Northern Sichuan) and Chengdu piyingxi. Cities that are included in the Northern Sichuan are Bazhong, Nanchong, and Guangyuan.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shadow theatre became quite popular as early as the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, when holidays were marked by the presentation of many shadow plays. During the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> there were 40 to 50 shadow show <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/troupe" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:troupe">troupes</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> alone.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The earliest shadow theatre screens were made of <a href="/wiki/Rice_paper" title="Rice paper">mulberry paper</a>. The storytellers generally used the art to tell events between various war kingdoms or stories of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Ewart_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewart-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, puppets made of <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> and moved on sticks are used to tell dramatic versions of traditional fairy tales and myths. In <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> province, it is accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gansu" title="Music of Gansu">Daoqing</a> music, while in <a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a>, accompanying <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jilin" title="Music of Jilin">Huanglong</a> music forms some of the basis of modern opera.<sup id="cite_ref-Cvista_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cvista-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_shadow_puppetry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Chinese_shadow_puppetry.jpg/220px-Chinese_shadow_puppetry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Chinese_shadow_puppetry.jpg/330px-Chinese_shadow_puppetry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Chinese_shadow_puppetry.jpg/440px-Chinese_shadow_puppetry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption>Chinese shadow puppetry is a form of theater whereby colorful silhouette figures perform traditional plays against a back-lit cloth screen, accompanied by music. From Kaifeng Prefecture.</figcaption></figure> <p>Chinese shadow puppetry is shown in the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yimou" title="Zhang Yimou">Zhang Yimou</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/To_Live_(1994_film)" title="To Live (1994 film)">To Live</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadow_play&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origins of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>'s shadow puppetry can be traced to the <a href="/wiki/Chaozhou" title="Chaozhou">Chaochow</a> school of shadow puppet theatre. Commonly known as leather monkey shows or leather shows, the shadow plays were popular in <a href="/wiki/Tainan_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Tainan City">Tainan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pingtung_City" title="Pingtung City">Pingtung</a> as early as the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> (1644–1911 A.D.). Older puppeteers estimate that there were at least seventy shadow puppet troupes in the Kaohsiung area alone in the closing years of the Qing.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, the eight to twelve-inch puppet figures, and the stage scenery and props such as furniture, natural scenery, pagodas, halls, and plants, are all cut from leather. As shadow puppetry is based on light penetrating through a translucent sheet of cloth, the "shadows" are actually silhouettes seen by the audience in profile or face on. Taiwan's shadow plays are accompanied by Chaochow melodies which are often called "priest's melodies" owing to their similarity with the music used by Taoist priests at funerals. A large repertoire of some 300 scripts of the southern school of drama used in shadow puppetry and dating back to the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries has been preserved in Taiwan and is considered to be a priceless cultural asset. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Terminology">Terminology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadow_play&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of terms are used to describe the different forms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>皮影戏, <i>píyĭngxì</i> is a shadow theatre that uses leather puppets. The figures are usually moved behind a thin screen. It is not entirely a show of shadows, as the shadow is more of a silhouette. This gives the figures some color on the screen; they are not 100% black and white.</li> <li>纸影戏, <i>zhĭyĭngxì</i> is paper shadow theatre.</li> <li>中国影戏, <i>Zhōngguó yĭngxì</i> is Chinese shadow theatre.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadow_play&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Shadow_Puppetry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Greek_Shadow_Puppetry.jpg/220px-Greek_Shadow_Puppetry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Greek_Shadow_Puppetry.jpg/330px-Greek_Shadow_Puppetry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Greek_Shadow_Puppetry.jpg/440px-Greek_Shadow_Puppetry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>An example of shadow puppetry in Greece</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Allegory_of_the_cave" title="Allegory of the cave">allegory of the cave</a> (circa 380 BCE), <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> described a kind of shadow play with figures made out of stone, wood, or other materials, presented to prisoners who in all of their life could see nothing more than the shadows on the wall in front of them. This was an imaginative illustration of ideas about (false or limited) the relations between knowledge, education and a truthful understanding of reality. Plato compared a wall that screens off the people who carry the figures to the kind of partitions used by puppet (<a href="/wiki/Marionette" title="Marionette">marionette</a>) players to hide behind.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apparently, there was no existing form of shadow theatre known in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> that Socrates/Plato could refer to. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%C3%A9atre_d%27Ombres_in_Le_Chat_Noir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Th%C3%A9atre_d%27Ombres_in_Le_Chat_Noir.jpg/220px-Th%C3%A9atre_d%27Ombres_in_Le_Chat_Noir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Th%C3%A9atre_d%27Ombres_in_Le_Chat_Noir.jpg/330px-Th%C3%A9atre_d%27Ombres_in_Le_Chat_Noir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Th%C3%A9atre_d%27Ombres_in_Le_Chat_Noir.jpg/440px-Th%C3%A9atre_d%27Ombres_in_Le_Chat_Noir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Stagehands moving zinc figures behind the screen of the Théatre d'Ombres in <a href="/wiki/Le_Chat_Noir" title="Le Chat Noir">Le Chat Noir</a></figcaption></figure><p>Shadow plays started spreading throughout Europe at the end of the 17th century, probably via Italy. It is known that several Italian showmen performed in Germany, France and England during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-light&movement1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-light&movement1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1675 German polymath and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a> imagined a kind of world exhibition that would show all kinds of new inventions and spectacles. In a handwritten document he supposed it should include shadow theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French missionaries brought the shadow show from China to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in 1767 and put on performances in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</a>, causing quite a stir.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In time, the <i>ombres chinoises</i> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> for "Chinese shadows") with local modification and embellishment, became the <i>ombres françaises</i> and struck root in the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The popularity of <i>ombres chinoises</i> reflected the <a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">chinoiserie</a> fashion of the days.<sup id="cite_ref-light&movement1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-light&movement1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French showman <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Dominique_S%C3%A9raphin" title="François Dominique Séraphin">François Dominique Séraphin</a> first presented his shadow spectacle in a <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_particulier" title="Hôtel particulier">hôtel particulier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Versailles_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles (city)">Versailles</a> in 1771. He would go on to perform at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a> in front of royalty. In 1784 Séraphin moved to Paris, performing his shows at his permanent theatre in the newly opened <a href="/wiki/Palais-Royal" title="Palais-Royal">Palais-Royal</a> from 8 September 1784. The performances would adapt to the political changes and survived the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Séraphin developed the use of <a href="/wiki/Clockwork" title="Clockwork">clockwork</a> mechanisms to automate the show. His nephew took over the show after Séraphin's death in 1800 and it was continued by his heirs until the theatre closed in 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-light&movement1_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-light&movement1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Altick_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Altick-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pupazzi_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pupazzi-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stafford_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stafford-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1775, Ambrogio (also known as Ambroise and Ambrose) staged ambitious shows in Paris and London.<sup id="cite_ref-light&movement1_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-light&movement1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ombra_francese_seconda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="French shadow puppets" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ombra_francese_seconda.jpg/220px-Ombra_francese_seconda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ombra_francese_seconda.jpg/330px-Ombra_francese_seconda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ombra_francese_seconda.jpg/440px-Ombra_francese_seconda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Part of the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Precinema" title="Museum of Precinema">Museo del Precinema</a>, Padua, Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>The art was a popular entertainment in Paris during the 19th century, especially in the famous Paris nightclub district of <a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cabaret <a href="/wiki/Le_Chat_noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Chat noir">Le Chat noir</a> ("The Black Cat") produced 45<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Théatre d'ombres</i> shows between 1885 and 1896 under the management of <a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_Salis" title="Rodolphe Salis">Rodolphe Salis</a>. Behind a screen on the second floor of the establishment, the artist <a href="/wiki/Henri_Rivi%C3%A8re_(painter)" title="Henri Rivière (painter)">Henri Rivière</a> worked with up to 20 assistants in a large, <a href="/wiki/Oxy-hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxy-hydrogen">oxy-hydrogen</a> back-lit performance area and used a double optical <a href="/wiki/Magic_lantern" title="Magic lantern">lantern</a> to project backgrounds. Figures were originally cardboard cut-outs, but were replaced with zinc figures since 1887. Various artists took part in the creation, including <a href="/wiki/Steinlen" class="mw-redirect" title="Steinlen">Steinlen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Willette" title="Adolphe Willette">Adolphe Willette</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Robida" title="Albert Robida">Albert Robida</a>. <a href="/wiki/Caran_d%27Ache" title="Caran d'Ache">Caran d'Ache</a> designed circa 50 cut-outs for the very popular 1888 show <i>L'Epopée</i>. <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a> has circa 40 original zinc figures in its collection. Other cabarets would produce their own versions; the <i>ombres</i> evolved into numerous theatrical productions and had a major influence on <a href="/wiki/Phantasmagoria" title="Phantasmagoria">phantasmagoria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-light&movement1_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-light&movement1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Italy, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Precinema" title="Museum of Precinema">Museum of Precinema</a> collezione Minici Zotti in <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a> houses a collection of 70 French shadow puppets, similar to those used in the cabaret Le Chat Noir, together with an original theatre and painted backdrops, as well as two magic lanterns for projecting scenes. So far, the shadow plays identified are <i>La Marche a l'étoile</i> (introduced by Henri Rivière), <i>Le Sphinx</i> (introduced by Amédée Vignola), <i>L'Âge d'or</i> and <i>Le Carneval de Venise</i>. The shadow puppets were presumably created for a tour in France or abroad at the end of the 19th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nowadays, several theatre companies in France are developing the practice of shadow puppets: Le Théâtre des Ombres,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Le Théâtre du Petit Miroir, Le Théâtre Les Chaises, and La Loupiote. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadow_play&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanuman_and_Ravana_in_Tholu_Bommalata,_the_shadow_puppet_tradition_of_Andhra_Pradesh,_India.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hanuman_and_Ravana_in_Tholu_Bommalata%2C_the_shadow_puppet_tradition_of_Andhra_Pradesh%2C_India.JPG/220px-Hanuman_and_Ravana_in_Tholu_Bommalata%2C_the_shadow_puppet_tradition_of_Andhra_Pradesh%2C_India.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hanuman_and_Ravana_in_Tholu_Bommalata%2C_the_shadow_puppet_tradition_of_Andhra_Pradesh%2C_India.JPG/330px-Hanuman_and_Ravana_in_Tholu_Bommalata%2C_the_shadow_puppet_tradition_of_Andhra_Pradesh%2C_India.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hanuman_and_Ravana_in_Tholu_Bommalata%2C_the_shadow_puppet_tradition_of_Andhra_Pradesh%2C_India.JPG/440px-Hanuman_and_Ravana_in_Tholu_Bommalata%2C_the_shadow_puppet_tradition_of_Andhra_Pradesh%2C_India.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4801" data-file-height="3102" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Tholu_bommalata" title="Tholu bommalata">tholu bommalata</a></i>, the shadow puppet tradition of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <p>Shadow puppets are an ancient part of India's culture, particularly regionally as the <i>keelu bomme</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tholu_bommalata" title="Tholu bommalata">Tholu bommalata</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Togalu_gombeyaata" title="Togalu gombeyaata">Togalu gombeyaata</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, the <i>charma bahuli natya</i> in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Ravana_chhaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravana chhaya">Ravana chhaya</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Tholpavakoothu" title="Tholpavakoothu">Tholpavakoothu</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chen25_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chen25-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-orr69_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orr69-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ccrt_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccrt-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shadow puppet play is also found in pictorial traditions in India, such as temple mural painting, loose-leaf folio paintings, and the narrative paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dance forms such as the <a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau</a> of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> literally mean "shadow".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shadow theatre dance drama theatre are usually performed on platform stages attached to <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a>, and in some regions these are called <i>Koothu Madams</i> or <i>Koothambalams</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many regions, the puppet drama play is performed by itinerant artist families on temporary stages during major temple festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p544_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClausDiamond2003p544-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legends from the Hindu epics <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> dominate their repertoire.<sup id="cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p544_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClausDiamond2003p544-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the details and the stories vary regionally.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 19th century and early parts of the 20th century of the colonial era, Indologists believed that shadow puppet plays had become extinct in India, though mentioned in its ancient Sanskrit texts.<sup id="cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p544_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClausDiamond2003p544-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1930s and thereafter, states Stuart Blackburn, these fears of its extinction were found to be false as evidence emerged that shadow puppetry had remained a vigorous rural tradition in central Kerala mountains, most of Karnataka, northern Andhra Pradesh, parts of Tamil Nadu, Odisha and southern Maharashtra.<sup id="cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p544_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClausDiamond2003p544-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marathi people, particularly of low caste, had preserved and vigorously performed the legends of Hindu epics as a folk tradition. The importance of Marathi artists is evidenced, states Blackburn, from the puppeteers speaking Marathi as their mother tongue in many non-Marathi speaking states of India.<sup id="cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p544_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClausDiamond2003p544-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-left"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Tholpavakooth_at_Kollam.ogv" title="File:Tholpavakooth at Kollam.ogv">A shadow play in Kerala</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tholpavakooth_at_Kollam.ogv/232px--Tholpavakooth_at_Kollam.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" height="154" data-durationhint="44" data-mwtitle="Tholpavakooth_at_Kollam.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Tholpavakooth_at_Kollam.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="424" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Tholpavakooth_at_Kollam.ogv/Tholpavakooth_at_Kollam.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="362" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Tholpavakooth_at_Kollam.ogv/Tholpavakooth_at_Kollam.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="544" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Tholpavakooth_at_Kollam.ogv/Tholpavakooth_at_Kollam.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="544" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="description">Ramayana legend, with audience response (45 seconds)</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>According to Beth Osnes, the <i><a href="/wiki/Tholu_bommalata" title="Tholu bommalata">tholu bommalata</a></i> shadow puppet theatre dates back to the 3rd century BCE, and has attracted patronage ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The puppets used in a <i>tholu bommalata</i> performance, states Phyllis Dircks, are "translucent, lusciously multicolored leather figures four to five feet tall, and feature one or two articulated arms".<sup id="cite_ref-Dircks2004p110_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dircks2004p110-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of making the puppets is an elaborate ritual, where the artist families in India pray, go into seclusion, produce the required art work, then celebrate the "metaphorical birth of a puppet" with flowers and incense.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>tholu pava koothu</i> of Kerala uses leather puppets whose images are projected on a backlit screen. The shadows are used to creatively express characters and stories in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>. A complete performance of the epic can take forty-one nights, while an abridged performance lasts as few as seven days.<sup id="cite_ref-Osnes2001p335_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osnes2001p335-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One feature of the <i>tholu pava koothu</i> show is that it is a team performance of puppeteers, while other shadow plays such as the <i>wayang</i> of Indonesia are performed by a single puppeteer for the same <i>Ramayana</i> story.<sup id="cite_ref-Osnes2001p335_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osnes2001p335-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are regional differences within India in the puppet arts. For example, women play a major role in shadow play theatre in most parts of India, except in Kerala and Maharashtra.<sup id="cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p544_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClausDiamond2003p544-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost everywhere, except Odisha, the puppets are made from tanned deer skin, painted and articulated. Translucent leather puppets are typical in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, while opaque puppets are typical in Kerala and Odisha. The artist troupes typically carry over a hundred puppets for their performance in rural India.<sup id="cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p544_47-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClausDiamond2003p544-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadow_play&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">Wayang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wayang_kulit" title="Wayang kulit">Wayang kulit</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalang_cilik_di_Pasar_Malam_Semawis,_Semarang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Dalang_cilik_di_Pasar_Malam_Semawis%2C_Semarang.jpg/170px-Dalang_cilik_di_Pasar_Malam_Semawis%2C_Semarang.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Dalang_cilik_di_Pasar_Malam_Semawis%2C_Semarang.jpg/255px-Dalang_cilik_di_Pasar_Malam_Semawis%2C_Semarang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Dalang_cilik_di_Pasar_Malam_Semawis%2C_Semarang.jpg/340px-Dalang_cilik_di_Pasar_Malam_Semawis%2C_Semarang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="2138" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wayang_kulit" title="Wayang kulit">Wayang kulit</a> shadowplay performance in Semarang, <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Shadow puppet theatre is called <i><a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">wayang</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wherein a dramatic story is told through shadows thrown by puppets and sometimes combined with human characters.<sup id="cite_ref-Rubin2001p184_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubin2001p184-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wayang is an ancient form of storytelling that renowned for its elaborate puppets and complex musical styles.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest evidence is from the late 1st millennium CE, in medieval-era texts and archeological sites.<sup id="cite_ref-miyao142_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miyao142-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bonnefoy162_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonnefoy162-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 860 CE an Old Javanese charter issued by Maharaja Sri Lokapala mentions three sorts of performers: atapukan, aringgit, and abanol. Ringgit is described in an 11th-century Javanese poem as a leather shadow figure.<sup id="cite_ref-Rawling1999_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawling1999-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike India's shadow plays that incorporated little to no musical performance, Indonesia <i>wayang</i> includes an assemble of gamelan music.<sup id="cite_ref-chen25_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chen25-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Wayang_kulit" title="Wayang kulit">Wayang kulit</a></i>, a style of <i>wayang</i> shadow play, is particularly popular in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>. The term derived from the word <i>wayang</i> literally means "shadow" or "imagination" in <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>; it also connotes "spirit". The word <i>kulit</i> means "skin", as the material from which the puppet is made is thin perforated leather sheets made from buffalo skin. </p><p>Performances of shadow puppet theater in Bali are typically at night, lasting until dawn.<sup id="cite_ref-Rubin2001p184_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubin2001p184-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complete <i>wayang kulit</i> troupes include <i>dalang</i> (puppet master), <i>nayaga</i> (<a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">gamelan</a> players), and <i>sinden</i> (female choral singer). Some of the <i>nayaga</i> also perform as male choral singers. The <i>dalang</i> (puppet master) performs the <i>wayang</i> behind the cotton screen illuminated by oil lamp or modern halogen lamp, creating visual effects similar to animation. The flat puppet has moveable joints that are animated by hand, using rods connected to the puppet. The handle of the rod is made of carved buffalo horn. On November 7, 2003, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> designated <i>wayang kulit</i> from Indonesia as one of the <a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadow_play&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama,_Kelanton,_Malaysia_-_Museu_do_Oriente_-_Lisbon,_Portugal_-_DSC06699.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Rama%2C_Kelanton%2C_Malaysia_-_Museu_do_Oriente_-_Lisbon%2C_Portugal_-_DSC06699.JPG/170px-Rama%2C_Kelanton%2C_Malaysia_-_Museu_do_Oriente_-_Lisbon%2C_Portugal_-_DSC06699.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Rama%2C_Kelanton%2C_Malaysia_-_Museu_do_Oriente_-_Lisbon%2C_Portugal_-_DSC06699.JPG/255px-Rama%2C_Kelanton%2C_Malaysia_-_Museu_do_Oriente_-_Lisbon%2C_Portugal_-_DSC06699.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Rama%2C_Kelanton%2C_Malaysia_-_Museu_do_Oriente_-_Lisbon%2C_Portugal_-_DSC06699.JPG/340px-Rama%2C_Kelanton%2C_Malaysia_-_Museu_do_Oriente_-_Lisbon%2C_Portugal_-_DSC06699.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3015" data-file-height="5172" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> in Malaysian shadow play</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, shadow puppet plays are also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Wayang_kulit" title="Wayang kulit">wayang kulit</a></i>. In <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <i>wayang</i> means "theater", while <i>kulit</i> means "skin/leather" and refers to the puppets that are made out of leather. There are four types of shadow theaters in Malaysia: <i>wayang kulit Jawa, wayang kulit Gedek, wayang kulit Melayu,</i> and <i>wayang kulit Siam.</i> W<i>ayang kulit Jawa</i> and <i>wayang kulit Melayu</i> can be traced back to Javanese Shadows while <i>wayang kulit Gedek and wayang kulit Siam</i> are traced back to Southern Thailand's shadow theaters.<sup id="cite_ref-chen25_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chen25-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stories presented are usually <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythical</a> and morality tales. There is an educational moral to the plays, which usually portray a battle. Malay shadow plays are sometimes considered one of the earliest examples of <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a>. The <i>wayang kulit</i> in the northern states of Malaysia such as <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> is influenced by and similar to Thai shadow puppets, while the <i>wayang kulit</i> in the southern Malay peninsula, especially in <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>, is borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Javanese_culture" title="Javanese culture">Javanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian culture">Indonesian</a> <i>wayang kulit</i> with slight differences in the story and performance. </p><p>The puppets are made primarily of <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> and manipulated with sticks or <a href="/wiki/Domestic_buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic buffalo">buffalo</a> horn handles. Shadows are cast using an <a href="/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">oil lamp</a> or, in modern times, a halogen light, onto a <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> cloth background. They are often associated with <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">gamelan</a> music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadow_play&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_shadow_play_at_Wat_Khanon_Temple_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Grand_shadow_play_at_Wat_Khanon_Temple_003.jpg/270px-Grand_shadow_play_at_Wat_Khanon_Temple_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Grand_shadow_play_at_Wat_Khanon_Temple_003.jpg/405px-Grand_shadow_play_at_Wat_Khanon_Temple_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Grand_shadow_play_at_Wat_Khanon_Temple_003.jpg/540px-Grand_shadow_play_at_Wat_Khanon_Temple_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Nang_yai" title="Nang yai">Nang yai</a></i></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nang_talung" title="Nang talung">Nang talung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nang_yai" title="Nang yai">Nang yai</a></div> <p>Shadow theatre in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> is called <i><a href="/wiki/Nang_yai" title="Nang yai">nang yai</a> (which used large and steady figures)</i>; in the south there is a tradition called <i><a href="/wiki/Nang_talung" title="Nang talung">nang talung</a></i> (which uses small, movable figures).<sup id="cite_ref-chen25_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chen25-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i>Nang yai</i> puppets are normally made of <a href="/wiki/Cowhide" title="Cowhide">cowhide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">rattan</a> and are carried by people in front of the screen compared to behind it.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i>Nang talung</i> shadow play usually occur at domestic rituals and ceremonies or at commercial and temple fairs but they are starting to occur on Thai television.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are different kind of performers in Thailand's shadow play. <i>Nang samai</i> performers are more modern in terms of music and dialogue while <i>Nang booraan</i> performers are more traditional.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Performances are normally accompanied by a combination of <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">songs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">chants</a>. Moreover, there are specific types of performances in Thailand that are political than theatrical like which are called <i>nang kaanmuang</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Performances in Thailand were temporarily suspended in 1960 due to a fire at the national theatre. <i>Nang</i> drama has influenced modern <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" title="Cinema of Thailand">Thai cinema</a>, including filmmakers like <a href="/wiki/Cherd_Songsri" title="Cherd Songsri">Cherd Songsri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Payut_Ngaokrachang" title="Payut Ngaokrachang">Payut Ngaokrachang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadow_play&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karagoz_figures.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Karagoz_figures.jpg/220px-Karagoz_figures.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Karagoz_figures.jpg/330px-Karagoz_figures.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Karagoz_figures.jpg/440px-Karagoz_figures.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>Shadow play Karagöz puppets from Turkey</figcaption></figure> <p>A more bawdy comedy tradition of shadow play was widespread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, possibly since the late 14th century. It was centered around the contrasting interaction between the figures <a href="/wiki/Karag%C3%B6z_and_Hacivat" title="Karagöz and Hacivat">Karagöz and Hacivat</a>: an unprincipled peasant and his fussy, educated companion. Together with other characters they represented all the major social groups in Ottoman culture.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theatres had an enormous following and would take place in coffee houses and in rich private houses and even performed before the sultan. Every quarter of the city had its own Karagöz.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_1988_124–126_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_1988_124–126-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Karagöz theatre consisted of a three sided booth covered with a curtain printed with branches and roses and a white cotton screen by about three feet by four which was inserted in the front. The performance had a three man orchestra who sat at the foot of a small raised stage where they would play for the audience. The show would start when the puppet master lit the oil lamp.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The show could be introduced by a singer, accompanied by a tambourine player.<sup id="cite_ref-Alok2_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alok2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The background and scenery would sometimes include moving ships, riders moving on horseback, swaying palm trees and even dragons. The sound effects included songs and various voices.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Puppets were made to be about 15 inches or 35–40 centimeters high and oiled to make them look translucent. The puppets were made of either horse, water buffalo or calf skin. They had movable limbs and were jointed with waxed thread at the neck, arms, waist and knees and manipulated from rods in their back and held by the finger of the puppet master. The hide is worked until it is semi-transparent; then it is colored, resulting in colorful projections.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_1988_124–126_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_1988_124–126-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alok2_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alok2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karagöz theatre was also adapted in Egypt and North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-light&movement1_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-light&movement1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shadow_puppetry_today">Shadow puppetry today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadow_play&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Shadow puppetry today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/The_Adventures_of_Prince_Achmed_%281926%29.webm/220px-seek%3D674-The_Adventures_of_Prince_Achmed_%281926%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="168" data-durationhint="3902" data-mwtitle="The_Adventures_of_Prince_Achmed_(1926).webm" data-mwprovider="local" resource="/wiki/File:The_Adventures_of_Prince_Achmed_(1926).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/9/9d/The_Adventures_of_Prince_Achmed_%281926%29.webm/The_Adventures_of_Prince_Achmed_%281926%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="630" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/9/9d/The_Adventures_of_Prince_Achmed_%281926%29.webm/The_Adventures_of_Prince_Achmed_%281926%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="944" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/9/9d/The_Adventures_of_Prince_Achmed_%281926%29.webm/The_Adventures_of_Prince_Achmed_%281926%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1416" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9d/The_Adventures_of_Prince_Achmed_%281926%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1416" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/9/9d/The_Adventures_of_Prince_Achmed_%281926%29.webm/The_Adventures_of_Prince_Achmed_%281926%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="188" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/9/9d/The_Adventures_of_Prince_Achmed_%281926%29.webm/The_Adventures_of_Prince_Achmed_%281926%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="314" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/9/9d/The_Adventures_of_Prince_Achmed_%281926%29.webm/The_Adventures_of_Prince_Achmed_%281926%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="472" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/9/9d/The_Adventures_of_Prince_Achmed_%281926%29.webm/The_Adventures_of_Prince_Achmed_%281926%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="472" data-height="360" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_Adventures_of_Prince_Achmed_%281926%29.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Prince_Achmed" title="The Adventures of Prince Achmed">The Adventures of Prince Achmed</a></i> (1926), an animated film directed by <a href="/wiki/Lotte_Reiniger" title="Lotte Reiniger">Lotte Reiniger</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1910s, the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> animator <a href="/wiki/Lotte_Reiniger" title="Lotte Reiniger">Lotte Reiniger</a> pioneered <a href="/wiki/Silhouette_animation" title="Silhouette animation">silhouette animation</a> as a format, whereby shadow-play-like puppets are filmed <a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">frame-by-frame</a>. This technique has been kept alive by subsequent animators and is still practised today, though <a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">cel animation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">computer animation</a> has also been used to imitate the look of shadow play and silhouette animation. By the 1920s, shadow puppetry had breached the world of <a href="/wiki/German_Expressionism" class="mw-redirect" title="German Expressionism">German Expressionism</a>, through the silent film <i><a href="/wiki/Schatten_%E2%80%93_Eine_n%C3%A4chtliche_Halluzination" title="Schatten – Eine nächtliche Halluzination">Warning Shadows</a></i>. </p><p>Traditional Chinese shadow puppetry was brought to audiences in the United States in the 1920s and 1930s through the efforts of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauline_Benton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pauline Benton (page does not exist)">Pauline Benton</a>. Contemporary artists such as <a href="/wiki/Annie_Katsura_Rollins" title="Annie Katsura Rollins">Annie Katsura Rollins</a> have perpetuated the medium, sometimes combining the form with Western theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-Shadow_Woman_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shadow_Woman-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shadow theatre is still popular in many parts of Asia. <a href="/wiki/Prahlad_Acharya" title="Prahlad Acharya">Prahlad Acharya</a> is one famous <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> magician who incorporates it into his performances. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karagoz_theatre_06315.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Karagoz_theatre_06315.JPG/220px-Karagoz_theatre_06315.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Karagoz_theatre_06315.JPG/330px-Karagoz_theatre_06315.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Karagoz_theatre_06315.JPG/440px-Karagoz_theatre_06315.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Shadow <a href="/wiki/Puppeteer" title="Puppeteer">puppeteer</a>, 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 2010s, performer Tom McDonagh introduced <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">3-D</a> shadow puppets and the use of laser-cut objects.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It also appears occasionally in <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">western</a> <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>; for example: </p> <ul><li>The Broadway musical <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King_(musical)" title="The Lion King (musical)">The Lion King</a></i></li> <li>The children's television show <i><a href="/wiki/Bear_in_the_Big_Blue_House" title="Bear in the Big Blue House">Bear in the Big Blue House</a></i></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/1983_in_film" title="1983 in film">1983</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Year_of_Living_Dangerously_(film)" title="The Year of Living Dangerously (film)">The Year of Living Dangerously</a></i> opens with a scene from an Indonesian <i><a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">wayang</a></i> shadow play</li> <li>The 2004 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Sudeki" title="Sudeki">Sudeki</a></i> opens with a shadow puppet play setting the stage for the game</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Puppetry_Arts" title="Center for Puppetry Arts">Center for Puppetry Arts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, has an extensive variety of Chinese shadow puppets in their Asian collection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/2010_in_film" title="2010 in film">2010</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Karate_Kid_(2010_film)" title="The Karate Kid (2010 film)">The Karate Kid</a></i></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Disney_Channel" title="Disney Channel">Disney Channel</a> show <i>What a Life</i> features shadow puppetry from <a href="/wiki/Sunny_Seki" title="Sunny Seki">Sunny Seki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Music videos, notably "The Free Design" by <a href="/wiki/Stereolab" title="Stereolab">Stereolab</a> and "Twice" by <a href="/wiki/Little_Dragon" title="Little Dragon">Little Dragon</a></li> <li>The 2021 film <i><a href="/wiki/Candyman_(2021_film)" title="Candyman (2021 film)">Candyman</a></i> uses shadow puppetry to portray several African-American victims of racial violence throughout history, including Sherman Fields (who appears at the beginning of the film), <a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Anthony_Crawford" title="Lynching of Anthony Crawford">Anthony Crawford</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Stinney" title="George Stinney">George Stinney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Byrd,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Byrd, Jr.">James Byrd, Jr.</a></li> <li>In 2023, the performer known as Shadow Ace performed on <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_18)" class="mw-redirect" title="America's Got Talent (season 18)">season 18</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Got_Talent" title="America's Got Talent">America's Got Talent</a></i> to a standing ovation.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadow_play&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 1615px;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Galleries</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 315px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 310px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajang_kulit_pop_voorstellende_Kumbakarna._TMnr_8-276.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wayang Kulit (Shadow Puppet) Kumbakarna, Tropenmuseum Collections, Indonesia, before 1914"><img alt="Wayang Kulit (Shadow Puppet) Kumbakarna, Tropenmuseum Collections, Indonesia, before 1914" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajang_kulit_pop_voorstellende_Kumbakarna._TMnr_8-276.jpg/180px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajang_kulit_pop_voorstellende_Kumbakarna._TMnr_8-276.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajang_kulit_pop_voorstellende_Kumbakarna._TMnr_8-276.jpg/270px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajang_kulit_pop_voorstellende_Kumbakarna._TMnr_8-276.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajang_kulit_pop_voorstellende_Kumbakarna._TMnr_8-276.jpg/360px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajang_kulit_pop_voorstellende_Kumbakarna._TMnr_8-276.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wayang_Kulit" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayang Kulit">Wayang Kulit</a> (Shadow Puppet) <a href="/wiki/Kumbakarna" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumbakarna">Kumbakarna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropenmuseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropenmuseum">Tropenmuseum</a> Collections, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, before 1914</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 315px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 310px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_van_perkament_voorstellende_Gatot_Kaca_TMnr_8-273.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wayang Kulit (Shadow Puppet) Gatot Kaca, Tropenmuseum Collections, Indonesia, before 1914"><img alt="Wayang Kulit (Shadow Puppet) Gatot Kaca, Tropenmuseum Collections, Indonesia, before 1914" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_van_perkament_voorstellende_Gatot_Kaca_TMnr_8-273.jpg/240px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_van_perkament_voorstellende_Gatot_Kaca_TMnr_8-273.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_van_perkament_voorstellende_Gatot_Kaca_TMnr_8-273.jpg/360px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_van_perkament_voorstellende_Gatot_Kaca_TMnr_8-273.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_van_perkament_voorstellende_Gatot_Kaca_TMnr_8-273.jpg/480px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_van_perkament_voorstellende_Gatot_Kaca_TMnr_8-273.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wayang_Kulit" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayang Kulit">Wayang Kulit</a> (Shadow Puppet) <a href="/wiki/Gatot_Kaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Gatot Kaca">Gatot Kaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropenmuseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropenmuseum">Tropenmuseum</a> Collections, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, before 1914</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 315px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 310px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangpop_van_karbouwenhuid_voorstellende_Wibisana_TMnr_809-29a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wayang Kulit (Shadow Puppet) Wibisana, Tropenmuseum Collections, Indonesia before 1933"><img alt="Wayang Kulit (Shadow Puppet) Wibisana, Tropenmuseum Collections, Indonesia before 1933" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangpop_van_karbouwenhuid_voorstellende_Wibisana_TMnr_809-29a.jpg/202px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangpop_van_karbouwenhuid_voorstellende_Wibisana_TMnr_809-29a.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangpop_van_karbouwenhuid_voorstellende_Wibisana_TMnr_809-29a.jpg/303px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangpop_van_karbouwenhuid_voorstellende_Wibisana_TMnr_809-29a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangpop_van_karbouwenhuid_voorstellende_Wibisana_TMnr_809-29a.jpg/404px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangpop_van_karbouwenhuid_voorstellende_Wibisana_TMnr_809-29a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="713" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wayang_Kulit" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayang Kulit">Wayang Kulit</a> (Shadow Puppet) <a href="/wiki/Wibisana" class="mw-redirect" title="Wibisana">Wibisana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropenmuseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropenmuseum">Tropenmuseum</a> Collections, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> before 1933</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 315px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 310px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangpop_TMnr_4833-101.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wayang Kulit (Shadow Puppet) Princess Shinta, Tropenmuseum Collections, Indonesia before 1983"><img alt="Wayang Kulit (Shadow Puppet) Princess Shinta, Tropenmuseum Collections, Indonesia before 1983" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangpop_TMnr_4833-101.jpg/240px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangpop_TMnr_4833-101.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangpop_TMnr_4833-101.jpg/360px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangpop_TMnr_4833-101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangpop_TMnr_4833-101.jpg/480px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangpop_TMnr_4833-101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wayang_Kulit" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayang Kulit">Wayang Kulit</a> (Shadow Puppet) Princess <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Shinta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropenmuseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropenmuseum">Tropenmuseum</a> Collections, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> before 1983</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 315px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 310px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajang_kulit_pop_voorstellende_Yudhistira_TMnr_8-264.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wayang Kulit (Shadow Puppet) Yudhishthira, Tropenmuseum Collections, Indonesia before 1914"><img alt="Wayang Kulit (Shadow Puppet) Yudhishthira, Tropenmuseum Collections, Indonesia before 1914" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajang_kulit_pop_voorstellende_Yudhistira_TMnr_8-264.jpg/275px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajang_kulit_pop_voorstellende_Yudhistira_TMnr_8-264.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajang_kulit_pop_voorstellende_Yudhistira_TMnr_8-264.jpg/412px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajang_kulit_pop_voorstellende_Yudhistira_TMnr_8-264.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajang_kulit_pop_voorstellende_Yudhistira_TMnr_8-264.jpg/550px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajang_kulit_pop_voorstellende_Yudhistira_TMnr_8-264.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wayang_Kulit" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayang Kulit">Wayang Kulit</a> (Shadow Puppet) <a href="/wiki/Yudhishthira" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhishthira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropenmuseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropenmuseum">Tropenmuseum</a> Collections, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> before 1914</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 315px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 310px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_voorstellende_de_hemelnymf_Dewi_Tari_TMnr_883-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wayang Kulit (Shadow Puppet) Princess Tari, Tropenmuseum Collections, Indonesia before 1934"><img alt="Wayang Kulit (Shadow Puppet) Princess Tari, Tropenmuseum Collections, Indonesia before 1934" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_voorstellende_de_hemelnymf_Dewi_Tari_TMnr_883-13.jpg/180px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_voorstellende_de_hemelnymf_Dewi_Tari_TMnr_883-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_voorstellende_de_hemelnymf_Dewi_Tari_TMnr_883-13.jpg/270px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_voorstellende_de_hemelnymf_Dewi_Tari_TMnr_883-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_voorstellende_de_hemelnymf_Dewi_Tari_TMnr_883-13.jpg/360px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_voorstellende_de_hemelnymf_Dewi_Tari_TMnr_883-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wayang_Kulit" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayang Kulit">Wayang Kulit</a> (Shadow Puppet) Princess Tari, <a href="/wiki/Tropenmuseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropenmuseum">Tropenmuseum</a> Collections, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> before 1934</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 315px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 310px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WayangKulit_Scene_Zoom.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Indonesian Wayang kulit as seen by the audience"><img alt="Indonesian Wayang kulit as seen by the audience" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/WayangKulit_Scene_Zoom.JPG/180px-WayangKulit_Scene_Zoom.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/WayangKulit_Scene_Zoom.JPG/270px-WayangKulit_Scene_Zoom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/WayangKulit_Scene_Zoom.JPG/360px-WayangKulit_Scene_Zoom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Wayang_kulit" title="Wayang kulit">Wayang kulit</a></i> as seen by the audience</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 315px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 310px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wayang_Bali.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wayang kulit puppet in Bali, Indonesia"><img alt="Wayang kulit puppet in Bali, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Wayang_Bali.jpg/133px-Wayang_Bali.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Wayang_Bali.jpg/200px-Wayang_Bali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Wayang_Bali.jpg/267px-Wayang_Bali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="1054" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Wayang_kulit" title="Wayang kulit">Wayang kulit</a></i> puppet in <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 315px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 310px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karagoez-davul-Hacivat-zurna.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karagöz and Hacivat"><img alt="Karagöz and Hacivat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Karagoez-davul-Hacivat-zurna.jpg/206px-Karagoez-davul-Hacivat-zurna.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Karagoez-davul-Hacivat-zurna.jpg/309px-Karagoez-davul-Hacivat-zurna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Karagoez-davul-Hacivat-zurna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="281" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Karag%C3%B6z_and_Hacivat" title="Karagöz and Hacivat">Karagöz and Hacivat</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 315px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 310px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Shadow_Play.ogv/264px--Shadow_Play.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="264" height="180" data-durationhint="68" data-mwtitle="Shadow_Play.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/Shadow_Play.ogv/Shadow_Play.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="352" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Shadow_Play.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="352" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/Shadow_Play.ogv/Shadow_Play.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="352" data-height="240" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Short video showing shadow play in Kota Bahru, Malaysia, including behind the scenes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 315px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 310px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karagiozis.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Karagiozis shadow puppet"><img alt="Karagiozis shadow puppet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Karagiozis.png/114px-Karagiozis.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Karagiozis.png/170px-Karagiozis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Karagiozis.png/227px-Karagiozis.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="633" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Karagiozis" title="Karagiozis">Karagiozis</a> shadow puppet</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadow_play&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFÖzcan2002" class="citation journal cs1">Özcan, Oğuzhan (July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1162/074793602320223262">"Cultures, the Traditional Shadow Play, and Interactive Media Design"</a>. <i>Design Issues</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 18–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F074793602320223262">10.1162/074793602320223262</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0747-9360">0747-9360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Design+Issues&rft.atitle=Cultures%2C+the+Traditional+Shadow+Play%2C+and+Interactive+Media+Design&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=18-26&rft.date=2002-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F074793602320223262&rft.issn=0747-9360&rft.aulast=%C3%96zcan&rft.aufirst=O%C4%9Fuzhan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1162%2F074793602320223262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/shadow-play-01368">"UNESCO - Shadow play"</a>. <i>ich.unesco.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ich.unesco.org&rft.atitle=UNESCO+-+Shadow+play&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FUSL%2Fshadow-play-01368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orr69-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-orr69_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orr69_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orr69_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orr69_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrr1974" class="citation journal cs1">Orr, Inge C. (1974). "Puppet Theatre in Asia". <i>Asian Folklore Studies</i>. <b>10</b> (1). Nanzan University: 69–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1177504">10.2307/1177504</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1177504">1177504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Folklore+Studies&rft.atitle=Puppet+Theatre+in+Asia&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-84&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1177504&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1177504%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Orr&rft.aufirst=Inge+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bosnes302-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bosnes302_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bosnes302_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeth_Osnes2001" class="citation book cs1">Beth Osnes (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WTkCI62oXjEC&pg=PA335"><i>Acting: An International Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-795-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-795-9"><bdi>978-0-87436-795-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acting%3A+An+International+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87436-795-9&rft.au=Beth+Osnes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWTkCI62oXjEC%26pg%3DPA335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeth_Osnes2010" class="citation book cs1">Beth Osnes (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ykQlV616gX4C"><i>The Shadow Puppet Theatre of Malaysia: A Study of Wayang Kulit with Performance Scripts and Puppet Designs</i></a>. McFarland. pp. 61–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5792-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5792-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-5792-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shadow+Puppet+Theatre+of+Malaysia%3A+A+Study+of+Wayang+Kulit+with+Performance+Scripts+and+Puppet+Designs&rft.pages=61-63&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5792-2&rft.au=Beth+Osnes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DykQlV616gX4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/decisions">"UNESCO - Decision of the Intergovernmental Committee: 13.COM 10.A.7"</a>. <i>ich.unesco.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ich.unesco.org&rft.atitle=UNESCO+-+Decision+of+the+Intergovernmental+Committee%3A+13.COM+10.A.7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fdecisions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chen25-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chen25_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chen25_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chen25_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chen25_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chen25_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fan Pen Chen (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1179080">Shadow Theaters of the World</a>, Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 62, No. 1 (2003), pp. 25-64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rawling1999-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rawling1999_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rawling1999_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawlings1999" class="citation web cs1">Rawlings, Keith (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.citenet.net/users/ctmw2400/chapter2.html">"Observations on the historical development of puppetry"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Observations+on+the+historical+development+of+puppetry&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Rawlings&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpages.citenet.net%2Fusers%2Fctmw2400%2Fchapter2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Banham1996" class="citation book cs1">Martin Banham (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ubr35UeE-UQC"><i>The Cambridge Paperback Guide to Theatre</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 434, 526–531, 906, 1114–1115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44654-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44654-9"><bdi>978-0-521-44654-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Paperback+Guide+to+Theatre&rft.pages=434%2C+526-531%2C+906%2C+1114-1115&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44654-9&rft.au=Martin+Banham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUbr35UeE-UQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banham1996p241-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Banham1996p241_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banham1996p241_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Banham1996" class="citation book cs1">Martin Banham (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ubr35UeE-UQC&pg=PA241"><i>The Cambridge Paperback Guide to Theatre</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 241–242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44654-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44654-9"><bdi>978-0-521-44654-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Paperback+Guide+to+Theatre&rft.pages=241-242&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44654-9&rft.au=Martin+Banham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUbr35UeE-UQC%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banham1996p887-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Banham1996p887_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Banham1996" class="citation book cs1">Martin Banham (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ubr35UeE-UQC"><i>The Cambridge Paperback Guide to Theatre</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 887–888. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44654-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44654-9"><bdi>978-0-521-44654-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Paperback+Guide+to+Theatre&rft.pages=887-888&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44654-9&rft.au=Martin+Banham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUbr35UeE-UQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kuhn371-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kuhn371_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kuhn371_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnette_KuhnGuy_Westwell2012" class="citation book cs1">Annette Kuhn; Guy Westwell (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxcVXI-AwkUC&pg=PA371"><i>A Dictionary of Film Studies</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958726-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958726-1"><bdi>978-0-19-958726-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Film+Studies&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-958726-1&rft.au=Annette+Kuhn&rft.au=Guy+Westwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZxcVXI-AwkUC%26pg%3DPA371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boehn352-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boehn352_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boehn352_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMax_von_Boehn2013" class="citation book cs1">Max von Boehn (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WH58CgAAQBAJ"><i>A Photographic Guide to the History of the Shadow Puppet Theatre in the West</i></a>. Read. pp. 352–355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4474-8098-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4474-8098-3"><bdi>978-1-4474-8098-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Photographic+Guide+to+the+History+of+the+Shadow+Puppet+Theatre+in+the+West&rft.pages=352-355&rft.pub=Read&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4474-8098-3&rft.au=Max+von+Boehn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWH58CgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvelyn_K._MoorePatricia_Anne_Simpson2007" class="citation book cs1">Evelyn K. Moore; Patricia Anne Simpson (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t8NziuogPvcC&pg=PA255"><i>The Enlightened Eye: Goethe and Visual Culture</i></a>. Rodopi. pp. 255–256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2124-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2124-2"><bdi>978-90-420-2124-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enlightened+Eye%3A+Goethe+and+Visual+Culture&rft.pages=255-256&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-420-2124-2&rft.au=Evelyn+K.+Moore&rft.au=Patricia+Anne+Simpson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt8NziuogPvcC%26pg%3DPA255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Herbert2000" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Herbert (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pwg_dav1IpcC"><i>A History of Pre-cinema</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. iv–ix, Introduction chapter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21148-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21148-2"><bdi>978-0-415-21148-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Pre-cinema&rft.pages=iv-ix%2C+Introduction+chapter&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21148-2&rft.au=Stephen+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpwg_dav1IpcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olive Cook (1963), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/movementintwodim00cook">Movement in Two Dimensions</a>, Hutchinson, pages 47-58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Logan, D, <i>Puppetry</i>, p.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anaphoria.com/shadow.html">The Shadow Theatre of Anaphoria</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://puppetplace.wordpress.com/2018/02/13/projection-first-light-an-interview-with-michael-chu/">"Projection: First Light – An Interview with Michael Chu"</a>. <i>Puppet Place News</i>. 13 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Puppet+Place+News&rft.atitle=Projection%3A+First+Light+%E2%80%93+An+Interview+with+Michael+Chu&rft.date=2018-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpuppetplace.wordpress.com%2F2018%2F02%2F13%2Fprojection-first-light-an-interview-with-michael-chu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Banham1995" class="citation book cs1">Martin Banham (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh"><i>The Cambridge Guide to Theatre</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh/page/153">153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43437-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43437-9"><bdi>978-0-521-43437-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Guide+to+Theatre&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43437-9&rft.au=Martin+Banham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgeguideto0000banh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kravel1995p1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kravel1995p1_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kravel1995p1_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPech_Tum_Kravel1995" class="citation book cs1">Pech Tum Kravel (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hCnlMEIU6BkC"><i>Sbek Thom: Khmer Shadow Theater</i></a>. SEAP Publications. pp. iii–iv, 2–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-620-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-620-3"><bdi>978-0-87727-620-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sbek+Thom%3A+Khmer+Shadow+Theater&rft.pages=iii-iv%2C+2-8&rft.pub=SEAP+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-87727-620-3&rft.au=Pech+Tum+Kravel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhCnlMEIU6BkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-banham155-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-banham155_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-banham155_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Banham1995" class="citation book cs1">Martin Banham (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh"><i>The Cambridge Guide to Theatre</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh/page/n172">155</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43437-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43437-9"><bdi>978-0-521-43437-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Guide+to+Theatre&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43437-9&rft.au=Martin+Banham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgeguideto0000banh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kravel4-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kravel4_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kravel4_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kravel4_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPech_Tum_Kravel1995" class="citation book cs1">Pech Tum Kravel (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hCnlMEIU6BkC"><i>Sbek Thom: Khmer Shadow Theater</i></a>. SEAP Publications. pp. 3–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-620-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-620-3"><bdi>978-0-87727-620-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sbek+Thom%3A+Khmer+Shadow+Theater&rft.pages=3-5&rft.pub=SEAP+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-87727-620-3&rft.au=Pech+Tum+Kravel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhCnlMEIU6BkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFan_Pen_Li_Chen2007" class="citation book cs1">Fan Pen Li Chen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aZu9Cje8TfkC&q=shadow%20theatre%20history&pg=PA22"><i>Chinese Shadow Theatre: History, Popular Religion, and Women Warriors</i></a>. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773531970" title="Special:BookSources/9780773531970"><bdi>9780773531970</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Shadow+Theatre%3A+History%2C+Popular+Religion%2C+and+Women+Warriors&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+-+MQUP&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780773531970&rft.au=Fan+Pen+Li+Chen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaZu9Cje8TfkC%26q%3Dshadow%2520theatre%2520history%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolby1978" class="citation journal cs1">Dolby, William (1978). "The Origins of Chinese Puppetry". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London</i>. <b>41</b> (1): 97–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00057803">10.1017/S0041977X00057803</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/615625">615625</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194042455">194042455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Chinese+Puppetry&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-120&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194042455%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F615625%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00057803&rft.aulast=Dolby&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRui2018" class="citation journal cs1">Rui, Tang (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/atj.2018.0012">"The Heritage of Wang Piying Troupe: Shadow Puppetry in North Sichuan"</a>. <i>Asian Theatre Journal</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 53–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fatj.2018.0012">10.1353/atj.2018.0012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-2109">1527-2109</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165900356">165900356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Theatre+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Heritage+of+Wang+Piying+Troupe%3A+Shadow+Puppetry+in+North+Sichuan&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-69&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165900356%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1527-2109&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fatj.2018.0012&rft.aulast=Rui&rft.aufirst=Tang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1353%2Fatj.2018.0012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ewart-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ewart_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ewart, Franzeska G. [1998] (1998). Let the Shadows speak: developing children's language through shadow puppetry. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85856-099-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85856-099-3">1-85856-099-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cvista-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cvista_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chinavista. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinavista.com/experience/piying/piying.html">Chinavista.com</a>." <i>The Shadow show.</i> Retrieved on 2007-05-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=20,29,35,45&post=25372">"Puppeteering"</a>. <i>Free China Journal</i>. 1 January 1986<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2021</span>. <q>The origins of Taiwan shadow puppetry trace back to the 17th or early 18th Centuries. When General Koxinga (1624–1662) expelled Dutch occupation forces from Taiwan, growing numbers of settlers crossed the Strait to the island. Among them were shadow puppeteers from Chaochow in Kwangtung Province. And in the interstices of time, their artform took root and gradually developed into an indispensable element of rural life in southern Taiwan. The early troupes of shadow puppeteers concentrated in the Tainan, Kaohsiung and Pingtung areas. According to contemporary shadow-puppet master Chang Tien-pao, his grandfather once told him that in the waning years of the Ching Dynasty (1644–1911), there were forty-odd puppet troupes in Kangshan, and thirty-odd in the single village of Hsialiao, both in Kaohsiung County—an astounding popularity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Free+China+Journal&rft.atitle=Puppeteering&rft.date=1986-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaiwantoday.tw%2Fnews.php%3Funit%3D20%2C29%2C35%2C45%26post%3D25372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plat.+Rep.+7.514&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0167">"Plato, Republic, book 7, page 514"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Plato%2C+Republic%2C+book+7%2C+page+514&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPlat.%2BRep.%2B7.514%26fromdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-light&movement1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-light&movement1_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-light&movement1_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-light&movement1_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-light&movement1_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-light&movement1_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-light&movement1_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Robinson in <i>Light and Movement</i>, Chapter 1, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossell2002" class="citation book cs1">Rossell, Deac (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/379115"><i>Leibniz and the Lantern</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leibniz+and+the+Lantern&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Rossell&rft.aufirst=Deac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F379115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz1675" class="citation book cs1">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1675). <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Dr%C3%B4le_de_Pens%C3%A9e,_touchant_une_nouvelle_sorte_de_repr%C3%A9sentations"><i>Drôle de Pensée, touchant une nouvelle sorte de représentations</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr%C3%B4le+de+Pens%C3%A9e%2C+touchant+une+nouvelle+sorte+de+repr%C3%A9sentations&rft.date=1675&rft.au=Gottfried+Wilhelm+Leibniz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FDr%25C3%25B4le_de_Pens%25C3%25A9e%2C_touchant_une_nouvelle_sorte_de_repr%25C3%25A9sentations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Altick-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Altick_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltick1978" class="citation book cs1">Altick, Richard Daniel (January 1978). <i>The Shows of London</i>. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674807310" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674807310"><bdi>978-0674807310</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shows+of+London&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1978-01&rft.isbn=978-0674807310&rft.aulast=Altick&rft.aufirst=Richard+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pupazzi-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pupazzi_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lespupazzinoirso00lemeuoft/lespupazzinoirso00lemeuoft_djvu.txt">"Full text of "Les pupazzi noirs"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Paris C. Mendel. 1896<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Full+text+of+%22Les+pupazzi+noirs%22&rft.pub=Paris+C.+Mendel&rft.date=1896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flespupazzinoirso00lemeuoft%2Flespupazzinoirso00lemeuoft_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stafford-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stafford_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaffordTerpak2002" class="citation book cs1">Stafford, Barbara; Terpak, Frances (1 February 2002). <i>Devices of Wonder: From the World in a Box to Images on a Screen</i>. Getty Research Institute, U.S. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0892365906" title="Special:BookSources/978-0892365906"><bdi>978-0892365906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devices+of+Wonder%3A+From+the+World+in+a+Box+to+Images+on+a+Screen&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Getty+Research+Institute%2C+U.S&rft.date=2002-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0892365906&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Terpak%2C+Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, Richard; Cate, Philip Dennis; Chapin, Mary Weaver; Coman, Florence E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nga.gov/content/dam/ngaweb/research/publications/pdfs/toulouse-lautrec-and-montmartre.pdf"><i>Toulouse-Lautrec and Montmartre</i></a>. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, Princeton University Press. pp. 37-41. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691123373" title="Special:BookSources/0691123373">0691123373</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56632116">56632116</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/events/exhibitions/in-the-musee-dorsay/exhibitions-in-the-musee-dorsay/article/le-cabaret-du-chat-noir-1881-1897-6768.html?cHash=2525e3a5cd">"Musée d'Orsay: Le Cabaret du Chat Noir (1881-1897)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mus%C3%A9e+d%27Orsay%3A+Le+Cabaret+du+Chat+Noir+%281881-1897%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musee-orsay.fr%2Fen%2Fevents%2Fexhibitions%2Fin-the-musee-dorsay%2Fexhibitions-in-the-musee-dorsay%2Farticle%2Fle-cabaret-du-chat-noir-1881-1897-6768.html%3FcHash%3D2525e3a5cd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Spirit of Montmartre: Cabarets, Humour and the Avant-Garde, 1875-1905</i>. edited by Phillip Dennis Cate and Mary Shaw (1996) , excerpted on line as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20040302130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/13071/20040303-0000/www.acmi.net.au/AIC/RIVIERE.html">Henri Riviere: Le Chat noir and 'Shadow Theatre'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Centre_for_the_Moving_Image" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Centre for the Moving Image">Australian Centre for the Moving Image</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/works-in-focus/decorative-arts/commentaire_id/infantry-mounting-an-assault-17678.html?tx_commentaire_pi1%5BpidLi%5D=846&tx_commentaire_pi1%5Bfrom%5D=843&cHash=922d5c2b6f">"Musée d'Orsay - Works in focus: Infantry mounting an assault"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mus%C3%A9e+d%27Orsay+-+Works+in+focus%3A+Infantry+mounting+an+assault&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musee-orsay.fr%2Fen%2Fcollections%2Fworks-in-focus%2Fdecorative-arts%2Fcommentaire_id%2Finfantry-mounting-an-assault-17678.html%3Ftx_commentaire_pi1%255BpidLi%255D%3D846%26tx_commentaire_pi1%255Bfrom%255D%3D843%26cHash%3D922d5c2b6f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montmartre-secret.com/article-montmartre-le-cabaret-du-chat-noir-2-rue-victor-masse-salis-69278723.html">"montmartre-secret.com - Montmartre: Le cabaret du Chat Noir (2) rue Victor Massé"</a>. 19 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=montmartre-secret.com+-+Montmartre%3A+Le+cabaret+du+Chat+Noir+%282%29+rue+Victor+Mass%C3%A9&rft.date=2011-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.montmartre-secret.com%2Farticle-montmartre-le-cabaret-du-chat-noir-2-rue-victor-masse-salis-69278723.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theatredesombres.free.fr/">"Theatre des Ombres : une compagnie spécialisée dans le théâtre d'ombreset les ombres chinoises, la réalisation de spectacles d'ombres, lesreprésentations de spectacles d'ombre chinoise, atelier et spectacle de théâtre d'ombre, stage de theatre d'ombres, shadow puppets, shadows show, shadowtheater"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theatre+des+Ombres+%3A+une+compagnie+sp%C3%A9cialis%C3%A9e+dans+le+th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre+d%27ombreset+les+ombres+chinoises%2C+la+r%C3%A9alisation+de+spectacles+d%27ombres%2C+lesrepr%C3%A9sentations+de+spectacles+d%27ombre+chinoise%2C+atelier+et+spectacle+de+th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre+d%27ombre%2C+stage+de+theatre+d%27ombres%2C+shadow+puppets%2C+shadows+show%2C+shadowtheater&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheatredesombres.free.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ccrt-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ccrt_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515224842/http://ccrtindia.gov.in/puppetforms.htm">"Puppet Forms of India"</a>. Centre for Cultural Resources and Training (CCRT), Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccrtindia.gov.in/puppetforms.htm">the original</a> on 2013-05-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Puppet+Forms+of+India&rft.pub=Centre+for+Cultural+Resources+and+Training+%28CCRT%29%2C+Ministry+of+Culture%2C+Government+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccrtindia.gov.in%2Fpuppetforms.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lopes, Rui Oliveira. (2016) "A new light on the shadows of heavenly bodies. Indian shadow puppets: from still paintings to motion pictures". Religion and the Arts, vol. 20, no. 1-2, pp. 160-196. DOI: 10.1163/15685292-02001008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClausSarah_DiamondMargaret_Ann_Mills2003" class="citation book cs1">Claus, Peter J.; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC"><i>South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 108–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93919-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93919-4"><bdi>0-415-93919-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+folklore%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.pages=108-110&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-415-93919-4&rft.aulast=Claus&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.au=Sarah+Diamond&rft.au=Margaret+Ann+Mills&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DienxrTPHzzwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeth_Osnes2001" class="citation book cs1">Beth Osnes (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WTkCI62oXjEC&pg=PA335"><i>Acting: An International Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 152, 179–180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-795-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-795-9"><bdi>978-0-87436-795-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acting%3A+An+International+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=152%2C+179-180&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87436-795-9&rft.au=Beth+Osnes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWTkCI62oXjEC%26pg%3DPA335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ClausDiamond2003p544-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p544_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p544_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p544_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p544_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p544_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p544_47-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p544_47-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart_Blackburn2003" class="citation book cs1">Stuart Blackburn (2003). Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond and Margaret Ann Mills (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&pg=PA543"><i>South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 543–544. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5"><bdi>978-0-415-93919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Folklore%3A+An+Encyclopedia+%3A+Afghanistan%2C+Bangladesh%2C+India%2C+Nepal%2C+Pakistan%2C+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=543-544&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93919-5&rft.au=Stuart+Blackburn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DienxrTPHzzwC%26pg%3DPA543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArjun_AppaduraiFrank_J._KoromMargaret_Ann_Mills1991" class="citation book cs1">Arjun Appadurai; Frank J. Korom; Margaret Ann Mills (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9j68pRNtezAC&pg=PA379"><i>Gender, Genre, and Power in South Asian Expressive Traditions</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 379–391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1337-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1337-8"><bdi>0-8122-1337-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender%2C+Genre%2C+and+Power+in+South+Asian+Expressive+Traditions&rft.pages=379-391&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8122-1337-8&rft.au=Arjun+Appadurai&rft.au=Frank+J.+Korom&rft.au=Margaret+Ann+Mills&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9j68pRNtezAC%26pg%3DPA379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stuart Blackburn (1998), <i>Looking Across the Contextual Divide: Studying Performance in South India</i>, South Asia Research, Volume 18, Issue 1, pages 1-11, Quote: "If performance is the cultural organisation of behaviour, it is interesting that these cultural forms vary so widely from area to area. To return to south India, tales are told and songs sung throughout the region, but the same is not true for long narrative singing (epic and the like), or for dance, or for drama; even masks, so widespread in Kerala and other parts of south India, are not significant in Tamil culture."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeth_Osnes2001" class="citation book cs1">Beth Osnes (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WTkCI62oXjEC&pg=PA335"><i>Acting: An International Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-795-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-795-9"><bdi>978-0-87436-795-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acting%3A+An+International+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87436-795-9&rft.au=Beth+Osnes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWTkCI62oXjEC%26pg%3DPA335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dircks2004p110-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dircks2004p110_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhyllis_T._Dircks2004" class="citation book cs1">Phyllis T. Dircks (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VVQd4UD7k40C&pg=PA110"><i>American Puppetry: Collections, History and Performance</i></a>. McFarland. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1896-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1896-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-1896-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Puppetry%3A+Collections%2C+History+and+Performance&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1896-1&rft.au=Phyllis+T.+Dircks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVVQd4UD7k40C%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Bell1999" class="citation book cs1">John Bell (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DUrt2TWsHNIC"><i>Puppets, Masks, and Performing Objects</i></a>. MIT Press. pp. 146–147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52293-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52293-9"><bdi>978-0-262-52293-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puppets%2C+Masks%2C+and+Performing+Objects&rft.pages=146-147&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-262-52293-9&rft.au=John+Bell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDUrt2TWsHNIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osnes2001p335-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Osnes2001p335_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osnes2001p335_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeth_Osnes2001" class="citation book cs1">Beth Osnes (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WTkCI62oXjEC&pg=PA335"><i>Acting: An International Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 335–336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-795-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-795-9"><bdi>978-0-87436-795-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acting%3A+An+International+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=335-336&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87436-795-9&rft.au=Beth+Osnes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWTkCI62oXjEC%26pg%3DPA335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_R._Brandon2009" class="citation book cs1">James R. Brandon (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g-tAlBV5_LkC"><i>Theatre in Southeast Asia</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 44–56, 143–145, 352–353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02874-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02874-6"><bdi>978-0-674-02874-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theatre+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=44-56%2C+143-145%2C+352-353&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02874-6&rft.au=James+R.+Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg-tAlBV5_LkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubin2001p184-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin2001p184_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin2001p184_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDon_RubinChua_Soo_PongRavi_Chaturvedi2001" class="citation book cs1">Don Rubin; Chua Soo Pong; Ravi Chaturvedi; et al. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=maGU4ziPQJQC&pg=PA184"><i>The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Asia/Pacific</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 184–186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26087-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26087-9"><bdi>978-0-415-26087-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+Theatre%3A+Asia%2FPacific&rft.pages=184-186&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26087-9&rft.au=Don+Rubin&rft.au=Chua+Soo+Pong&rft.au=Ravi+Chaturvedi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmaGU4ziPQJQC%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00063">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Wayang puppet theatre", Inscribed in 2008 (3.COM) on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (originally proclaimed in 2003)"</a>. UNESCO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Wayang+puppet+theatre%22%2C+Inscribed+in+2008+%283.COM%29+on+the+Representative+List+of+the+Intangible+Cultural+Heritage+of+Humanity+%28originally+proclaimed+in+2003%29&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Fich%2Findex.php%3Flg%3Den%26pg%3D00011%26RL%3D00063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miyao142-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-miyao142_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiyao1977" class="citation journal cs1">Miyao, J. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5512%2Fsea.1977.142">"P. L. Amin Sweeney and Akira Goto (ed.) An International Seminar on the Shadow Plays of Asia"</a>. <i>Southeast Asia: History and Culture</i> (7). Japan Society for Southeast Asian Studies: 142–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5512%2Fsea.1977.142">10.5512/sea.1977.142</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+History+and+Culture&rft.atitle=P.+L.+Amin+Sweeney+and+Akira+Goto+%28ed.%29+An+International+Seminar+on+the+Shadow+Plays+of+Asia&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=142-146&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5512%2Fsea.1977.142&rft.aulast=Miyao&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5512%252Fsea.1977.142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bonnefoy162-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bonnefoy162_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYves_Bonnefoy1993" class="citation book cs1">Yves Bonnefoy (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC&pg=PA162"><i>Asian Mythologies</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06456-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06456-7"><bdi>978-0-226-06456-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Mythologies&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06456-7&rft.au=Yves+Bonnefoy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr4I-FsZCzJEC%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowsey-Magog2002" class="citation journal cs1">Dowsey-Magog, Paul (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/atj.2002.0002">"Popular Workers' Shadow Theatre in Thailand"</a>. <i>Asian Theatre Journal</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 184–211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fatj.2002.0002">10.1353/atj.2002.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-2109">1527-2109</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161444140">161444140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Theatre+Journal&rft.atitle=Popular+Workers%27+Shadow+Theatre+in+Thailand&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=184-211&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161444140%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1527-2109&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fatj.2002.0002&rft.aulast=Dowsey-Magog&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1353%2Fatj.2002.0002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowsey-Magog2002" class="citation journal cs1">Dowsey-Magog, Paul (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/atj.2002.0002">"Popular Workers' Shadow Theatre in Thailand"</a>. <i>Asian Theatre Journal</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 184–211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fatj.2002.0002">10.1353/atj.2002.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-2109">1527-2109</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161444140">161444140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Theatre+Journal&rft.atitle=Popular+Workers%27+Shadow+Theatre+in+Thailand&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=184-211&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161444140%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1527-2109&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fatj.2002.0002&rft.aulast=Dowsey-Magog&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1353%2Fatj.2002.0002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mahidol.ac.th/thailand/shadow.html">Nang Yai</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021225005656/http://www.mahidol.ac.th/thailand/shadow.html">Archived</a> 2002-12-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mahidol_University" title="Mahidol University">Mahidol University</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emin Şenyer: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karagoz.net/english/shadowplay.htm">Karagoz Traditional Turkish Shadow Theatre</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schneider, Irene (2001). "Ebussuud". In Michael Stolleis (ed.). <i>Juristen: ein biographisches Lexikon; von der Antike bis zum 20. Jahrhundert</i> (in German) (2nd ed.). München: Beck. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-45957-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-45957-9"><bdi>3-406-45957-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ebussuud&rft.btitle=Juristen%3A+ein+biographisches+Lexikon%3B+von+der+Antike+bis+zum+20.+Jahrhundert&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pages=193&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Beck&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-406-45957-9&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Irene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis_1988_124–126-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_1988_124–126_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_1988_124–126_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1988" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Raphaela (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/everydaylifeinot00raph"><i>Everyday life in Ottoman Turkey</i></a>. Internet Archive. New York, NY : Dorset Press. pp. 124–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88029-175-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88029-175-0"><bdi>978-0-88029-175-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyday+life+in+Ottoman+Turkey&rft.pages=124-126&rft.pub=New+York%2C+NY+%3A+Dorset+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-88029-175-0&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Raphaela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feverydaylifeinot00raph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1988" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Raphaela (1988). <i>Everyday life in Ottoman Turkey</i>. Internet Archive. New York, NY : Dorset Press. pp. 124–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88029-175-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88029-175-0"><bdi>978-0-88029-175-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyday+life+in+Ottoman+Turkey&rft.pages=124-126&rft.pub=New+York%2C+NY+%3A+Dorset+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-88029-175-0&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Raphaela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alok2-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alok2_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alok2_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ersin Alok, "Karagöz-Hacivat: The Turkish Shadow Play", <i>Skylife - Şubat</i> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a> inflight magazine), February 1996, p. 66–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shadow_Woman-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shadow_Woman_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayter-Menzies2013" class="citation book cs1">Hayter-Menzies, Grant (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=He9sAAAAQBAJ&q=%22Annie%20Katsura%20Rollins%22&pg=PA157"><i>Shadow Woman: The Extraordinary Career of Pauline Benton</i></a>. McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 158–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-8909-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-8909-4"><bdi>978-0-7735-8909-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadow+Woman%3A+The+Extraordinary+Career+of+Pauline+Benton&rft.pages=158-159&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-8909-4&rft.aulast=Hayter-Menzies&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHe9sAAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Annie%2520Katsura%2520Rollins%2522%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencefriday.com/video/08/02/2013/dark-art.html">"Dark Art"</a>. <i>Science Friday</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Friday&rft.atitle=Dark+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencefriday.com%2Fvideo%2F08%2F02%2F2013%2Fdark-art.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1_xeKF6Dejw">"Disney's "What A Life!" with the Seki Family and Shadow Puppets"</a>. YouTube. 12 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/1_xeKF6Dejw">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Disney%27s+%22What+A+Life%21%22+with+the+Seki+Family+and+Shadow+Puppets&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2009-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D1_xeKF6Dejw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPd7u11fEk8"><i>Shadow Ace Shines on the AGT Stage with Unforgettable Audition | Auditions | AGT 2023</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-11</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadow+Ace+Shines+on+the+AGT+Stage+with+Unforgettable+Audition+%7C+Auditions+%7C+AGT+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DJPd7u11fEk8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShadow+play" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadow_play&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Currell, David, <i>An Introduction to Puppets and Puppetmaking</i>, New Burlington Books, (1992) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85348-389-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85348-389-3">1-85348-389-3</a></li> <li>Logan, David, <i>Puppetry</i>, Brisbane Dramatic Arts Company (2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9804563-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9804563-0-1">978-0-9804563-0-1</a></li> <li>Fan Pen Chen tr., "Visions for the Masses; Chinese Shadow Plays from Shaanxi and Shanxi", Ithaca: Cornell East Asia Series, (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885445-21-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-885445-21-6">978-1-885445-21-6</a></li> <li>Ghulam-Sarwar Yousof, <i>Dictionary of Traditional Southeast Asian Theatre</i>, Oxford University Press, (1994) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/967-65-3032-8" title="Special:BookSources/967-65-3032-8">967-65-3032-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadow_play&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shadow_play" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shadow play">Shadow play</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greekshadows.com">Greek Shadows, an interactive, educational website on Greek shadow-theater</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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title="Electrotachyscope">Electrotachyscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip_book" title="Flip book">Flip book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserpanorama" title="Kaiserpanorama">Kaiserpanorama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinematoscope" title="Kinematoscope">Kinematoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetoscope" title="Kinetoscope">Kinetoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_lantern" title="Magic lantern">Magic lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalethoscope" title="Megalethoscope">Megalethoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutoscope" title="Mutoscope">Mutoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peep_show" title="Peep show">Peep show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantasmagoria" title="Phantasmagoria">Phantasmagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenakistiscope" title="Phenakistiscope">Phenakistiscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxinoscope" title="Praxinoscope">Praxinoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raree_show" title="Raree show">Raree show</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shadow play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscope" title="Stereoscope">Stereoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumatrope" title="Thaumatrope">Thaumatrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Optique" title="Théâtre Optique">Théâtre Optique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoetrope" title="Zoetrope">Zoetrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zograscope" title="Zograscope">Zograscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoopraxiscope" title="Zoopraxiscope">Zoopraxiscope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Comedy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Comedy_footer" title="Template:Comedy footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Comedy_footer" title="Template talk:Comedy footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comedy_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comedy footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Comedy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedian" title="Comedian">Comedian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedic_device" title="Comedic device">Comedic device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_festival" title="Comedy festival">Comedy festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_troupe" title="Comedy troupe">Comedy troupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_timing" title="Comic timing">Comic timing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">Farce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorist" title="Humorist">Humorist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impersonator" title="Impersonator">Impersonator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionist_(entertainment)" title="Impressionist (entertainment)">Impressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke" title="Joke">Joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prank_call" title="Prank call">Prank call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_line" title="Punch line">Punch line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_gag" title="Visual gag">Visual gag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">Wit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_play" title="Word play">Word play</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_comedy_films" title="American comedy films">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_comedy_films" title="British comedy films">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_comedy_films" title="French comedy films">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedy_(drama)" title="Comedy (drama)">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">Ancient Greek comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Italienne" title="Comédie-Italienne">Comédie-Italienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corral_de_comedias" title="Corral de comedias">Corral de comedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre of ancient Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_comedy" title="Chinese comedy">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangsheng" title="Xiangsheng">Xiangsheng</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hong Kong <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenong" title="Lenong">Lenong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludruk" title="Ludruk">Ludruk</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgen" title="Kyōgen">Kyōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzai" title="Manzai">Manzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owarai" title="Owarai">Owarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakugo" title="Rakugo">Rakugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarugaku" title="Sarugaku">Sarugaku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_comedy" title="Korean comedy">Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_theatre_(aesthetic)" title="Boulevard theatre (aesthetic)">Boulevard theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Comedy drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_humours" title="Comedy of humours">Comedy of humours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_manners" title="Comedy of manners">Comedy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_menace" title="Comedy of menace">Comedy of menace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_act" title="Double act">Double act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">Improvisational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macchietta" title="Macchietta">Macchietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-person_show" class="mw-redirect" title="One-person show">One-person show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">Pantomime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harlequinade" title="Harlequinade">Harlequinade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_comedy" title="Restoration comedy">Restoration comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentimental_comedy" title="Sentimental comedy">Sentimental comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die_larmoyante" title="Comédie larmoyante">Comédie larmoyante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shadow play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_comedy" title="Shakespearean comedy">Shakespearean comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_comedy" title="Sketch comedy">Sketch comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spex_(theatre)" title="Spex (theatre)">Spex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">Stand-up comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_theatre" title="Street theatre">Street theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">Vaudeville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Music<br />and dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad_opera" title="Ballad opera">Ballad opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">Cabaret</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9-chantant" title="Café-chantant">Café-chantant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9-th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre" title="Café-théâtre">Café-théâtre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-ballet" title="Comédie-ballet">Comédie-ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_club" title="Comedy club">Comedy club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_music" title="Light music">Light music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">Music hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">Musical theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffe" title="Opéra bouffe">Opéra bouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffon" title="Opéra bouffon">Opéra bouffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_buffa" title="Opera buffa">Opera buffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">Opéra comique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue" title="Revue">Revue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_music" title="Comedy music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_album" title="Comedy album">Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_rock" title="Comedy rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_hip_hop" title="Comedy hip hop">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_music" title="Parody music">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_comedians" title="List of musical comedians">Musical comedians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_comedy" title="Radio comedy">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_comedy" title="Television comedy">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_(comedy)" title="Roast (comedy)">Roast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">Sitcom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_sitcom" title="Animated sitcom">Animated sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_sitcom" title="Black sitcom">Black sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_sitcom" title="Teen sitcom">Teen sitcom</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedic_genres" title="Comedic genres">Subgenres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_comedy" title="Alternative comedy">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribaldry" title="Ribaldry">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_comedy" title="Character comedy">Character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_comedy" title="Christian comedy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cringe_comedy" title="Cringe comedy">Cringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadpan" title="Deadpan">Deadpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_comedy" title="Documentary comedy">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_comedy" title="High comedy">High</a> / <a href="/wiki/Low_comedy" title="Low comedy">low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insult_comedy" title="Insult comedy">Insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_comedy" title="Observational comedy">Observational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_comedy" title="Physical comedy">Physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prop_comedy" title="Prop comedy">Prop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referential_humor" title="Self-referential humor">Self-referential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_humour" title="Shock humour">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_comedy" title="Sick comedy">Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">Slapstick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slapstick_comedy_topics" title="List of slapstick comedy topics">Topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surreal_humour" title="Surreal humour">Surreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventriloquism" title="Ventriloquism">Ventriloquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Comedy" title="Category:Comedy">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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