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Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. 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The decade was noted for featuring numerous major societal shifts in the [[Americas]]. In [[North America]], the election of [[Abraham Lincoln and slavery|Free Soiler]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] to the [[President of the United States|presidency]] in [[1860 United States presidential election|1860]] in the [[United States]] led to the [[Secession in the United States|secession]] of eleven [[Southern United States|southern]] [[U.S. state|states]] as the [[Confederate States of America]] (CSA). The resulting [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865) would be among the first industrial wars, featuring advanced technology such as [[steel]] [[warship]]s and [[machine guns]]. The victory of the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] and subsequent [[abolitionism|abolition]] of [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] would contribute to the decline of the [[Atlantic slave trade|global slave trade]]. Conflict in [[Mexico]] ensued after the [[French colonial empire|French Empire]] installed [[Maximilian of Mexico|Maximilian I]] as [[Emperor of Mexico]]; former President [[Benito Juárez|Benito Suarez]] would regain his position in 1867 after a power struggle. In [[South America]], the [[Paraguayan War|Triple Alliance]] of the [[Empire of Brazil]], [[Argentina]] and [[Uruguay]] in the [[Paraguayan War]] (1864–1870) would be among the bloodiest conflicts in the continent's history, leading to the death of almost 60% of the [[Paraguay]]an population. In [[Europe]], the formation of the union of [[Austria-Hungary]] in 1867 and the ongoing campaign to [[Italian unification|unify Italy]] by [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II]] of [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Sardinia-Piedmont]] would affect the European [[Balance of power (international relations)|balance of power]]. The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] would continue engaging in a series of conflicts known as the [[New Zealand Wars]] with the indigenous [[Māori people|Māori]], with the [[New Zealand land confiscations]] beginning in 1863. In Asia, the [[Meiji Restoration]] of 1868 would begin the process of transforming [[Japan]] into a global [[Empire of Japan|imperial power]]. The [[Qing dynasty|Qing Dynasty]] of [[China]] would experience decline following its defeat to the [[British Empire|British]] in 1860 in the [[Second Opium War]]. In 1864, the [[Russian Empire]] would embark upon the [[Circassian genocide]] in the [[Caucasus]], leading to the deaths or expulsion of at least 75% of the [[Circassians|Circassian]] people. The last living person from this decade was [[Oldest people#Chronological list of the oldest known living person since 1954|Nellie Spencer]], who died in 1982. ==Politics and wars== {{See also|List of sovereign states in the 1860s}} [[File:Edouard Manet 022.jpg|thumb|226x226px|Emperor [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Maximilian]] being executed (1867), marking the end of the [[Second Mexican Empire]]]] === Wars === * [[Second French intervention in Mexico|French occupation of Mexico]] (1863–1867). Replacement of [[President of Mexico]] [[Benito Juárez]] (1861–1863) at first with [[Juan Nepomuceno Almonte]] (1863–1864) and then by Emperor [[Maximilian of Mexico]] (1864–1867) with the establishment of the [[Second Mexican Empire]]. Juárez eventually manages to recover his position (1867–1872). *On 18 October 1860, the first [[Convention of Peking]] formally ended the [[Second Opium War]]. * The [[American Civil War]] which lasted from [[1861]] to [[1865]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/19407/American-Civil-War | title=American Civil War | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica | access-date=4 May 2014}}</ref> * The [[Paraguayan War]] (1864–1870) starts in [[South America]], with the invasion of [[Paraguay]] by the [[Treaty of the Triple Alliance|Triple Alliance]] ([[Empire of Brazil]], [[Argentina]] and [[Uruguay]]). It will kill almost 60% of the country's population. * The main phase of the [[New Zealand Wars]] between British colonials and the [[Māori people|Māori]] population begins with the [[First Taranaki War]] in 1860. The most significant campaign is the [[Invasion of the Waikato]] in 1863, which sees some 14,000 British and colonial troops engaged. * The [[Kingdom of Prussia]] under [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck]] [[Second Schleswig War|invaded Denmark in 1864]], which ended in the division of Schleswig, [[Schleswig-Holstein Question|the location of a pro-German revolt]], between Prussia and the [[Austrian Empire]]. Though Prussia and Austria had both fought side by side in this war, Prussia later attacked Austria in [[Austro-Prussian War|the Austro-Prussian war of 1866]]. The technological and logistical superiority of Prussia's armed forces obliterated Austria and its allies, the former also having to deal with [[Third Italian War of Independence|Prussia's ally Italy in Venice]]. By the end of these conflicts, Prussia was seen as the most powerful state in [[Germany]], and had total hegemony over the other German states. The [[North German Confederation|NGF]] was formed after the Austro-Prussian war, uniting the states of north Germany, and Prussia soon led it into another conflict with [[Franco-Prussian War|France]]. * The [[Bhutan War]] between the [[British Empire]] and [[history of Bhutan|Bhutan]] lasted from 1864 to 1865. It ended in a British victory and the loss of some Bhutanese territory to [[British India]]. * The [[British Expedition to Abyssinia]] was a rescue mission and punitive expedition carried out in 1868 by the armed forces of the [[British Empire]] against the [[Ethiopian Empire]]. * Conclusion of the [[Russo-Circassian War]] (1763–1864) resulting in Russian victory and subsequent [[Circassian genocide]] and [[Circassian diaspora|diaspora]]. ===Internal conflicts=== [[Image:Thure de Thulstrup - Battle of Antietam.jpg |250px|[[American Civil War]]: [[Battle of Antietam]] by [[Thure de Thulstrup]]|thumb]] *The '''Federal War''' was a [[civil war]] (1859–1863) in [[Venezuela]] between the [[Conservative Party (Venezuela)|Conservative]] party and the [[Liberal Party (Venezuela)|Liberal]] party over the monopoly the Conservatives held over government positions and land ownership, and their intransigence to granting any reforms. It was the biggest and bloodiest civil war that [[Venezuela]] had since its [[Venezuelan War of Independence|independence]]. Hundreds of thousands died in the violence of the war, or from [[hunger]] or [[disease]], in a country with a population of just over a million people * [[American Civil War]] fought between the remaining [[United States|United States of America]] under [[President of the United States|President]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] and the self-declared [[Confederate States of America]] under [[President of the Confederate States|President]] [[Jefferson Davis]] (April 12, 1861 – April 9, 1865) and Vice President [[Alexander Stephens]]. ** Beginning of the [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] era under President [[Andrew Johnson]] (1865–1869). * 1863–64 [[January Uprising]] in the [[Russian Empire]]. * On 19 July 1864 the fall of Nanjing formally ended the 14-year [[Taiping Rebellion]]. * 1862–1877 [[Dungan Revolt (1862–77)|Tongzhi Hui Revolt]] in [[Qing dynasty]] of China. * 1868–1869 [[Boshin War]] in [[Japan]], fought between the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] and those seeking to return political power to the [[Imperial Court in Kyoto|Imperial Court.]] ===Prominent political events=== [[File:1859-60 CE world map.PNG|thumb|250px|Political map of the world in 1860]] * [[Italian Unification]] under King [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II]]. Wars for expansion and national unity continue until the incorporation of the [[Papal States]] (March 17, 1861 – September 20, 1870). * [[Emancipation reform of 1861|Abolition of serfdom]] in [[Russian Empire|Russia]] by tsar [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] (1861). *[[Meiji Restoration]] in [[Japan]] (1866–1869). [[Tokugawa Yoshinobu]], 15th and last of the [[Tokugawa shogunate|Tokugawa shōguns]] loses control to the [[Meiji Emperor]]. A series of reforms follows. The [[samurai]] class fails to survive while the ''[[daimyō]]s'' turn to [[politics]]. * The [[Dominion]] of [[Canada]] is created by the [[British North America Act]] on July 1, 1867. * [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867|Compromise]] between [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] and [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], hence creating the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] in 1867. * The [[Glorious Revolution (Spain)|"La Gloriosa"]]revolution in [[Spain]] (1868). Queen [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella II]] is deposed. ==Assassinations and attempts== {{expand section|date=July 2018}} Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include: [[File:Lincoln assassination slide c1900 - Restoration.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Image of Lincoln being shot by Booth while sitting in a theater booth.|Shown in the presidential booth of Ford's Theatre, from left to right, are assassin [[John Wilkes Booth]], [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[Mary Todd Lincoln]], [[Clara Harris]], and [[Henry Rathbone]]]] * President of the United States [[Abraham Lincoln]] is [[assassination|assassinated]] by [[John Wilkes Booth]], April 14, 1865. * King of [[Madagascar]] [[Radama II]] is captured by soldiers and strangled to death. * [[Manuel Isidoro Belzu]], President of [[Bolivia]] is assassinated. * Father of Canadian Confederation, [[Thomas D'Arcy McGee]] is assassinated by [[Patrick J. Whelan]]. * [[Sakamoto Ryōma]], a prominent figure in the [[Bakumatsu]] era in Japan and part of the movement to overthrow the [[Tokugawa shogunate]], is assassinated along with [[Nakaoka Shintarō]] at a Kyoto inn in 1867. {{Clear}} ==Science and technology== [[File:Caisse dynamite nobel paulilles expo.JPG|220px|thumb|[[Alfred Nobel]] invents [[dynamite]] in Sweden, patenting it in 1867]] * The [[Metropolitan Railway]], the world's first underground railway, opens in London in 1863.<ref name="theg_Asho">{{Cite web |title=A short history of world metro systems – in pictures |last=Lin |first=Luna |work=the Guardian |date=10 September 2014 |access-date=1 June 2021 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/cities/gallery/2014/sep/10/-sp-history-metro-pictures-london-underground-new-york-beijing-seoul}}</ref> * The ''[[French submarine Plongeur|Plongeur]]'', the first mechanically powered [[submarine]] in the world, is launched in 1863 after three years of construction. * The United States’ [[first transcontinental railroad]] is completed in 1869. * The [[Suez Canal]] in [[Egypt]] is opened in 1869. * [[Carl Wilhelm Borchardt]] discovers and proves [[Cayley's formula]] in [[graph theory]] in 1860. * The first [[transatlantic telegraph cable]] is successfully laid in 1866, enabling almost instant communication between America and Europe. * [[Alfred Nobel]] invents [[dynamite]] in Sweden, patenting it in 1867. * [[James Clerk Maxwell]] publishes his [[Maxwell's equations|equations]] that quantify the relationship between electricity and magnetism, and shows that [[light]] is a form of [[electromagnetic radiation]] * [[Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister|Joseph Lister]] develops [[antiseptic]] methods for use in surgery in 1867, introducing [[phenol|carbolic acid]] as an antiseptic, turning it into the first widely used surgical antiseptic in surgery, and publishing ''[[Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery]]''. As a result, deaths from infections due to surgery greatly decrease.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infoplease.com/math-science/health/medical-advances-timeline|title=Medical Advances Timeline|website=www.infoplease.com}}</ref> * [[Gregor Mendel]] formulates [[Mendelian inheritance|Mendel's laws of inheritance]], the basis for [[genetics]], in a two-part paper written in 1865 and published in 1866, although it is largely ignored until 1900. * [[Dmitri Mendeleev]] develops the modern [[periodic table]] * [[Helium]] was first ''detected'' during the total [[solar eclipse]] of August 18, 1868, in parts of [[India]]. It was the first eclipse expedition in which a [[spectroscope]] was used. * [[J. Norman Lockyer]] and [[Pierre Janssen]] are honored for their discovery of the nature of the Sun's ''prominences''. They were the first to notice bright spectral emission lines when viewing the limb of the Sun without the aid of a total solar eclipse. * [[1862 International Exhibition]] in [[London]], England and [[International Exposition (1867)|1867 International Exposition]] in [[Paris]]. *[[Louis Pasteur]] develops a technique of food preservation known as [[Pasteurization]], advancing understanding of the [[Germ theory of disease]]. ==Establishments== [[File:Unterzeichnung 1. Genferkonvention.jpg|thumb|220px|The signing of the [[First Geneva Convention]] by some of the major European powers in 1864]] [[File:ThomasHenryHuxley.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Thomas Henry Huxley|T. H. Huxley]]'s [[1860 Oxford evolution debate|famous debate in 1860]] with [[Samuel Wilberforce]] was a key moment in the wider acceptance of [[Charles Darwin]]'s theory of [[evolution]]]] * The [[London Fire Brigade]] was established in 1865. * [[Florence Nightingale]] founds school for nurses in 1860. * [[Purdue University]] in [[West Lafayette, Indiana]], USA opens its doors on May 6, 1869, for the first time under a land grant from the [[Morrill Act]]. == Religion == * Within [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]], reaction against [[higher criticism]] and the liberal movement in [[Europe]] * The [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] becomes officially established in 1863 in [[Battle Creek, Michigan|Battle Creek]], [[Michigan]]. * The Christian Mission, later renamed the [[Salvation Army]], is co-founded by [[William Booth|William]] and [[Catherine Booth]] in [[London]] in 1865. * [[Bahá'u'lláh]] declares his station as "the One whom God shall make Manifest", in the Garden of [[Ridván]]. [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼís]] see this as the beginning date of the [[Baháʼí Faith]]. ==Culture== ===Literature and arts=== * [[Victor Hugo]] publishes ''[[Les Misérables]]''. * [[Leo Tolstoy]] publishes ''[[War and Peace]]''. * [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]] publishes ''[[Crime and Punishment]]''. * [[Lewis Carroll]] publishes ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]''. * [[Jules Verne]] publishes ''[[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas]]''. * [[Impressionism]] went public. * [[Charles Dickens]] publishes ''[[Great Expectations]]'' and ''[[Our Mutual Friend]]''. * [[George Eliot]] publishes the ''[[Silas Marner]]''. * [[Karl Marx]] publishes ''[[Das Kapital]]''. * [[Horatio Alger]] publishes ''[[Ragged Dick]]''. * ''[[Winged Victory of Samothrace]]'' is discovered, 1863. ===Sports=== * The first [[College football#American college football|college football]] game is played in 1869, with Rutgers beating Princeton 6–4. * The sport of [[skiing]] is invented around 1862. * [[The Football Association]] is formed in the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]], paving the way for [[association football]] to become the world's predominant spectator sport. * The Cincinnati Redstockings became the first openly professional baseball team in 1869. They finished the same season with a perfect 58–0 record, thanks in large part to their Hall of Fame leader Harry Wright. ===Fashion=== {{Main|1860s in fashion}} * The [[Victorian era]] and its culture largely thrived from 1860 until 1901. * The culture of the [[Victorian era]] comes to America and remains in place until around the turn of the 20th century, where the year it ends is disputed as to whether it ended with the rise of [[progressivism]] in 1896 or with the death of [[Queen Victoria]] in 1901. ===Miscellaneous trends=== * The start of the [[bicycle craze]] of 1860–1900 ==People== ===Politics=== * [[Louis Curchod]], Director International Telecommunication Union ===Famous and infamous personalities=== * [[John Wilkes Booth]], the [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|assassin of president Abraham Lincoln]] * [[Kit Carson]], [[Wild West]], [[frontiersman]], [[mountain man]] * [[Thomas C. Durant]], [[Wild West]], [[railroad tycoon]] * [[Wild Bill Hickok]], [[Wild West]], lawman. == See also == * [[Victorian era|Victorian Era]] * [[Reconstruction era|Reconstruction Era]] (for most of the decade). * [[American Civil War]] (for the decade's first half). == References == {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * ''Appleton's Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events: 1861'' (1864) [https://books.google.com/books?id=2y8LAQAAIAAJ online] * {{cite book|title=Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events of the year: 1862|year=1863|publisher=D. Appleton & Company|location=New York|page=i|url=https://archive.org/stream/1862appletonsan02newyuoft#page/n3/mode/2up}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=YQ8bAQAAMAAJ ''Appletons' annual cyclopedia and register of important events: Embracing political, military, and ecclesiastical affairs; public documents; biography, statistics, commerce, finance, literature, science, agriculture, and mechanical industry, Volume 3 1863'' (1864)], thorough coverage of the events of 1863 * [https://archive.org/stream/appletonsannualc07newyuoft#page/n7/mode/2up The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year '''1867'''] * ''American Annual Cyclopedia&nbsp;... 1868'' (1869), [https://books.google.com/books?id=maIoAAAAYAAJ online] * ''American Annual Cyclopedia&nbsp;... for 1869'' (1870) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMVAAAAYAAJ online edition] ==External links== {{Commons category}} * [[1860s in fashion]] – Clothing, Hair Styles and Personal Appearance. {{19th 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