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科学网—植物写真|“森林明珠” 银杉 - 廖景平的博文
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jQuery(document).ready( function($){ $("img").lazyload({ placeholder : "/static/js/grey.gif", effect : "fadeIn", threshold : 200 }); }); </script> <div id="ct" class="ct2 wp cl"> <div class="mn"> <div class="bm"> <div class="bm_h cl"> <h1 class="mt"><span class="z">博文</span> </h1> </div> <div class="bm_c"> <div class="vw mbm"> <div class="h pbm"> <h1 class="ph"> 植物写真|“森林明珠” 银杉 <a href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog.php?mod=recommend"><img src="./static/image/blog/recommendico.gif" width="22px" height="22px" /><font style="font-size:14px; color:#930;" face="宋体">精选</font></a> </h1> <p class="xg2"> <span class="xg1">已有 928 次阅读</span> <span class="xg1">2024-11-27 17:08</span> <span class="pipe">|</span><span class="xg1">系统分类:<a href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=space&do=blog&view=all&uid=38998&catid=11">论文交流</a></span> </p> </div> <div id="blog_article" class="d cl" ><p><span style="font-size: 14px;">【内容提要】<span style="font-family: 幼圆;">银杉</span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;">(<span style="font-family: ">Cathaya argyrophylla</span>)</span><span style="font-family: "><span style="font-family: 幼圆;">,被誉为</span>“<span style="font-family: 幼圆;">活化石</span>”“<span style="font-family: 幼圆;">森林明珠</span>”<span style="font-family: 幼圆;">或</span>“<span style="font-family: 幼圆;">植物界的大熊猫</span>”<span style="font-family: 幼圆;">,是中国特有的一种常绿乔木,属于国家一级保护植物,其特点是树干通直,枝叶繁茂,具有很高的观赏价值和科研价值。</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;">本博设立</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">“</span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;">植物写真</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">”</span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;">专栏,本文主要根据<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Christenhusz </span>和 <span style="font-family: Georgia;">Battle C (2023)</span>的文章,简介</span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;">银杉的发现、系统发育、园艺应用、生态学、细胞学、词源学和保护问题以及栽培建议。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">导言</span></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">有时,物种的发现会改变我们对进化的概念。这些物种可能是像鸭嘴兽(</span>Ornithorhynchus anatinus<span style="font-family:幼圆">,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Shaw</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)这样不寻常的生物,它们在形态上结合了哺乳动物和鸟类的特征,在首次科学描述时曾让自然历史学家感到困惑。最终,人们对哺乳动物的进化有了更深入的了解(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Messer </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">等人,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">1998 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年)。当然,这些</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">“</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">缺失的环节</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">”</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">不仅存在于动物中,在植物中也有很多。特别是在裸子植物中,一些不寻常的发现导致我们需要重新定义这些类群的进化假说。百岁兰</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">(</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">Welwitschia mirabilis Hook. f.</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">)</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">就是一个很好的例子,它是如此的不寻常,以至于引发了植物学的极大兴趣(</span>Hooker,</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"> </span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">1863 <span style="font-family:幼圆">年)。长期以来,人们一直认为它是裸子植物和被子植物之间</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">“</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">缺失的一环</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">”</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">(例如,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Crane</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">1985 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年),但事实证明这</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">并</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">不正确(</span>Christenhusz <span style="font-family:幼圆">等人,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">2011 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年;</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Goremykin </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">等人,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">1996 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年)。另一个例子是 蕨叶苏铁</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">(</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">Stangeria eriopus (Kunze) Baill.</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">)</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">,它是南非的一种苏铁类植物,最初被描述为蕨类植物,直到发现了球果,才被证明是一种不寻常的</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">泽米铁科(</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">Zamiaceae</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">)</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">成员(</span>Christenhusz <span style="font-family:幼圆">等人,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">2011 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年;</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Zgurski </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">等人,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">2008 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年)。</span></span></p><p><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202411/27/165340ohodhuh7ofbhohnz.png" title="" alt="图 改变进化概念的物种.png"/></p><p><span style="text-wrap-mode: nowrap;">改变进化概念的植物</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">18 <span style="font-family:幼圆">世纪,当银杏(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Ginkgo L.</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)和金松属(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Sciadopitys Siebold & Zucc.</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)的材料首次从日本被带回来时,它们被誉为</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">“</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">活化石</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">”</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">,因为形态上相似的植物只在欧洲的化石记录中出现过(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Seward, 1938; Siebold, von Siebold </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">等人</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">, 1835; Wolfe </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">等人</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">, 2009</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)。最近,在澳大利亚新南威尔士州发现了一种针叶树,这种针叶树也可以与化石 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">“</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">匹配</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">”</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">,在这种情况下,化石是南洋杉科</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">(</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">Araucariaceae</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">)</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">的化石(</span>Jones<span style="font-family:幼圆">等人,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">1995</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年)。它被命名为瓦勒迈松</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">(</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">Wollemi pine<span style="font-family:幼圆">,凤尾杉</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Wollemia nobilis W.G. Jones</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Georgia">, </span></span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">K.D. Hill & J.M. Allen</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">)</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">,虽然它本身并不是一种化石,但它确实与一些南洋杉科的化石很相似(</span>Cantrill & Raine, 2006; Chambers et al.<span style="font-family:幼圆">)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">“</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">活化石</span></span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">”</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"> </span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">当然是自相矛盾的说法;根据定义,化石不再具有生命,而这些植物是活生生的现代植物,非常适合特定的生态环境。在(几乎)所有情况下,它们都不是与化石相似的同一物种,它们的祖先被制成化石后,它们已经发生了进化。它们会随着时间的推移而发生变化,尽管这些变化肉眼可能看不出来,但从结构、基因和</span>/<span style="font-family:幼圆">或化学角度来看,它们并不完全相同。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">不过,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">“</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">活化石</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">”</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"> </span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">一词在文献中一直存在,并被用于许多保留了祖先形态特征的类群。在许多情况下,这些分类群只是指过去可能分布更广的孑遗种群。水杉(</span>Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu & W. C. Cheng<span style="font-family:幼圆">),即曙光柏(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">dawn cypress</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)就是一个很好的例子。</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">水杉</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">于</span> 1948 <span style="font-family:幼圆">年被引入栽培,并很快成为</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">孑遗</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">针叶树(或</span> <span style="font-family:Georgia">“</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">活化石</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">”</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)的</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">典型</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">植物,由于可以大规模生产,它可以被广泛种植在世界温带地区的花园和城市中。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">中国另一种奇特的孑遗针叶树则鲜为人知。在第三纪时期,</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">银杉(</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">Cathaya Chun & Kuang</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">)</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">曾广泛分布,加拿大、欧洲和俄罗斯都有它的化石标本。它甚至是德国中新世褐煤矿床中常见的化石(</span>Bönisch<span style="font-family:幼圆">,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">1990 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年;</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Schneider</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">1981 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年),但活体标本仅限于中国的一小块地区。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">银杉的非凡发现</span></span></strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">银杉(</span>Cathaya argyrophylla Chun & Kuang<span style="font-family:幼圆">)于 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">1938 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">4 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">月 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">18 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">日首次被杨衔晋教授发现,当时他是上海复旦大学的兼职教授,在中国四川东南部的金佛山发现了一棵不知名的树(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Callaghan</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">2011b</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">。</span></span></p><p><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202411/27/165555shbet88zl6e6hhn8.png" title="" alt="0 植物写真图版 1051 银杉Cathaya argyrophylla By Christine Battle.PNG"/></p><p><span style="text-wrap-mode: nowrap;">植物写真图版 1051 银杉Cathaya argyrophylla By Christine Battle</span></p><p><span style="text-wrap-mode: nowrap;"></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">第二次世界大战后,这一发现被人们遗忘,直到</span> 1955 <span style="font-family:幼圆">年</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Georgia">4</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">月,在钟教授的积极建议下,中国科学院华南植物所及其广西分所和中山大学组成了“广福林区”调查队,由钟济新教授与何椿年副研究员领队进入林区(王康, 2020)。钟济新教授带领一支调查队</span></span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">在广西</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">桂林附近的龙胜花</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">坪</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">林区进行</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">植物考察</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">时发现了一株外形很像油杉的苗木,后来又采集到了完整的树木标本,他将这批标本寄给了陈焕镛和匡可任教授。经他们鉴定,这种植物就是当年那种地球上早已灭绝的、现在只保留有化石的珍稀植物,这</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">才被重新发现。钟济新教授发现的一株幼苗最初被认为是</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">油杉属(</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">Keteleeria Carrière</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">)</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">植物</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">,但考察队队长钟济新教授认为情况可能并非如此。探险队得到消息说,在这些山区有一种树兼具松树和杉树的特征,因此寻找这种树苗的母本成为探险队的目标。终于,</span>1955 <span style="font-family:幼圆">年 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">5 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">月 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">16 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">日,在</span></span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">红崖界</span></span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">南坡薄雾弥漫的森林中发现了一棵成年树。采集了标本,第二年又采集了一些标本(</span>Callaghan<span style="font-family:幼圆">,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">2007 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年)。一位苏联植物学家对这些标本进行了研究,并表示他知道俄罗斯上新世沉积物中有类似植物的化石标本,因此该植物被称为 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">“</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">活化石</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">”</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Tang</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">1987 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年)。该属最终由</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">陈焕镛和匡可任教授</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">于</span> 1958 <span style="font-family:幼圆">年描述,当时包括两个种,一个是基于</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">花</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">坪采集的</span> C</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Georgia">athaya</span></span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"> argyrophylla<span style="font-family:幼圆">,另一个是基于 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">1938 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年采集的金佛山标本的 </span></span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">C</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Georgia">athaya</span></span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"> nanchuanensis<span style="font-family:幼圆">。遗憾的是,他们没有指定</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">模式标本</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">,也没有说明这两个种中哪一个是该属的</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">模式种</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">,但他们在用中文重新描述时纠正了这一错误(</span>Chun & Kuang<span style="font-family:幼圆">,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">1962 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年);他们指定 </span></span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">C</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Georgia">athaya</span></span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"> </span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">argyrophylla <span style="font-family:幼圆">为类型,并将 </span></span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">C</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Georgia">athaya</span></span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"> </span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">nanchuanensis </span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">处理为异名</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">中国政府认为发现这种不寻常的树木非常重要,因此于</span> 1961 <span style="font-family:幼圆">年在</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">花</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">坪建立了一个自然保护区,以保护唯一已知的种群,这是中国最早的保护区之一(</span>Callaghan, 2011a<span style="font-family:幼圆">)。与此同时,政府严禁</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">银杉</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">出口。他们知道</span> 1948 <span style="font-family:幼圆">年在同一地区采集的水杉种子已成为世界上常见的树种,其商业利益归美国和欧洲的种植者所有,而不是中国政府。他们不惜任何代价也不允许这些材料离开中国。因此,他们对</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">银杉</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">的产地严加保密。即使在</span> 20 <span style="font-family:幼圆">世纪 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">70 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年代末中国向西方开放之后,</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">花坪</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">仍然是禁区。在有</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">银杉</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">自然植被的地区(如贵州植物园的森林保护区或花坪自然保护区),游客们都要避开这些植物。因此,</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">银杉</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">被称为</span> <span style="font-family:Georgia">“</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">植物界的大熊猫</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">”</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">,指的就是同样被禁止的动物(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Callaghan</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">2011a</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">在四个省份发现了更多的种群,现在已知野生植物生长在十几个地方。由于这些植物通常生长在人迹罕至的山坡上,因此受到了很好的保护。大多数种群也位于自然保护区内。然而,野生植物的再生能力很差,人们担心</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">银杉</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">会被生长更快的物种所取代。中国政府开始意识到,保护野生濒危物种的最佳方式是将其用于园艺。人们将材料带到</span></span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">植物园</span></span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">进行繁殖,并于</span> 20 <span style="font-family:幼圆">世纪 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">90 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年代中期将其列入植物园</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">种子交换名录(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Index </span></span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">Semum</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">)</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">中。现在,中国、澳大利亚、英国、新西兰、美国、加拿大、欧盟、俄罗斯和日本的一些植物园都有种植。成熟的标本可在爱丁堡皇家植物园、邱园皇家植物园(图</span> 1<span style="font-family:幼圆">)、阿诺德</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">树木</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">园和澳大利亚百年植物园找到。虽然该植物最近才摆脱禁运,但目前在欧洲和美国的一些苗圃中可以买到,仍然十分罕见。</span></span></p><p><span style="text-wrap-mode: nowrap;"><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202411/27/165708kmnu5u0uu6ouqxuw.png" title="" alt="图1 邱园皇家植物园银杉与球果 摄影 Maarten Christenhusz.PNG"/></span></p><p><span style="text-wrap-mode: nowrap;"><span style="text-wrap-mode: nowrap;">图1 邱园皇家植物园银杉与球果 摄影 Maarten Christenhusz</span></span></p><p><span style="text-wrap-mode: nowrap;"><span style="text-wrap-mode: nowrap;"></span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">松科植物中令人费解的关系</span></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">从一开始,</span>Cathaya <span style="font-family:幼圆">就有点令人费解。它显然属于松科,因为它与松树和冷杉(如赤松和卡里耶冷杉)具有相同的特征。从欧洲和亚洲的白垩纪开始,人们就发现了其他 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Cathaya </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">种类的化石,在东亚和北美也发现了花粉化石(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Liu & Bassinger, 2000; Reboredo & Pais, 2014</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)。这表明该属在过去的分布范围要广得多,现在已经缩减到中国中南部的几个山区。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">Den Ouden <span style="font-family:幼圆">和 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Boom</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">1965 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年)认为,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Cathaya </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">可能介于 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Larix Mill.</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">和 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Tsuga (Endl.) Carrière </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">之间。根据 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Oterdoom</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">1982 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年)的研究,幼苗与 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Keteleeria </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">或 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Sciadopitys </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">相似。</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Greguss</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">1970 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年)根据相似的木叶剖面认为它接近于土杉,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Bean</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">1970 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年)也根据长枝和短枝的不同功能得出了这一结论。</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">De Laubenfels </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">和 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Silba</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">1984 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年)将其归入杉属,但科学界更倾向于保留杉属(如 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Page</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">1988 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年;</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Rushforth</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">1987 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年)。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">首次利用质粒</span> rbcL <span style="font-family:幼圆">片段进行的分子系统学分析显示,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Cathaya </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">与 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Pinus L.</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">同属一个支系,但支持度较弱(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Wang </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">等人,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">1997 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年)。</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Wang </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">等人(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">2000 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年)使用了质体 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">matK </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">基因、线粒体 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">nad5 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">基因和低拷贝核基因 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">4CL </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">的序列。同样,通过 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">matK </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">和 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">nad5</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">,它被弱地支持为松柏的姊妹,但通过 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">4CL </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">结果,它被更好地支持为松柏的姊妹。在严格的共识树中,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Cathaya-Pinus-Picea </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">整个支系塌缩为一个多面体。对 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">14 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">个物种的转录组比较研究为所有松科属提供了良好的分辨率(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Ran </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">等人,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">2018 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年),在该分析中,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Cathaya </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">被支持为 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Pinus </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">的姊妹。</span></span></p><p><span style="text-wrap-mode: nowrap;"><span style="text-wrap-mode: nowrap;"></span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">栽培</span></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">银杉</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">很容易在温和的气候条件下生长,中国的一些林业研究所和植物园有栽培。在中国以外的地方,</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">银杉</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">收藏和植物园</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">种植</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">仍很罕见,但自</span> 20 <span style="font-family:幼圆">世纪 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">90 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年代中期以来,英国、欧盟和美国已经开始种植这种植物。其中一些植物现已成熟并结出种子,因此可以从当地获取种子进行种植(图 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">1 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">和图 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">2</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)。扦插</span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">出苗率很低</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">,</span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">较难</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">繁殖。植株可在零下</span> 20°C <span style="font-family:幼圆">的低温存活,但在更温和的气候条件下能茁壮成长。最好种植在阳光充足或部分荫蔽、排水良好但湿润的土壤中。</span></span></p><p><span style="text-wrap-mode: nowrap;"><span style="text-wrap-mode: nowrap;"><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202411/27/165829jx6765zx9naz3na6.png" title="" alt="图 2 邱园皇家植物园银杉幼球果 摄影Maarten Christenhusz.PNG"/></span></span></p><p><span style="text-wrap-mode: nowrap;"><span style="text-wrap-mode: nowrap;">图 2 邱园皇家植物园银杉幼球果 摄影Maarten Christenhusz</span></span></p><p><span style="text-wrap-mode: nowrap;"><span style="text-wrap-mode: nowrap;"></span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">扦插苗不易生根,但可以嫁接到其他针叶树上,如花旗松(</span>Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco<span style="font-family:幼圆">)</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">(</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">俗名北美黄杉</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">)</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">。这也会使它们更能抵御由根瘤菌和蜜菌引起的根腐病。</span></span></p><p></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">命名和描述</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px"> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px">NOMENCLATURE AND DESCRIPTION</span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric"><strong><em><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px">Cathaya argyrophylla</span></em></strong><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"> </span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">Chun & Kuang,</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"> </span><em><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px">Acta Bot. Sin</span></em><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">. 10(3): 246. (1962). Type: CHINA, Guangxi, Huaping, 16 May 1855,</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"> </span><em><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px">Exped. Kwangfu Lingchu 00198</span></em><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"> </span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">(holotype IBSC).</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric"><em><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px">Cathaya argyrophylla</span></em><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"> </span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">Chun & Kuang,</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"> </span><em><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px">Bot. Zhurn</span></em><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">. (</span><em><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px">Moscow & Leningrad</span></em><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">) 43: 465. 1958,</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"> </span><em><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px">nom. inval</span></em><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">. —</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"> </span><em><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px">Pseudotsuga argyrophylla</span></em><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"> </span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">(Chun & Kuang) Greguss,</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"> </span><em><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px">Bot. Közlem</span></em><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">. 57: 54 (1970),</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"> </span><em><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px">nom. illeg</span></em><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">. basionym not fully cited. —</span><em><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px">Tsuga argyrophylla</span></em><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"> </span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">(Chun & Kuang) De Laubenfels & Silba,</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"> </span><em><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px">Phytologia Mem</span></em><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">. 7: 75 (1984),</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"> </span><em><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px">nom. inval</span></em><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">最初的描述由</span> Chun <span style="font-family:幼圆">和 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Kuang</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">1958 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年)完成,但由于同时描述了两个物种而未标明类型,因此该名称未能有效发表。</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">De Laubenfels </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">和 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Silba</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">1984 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年)将其作为 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Tsuga argyrophylla </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">的基名,使该名称同样无效。当 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Greguss</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">1970 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年)将其与 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Pseudotsuga argyrophylla </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">结合时,这个词源被不完整地引用,导致该名称不合法。</span></span></p><p><span style="text-wrap-mode: nowrap;"><span style="text-wrap-mode: nowrap;"></span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: Georgia;color: #1F1F1F;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">分类学描述</span></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">常绿乔木;株高达</span>20<span style="font-family:幼圆">余米,胸径</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">90</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">厘米;树皮暗灰色,裂成不规则鳞片;小枝上端生长缓慢,稍增粗,侧枝生长缓慢,少数侧生小枝因顶芽早期死亡而成距状,叶</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">枕</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">微隆起;叶在枝节间散生,在枝端排列较密,线形,上面中脉凹下,下面中脉两侧有粉白色气孔带,叶内具</span>2<span style="font-family:幼圆">边生树脂道;叶柄短</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">。</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">雌雄同株;雄球花常单生</span>2(3)<span style="font-family:幼圆">年生枝叶腋,雄蕊的花丝短或无,花药纵裂,药隔显著,花粉具气囊;雌球花单生当年生枝下部至基部的叶腋,苞鳞卵状三角形,具尾状长尖,珠鳞基部具</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">2</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">倒生胚珠</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">。</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">球果翌年成熟,长卵圆形或卵圆形,长</span>3-5<span style="font-family:幼圆">厘米,熟时粟色或暗褐色;种鳞木质,近圆形,背部横凸成蚌壳状,宿存;苞鳞三角状,具长尖,长约种鳞</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">1/3</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">。</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">种子卵圆形,腹面无树脂囊,有不规则的斑纹,连同种翅较种鳞为短,种翅下端边缘不包裹种子;子叶</span>3-4<span style="font-family:幼圆">,发芽时出土</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">。</span></p><p><span style="text-wrap-mode: nowrap;"><span style="text-wrap-mode: nowrap;"><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202411/27/170141wyoxqkdbbpxzgb2z.png" title="" alt=""/></span></span></p><p><span style="text-wrap-mode: nowrap;"></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">图</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">3</span></span></strong><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 14px"> <span style="font-family:幼圆">银杉(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">A</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)雄球花鳞片,显示花粉囊</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">;</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">B</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)雌球花鳞片,远轴视图</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">;</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">C</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)雌球花鳞片,近轴视图</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">;</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">D</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)种子,去掉翅</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">;</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">E</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)叶片顶端、中部和基部,近轴和远轴视图,显示中脉具凹纹</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">;</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">F</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)幼嫩雌球花</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">;</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">G</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)嫩枝先端,有叶;(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">H</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)小孢子叶鳞片,侧视图;(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">J</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 14px">种子</span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">具翅;(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">K</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)花粉脱落后的小孢子叶鳞片。由 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Christine Battle </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">根据生长在邱园的一株植物绘制。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 幼圆;color: #1F1F1F;font-size: 16px">细胞学</span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">染色体</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">基</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">数为</span> 2n = 24<span style="font-family:幼圆">(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Chu </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">和 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Sun</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">1981 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年),几乎与所有其他松科属相同(金钱松属</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Pseudolarix </span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">例外</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">,</span>2n = 44<span style="font-family:幼圆">;黄杉属</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Pseudotsuga</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">例外</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">,</span>2n = 26<span style="font-family:幼圆">;</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Rastogi </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">和 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Ohri</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">2020 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年)。基因组大小为 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">1C = 24.75 pg</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Zonneveld</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">2012 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年),在松科植物中属于典型的大基因组,与松属的几个种相似。</span></span></p><p><span style="text-wrap-mode: nowrap;"></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: Georgia;color: #1F1F1F;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">分布</span></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">仅分布于中国东部大娄山脉和南部越城山脉的几个零星地点</span>-<span style="font-family:幼圆">广西东部(金秀、龙胜)、贵州北部(道真、</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">江口、</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">桐梓)、湖南南部</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">(</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">桂东、资兴</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">)</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">和</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">重庆</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">东南部(南川、武隆)(</span>Fu <span style="font-family:幼圆">等,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">1999</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: Georgia;color: #1F1F1F;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">栖息地和生态</span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 幼圆;color: #1F1F1F;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">学</span> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Georgia;color: #1F1F1F;font-size: 16px">Habitat and ecology</span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">分布于</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">海拔</span> 900-1900 <span style="font-family:幼圆">米的</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">中高山</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">陡峭山坡、开阔地和狭窄山脊</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">,</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">分布范围延伸到海拔较高的落叶林</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">群落</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">。</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">通常生长在中国潮湿、暖温带至亚热带广泛分布的红土和黄土</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">,</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">或</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">石灰岩土壤。</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">从海拔分布范围来看,它很可能出现在硬叶阔叶林类型和落叶阔叶林类型之间的生态区类型中</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">,与以落叶乔木为主的常绿硬叶阔叶林有关</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">,</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">森林类型以壳斗科植物为主,与其一起出现的其他针叶树有海南五针松(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Pinus fenzeliana</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)、铁杉(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Tsuga chinensis</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)、长苞铁杉(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Nothotsuga longibracteata</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)等</span></span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">。</span></span></p><p><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202411/27/170549ii00k4sghfi0tt10.jpeg" title="" alt="3.jpeg"/></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 幼圆;color: #1F1F1F;font-size: 16px">物候学</span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">雌</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">球花</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">匍匐</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">枝</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">在新芽腋下萌发,</span>4 <span style="font-family:幼圆">月中旬至 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">5 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">月下旬开放,在此期间进行授粉。花粉</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">具气囊</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">滞留在</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">球</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">果内,次年</span> 6 <span style="font-family:幼圆">月受精(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Wang & Chen, 1974</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)。受精后,鳞片迅速发育,直到 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">10 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">月份圆锥花序打开,释放成熟的种子。因此球果成熟需要 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">18 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">个月(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Callaghan, 2011b</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)。种子在第二年春天发芽。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 幼圆;color: #1F1F1F;font-size: 16px">词源</span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">银杉的拉丁学名(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Cathaya argyrophylla</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)中,种加词</span></span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">“</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Georgia">argyrophylla</span></span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">”</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">指的是其银色的叶片,</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">源于希腊语</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">άργυρος</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">(银)和</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">φύλλων</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">(叶),指针叶</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">叶背</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">银色</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">,</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">系其粉白色气孔带所致</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">。</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">属名</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">“Cathay”</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">源于</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">中国北</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">方</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">契丹</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">国(辽)的国名</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Georgia">“</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">契丹</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">(Khyattan)”</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">。</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">“Khyattan”</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">在突厥语为</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">“</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Georgia">Khitay</span></span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">”</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">,经阿拉伯语</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">“</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Georgia">Khyattan</span></span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">”</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">而拉丁语为</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">“</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Georgia">Cathaya</span></span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">”</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">,由拉丁语进入英语后为</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">“</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Georgia">Cathay</span></span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">”</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">,与</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">“</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Georgia">China</span></span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">”</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">同义。在俄语和土耳其语里,仍可听到用</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">“</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">契丹</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">”</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">二字称呼中国。香港国泰航空(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Cathay Pacific</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)英文中的</span></span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">“</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:Georgia">Cathay</span></span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">”</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">就是中国的意思</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"></span></p><p><img src="http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=attachment&filename=1.jpeg&id=1369419" style=""/></p><p><img src="http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=attachment&filename=2.jpeg&id=1369420" style=""/></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: Georgia;color: #1F1F1F;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">保护</span></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">根据</span>IUCN<span style="font-family:幼圆">红色名录标准(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Yang & Liao</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">2013 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年),</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">银杉</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">被评为易危</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">等级</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">(</span>VU-D1<span style="font-family:幼圆">),</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">爱丁堡皇家植物园濒危裸子植物评分</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">为</span> 1.29<span style="font-family:幼圆">,在 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">EDGE </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">裸子植物名录中排名第 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">239 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">位。进化独特性为 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">72.43</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">,排名第 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">12</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">(</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">Forest </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">等人,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">2018 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年;</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">EDGE Gymnosperm </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">项目:</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">https://www.edgeofexistence.org</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)。据估计,</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">分布的</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px">12 <span style="font-family:幼圆">个地点共有 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">4500 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">个个体。</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">推算</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">年龄结构呈正态分布,估计成熟个体约有</span> 500 <span style="font-family:幼圆">个。</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">银杉</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">似乎是一种自然稀有物种,虽然其分布范围可能因农业和土地清理等人类活动而缩小,但目前尚不清楚</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">银杉</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">过去是否曾</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">有</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">人类开发。目前,</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">银杉</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">的大部分种群分布在保护区内,在中国享有最高的保护</span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">级别</span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">。有几个林分位于交通相对不便的地区(</span>Yang & Liao<span style="font-family:幼圆">,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">2013 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年)。然而,幼苗的繁殖率很低,每百年每棵母树只有</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:Georgia">3-4</span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">棵树达到成熟(</span>Callaghan<span style="font-family:幼圆">,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">2011b</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)。</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">银杉</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">一直被认为难以繁殖,这给</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">野外回归</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">和</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">迁</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">地保护带来了困难。卡拉汉(</span>Callaghan<span style="font-family:幼圆">,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">2011b</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)报告了以下问题:</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">(</span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:Georgia">1</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">)</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">产生的雄性花粉不足以实现受精;</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">(</span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:Georgia">2</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">)</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">结球期与雨季重合,减少了空气中花粉粒的数量;</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">(</span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:Georgia">3</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">)</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">雌雄球果不同步;</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">(</span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:Georgia">4</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">)</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">胚珠流产率高;</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">(</span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:Georgia">5</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">)</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">种子发芽率为</span> 15%-21%<span style="font-family:幼圆">;</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">(</span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:Georgia">6</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">)</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">种子和幼苗被啮齿动物和雉鸡吃掉,松毛虫吃掉树叶,损害幼苗和幼树;</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">(</span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:Georgia">7</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">)</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">幼苗经常被生长更快的植物所取代,并被苔藓或落叶所掩埋。这可能部分是由于与竞争或其他生活史策略相关的低效碳经济,导致其目前的濒危状态(</span>Fan <span style="font-family:幼圆">等人,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">2020 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年)。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">即使种群得到了充分保护,非法采伐仍有可能发生。成熟树木的木材质量高、价值高,如果管理失控,种群有可能再次受到非法采伐的威胁。此外,</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">银杉</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">还受到气候变化的威胁,因为种群只覆盖很小的区域,很容易被野火或泥石流消灭。异常高温或低温或过高湿度也会导致温度休克或真菌疾病,从而对其种群造成破坏。由于生态位狭窄,与其他松科植物相比,</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">银杉</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">在生态生理上属于异类,在不断变化的气候中竞争力较弱(</span>Fan <span style="font-family:幼圆">等人,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">2020 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年)。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">种群内部和种群之间存在一些形态变异(</span>Silba<span style="font-family:幼圆">,</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">2011 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年),但这些变异并不</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">能确立</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">亚种</span></span><span style="font-family: 幼圆;font-size: 16px">级分</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">类群,因为它们在地理或遗传上似乎并不孤立。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆"></span></span></p><p><img src="http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=attachment&filename=4.jpeg&id=1369422" style=""/></p><p><img src="http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=attachment&filename=5.jpeg&id=1369423" style=""/></p><p><img src="http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=attachment&filename=6.jpeg&id=1369424" style=""/></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric"><strong><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">全球理由</span></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">银杉</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">的全球种群数量较少,成熟个体的数量估计不会超过</span> 500 </span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">株</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">,当然也不会超过</span> 1000 </span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">株</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">。目前尚不清楚在过去是否被大量</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">采集</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">,</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">银杉</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">似乎是一种天然稀缺物种。</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">银杉</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">的大部分种群位于保护区内,在中国享有最高级别的保护,而且中国政府最近颁布了全面禁伐令。因此,尽管没有证据表明</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">银杉</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">数量在减少,但由于其种群数量较少,因此被列为易危物种。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric"><strong><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">全球威胁</span></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">自</span> 20 <span style="font-family:幼圆">世纪 </span><span style="font-family:Georgia">50 </span><span style="font-family:幼圆">年代被发现以来,这一单型属植物多年来一直被认为是极为罕见的针叶树。即使标本馆的标本也非常少,直到最近,中国以外的植物园和机构标本馆才发现了</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">其</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">踪迹。</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">银杉</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">是一种相对稀有的针叶树,但现在已知其分布范围(</span>EOO<span style="font-family:幼圆">)包括中国中南部的四个省份,在中国至少</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">有</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"> 10 <span style="font-family:幼圆">个标本馆收藏。</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">银杉</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">通常生长在人迹罕至的山坡和山脊上,由于体型较小或中等,在伐木方面</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">“</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">形状不佳</span><span style="font-family:Georgia">”</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">,因此</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">并</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">不被认为是有价值的木材资源。</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">银杉</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">种群受到很好的保护,但人们担心如果再生能力继续低下,</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">银杉</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">将被生长更快的阔叶树种取代。</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">银杉</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">目前在中国有栽培,在西方国家的一些植物园(如爱丁堡皇家植物园</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">、</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">邱园</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">)可</span></span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px">见</span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">到。</span></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 幼圆;color: #1F1F1F;font-size: 16px">研究的标本</span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">CHINA. Guangxi: Longsheng Gezu. Zizhixian Sanmen, 1240 m, 25°46′ N, 109°55′ E, 13 August 1957,</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"> </span><em><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px">Wang 3666</span></em><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"> </span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">(K000288043). Sichuan: Chongqing Municipality, Nanchuan Xian, 1400 m, 29°1′</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"> </span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">N, 107° 0′</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"> </span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">E, 3 October 1993,</span><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"> </span><em><span style="font-family: Georgia;font-size: 16px">Liu 15,207</span></em><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:16px"> </span><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px">(K000288042).</span></p><p><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202411/27/170750n3a65iia46bbjeb5.jpg" title="" alt="1992年3月发行的银杉(C. argyrophylla)邮票.jpg"/></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 2em;"><span style=";font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px"></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0;margin-bottom: 0"><strong><span style="font-family: 幼圆;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px">延伸阅读</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Georgia;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px">:</span></strong><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14px;">Christenhusz MJM and Battle C (2023) 1051 Plant Portrait</span><span style="font-size: 14px; font-family: 幼圆;">:</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14px;">Cathaya argyrophylla Chun & Kuang: Pinaceae. Curtis' Botanical Magazine, 40 (1): 3-14</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:幼圆;font-size:12px"><span style="font-family:幼圆">王康(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">2020</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)银杉发现始末</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">.</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">王康专业号</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">, http://kangchief.cnlykp.com/?aid=6DE534868FF244459AB9C69CC539C1B1&uid=0ABF73D6C2B44957847B3FBA0180EFC4&typeid=122504</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">accessed on 2024-11-26</span><span style="font-family:幼圆">)</span></span></p><p></p> <br /><br /> <label style="font-size:13px; color:#850f0f">转载本文请联系原作者获取授权,同时请注明本文来自廖景平科学网博客。<br />链接地址:</label><a href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-38998-1461964.html" target="_blank" style="font-size:13px; color:#850f0f">https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-38998-1461964.html </a> <br /><br />上一篇:<a href='blog-38998-1461650.html' target='_black'>色彩、图案和纹理:格特鲁德·杰基尔对花园的愿景</a><br /> <!--大赛结束--> </div> <div id="click_div"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="atd"> <tr></tr> </table> <script type="text/javascript"> function errorhandle_clickhandle(message, values) { if(values['id']) { showCreditPrompt(); 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