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Namely, at the refresh that the monitor is actually running at instead of a constant 120 Hz.</p> <p>For the 4.0 release, I chose 120 Hz as a compromise to not delay the release, partly because I’d been working on 4.0 for 5 years and was <em>exhausted</em> – any further delay was just not okay. I had already spent a bunch of time researching how to do this, but had not yet been successful in putting all the pieces together, and couldn’t justify spending more time on it.</p> <h3>The Code</h3> <p>So without further ado, here’s some code that shows exactly how to do this: <a title="https://github.com/rickbrew/RefreshRateWpf/" href="https://github.com/rickbrew/RefreshRateWpf/">https://github.com/rickbrew/RefreshRateWpf/</a></p> <h3>The 4 Steps</h3> <p>Here are the 4 steps that it takes to get the refresh rate:</p> <p><strong>Step 1: Get an HWND</strong></p> <p>An HWND is a “handle to a window.” This is pretty easy. Just do it.</p> <p>In raw Win32, you should already have this. MFC, ATL, and WTL are super easy too.</p> <p>In WinForms, just grab the value of the Form’s Handle property.</p> <p>In WPF, you’ll want <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.windows.interop.windowinterophelper(v=vs.110).aspx">WindowInteropHelper</a>’s help.</p> <p>In UWP, you’ll want the help of <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/dn302117(v=vs.85).aspx">ICoreWindowInterop</a>.</p> <p><strong>Step 2: Get the HMONITOR</strong></p> <p>Thankfully this is pretty easy too, thanks to the <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/dd145064(v=vs.85).aspx">MonitorFromWindow</a><strong></strong> function. If your window is straddling multiple monitors then this will return the “best” one, at Windows’ discretion. Enumerating all of those monitors is probably much more complex, but I’d be surprised if it’s not possible somehow.</p> <p><strong>Step 3: Get the MONITORINFOEX</strong></p> <p>In other words, get information about the monitor. Again, the aptly named <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/dd144901(v=vs.85).aspx">GetMonitorInfo</a> function helps us out here.</p> <p><strong>Step 4: Get the monitor’s display settings</strong></p> <p>This includes the resolution and refresh rate and … all sorts of weird information that probably isn’t relevant in this decade. We using <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/dd162611(v=vs.85).aspx">EnumDisplaySettings</a> for this, which isn’t as obvious if you’re not well-versed in Win32 API patterns.</p> <p>Also, note that I’m detailing how to <em>query</em> for this information. I didn’t look into how to get a notification for when this changes. I ultimately decided to key off of the standard window activation/focus events, because in order to change the refresh rate you have to click over to a control panel and back. I’m pretty sure <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/dd145210(v=vs.85).aspx">WM_DISPLAYCHANGE</a> would be more precise, but I didn’t verify this (it doesn’t say anything about refresh rate changes).</p> <h3>The Backstory</h3> <p>That didn’t seem too bad … so why did I say that this so difficult? The code is only a single page long in C#, and most of it’s just interop definitions!</p> <p>Well, this is Win32 we’re talking about. Everything’s cryptic, and a lot of the real documentation is buried in the tribal knowledge of various Microsoft engineers. You may only end up with a few paragraphs of code, but it’s often a lot of work to get there (and this isn’t unique to Win32: I just described a lot of software development!).</p> <p>DirectX, or rather DXGI, turned out to be more readable but <em>way</em> more complex, as we’ll see soon. I didn’t end up needing DirectX’s help in the end, as the code can testify to.</p> <h3>DXGI rabbit hole</h3> <p>My first research attempts were in DXGI to try and find this information. The <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb173064(v=vs.85).aspx">DXGI_MODE_DESC</a> has the refresh rate right in plain sight, and it’s a <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb173069(v=vs.85).aspx">DXGI_RATIONAL</a> so maybe it’ll be more accurate than an integer for those times when a display is running at something weird like 59.97 Hz.</p> <p>Unfortunately, I was never able to find out how to query the <em>current</em> display mode for a specific monitor, window, or render target.</p> <p>I got pretty close though:</p> <p>1. Starting with <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/dd371766(v=vs.85).aspx">ID2D1RenderTarget</a>, call QueryInterface() to retrieve an interface pointer for <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/hh404479(v=vs.85).aspx">ID2D1DeviceContext</a>.</p> <p>2. On <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/hh404479(v=vs.85).aspx">ID2D1DeviceContext</a>, call <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/hh404513(v=vs.85).aspx">GetDevice()</a> to get the <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/hh404478(v=vs.85).aspx">ID2D1Device</a>.</p> <p>3. On the <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/hh404478(v=vs.85).aspx">ID2D1Device</a>, call QueryInterface() to retrieve an interface pointer for <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/dn890786(v=vs.85).aspx">ID2D1Device2</a>.</p> <p>4. On the <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/dn890786(v=vs.85).aspx">ID2D1Device2</a>, call <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/dn917489(v=vs.85).aspx">GetDxgiDevice()</a> to get the <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb174527(v=vs.85).aspx">IDXGIDevice</a>.</p> <p>5. On the <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb174527(v=vs.85).aspx">IDXGIDevice</a>, call <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb174531(v=vs.85).aspx">GetAdapter</a>() to get the <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb174523(v=vs.85).aspx">IDXGIAdapter</a></p> <p>From here you will need to use <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb174525(v=vs.85).aspx">EnumOutputs</a> to enumerate the <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb174546(v=vs.85).aspx">IDXGIOutput</a>s, then call <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb174548(v=vs.85).aspx">GetDesc()</a> on each one until you find one with the right HMONITOR for your HWND. Which means you can’t actually start from your render target (or device context) and get to the refresh rate. You still need some external information, namely the HWND, to get there.</p> <p><a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb174546(v=vs.85).aspx">IDXGIOutput</a> also has <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb174547(v=vs.85).aspx">FindClosestMatchingMode</a>, which sounds promising, but it’s no help at all for what we need.</p> <p><a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb174549(v=vs.85).aspx">IDXGIOutput::GetDisplayModeList</a> allows you to enumerate all the modes, but not the <em>current</em> mode. This just seems like an omission to me. <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/hh404597(v=vs.85).aspx">IDXGIOutput1</a> through <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/mt679495(v=vs.85).aspx">5</a>, retrievable via QueryInterface(), don’t have anything to help here either.</p> <p>Not being able to go from the render target to the refresh rate actually makes sense, since a render target doesn’t have to be attached to a monitor (it could be pointed at a bitmap). However, not being able to query the monitor’s <em>current mode </em>is not something I’ve come up with a plausible explanation for.</p> <p>Maybe I’m wrong and there is a way to do this with DXGI – like maybe the first entry in GetDisplayModeList is the current mode by convention. The documentation says nothing about this, however.</p> <p>So, DXGI turned out to be an empty rabbit hole that left me frustrated and so I shelved the problem for a later date.</p> <h3>Conclusion</h3> <p>But, I did finally get it working! As is often the case, it mostly required deciding that this really was the most important thing to work on at the time (prioritization, in other words). Then I sat down for a few hours, did the research, wrote and experimented with some code in C so I wouldn’t have to worry about interop definitions, then ported it to a little C#/WPF sample app, debugged the interop bugs, and then it was ready for integration into Paint.NET (another hour or two).</p> <p>And now, <em>finally</em>, <a href="https://blog.getpaint.net/2017/07/20/paint-net-4-0-17-is-now-available/">as of version 4.0.17</a>, Paint.NET is using a lot less CPU time any time it does any animations. 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