CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Thailand - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"22ed1eb7-7be0-407f-83fc-cae3860768c3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Thailand","wgTitle":"Thailand","wgCurRevisionId":1260971681,"wgRevisionId":1260971681,"wgArticleId":30128,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Articles containing Thai-language text","Pages with Thai IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with Thai-language sources (th)","CS1 Thai-language sources (th)","CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from June 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 uses Thai-language script (th)", "Webarchive template other archives","CS1 errors: periodical ignored","Articles with dead external links from March 2024","CS1 maint: others","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use British English from December 2021","Use dmy dates from April 2024","Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters","Articles containing Sanskrit-language text","Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from February 2024","All articles needing rewrite","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024","All articles containing potentially dated statements", "Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012","All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from October 2024","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017","All self-contradictory articles","Self-contradictory articles from October 2024","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Coordinates on Wikidata","Thailand","1932 establishments in Asia","1932 establishments in Siam","1932 establishments in Southeast Asia","Countries in Asia","Kingdoms","Member states of ASEAN","Member states of the United Nations","Newly industrializing countries","Observer states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation","Southeast Asian countries","States and territories established in 1932"], "wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Thailand","wgRelevantArticleId":30128,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":300000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":15,"lon":101},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false, "wgWikibaseItemId":"Q869","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.imagemap.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","ext.imagemap","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.imagemap.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/1200px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/800px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/640px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Thailand - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Thailand rootpage-Thailand skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Thailand" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Thailand" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Thailand" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Thailand" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory_and_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory_and_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory and origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory_and_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Tai_confederate_cities:_(691_BCE_–_13th_century_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Tai_confederate_cities:_(691_BCE_–_13th_century_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Early Tai confederate cities: (691 BCE – 13th century CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Tai_confederate_cities:_(691_BCE_–_13th_century_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mon_and_Lavo_Kingdoms:_(5th_century_CE_–_13th_century_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mon_and_Lavo_Kingdoms:_(5th_century_CE_–_13th_century_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Mon and Lavo Kingdoms: (5th century CE – 13th century CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mon_and_Lavo_Kingdoms:_(5th_century_CE_–_13th_century_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sukhothai_Kingdom_(1238_CE_–_14th_century_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sukhothai_Kingdom_(1238_CE_–_14th_century_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Sukhothai Kingdom (1238 CE – 14th century CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sukhothai_Kingdom_(1238_CE_–_14th_century_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ayutthaya_Kingdom_(1351–1767)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ayutthaya_Kingdom_(1351–1767)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Ayutthaya Kingdom (1351–1767) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ayutthaya_Kingdom_(1351–1767)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thonburi_Kingdom_(1767–1782)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thonburi_Kingdom_(1767–1782)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Thonburi Kingdom (1767–1782) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thonburi_Kingdom_(1767–1782)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rattanakosin_Kingdom_and_modernization_(1782_–1932)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rattanakosin_Kingdom_and_modernization_(1782_–1932)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Rattanakosin Kingdom and modernization (1782 –1932) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rattanakosin_Kingdom_and_modernization_(1782_–1932)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_monarchy,_World_War_II_and_Cold_War_(1932–1975)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_monarchy,_World_War_II_and_Cold_War_(1932–1975)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Constitutional monarchy, World War II and Cold War (1932–1975) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_monarchy,_World_War_II_and_Cold_War_(1932–1975)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Contemporary history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity_and_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity_and_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biodiversity and conservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity_and_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics and government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics and government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armed_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armed_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Armed forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armed_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Income_and_wealth_disparities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Income_and_wealth_disparities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Income and wealth disparities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Income_and_wealth_disparities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exports_and_manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exports_and_manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Exports and manufacturing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exports_and_manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture_and_natural_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture_and_natural_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Agriculture and natural resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture_and_natural_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Informal_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informal_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Informal economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informal_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_centres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_centres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Population centres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_centres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Music and dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Units_of_measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Units_of_measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Units of measurement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Units_of_measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Thailand</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 273 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-273" aria-hidden="true" > 273 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muang_Thai" title="Muang Thai – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Muang Thai" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Тайлэнд – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Тайлэнд" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Тайланд – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Тайланд" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B3%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ታይላንድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ታይላንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaieenn%C3%A2m" title="Thaieennâm – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Thaieennâm" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="थाईलैंड – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="थाईलैंड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A6%C4%A1land" title="Tæġland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Tæġland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="تايلاند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تايلاند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailandia" title="Tailandia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tailandia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF" title="Թայլանտ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Թայլանտ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayilanda" title="Tayilanda – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Tayilanda" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="থাইলেণ্ড – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="থাইলেণ্ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailandia" title="Tailandia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tailandia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="थाइल्याण्ड – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="थाइल्याण्ड" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail%C3%A1ndia" title="Tailándia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tailándia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylandya" title="Taylandya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Taylandya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailand" title="Tailand – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tailand" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="تایلند – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تایلند" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="থাইল্যান্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="থাইল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0i-kok" title="Thài-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thài-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Таиланд – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Таиланд" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Тайланд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тайланд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Тайлянд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тайлянд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="थाइलैंड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="थाइलैंड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailandya" title="Tailandya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tailandya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taelan" title="Taelan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Taelan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Тайланд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тайланд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཐའི་ལེན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཐའི་ལེན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajland" title="Tajland – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tajland" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Тайланд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Тайланд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail%C3%A0ndia" title="Tailàndia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tailàndia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Таиланд – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Таиланд" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylandiya" title="Taylandiya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Taylandiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thajsko" title="Thajsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thajsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailandia" title="Tailandia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Tailandia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwlad_Tai" title="Gwlad Tai – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwlad Tai" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailan" title="Thailan – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Thailan" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="طايلاند – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طايلاند" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaieana" title="Thaieana – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Thaieana" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%AA" title="ސިޔާމު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސިޔާމު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin%C3%A1%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%A1daa%C5%82ts%CA%BC%C3%B3z%C3%AD_Ch%CA%BC%C3%ADdadeeldl%C3%B3%C3%B3h%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Binááʼádaałtsʼózí Chʼídadeeldlóóhí Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Binááʼádaałtsʼózí Chʼídadeeldlóóhí Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandska" title="Thailandska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Thailandska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="थाइल्याण्ड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="थाइल्याण्ड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%8C%E0%BC%8B" title="ཐཱའི་ལེནཌ་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཐཱའི་ལེནཌ་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai" title="Tai – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tai" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B7" title="Ταϊλάνδη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ταϊλάνδη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Тайланд Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Тайланд Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailandia" title="Tailandia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tailandia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajlando" title="Tajlando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tajlando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail%C3%A1ndia" title="Tailándia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Tailándia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandia" title="Thailandia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thailandia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="تایلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تایلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailand" title="Tailand – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Tailand" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tha%C3%AFlande" title="Thaïlande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thaïlande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail%C3%A2n" title="Tailân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tailân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailannde" title="Tailannde – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Tailannde" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailandie" title="Tailandie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Tailandie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_T%C3%A9alainn" title="An Téalainn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Téalainn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_%C3%87heer_Thai" title="Yn Çheer Thai – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Çheer Thai" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailand" title="Tailand – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Tailand" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B9thaich_nan_T%C3%A0idh" title="Dùthaich nan Tàidh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Dùthaich nan Tàidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailandia" title="Tailandia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tailandia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Таиланд – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Таиланд" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B" title="泰國 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="泰國" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1" title="થાઇલેન્ડ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="થાઇલેન્ડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="थायलंड – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="थायलंड" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai-koet" title="Thai-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thai-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="태국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="태국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailan" title="Tailan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tailan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailani" title="Tailani – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Tailani" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4" title="Թաիլանդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թաիլանդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="थाईलैण्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थाईलैण्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandska" title="Thailandska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Thailandska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajland" title="Tajland – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tajland" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailando" title="Tailando – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tailando" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailandia" title="Tailandia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tailandia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="টাইলান্ডিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="টাইলান্ডিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailanda" title="Thailanda – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Thailanda" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailan" title="Tailan – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Tailan" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Таиланд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Таиланд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IThailande" title="IThailande – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IThailande" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%ADland" title="Taíland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Taíland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandia" title="Thailandia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thailandia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="תאילנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תאילנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai" title="Thai – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Thai" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayiland%C9%A9" title="Tayilandɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tayilandɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಥೈಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಥೈಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailandia" title="Tailandia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tailandia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ტაილანდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტაილანდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="تھائی لینڈ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تھائی لینڈ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajlandi%C3%B4" title="Tajlandiô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Tajlandiô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Тайланд – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тайланд" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Tay" title="Pow Tay – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow Tay" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayilande" title="Tayilande – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Tayilande" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthai" title="Uthai – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uthai" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Таиланд – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Таиланд" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayilann" title="Tayilann – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tayilann" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylann" title="Taylann – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Taylann" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylenda" title="Taylenda – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Taylenda" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Тайланд – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тайланд" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandia" title="Thailandia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Thailandia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailandia" title="Tailandia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Tailandia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%97" title="ປະເທດໄທ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດໄທ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandia" title="Thailandia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thailandia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taizeme" title="Taizeme – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Taizeme" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Таиланд – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Таиланд" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailandas" title="Tailandas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tailandas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandia" title="Thailandia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Thailandia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandi" title="Thailandi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Thailandi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai" title="Tai – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tai" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaimua" title="Thaimua – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Thaimua" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tais" title="tais – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tais" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandia" title="Thailandia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Thailandia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaif%C3%B6ld" title="Thaiföld – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thaiföld" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="थाइल्याण्ड – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="थाइल्याण्ड" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Тајланд – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тајланд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailandy" title="Tailandy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tailandy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="തായ്‌ലാന്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തായ്‌ലാന്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajlandja" title="Tajlandja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Tajlandja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tairana" title="Tairana – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tairana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="थायलंड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="थायलंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ტაილანდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტაილანდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="تايلاندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تايلاندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="تایلند – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تایلند" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯊꯥꯢꯂꯦꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯊꯥꯢꯂꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1i-gu%C3%B3k" title="Tái-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tái-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail%C3%A1ndia" title="Tailándia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Tailándia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Таймастор – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Таймастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Тайланд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тайланд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ထိုင်းနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ထိုင်းနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailadi" title="Tailadi – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Tailadi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailaand" title="Thailaand – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Thailaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="थाइल्यान्ड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="थाइल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6" title="थाइल्यान्द – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="थाइल्यान्द" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="タイ王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タイ王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Таиланд – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Таиланд" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailun" title="Thailun – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Thailun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailan" title="Tailan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Tailan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailande" title="Tailande – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Tailande" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail%C3%A0ndia" title="Tailàndia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tailàndia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Таиланд – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Таиланд" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1" title="ଥାଇଲାଣ୍ଡ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଥାଇଲାଣ୍ଡ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taayilaand" title="Taayilaand – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Taayilaand" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailand" title="Tailand – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tailand" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1" title="ਥਾਈਲੈਂਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਥਾਈਲੈਂਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0" title="देय्यरट्ठ – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="देय्यरट्ठ" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="تھائی لینڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھائی لینڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ထုဲင်ꩻခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ထုဲင်ꩻခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailandia" title="Tailandia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Tailandia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%DA%89" title="تایلنډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تایلنډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailan" title="Tailan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Tailan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%90%E1%9F%83" title="ថៃ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ថៃ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tha%C3%AFlinde" title="Thaïlinde – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Thaïlinde" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandia" title="Thailandia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Thailandia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailan" title="Tailan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tailan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajlandia" title="Tajlandia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tajlandia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail%C3%A2ndia" title="Tailândia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tailândia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailand" title="Tailand – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Tailand" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayland" title="Tayland – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Tayland" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailanda" title="Thailanda – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Thailanda" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaysuyu" title="Thaysuyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Thaysuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Таїланд – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Таїланд" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Таиланд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Таиланд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тайлаан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тайлаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taialani" title="Taialani – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Taialani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D" title="थाईलेण्ड् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="थाईलेण्ड्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail%C3%A2nde" title="Tailânde – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Tailânde" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0" title="ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail%C3%A0ndia" title="Tailàndia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tailàndia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailound" title="Thailound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Thailound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajlanda" title="Tajlanda – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tajlanda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandia" title="Thailandia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Thailandia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="තායිලන්තය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තායිලන්තය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A" title="ٿائيلينڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٿائيلينڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IThayilandi" title="IThayilandi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IThayilandi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thajsko" title="Thajsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Thajsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajska" title="Tajska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tajska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajlandyjo" title="Tajlandyjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Tajlandyjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayland" title="Tayland – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tayland" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF" title="تایلەند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تایلەند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taikondre" title="Taikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Taikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Тајланд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тајланд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajland" title="Tajland – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tajland" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaimaa" title="Thaimaa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thaimaa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylandiya" title="Taylandiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Taylandiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="தாய்லாந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாய்லாந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%ACayland" title="Ṭayland – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ṭayland" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandie" title="Thailandie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Thailandie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Таиланд – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Таиланд" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%82%86%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းထႆး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းထႆး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="థాయిలాండ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="థాయిలాండ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail%C3%A1ndia" title="Tailándia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Tailándia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศไทย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศไทย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Таиланд – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Таиланд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailani" title="Tailani – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Tailani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%AF%E1%8E%B4%E1%8F%82" title="ᏔᏯᎴᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏔᏯᎴᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayland" title="Tayland – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tayland" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%BDland" title="Taýland – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Taýland" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailan" title="Tailan – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Tailan" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Таиланд – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Таиланд" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%89" title="ᨈᨕᨗᨒᨊᨉ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨈᨕᨗᨒᨊᨉ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Таїланд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Таїланд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="تھائی لینڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تھائی لینڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="تايلاند – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تايلاند" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daigoz" title="Daigoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Daigoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai%C5%82%C3%A0ndia" title="Taiłàndia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Taiłàndia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailand" title="Tailand – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Tailand" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Lan" title="Thái Lan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thái Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay%C3%A4n" title="Tayän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tayän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai" title="Tai – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tai" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylande" title="Taylande – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Taylande" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B" title="泰國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="泰國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taaylaand" title="Taaylaand – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Taaylaand" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="泰国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="泰国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="טיילאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טיילאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A1%C3%ADl%C3%A0nd%C3%AC" title="Tháílàndì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tháílàndì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B" title="泰國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="泰國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylanda" title="Taylanda – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Taylanda" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailands" title="Tailands – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tailands" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="泰国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="泰国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bajau Sama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muang-Tay" title="Muang-Tay – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Muang-Tay" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Thailand" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%AB%E1%A5%92%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%97%E1%A5%AD%E1%A5%B0" title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥗᥭᥰ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥗᥭᥰ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail%C9%99nd" title="Tailənd – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Tailənd" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B7" title="ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q869#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Thailand" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Thailand">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thailand&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thailand&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Thailand">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thailand&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thailand&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Thailand" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Thailand" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thailand&oldid=1260971681" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thailand&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Thailand&id=1260971681&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FThailand">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FThailand">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Thailand&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thailand&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Thailand" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Thailand" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Thailand" hreflang="en">Wikiversity</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Thailand" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q869" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thailand&params=15_N_101_E_region:TH_type:country">15°N 101°E / 15°N 101°E / 15; 101</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Southeast Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Siam" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Siam_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Siam (disambiguation)">Siam (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Thailand</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ราชอาณาจักรไทย (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>)</li><li>Ratcha-anachak Thai</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Thailand"><img alt="Flag of Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/125px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/188px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/250px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Thailand" title="Flag of Thailand">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Thailand"><img alt="Emblem of Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Thailand.svg/85px-Emblem_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Thailand.svg/128px-Emblem_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Thailand.svg/170px-Emblem_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="398" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Thailand" title="Emblem of Thailand"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: เพลงชาติไทย <a href="/wiki/Thai_National_Anthem" title="Thai National Anthem">Phleng Chat Thai</a> "Thai National Anthem"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="45" data-mwtitle="Thai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Thai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/Thai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg/Thai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=he&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="he" label="עברית ‪(he)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=hr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hr" label="hrvatski ‪(hr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=km&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="km" label="ភាសាខ្មែរ ‪(km)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=lo&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="lo" label="ລາວ ‪(lo)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=my&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="my" label="မြန်မာဘာသာ ‪(my)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=sr-el&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sr-Latn" label="srpski (latinica) ‪(sr-el)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=sr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sr" label="српски / srpski ‪(sr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=ta&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ta" label="தமிழ் ‪(ta)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=tl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tl" label="Tagalog ‪(tl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div><div class="ib-country-anthem"><a href="/wiki/Royal_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal anthem">Royal anthem</a>: สรรเสริญพระบารมี <a href="/wiki/Sansoen_Phra_Barami" title="Sansoen Phra Barami">Sansoen Phra Barami</a> "Glorify His Prestige"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="68" data-mwtitle="Thai_Royal_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Thai_Royal_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Thai_Royal_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg/Thai_Royal_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_Royal_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_Royal_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_Royal_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_Royal_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_Royal_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Thailand_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Thailand_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Thailand_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Thailand_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Thailand_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Thailand_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Thailand_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Thailand_ASEAN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Location_Thailand_ASEAN.svg/250px-Location_Thailand_ASEAN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Location_Thailand_ASEAN.svg/375px-Location_Thailand_ASEAN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Location_Thailand_ASEAN.svg/500px-Location_Thailand_ASEAN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="900" /></a>Show map of ASEAN</div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Thailand (green)– in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> (dark grey & grey) – in <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> (dark grey)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thailand&params=13_48_N_100_33_E_region:TH-10_type:city(8,300,000)">13°48′N 100°33′E / 13.800°N 100.550°E / 13.800; 100.550</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA-2">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-lang">Spoken languages</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_Thai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Thai language">Central Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isan_language" title="Isan language">Isan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Lanna (Northern Thai)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Dambro (Southern Thai)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karenic_languages" title="Karenic languages">Karen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Pattani Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Malay" title="Bangkok Malay">Bangkok Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>80% <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai</a> <ul><li>37% Thai (Central Thai)</li> <li>25% <a href="/wiki/Isan_people" title="Isan people">Thai Lao (Northeastern Thai)</a></li> <li>8% <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_people" title="Northern Thai people">Lanna (Northern Thai)</a></li> <li>8% <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Dambro (Southern Thai)</a></li> <li>2% (Western Thai)</li></ul></li> <li>12% <a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Thai Chinese</a></li> <li>4% <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a></li> <li>4% <a href="/wiki/Thai_Malays" title="Thai Malays">Malays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2018 census)<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>93.46% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Buddhism</a></li> <li>5.37% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Thailand" title="Islam in Thailand">Islam</a></li> <li>1.13% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Thailand" title="Christianity in Thailand">Christianity</a></li> <li>0.03% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Other</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand" title="Politics of Thailand">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary constitutional monarchy">parliamentary constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vajiralongkorn" title="Vajiralongkorn">Vajiralongkorn</a> (Rama X)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paetongtarn_Shinawatra" title="Paetongtarn Shinawatra">Paetongtarn Shinawatra</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Thailand">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Thailand" title="Senate of Thailand">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Thailand)" title="House of Representatives (Thailand)">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1238–1438</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1351–1767</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi Kingdom</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1767–1782</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Rattanakosin Kingdom</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 April 1782</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Constitutional monarchy</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 June 1932</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" title="Constitution of Thailand">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 April 2017</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Thailand" title="Geography of Thailand">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">513,120 km2 (198,120 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">50th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.4 (2,230 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Thailand" title="Demographics of Thailand">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 65,975,198<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">22nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2010 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">64,785,909<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">21st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">132.1/km2 (342.1/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">88th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $1.644 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TH-6">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">23rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $23,401<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TH-6">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">74th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $548.890 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TH-6">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">26th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $7,812<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TH-6">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">88th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2021)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 35.1<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.803<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">66th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">Thai baht</a> (฿) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">THB</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+7 (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B07:00" title="UTC+07:00">ICT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy (<a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">BE</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Thailand" title="Telephone numbers in Thailand">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Thailand" title="Telephone numbers in Thailand">+66</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:TH" title="ISO 3166-2:TH">TH</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.th" title=".th">.th</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/.%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title=".ไทย">.ไทย</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Officially known in Thai as "Krung Thep Maha Nakhon" </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Thai_Alphabet_Sample.svg/40px-Thai_Alphabet_Sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Thai_Alphabet_Sample.svg/60px-Thai_Alphabet_Sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Thai_Alphabet_Sample.svg/80px-Thai_Alphabet_Sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="128" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">You may need <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a> to display the <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai text</a> in this article correctly.</div></div> </div> Thailand,<a href="#cite_note-endo-9">[i]</a> officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939),<a href="#cite_note-siam-10">[ii]</a> is a country in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Indochinese Peninsula</a>. With a population of almost 66 million,<a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a> it spans 513,115 square kilometres (198,115 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a> Thailand is <a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Thailand" title="Template:Borders of Thailand">bordered</a> to the northwest by <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, to the northeast and east by <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, to the southeast by <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, to the south by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, and to the southwest by the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a>; it also shares <a href="/wiki/Maritime_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime border">maritime borders</a> with <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> to the southeast and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> to the southwest. <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> is the state capital and largest city.<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Thai peoples</a> migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 6th to 11th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Indianised kingdoms</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Mon_kingdoms" title="Mon kingdoms">Mon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monarchies_of_Malaysia" title="Monarchies of Malaysia">Malay states</a> ruled the region, competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Ngoenyang" title="Ngoenyang">Ngoenyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lan_Na" title="Lan Na">Lan Na</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a>, which also rivalled each other. European contact began in 1511 with a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya, which became a regional power by the end of the 15th century. Ayutthaya reached its peak during the 18th century, until it was destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1765%E2%80%931767)" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767)">Burmese–Siamese War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taksin" title="Taksin">King Taksin the Great</a> quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi Kingdom</a> (1767–1782), of which he was the only king. He was succeeded in 1782 by <a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Phutthayotfa Chulalok</a> (Rama I), the first monarch of the current <a href="/wiki/Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">Chakri dynasty</a>. Throughout the era of <a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">Western imperialism in Asia</a>, Siam remained the only state in the region to avoid <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a> by foreign powers, although it was often forced to make <a href="/wiki/Territorial_losses_of_Thailand" title="Territorial losses of Thailand">territorial</a>, trade, and legal concessions in unequal treaties.<a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> The Siamese system of government was centralised and transformed into a modern unitary <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> during the 1868–1910 reign of <a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn" title="Chulalongkorn">Chulalongkorn</a> (Rama V). In <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Siam sided with <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">the Allies</a>, a political decision made in order to amend the unequal treaties. Following a bloodless <a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">revolution</a> in 1932, it became a constitutional monarchy and changed its official name to Thailand, becoming an <a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">ally of Japan</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. In the late 1950s, a military coup under <a href="/wiki/Sarit_Thanarat" title="Sarit Thanarat">Sarit Thanarat</a> revived the monarchy's historically influential role in politics. During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Thailand became a <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major ally</a> of the United States and played an <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">anti-communist role</a> in the region as a member of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a>, which was disbanded in 1977. Apart from a <a href="/wiki/1973_Thai_popular_uprising" title="1973 Thai popular uprising">brief period of parliamentary democracy</a> in the mid-1970s and 1990s, Thailand has periodically alternated between <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military rule</a>. Since the 2000s, the country has been in continual political conflict between supporters and opponents of twice-elected <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister of Thailand</a> <a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin Shinawatra</a>, which resulted in two <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coups</a> (in <a href="/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Thai coup d'état">2006</a> and <a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2014 Thai coup d'état">2014</a>), along with the establishment of its <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand#2017_Constitution" title="Constitution of Thailand">current constitution</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">nominally democratic government</a> after the <a href="/wiki/2019_Thai_general_election" title="2019 Thai general election">2019 Thai general election</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Thai_protests" title="2020–2021 Thai protests">large pro-democracy protests in 2020–2021</a>, which included unprecedented demands to reform the monarchy. Since 2019, it has been nominally a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>; in practice, however, structural advantages in the constitution have ensured the military's continued influence in politics.<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> Thailand is a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a> in global affairs and a founding member of <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>. It has the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of Thailand">second-largest economy</a> in Southeast Asia and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">23rd-largest in the world</a> by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>, and it ranks <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">91st by nominal</a> GDP per capita. Thailand is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialised_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Newly industrialised economy">newly industrialised economy</a>, with manufacturing, agriculture, and <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Thailand" title="Tourism in Thailand">tourism</a> as leading sectors.<a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> Thailand<a href="#cite_note-endo-9">[i]</a> was known by outsiders prior to 1939 as Siam.<a href="#cite_note-siam-10">[ii]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/George_C%C5%93d%C3%A8s" title="George Cœdès">George Cœdès</a>, the word Thai (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2" class="extiw" title="wikt:ไทย">ไทย</a>) means 'free man' in the Thai language, "differentiating the Thai from the natives encompassed in Thai society as serfs".<a href="#cite_note-Coedes_1968-18">[15]</a>: 197  According to <a href="/wiki/Chit_Phumisak" title="Chit Phumisak">Chit Phumisak</a>, Thai (ไท) simply means 'people' or 'human being'; his investigation shows that some rural areas used the word "Thai" instead of the usual Thai word khon (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99" class="extiw" title="wikt:คน">คน</a>) for people.<a href="#cite_note-Phumisak_1992-19">[16]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ferlus" title="Michel Ferlus">Michel Ferlus</a>, the ethnonyms Thai-Tai (or Thay-Tay) would have evolved from the etymon *k(ə)ri: 'human being'.<a href="#cite_note-21">[iii]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> Thais often refer to their country using the polite form prathet Thai (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: ประเทศไทย). They also use the more colloquial term mueang Thai (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: เมืองไทย) or simply Thai; the word <a href="/wiki/Mueang" title="Mueang">mueang</a>, archaically referring to a <a href="/wiki/Mandala_(political_model)" title="Mandala (political model)">city-state</a>, is commonly used to refer to a city or town as the centre of a region. Ratcha Anachak Thai (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: ราชอาณาจักรไทย) means 'kingdom of Thailand' or 'kingdom of Thai'. Etymologically, its components are: ratcha (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: राजन्, <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81jan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rājan">rājan</a>, 'king, royal, realm'), ana- (<a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> āṇā 'authority, command, power', itself from the Sanskrit आज्ञा, ājñā, of the same meaning), and -chak (from Sanskrit <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:चक्र">चक्र</a> cakra- 'wheel', a symbol of power and rule). The <a href="/wiki/Thai_National_Anthem" title="Thai National Anthem">Thai National Anthem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: เพลงชาติ), written by <a href="/wiki/Luang_Saranupraphan" title="Luang Saranupraphan">Luang Saranupraphan</a> during the patriotic 1930s, refers to the Thai nation as prathet Thai (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: ประเทศไทย). The first line of the national anthem is: prathet thai ruam lueat nuea chat chuea thai (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: ประเทศไทยรวมเลือดเนื้อชาติเชื้อไทย), 'Thailand is founded on blood and flesh'.<a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a> The former name Siam may have originated from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> श्याम (śyāma, 'dark')<a href="#cite_note-Phumisak_1992-19">[16]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a> ရာမည (rhmañña, 'stranger'), probably the same root as <a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> The word Śyâma is possibly not the true origin, but a pre-designed deviation from its proper, original meaning.<a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a> Another theory is the name derives from the Chinese calling this region 'Xian'.<a href="#cite_note-27">[iv]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baker_2014-28">[23]</a>: 8  The ancient Khmers used the word Siam to refer to people settled in the west <a href="/wiki/Chao_Phraya_River" title="Chao Phraya River">Chao Phraya River</a> valley surrounding the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Pathom" title="Nakhon Pathom">Nakhon Pathom</a> in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Central_Thailand" title="Central Thailand">central Thailand</a>; it may probably originate from the name of Lord <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, which also called Shyam, as in the <a href="/wiki/Wat_Sri_Chum_Inscription" title="Wat Sri Chum Inscription">Wat Sri Chum Inscription</a>, dated 13th century CE, mentions <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phra_Maha_Thera_Sri_Sattha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phra Maha Thera Sri Sattha (page does not exist)">Phra Maha Thera Sri Sattha</a> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2" class="extiw" title="th:พระมหาเถรศรีศรัทธา">th</a>] came to restore <a href="/wiki/Phra_Pathommachedi" title="Phra Pathommachedi">Phra Pathommachedi</a> at the city of Lord Krishna (Nakhon Pathom) in the early era of the <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sac-29">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_%26_People_of_Siam_(Vol_1,_1857,_15).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Kingdom_%26_People_of_Siam_%28Vol_1%2C_1857%2C_15%29.svg/220px-Kingdom_%26_People_of_Siam_%28Vol_1%2C_1857%2C_15%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Kingdom_%26_People_of_Siam_%28Vol_1%2C_1857%2C_15%29.svg/330px-Kingdom_%26_People_of_Siam_%28Vol_1%2C_1857%2C_15%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Kingdom_%26_People_of_Siam_%28Vol_1%2C_1857%2C_15%29.svg/440px-Kingdom_%26_People_of_Siam_%28Vol_1%2C_1857%2C_15%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1688" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>SPPM Mongkut Rex Siamensium, <a href="/wiki/King_Mongkut" class="mw-redirect" title="King Mongkut">King Mongkut</a>'s signature</figcaption></figure> The signature of King <a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">Mongkut</a> (r. 1851–1868) reads SPPM (Somdet Phra Poramenthra Maha) Mongkut Rex Siamensium (Mongkut, King of the Siamese). This usage of the name in <a href="/wiki/Bowring_Treaty" title="Bowring Treaty">the country's first international treaty</a> gave the name Siam official status, until 24 June 1939 when it was changed to Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-30">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">History of Thailand</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>, as many reasons, see <a href="/wiki/Talk:Thailand#History_rewrite" title="Talk:Thailand">talk page</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thailand&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Thailand" title="Talk:Thailand">talk page</a> may contain suggestions. (February 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_origins">Prehistory and origins</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Thailand" title="Prehistoric Thailand">Prehistoric Thailand</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">History of Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai peoples</a></div> There is evidence of continuous human habitation in present-day Thailand from 20,000 years ago to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-LePoer_1989-31">[26]</a>: 4  The earliest evidence of rice growing is dated at 2,000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Baker_2017-32">[27]</a>: 4  Areas comprising what is now Thailand participated in the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Jade_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Jade Road">Maritime Jade Road</a>, as ascertained by archeological research. The trading network existed for 3,000 years, between 2000 BCE to 1000 CE.<a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a> Bronze appeared <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1,250–1,000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Baker_2017-32">[27]</a>: 4  The site of <a href="/wiki/Ban_Chiang" title="Ban Chiang">Ban Chiang</a> in northeast Thailand currently ranks as the earliest known centre of copper and bronze production in Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-37">[32]</a> Iron appeared around 500 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Baker_2017-32">[27]</a>: 5  The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Funan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Funan">Kingdom of Funan</a> was the first and most powerful Southeast Asian kingdom at the time (2nd century BCE).<a href="#cite_note-LePoer_1989-31">[26]</a>: 5  The <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon people</a> established the principalities of <a href="/wiki/Dvaravati" title="Dvaravati">Dvaravati</a> and Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Hariphunchai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hariphunchai">Hariphunchai</a> in the 6th century. The <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer people</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer empire">Khmer empire</a>, centred in <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a>, in the 9th century.<a href="#cite_note-LePoer_1989-31">[26]</a>: 7  <a href="/wiki/Tambralinga" title="Tambralinga">Tambralinga</a>, a Malay state controlling trade through the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Malacca Strait</a>, rose in the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-LePoer_1989-31">[26]</a>: 5  The Indochina peninsula was heavily influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Indianized_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianized kingdom">culture and religions of India</a> from the time of the Kingdom of Funan to that of the Khmer Empire.<a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai people</a> are of the <a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai ethnic group</a>, characterized by common linguistic roots.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_1984-39">[34]</a>: 2  Chinese chronicles first mention the Tai peoples in the 6th century BCE. While there are many assumptions regarding the origin of Tai peoples, <a href="/wiki/David_K._Wyatt" title="David K. Wyatt">David K. Wyatt</a>, a historian of Thailand, argued that their ancestors who at present inhabit Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, India, and China came from the <a href="/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_Bi%C3%AAn_Ph%E1%BB%A7" title="Điện Biên Phủ">Điện Biên Phủ</a> area between the 5th and the 8th century.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_1984-39">[34]</a>: 6  Thai people began migrating into present-day Thailand gradually from the 6th to 11th century, which Mon and Khmer people occupied at the time.<a href="#cite_note-40">[35]</a> Thus Thai culture was influenced by Indian, Mon, and Khmer cultures.<a href="#cite_note-41">[36]</a>: 203  Tai people intermixed with various ethnic and cultural groups in the region, resulting in many groups of present-day Thai people.<a href="#cite_note-42">[v]</a> Genetic evidences suggested that ethnolinguistics could not accurately predict the origins of the Thais.<a href="#cite_note-genetic-43">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-genetic2-44">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-genetic3-45">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sujit_Wongthes" title="Sujit Wongthes">Sujit Wongthes</a> argued that Thai is not a race or ethnicity but a culture group.<a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a> According to French historian <a href="/wiki/George_C%C5%93d%C3%A8s" title="George Cœdès">George Cœdès</a>, "The Thai first enter history of <a href="/wiki/Farther_India" title="Farther India">Farther India</a> in the eleventh century with the mention of Syam slaves or prisoners of war in <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> epigraphy", and "in the twelfth century, the <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">bas-reliefs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>" where "a group of warriors" are described as Syam,<a href="#cite_note-Coedes_1968-18">[15]</a>: 190–191, 194–195  though Cham accounts do not indicate the origins of Syam or what ethnic group they belonged to.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_2019-47">[41]</a> The origins and ethnicity of the Syam remain unclear, with some literature suggesting that Syam refers to the <a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan people</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bru_people" title="Bru people">Bru people</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Brau_people" title="Brau people">Brau people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_2019-47">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a> However, mainland Southeast Asian sources from before the fourteenth century primarily used the word Syam as an <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a>, referring to those who belonged to a separate cultural category different from the Khmer, Cham, Bagan, or Mon. This contrasts with the Chinese sources, where Xian was used as a <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponym</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_2019-47">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Tai_confederate_cities:_(691_BCE_–_13th_century_CE)">Early Tai confederate cities: (691 BCE – 13th century CE)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Initial_states_of_Thailand" title="Initial states of Thailand">Initial states of Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lan_Na" title="Lan Na">Lan Na</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tai_Migration.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tai_Migration.svg/240px-Tai_Migration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tai_Migration.svg/360px-Tai_Migration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tai_Migration.svg/480px-Tai_Migration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4004" data-file-height="2538" /></a><figcaption>Map showing geographic distribution of <a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai linguistic family</a>. Arrows represent general pattern of the migration of <a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai-speaking tribes</a> along the rivers and over the lower passes.<a href="#cite_note-Baker_2017-32">[27]</a>: 27 </figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Lanna_(under_King_Tilok).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Location_Lanna_%28under_King_Tilok%29.png/240px-Location_Lanna_%28under_King_Tilok%29.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Location_Lanna_%28under_King_Tilok%29.png/360px-Location_Lanna_%28under_King_Tilok%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Location_Lanna_%28under_King_Tilok%29.png/480px-Location_Lanna_%28under_King_Tilok%29.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lan_Na" title="Lan Na">Lan Na</a> kingdom during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tilokaraj" title="Tilokaraj">Tilokaraj</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>r. 1441–1487)</figcaption></figure> Theoretically, <a href="/wiki/Tai-Kadai" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai-Kadai">Tai-Kadai</a>-speaking people formed as early as the 12th century BCE in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze basin">Yangtze basin</a>. Some groups later migrated south to <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain_2016-49">[43]</a> However, after several bloody centuries against <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> influence in <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> from the 333 BCE-11th centuries, hundreds of thousands of Tais were killed,<a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a>: 5 <a href="#cite_note-51">[45]</a>: 193, 239–249  thus, <a href="/wiki/Tai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai people">Tai people</a> began to move southwestward along the rivers and over the lower passes into the mountain north of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and river valleys in present-day <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726-52">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[47]</a> Some evidence indicates that the ancestors of Tai people migrated en masse southwestwards out of Yunnan only after the 1253 <a href="/wiki/Uriyangkhadai#Invasion_of_Yunnan_and_Tibet" title="Uriyangkhadai">Mongol invasion of Dali</a>, but not generally accepted.<a href="#cite_note-54">[48]</a>: 38  Tais defeated <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous tribes</a> and emerged as the new power in the new region, several Tai city-states were established, scattered from <a href="/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_Bi%C3%AAn_Ph%E1%BB%A7" title="Điện Biên Phủ">Điện Biên Phủ</a> in present-day northwestern <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and highland <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern India">northeastern India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jumsai1967-55">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-iml-56">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-PittayawatPittayaporn-57">[51]</a> According to the Simhanavati legend given in several chronicles, the first Tai city-state in northern Thailand, <a href="/wiki/Singhanavati" title="Singhanavati">Singhanavati</a>, was found around the 7th century;<a href="#cite_note-wieng-58">[52]</a>: 5, 9  however, several modern <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> studies found that its center, Yonok Nahaphan, dates from 691 BCE–545 CE,<a href="#cite_note-wieng-58">[52]</a>: 7 <a href="#cite_note-fine-59">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-era-60">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-mgryo-61">[55]</a> coinciding roughly with the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Shan_people#History" title="Shan people">Shan States</a>, another Tai's federated principalities in the present-day northeast <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Muang_Sua" title="Muang Sua">Muang Sua</a> (<a href="/wiki/Luang_Prabang" title="Luang Prabang">Luang Prabang</a>) in the east.<a href="#cite_note-Viravond-66">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Manich-67">[61]</a> After Singhanavati was submerged below <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Saen_Lake" title="Chiang Saen Lake">Chiang Saen Lake</a> due to an <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> in 545,<a href="#cite_note-fine-59">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-mgryo-61">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a> the survivors then founded a new seat at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wieng%E2%80%93Prueksha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wieng–Prueksha (page does not exist)">Wieng–Prueksha</a> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2" class="extiw" title="th:เวียงปรึกษา">th</a>], the kingdom lasted for another 93 years.<a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a> In addition to <a href="/wiki/Singhanavati" title="Singhanavati">Singhanavati</a>, another northern principality probably related to the Tai people, <a href="/wiki/Ngoenyang" title="Ngoenyang">Ngoenyang</a>, was established as the successor of Singhanavati in 638 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavachakkaraj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lavachakkaraj (page does not exist)">Lavachakkaraj</a> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%81" class="extiw" title="th:ปู่เจ้าลาวจก">th</a>], also centered in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wieng%E2%80%93Prueksha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wieng–Prueksha (page does not exist)">Wieng–Prueksha</a> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2" class="extiw" title="th:เวียงปรึกษา">th</a>] (present-day <a href="/wiki/Mae_Sai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mae Sai District">Mae Sai District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Rai_province" title="Chiang Rai province">Chiang Rai</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Baker_2014-28">[23]</a>: 8  Its seat was moved to <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a> in 1262 by King <a href="/wiki/Mangrai" title="Mangrai">Mangrai</a>, which considered the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Lan_Na" title="Lan Na">Lan Na</a> kingdom. Mangrai unified the surrounding area and also created a network of states through political alliances to the east and north of the <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a>. His dynasty would rule the kingdom continuously for the next two centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Baker_2014-28">[23]</a>: 8  <a href="/wiki/Lan_Na" title="Lan Na">Lan Na</a> expanded its territory southward and annexed the <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon</a> <a href="/wiki/Hariphunchai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hariphunchai">Hariphunchai</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dvaravati" title="Dvaravati">Dvaravati</a> in 1292.<a href="#cite_note-Coedes-70">[64]</a>: 208  In the late 10 century, Tai people began to migrate further south to the present-day upper <a href="/wiki/Central_Thailand" title="Central Thailand">central Thailand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ch-71">[65]</a>: 46–9, 83–6  Around the 1100s period, several cities in this area, such as Songkwae, Sawankhalok, and Chakangrao, were ruled by the Tai people, and they eventually launched several battles against the pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo</a>, who had been falling under <a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a> influences since the 7th century, thus bringing the establishment of the Tai people's independent state, <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a>, in the upper <a href="/wiki/Chao_Phraya_River" title="Chao Phraya River">Chao Phraya River</a> valley in 1238.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_1984-39">[34]</a>: 52–3  The earliest conflict between <a href="/wiki/Tai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai people">Tai people</a> and the preexisting ethnics was recorded in the mid-4th century when the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Singhanavati" title="Singhanavati">Singhanavati</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangkharat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pangkharat (page does not exist)">Pangkharat</a> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A" class="extiw" title="th:พระเจ้าพังคราช">th</a>], forcibly lost the seat at Yonok to King Khom from Umongasela (present-day <a href="/wiki/Fang_district" title="Fang district">Fang</a>). He then fled to Vieng Si Tuang (เวียงศรีทวง; present-day Wiang Phang Kham, <a href="/wiki/Mae_Sai_district" title="Mae Sai district">Mae Sai district</a>) but had to send tributes to Yonok annually until his son, <a href="/wiki/Phrom" title="Phrom">Phrom</a>, took back Yonok and expelled King Khom from Umongasela.<a href="#cite_note-krai-72">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-prom-73">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-chiangrai-74">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phrom" title="Phrom">Phrom</a> also marched the troops south to occupy <a href="/wiki/Kamphaeng_Phet_province" title="Kamphaeng Phet province">Chakangrao</a> from the enemy as well as founding the city of <a href="/wiki/Phitsanulok" title="Phitsanulok">Songkwae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-krai-72">[66]</a> Some historians suggest that <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo</a>'s capital, <a href="/wiki/Lopburi" title="Lopburi">Lopburi</a>, was once seized by <a href="/wiki/Phrom" title="Phrom">Phrom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-krai-72">[66]</a> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Tai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai people">Tai people</a> instead established relationships with Siamese Mon via <a href="/wiki/Royal_intermarriage" title="Royal intermarriage">royal intermarriages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ch-71">[65]</a>: 46–9, 83–6  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mon_and_Lavo_Kingdoms:_(5th_century_CE_–_13th_century_CE)">Mon and Lavo Kingdoms: (5th century CE – 13th century CE)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mon_kingdoms" title="Mon kingdoms">Mon kingdoms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo Kingdom</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mon_political_entities.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mon_political_entities.png/240px-Mon_political_entities.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mon_political_entities.png/360px-Mon_political_entities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mon_political_entities.png/480px-Mon_political_entities.png 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Political entities of the Mon people around the 6th–7th centuries</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DvaravatiMapThailand.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/DvaravatiMapThailand.png/240px-DvaravatiMapThailand.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/DvaravatiMapThailand.png/360px-DvaravatiMapThailand.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/DvaravatiMapThailand.png/480px-DvaravatiMapThailand.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>Map of settlements of Dvaravati culture from the 6th to 9th centuries</figcaption></figure> As is generally known, the present-day <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai people</a> were previously called Siamese before the country was renamed Thailand in the mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Phumisak_1992-19">[16]</a> Several genetic studies published in the 21st century suggest that the so-called Siamese people (central Thai) might have had Mon origins since their genetic profiles are more closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> than the <a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tais</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">southern China</a>,<a href="#cite_note-genetic-43">[37]</a> and they probably later became Tais via <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diffusion" title="Cultural diffusion">cultural diffusion</a> after the arriving of Tai people from the north around the 8th–10th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-PittayawatPittayaporn-57">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-montai-75">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-shi-76">[70]</a> This is also reflected in the language since over half of the vocabulary in the central Thai language is derived from or borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon language</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-montai-75">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a> Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Jinakalamali" title="Jinakalamali">Jinakalamali</a> chronicle of Tai's <a href="/wiki/Lan_Na" title="Lan Na">Lan Na</a> also called the southern region occupied by the Mon <a href="/wiki/Haripu%C3%B1jaya" title="Haripuñjaya">Haripuñjaya</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dvaravati" title="Dvaravati">Dvaravati</a> as Shyam Pradesh (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the land of Siam people'), which indicates that the ancient Siamese and the Mon people in central Thailand were probably the same ethnolinguistic group.<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a> The earliest evidence to mention the Siam people are stone inscriptions found in <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Borei" class="mw-redirect" title="Angkor Borei">Angkor Borei</a> of <a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Funan</a> (K.557 and K.600), dated 661 CE, the slave's name is mentioned as "Ku Sayam" meaning "Sayam female slaves" (Ku is a prefix used to refer to female slaves in the pre-Angkorian era), and the Takéo inscriptions (K.79) written in 682 during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Bhavavarman_II" title="Bhavavarman II">Bhavavarman II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a> also mention Siam Nobel: Sāraṇnoya Poña Sayam, which was transcribed into English as: the rice field that was given to the poña (noble rank) who was called Sayam (Siam).<a href="#cite_note-eth-79">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Song_Huiyao_Jigao" title="Song Huiyao Jigao">Song Huiyao Jigao</a> (960–1279) indicate Siamese people settled in the west <a href="/wiki/Central_Thailand" title="Central Thailand">central Thailand</a> and their state was called Xiān guó (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 暹國), while the eastern plain belonged to the Mon of <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 羅渦國),<a href="#cite_note-ngr-80">[74]</a> who later fell under the <a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a> hegemony around the 7th–9th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a> Those Mon political entities, which also included <a href="/wiki/Haripu%C3%B1jaya" title="Haripuñjaya">Haripuñjaya</a> in the north and several city-states in the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Thailand">northeast</a>, are collectively called <a href="/wiki/Dvaravati" title="Dvaravati">Dvaravati</a>. However, the states of Siamese Mon and Lavo were later merged via the <a href="/wiki/Royal_intermarriage" title="Royal intermarriage">royal intermarriage</a> and became <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a> in the mid-14th century,<a href="#cite_note-ngr-80">[74]</a> while the southwestern <a href="/wiki/Isan" title="Isan">Isan</a> principalities, centered in <a href="/wiki/Phanom_Rung_Historical_Park" title="Phanom Rung Historical Park">Phanom Rung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phimai" title="Phimai">Phimai</a>, later pledged allegiance to Siamese's Ayutthaya during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Borommarachathirat_II" title="Borommarachathirat II">Borommarachathirat II</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">r. 1424–1448).<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> The remaining principal city-states in <a href="/wiki/Isan" title="Isan">Isan</a> region became <a href="/wiki/Lan_Xang" title="Lan Xang">Lan Xang</a> around 1353 after the twin cities of <a href="/wiki/Muang_Sua" title="Muang Sua">Muang Sua</a> (<a href="/wiki/Luang_Prabang" title="Luang Prabang">Luang Prabang</a>) and Vieng Chan Vieng Kham (<a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a>) became independent following the death of the <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai</a> king <a href="/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Khamhaeng">Ram Khamhaeng</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a>: 51  According to the Wat Kud Tae inscription (K.1105), dated c. 7th century, during the period that the eastern Mon entity, <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo</a>, was strongly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a>, the Siamese Mon in the west also established a <a href="/wiki/Royal_intermarriage" title="Royal intermarriage">royal intermarriage</a> with <a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a> as Sri Chakatham, prince of Sambhuka (ศามภูกะ, in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Ratchaburi_province" title="Ratchaburi province">Ratchaburi province</a>), married to a princess of <a href="/wiki/Isanavarman_I" title="Isanavarman I">Isanavarman I</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/Mandala_(political_model)" title="Mandala (political model)">mandalas</a> then became an ally.<a href="#cite_note-ally-84">[78]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a> sieged <a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Funan</a> and moved the center to <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a>, both Siamese Mon and the Angkorian eventually marched the troops to attack <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_(Champa)" title="Vijaya (Champa)">Vijaya</a> of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> in 1201 during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VII" title="Jayavarman VII">Jayavarman VII</a>, as recorded in the Cho-Dinh inscription (C.3).<a href="#cite_note-c3-85">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sukhothai_Kingdom_(1238_CE_–_14th_century_CE)">Sukhothai Kingdom (1238 CE – 14th century CE)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:73px;max-width:73px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Southeast_Asian_history_-_13th_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Southeast_Asian_history_-_13th_century.png/71px-Southeast_Asian_history_-_13th_century.png" decoding="async" width="71" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Southeast_Asian_history_-_13th_century.png/107px-Southeast_Asian_history_-_13th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Southeast_Asian_history_-_13th_century.png/142px-Southeast_Asian_history_-_13th_century.png 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="1147" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Sukhothai and neighbours, end of 13th century CE</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:165px;max-width:165px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Phra_Achana_(I).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Phra_Achana_%28I%29.jpg/163px-Phra_Achana_%28I%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Phra_Achana_%28I%29.jpg/245px-Phra_Achana_%28I%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Phra_Achana_%28I%29.jpg/326px-Phra_Achana_%28I%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5613" data-file-height="3742" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Phra Achana, Wat Si Chum, Sukhothai Historical Park</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:113px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukhothai_Historical_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sukhothai_Historical_Park.jpg/238px-Sukhothai_Historical_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sukhothai_Historical_Park.jpg/357px-Sukhothai_Historical_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sukhothai_Historical_Park.jpg/476px-Sukhothai_Historical_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6880" data-file-height="3280" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The ruins of Wat Mahathat, <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Historical_Park" title="Sukhothai Historical Park">Sukhothai Historical Park</a></div></div></div></div></div> After the decline of the Khmer Empire and <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Kingdom of Pagan</a> in the early 13th century, various states thrived in their place. The domains of Tai people existed from the northeast of present-day India to the north of present-day Laos and to the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_1984-39">[34]</a>: 38–9  During the 13th century, Tai people had already settled in the core land of <a href="/wiki/Dvaravati" title="Dvaravati">Dvaravati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo Kingdom</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Kingdom" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a> in the south. There are, however, no records detailing the arrival of the Tais.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_1984-39">[34]</a>: 50–1  Around 1240, <a href="/wiki/Si_Inthrathit" title="Si Inthrathit">Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao</a>, a local Tai ruler, rallied the people to rebel against the Khmer. He later crowned himself the first king of <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a> in 1238.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_1984-39">[34]</a>: 52–3  Mainstream Thai historians count Sukhothai as the first kingdom of Thai people. Sukhothai expanded furthest during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Khamhaeng">Ram Khamhaeng</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1279–1298). However, it was mostly a network of local lords who swore fealty to Sukhothai, not directly controlled by it.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_1984-39">[34]</a>: 55–56  He is believed have invented <a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai script</a> and Thai ceramics were an important export in his era. Sukhothai embraced <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Maha_Thammaracha_I" title="Maha Thammaracha I">Maha Thammaracha I</a> (1347–1368). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ayutthaya_Kingdom_(1351–1767)">Ayutthaya Kingdom (1351–1767)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainland_Southeast_Asia_in_1415.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_in_1415.jpg/126px-Mainland_Southeast_Asia_in_1415.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_in_1415.jpg/189px-Mainland_Southeast_Asia_in_1415.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_in_1415.jpg/252px-Mainland_Southeast_Asia_in_1415.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="777" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Ayutthaya and neighbors, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1415 CE</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Southeast_Asian_history_-_Around_1540.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Southeast_Asian_history_-_Around_1540.png/108px-Southeast_Asian_history_-_Around_1540.png" decoding="async" width="108" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Southeast_Asian_history_-_Around_1540.png/162px-Southeast_Asian_history_-_Around_1540.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Southeast_Asian_history_-_Around_1540.png/216px-Southeast_Asian_history_-_Around_1540.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="1189" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Ayutthaya and neighbors, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1540 CE</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:AMH-5626-NA_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Judja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/AMH-5626-NA_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Judja.jpg/238px-AMH-5626-NA_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Judja.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/AMH-5626-NA_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Judja.jpg/357px-AMH-5626-NA_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Judja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/AMH-5626-NA_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Judja.jpg/476px-AMH-5626-NA_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Judja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1591" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Painting of Ayutthaya city <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1665, by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vingboons" title="Johannes Vingboons">Johannes Vingboons</a></div></div></div></div></div> According to the most widely accepted version of its origin, the Ayutthaya Kingdom rose from the earlier, nearby <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo Kingdom</a> and Suvarnabhumi with <a href="/wiki/Uthong" title="Uthong">Uthong</a> as its first king. Ayutthaya was a patchwork of self-governing principalities and tributary provinces owing allegiance to the King of Ayutthaya under the <a href="/wiki/Mandala_(political_model)" title="Mandala (political model)">mandala system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a>: 355  Its initial expansion was through conquest and political marriage. Before the end of the 15th century, Ayutthaya invaded the Khmer Empire three times and sacked its capital <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a>: 26  Ayutthaya then became a regional power in place of the Khmer. Constant interference of Sukhothai effectively made it a vassal state of Ayutthaya and it was finally incorporated into the kingdom. <a href="/wiki/Borommatrailokkanat" title="Borommatrailokkanat">Borommatrailokkanat</a> brought about bureaucratic reforms which lasted into the 20th century and created a system of social hierarchy called <a href="/wiki/Sakdina" title="Sakdina">sakdina</a>, where male commoners were conscripted as <a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">corvée</a> labourers for six months a year.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 107  Ayutthaya was interested in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, but failed to conquer the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a> which was supported by the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LePoer_1989-31">[26]</a>: 11, 13  European contact and trade started in the early-16th century, with the <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Fernandes" title="Duarte Fernandes">envoy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> duke <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> in 1511. Portugal became an ally and ceded some soldiers to King Rama Thibodi II.<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> The Portuguese were followed in the 17th century by the French, Dutch, and English. Rivalry for supremacy over Chiang Mai and the Mon people pitted Ayutthaya against the Burmese Kingdom. Several wars with its ruling <a href="/wiki/Taungoo_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Taungoo dynasty">Taungoo dynasty</a> starting in the 1540s in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tabinshwehti" title="Tabinshwehti">Tabinshwehti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bayinnaung" title="Bayinnaung">Bayinnaung</a> were ultimately ended with the <a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1568%E2%80%9370)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1568–70)">capture of the capital in 1570</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 146–7  Then was a brief period of vassalage to Burma until <a href="/wiki/Naresuan" title="Naresuan">Naresuan</a> proclaimed independence in 1584.<a href="#cite_note-Baker_2014-28">[23]</a>: 11  Ayutthaya then sought to improve relations with European powers for many successive reigns. The kingdom especially prospered during cosmopolitan <a href="/wiki/Narai" title="Narai">Narai</a>'s reign (1656–1688) when some European travelers regarded Ayutthaya as an Asian great power, alongside China and India.<a href="#cite_note-Baker_2017-32">[27]</a>: ix  However, growing French influence later in his reign was met with nationalist sentiment and led eventually to the <a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1688" title="Siamese revolution of 1688">Siamese revolution of 1688</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 185–6  However, overall relations remained stable, with French missionaries still active in preaching Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 186  After a bloody period of dynastic struggle, Ayutthaya entered into what has been called the Siamese "<a href="/wiki/Golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age">golden age</a>", a relatively peaceful episode in the second quarter of the 18th century when <a href="/wiki/Thai_art" title="Thai art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_literature" title="Thai literature">literature</a>, and learning flourished. There were seldom foreign wars, apart from conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn lords</a> for control of <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> starting around 1715. The last fifty years of the kingdom witnessed bloody succession crises, where there were purges of court officials and able generals for many consecutive reigns. In 1765, a combined 40,000-strong force of Burmese armies <a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1759%E2%80%9360)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1759–60)">invaded it</a> from the north and west.<a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a>: 250  The Burmese under the new <a href="/wiki/Alaungpaya" title="Alaungpaya">Alaungpaya</a> dynasty quickly rose to become a new local power by 1759. After a 14-month siege, the capital city's walls fell and the city was burned in April 1767.<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a>: 218  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thonburi_Kingdom_(1767–1782)">Thonburi Kingdom (1767–1782)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KingTaksin%27s_coronation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/KingTaksin%27s_coronation.jpg/220px-KingTaksin%27s_coronation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/KingTaksin%27s_coronation.jpg/330px-KingTaksin%27s_coronation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/KingTaksin%27s_coronation.jpg/440px-KingTaksin%27s_coronation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Taksin_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Taksin the Great">Taksin the Great</a> enthroned himself as a Thai king in 1767.</figcaption></figure> The capital and many of its territories lay in chaos after the war. The former capital was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burmese</a> garrison army and five local leaders declared themselves overlords, including the lords of Sakwangburi, <a href="/wiki/Phitsanulok" title="Phitsanulok">Phitsanulok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pimai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimai">Pimai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chanthaburi" title="Chanthaburi">Chanthaburi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taksin" title="Taksin">Chao Tak</a>, a capable military leader, proceeded to make himself a lord by <a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">right of conquest</a>, beginning with the legendary sack of <a href="/wiki/Chanthaburi" title="Chanthaburi">Chanthaburi</a>. Based at Chanthaburi, Chao Tak raised troops and resources, and sent a fleet up the <a href="/wiki/Chao_Phraya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chao Phraya">Chao Phraya</a> to take the fort of <a href="/wiki/Thonburi" title="Thonburi">Thonburi</a>. In the same year, Chao Tak was able to retake Ayutthaya from the Burmese only seven months after the fall of the city.<a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a> Chao Tak then crowned himself as <a href="/wiki/Taksin" title="Taksin">Taksin</a> and proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Thonburi" title="Thonburi">Thonburi</a> as temporary capital in the same year. He also quickly subdued the other warlords. His forces engaged in wars with Burma, Laos, and Cambodia, which successfully <a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1774%E2%80%931775)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1774–1775)">drove the Burmese out of Lan Na</a> in 1775,<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 225  <a href="/wiki/Lao%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1778%E2%80%931779)" title="Lao–Siamese War (1778–1779)">captured Vientiane</a> in 1778<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 227–8  and <a href="/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1769%E2%80%931773)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamese–Vietnamese War (1769–1773)">tried to install a pro-Thai king in Cambodia</a> in the 1770s. In his final years there was a coup, caused supposedly by his "insanity", and eventually Taksin and his sons were executed by his longtime companion General <a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Chao Phraya Chakri</a> (the future Rama I). He was the first king of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">Chakri dynasty</a> and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Rattanakosin Kingdom</a> on 6 April 1782.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rattanakosin_Kingdom_and_modernization_(1782_–1932)">Rattanakosin Kingdom and modernization (1782 –1932)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Rattanakosin Kingdom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Rattanakosin Kingdom</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:333px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Siam_1900_V2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Siam_1900_V2.png/258px-Siam_1900_V2.png" decoding="async" width="258" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Siam_1900_V2.png/387px-Siam_1900_V2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Siam_1900_V2.png/516px-Siam_1900_V2.png 2x" data-file-width="8192" data-file-height="10587" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Detailed map of Siam's provinces, vassals, and monthons in 1900</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:165px;max-width:165px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Emerald_Buddha,_August_2012,_Bangkok_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Emerald_Buddha%2C_August_2012%2C_Bangkok_%28cropped%29.jpg/163px-Emerald_Buddha%2C_August_2012%2C_Bangkok_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Emerald_Buddha%2C_August_2012%2C_Bangkok_%28cropped%29.jpg/245px-Emerald_Buddha%2C_August_2012%2C_Bangkok_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Emerald_Buddha%2C_August_2012%2C_Bangkok_%28cropped%29.jpg/326px-Emerald_Buddha%2C_August_2012%2C_Bangkok_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Buddha" title="Emerald Buddha">Emerald Buddha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew" title="Wat Phra Kaew">Wat Phra Kaew</a>. Considered the sacred palladium of Thailand.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:93px;max-width:93px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:King_and_Tsar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/King_and_Tsar.jpg/91px-King_and_Tsar.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/King_and_Tsar.jpg/137px-King_and_Tsar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/King_and_Tsar.jpg/182px-King_and_Tsar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="800" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn" title="Chulalongkorn">Chulalongkorn</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a> in Saint Petersburg, 1897</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:387px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Siamese_Territory_and_Dominion_in_1805.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Siamese_Territory_and_Dominion_in_1805.jpg/258px-Siamese_Territory_and_Dominion_in_1805.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Siamese_Territory_and_Dominion_in_1805.jpg/387px-Siamese_Territory_and_Dominion_in_1805.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Siamese_Territory_and_Dominion_in_1805.jpg/516px-Siamese_Territory_and_Dominion_in_1805.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="7500" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Siamese territory and dominion at its largest in 1805, resulting from the <a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1802%E2%80%931805)" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1802–1805)">Burmese–Siamese War (1802–1805)</a></div></div></div></div></div> Under <a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Rama I</a> (1782–1809), Rattanakosin successfully defended against Burmese attacks and put an end to Burmese incursions. He also created suzerainty over large portions of Laos and Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a> In 1821, Briton <a href="/wiki/John_Crawfurd" title="John Crawfurd">John Crawfurd</a> was sent to negotiate a new trade agreement with Siam – the first sign of an issue which was to dominate 19th century Siamese politics.<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a> Bangkok signed the <a href="/wiki/Burney_Treaty" title="Burney Treaty">Burney Treaty</a> in 1826, after the British victory in the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="First Anglo-Burmese War">First Anglo-Burmese War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 281  <a href="/wiki/Anouvong" title="Anouvong">Anouvong</a> of Vientiane, who mistakenly held the belief that Britain was about to launch an invasion of Bangkok, started the <a href="/wiki/Lao_rebellion_(1826%E2%80%9328)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao rebellion (1826–28)">Lao rebellion</a> in 1826 which was suppressed.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 283–5  Vientiane was destroyed and a large number of <a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Lao people</a> were relocated to <a href="/wiki/Khorat_Plateau" title="Khorat Plateau">Khorat Plateau</a> as a result.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 285–6  Bangkok also waged <a href="/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93Vietnamese_wars" title="Siamese–Vietnamese wars">several wars</a> with <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Vietnam</a>, where Siam successfully regained hegemony over Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 290–2  From the late-19th century, Siam tried to rule the ethnic groups in the realm as colonies.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 308  In the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">Mongkut</a> (1851–1868), who recognised the potential threat Western powers posed to Siam, his court contacted the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> directly to defuse tensions.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 311  A British mission led by Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Bowring" title="John Bowring">John Bowring</a>, Governor of <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, led to the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Bowring_Treaty" title="Bowring Treaty">Bowring Treaty</a>, the first of many <a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Unequal treaty">unequal treaties</a> with Western countries. This, however, brought trade and economic development to Siam.<a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> The unexpected death of Mongkut from <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> led to the reign of underage King <a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn" title="Chulalongkorn">Chulalongkorn</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Somdet_Chaophraya_Sri_Suriwongse" class="mw-redirect" title="Somdet Chaophraya Sri Suriwongse">Somdet Chaophraya Sri Suriwongse</a> (Chuang Bunnag) acting as regent.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 327  Chulalongkorn (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1868–1910) initiated centralisation, set up a privy council, and abolished slavery and the <a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">corvée</a> system. The <a href="/wiki/Front_Palace_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Front Palace crisis">Front Palace crisis</a> of 1874 stalled attempts at further reforms.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 331–3  In the 1870s and 1880s, he incorporated the protectorates up north into the kingdom proper, which later expanded to the protectorates in the northeast and the south.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 334–5  He established twelve krom in 1888, which were equivalent to present-day ministries.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 347  The <a href="/wiki/Franco-Siamese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Siamese War">crisis of 1893</a> erupted, caused by French demands for Laotian territory east of Mekong.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 350–3  Thailand is the only Southeast Asian state never to have been colonised by a Western power,<a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a> in part because Britain and France agreed in 1896 to make the <a href="/wiki/Chao_Phraya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chao Phraya">Chao Phraya</a> valley a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a> Not until the 20th century could Siam renegotiate every unequal treaty dating from the Bowring Treaty, including <a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extraterritoriality</a>. The advent of the monthon system marked the creation of the modern Thai nation-state.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 362–3  In 1905, there were unsuccessful rebellions in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Patani_(historical_region)" title="Patani (historical region)">Patani</a> area, Ubon Ratchathani, and Phrae in opposition to an attempt to blunt the power of local lords.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 371–3  The <a href="/wiki/Palace_Revolt_of_1912" title="Palace Revolt of 1912">Palace Revolt of 1912</a> was a failed attempt by Western-educated military officers to overthrow the Siamese monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 397  <a href="/wiki/Vajiravudh" title="Vajiravudh">Vajiravudh</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1910–1925) responded by propaganda for the entirety of his reign,<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 402  which promoted the <a href="/wiki/Thaification" title="Thaification">idea of the Thai nation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 404  In 1917, Siam joined the First World War on the side of <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">the Allies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 407  In the aftermath, Siam had a seat at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a> and gained freedom of taxation and the revocation of extraterritoriality.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 408  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_monarchy,_World_War_II_and_Cold_War_(1932–1975)">Constitutional monarchy, World War II and Cold War (1932–1975)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand in World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1932%E2%80%931973)" title="History of Thailand (1932–1973)">History of Thailand (1932–1973)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Field_Marshal_Plaek_Phibunsongkhram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Field_Marshal_Plaek_Phibunsongkhram.jpg/200px-Field_Marshal_Plaek_Phibunsongkhram.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Field_Marshal_Plaek_Phibunsongkhram.jpg/300px-Field_Marshal_Plaek_Phibunsongkhram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Field_Marshal_Plaek_Phibunsongkhram.jpg/400px-Field_Marshal_Plaek_Phibunsongkhram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="1270" /></a><figcaption>Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Plaek Phibunsongkhram</a>, the longest serving Prime Minister of Thailand</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">bloodless revolution</a> took place in 1932, in which <a href="/wiki/Prajadhipok" title="Prajadhipok">Prajadhipok</a> was forced to grant the country's first constitution, thereby ending centuries of feudal and <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>. The combined results of economic hardships brought on by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, sharply falling rice prices, and a significant reduction in public spending caused discontent among aristocrats.<a href="#cite_note-LePoer_1989-31">[26]</a>: 25  In 1933, <a href="/wiki/Boworadet_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Boworadet rebellion">a counter-revolutionary rebellion</a> occurred which aimed to reinstate absolute monarchy, but failed.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 446–8  Prajadhipok's conflict with the government eventually led to abdication. The government selected <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Mahidol" title="Ananda Mahidol">Ananda Mahidol</a>, who was studying in Switzerland, to be the new king.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 448–9  Later that decade, the army wing of Khana Ratsadon came to dominate Siamese politics. <a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Plaek Phibunsongkhram</a> who became premier in 1938, started political oppression and took an openly anti-royalist stance.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 457  His government adopted nationalism and <a href="/wiki/Westernisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Westernisation">Westernisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">anti-Chinese</a> and anti-French policies.<a href="#cite_note-LePoer_1989-31">[26]</a>: 28  In 1939, there was a decree changing the name of the country from "Siam" to "Thailand". In 1941, Thailand was in <a href="/wiki/Franco%E2%80%93Thai_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco–Thai War">a brief conflict</a> with <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>, resulting in Thailand gaining some Lao and Cambodian territories.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 462  On 8 December 1941, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">the Empire of Japan launched an invasion of Thailand</a>, and fighting broke out shortly before Phibun ordered an <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistice</a>. Japan was granted free passage, and on 21 December Thailand and Japan signed a military alliance with a secret protocol, wherein the Japanese government agreed to help Thailand regain <a href="/wiki/Territorial_losses_of_Thailand" title="Territorial losses of Thailand">lost territories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a> The Thai government then declared war on the United States and the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 465  The United Kingdom, whose colony <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> was under immediate threat from Thai forces, responded in kind, but the United States refused to declare war and ignored Thailand's declaration.<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a>: 66  The <a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Free Thai Movement</a> was launched both in Thailand and abroad to oppose the government and Japanese occupation.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 465–6  After the war ended in 1945, Thailand signed formal agreements to end the state of war with <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">the Allies</a>. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ATrelations0018a-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ATrelations0018a-1.jpg/200px-ATrelations0018a-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ATrelations0018a-1.jpg/300px-ATrelations0018a-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/ATrelations0018a-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a> addresses a <a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">joint session of the United States Congress</a>, 1960.</figcaption></figure> In June 1946, young King Ananda was found dead under mysterious circumstances. His younger brother <a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a> ascended to the throne. Thailand joined the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">Southeast Asia Treaty Organization</a> (SEATO) to become an active ally of the United States in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 493  Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Sarit_Thanarat" title="Sarit Thanarat">Sarit Thanarat</a> launched a coup in 1957, which removed Khana Ratsadon from politics. His rule (premiership 1959–1963) was autocratic; he built his legitimacy around the god-like status of the monarch and by channelling the government's loyalty to the king.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 511  His government improved the country's infrastructure and education.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 514  After the United States joined the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> in 1961, there was a secret agreement wherein the U.S. promised to protect Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 523  The period brought about increasing <a href="/wiki/Modernisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernisation">modernisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westernisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Westernisation">Westernisation</a> of Thai society. Rapid <a href="/wiki/Urbanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanisation">urbanisation</a> occurred when the rural populace sought work in growing cities. Rural farmers gained <a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">class consciousness</a> and were sympathetic to the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Thailand" title="Communist Party of Thailand">Communist Party of Thailand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 528  Economic development and education enabled the rise of a middle class in Bangkok and other cities.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 534  In October 1971, there was a <a href="/wiki/1973_Thai_popular_uprising" title="1973 Thai popular uprising">large demonstration</a> against the dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Thanom_Kittikachorn" title="Thanom Kittikachorn">Thanom Kittikachorn</a> (premiership 1963–1973), which led to civilian casualties.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 541–3  Bhumibol installed <a href="/wiki/Sanya_Dharmasakti" title="Sanya Dharmasakti">Sanya Dharmasakti</a> (premiership 1973–1975) to replace him, marking the first time that the king had intervened in Thai politics directly since 1932.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-100">[94]</a> The aftermath of the event marked a short-lived parliamentary democracy,<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-100">[94]</a> often called the "era when democracy blossomed" (ยุคประชาธิปไตยเบ่งบาน).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_history">Contemporary history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="History of Thailand (1973–2001)">History of Thailand (1973–2001)</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Thailand (2001–present)">History of Thailand (2001–present)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a></div> Constant unrest and instability, as well as fear of a communist takeover after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">fall of Saigon</a>, made some ultra-right groups brand leftist students as communists.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 548  This culminated in the <a href="/wiki/6_October_1976_massacre" title="6 October 1976 massacre">Thammasat University massacre</a> in October 1976.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">[82]</a>: 548–9  A coup d'état on that day brought Thailand a new ultra-right government, which cracked down on media outlets, officials, and intellectuals, and fuelled the <a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">communist insurgency</a>. Another coup the following year installed a more moderate government, which offered amnesty to communist fighters in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a> Fuelled by <a href="/wiki/Indochina_refugee_crisis" title="Indochina refugee crisis">Indochina refugee crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_border_raids_in_Thailand" title="Vietnamese border raids in Thailand">Vietnamese border raids</a> and economic hardships, <a href="/wiki/Prem_Tinsulanonda" title="Prem Tinsulanonda">Prem Tinsulanonda</a> became the Prime Minister from 1980 to 1988. The communists abandoned the insurgency by 1983. Prem's premiership was dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Semi-democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-democracy">semi-democracy</a>" because the Parliament was composed of all elected House and all appointed Senate. The 1980s also saw increasing intervention in politics by the monarch, who rendered two coups in <a href="/wiki/1981_Thai_military_rebellion" title="1981 Thai military rebellion">1981</a> and <a href="/wiki/1985_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1985 Thai coup d'état attempt">1985</a> attempts against Prem failed. In 1988 Thailand had its first elected prime minister since 1976.<a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Suchinda_Kraprayoon" title="Suchinda Kraprayoon">Suchinda Kraprayoon</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/National_Peace_Keeping_Council" title="National Peace Keeping Council">the coup leader in 1991</a> and said he would not seek to become prime minister,<a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a> was nominated as one by the majority coalition government after the <a href="/wiki/March_1992_Thai_general_election" title="March 1992 Thai general election">1992 general election</a>. This caused a popular demonstration in Bangkok, which ended with <a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1992)" title="Black May (1992)">a bloody military crackdown</a>. Bhumibol intervened in the event and signed an amnesty law, Suchinda then resigned.<a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a> originated in Thailand and ended the country's 40 years of uninterrupted economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a>: 3  <a href="/wiki/Chuan_Leekpai" title="Chuan Leekpai">Chuan Leekpai</a>'s government took an <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a> loan with unpopular provisions.<a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami</a> hit the country, mostly in the south, claiming around 5,400 lives in <a href="/wiki/Phuket" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuket">Phuket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phang_Nga" title="Phang Nga">Phang Nga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranong" title="Ranong">Ranong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krabi" title="Krabi">Krabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trang_province" title="Trang province">Trang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Satun" title="Satun">Satun</a>, with thousands still missing.<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> The populist <a href="/wiki/Thai_Rak_Thai_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Rak Thai party">Thai Rak Thai party</a>, led by prime minister <a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin Shinawatra</a>, governed from 2001 until 2006. His policies were successful in reducing rural poverty<a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a> and initiated <a href="/wiki/Universal_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal healthcare">universal healthcare</a> in the country.<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> However, Thaksin was viewed as a corrupt populist who was destroying the middle class in order to favor himself and the rural poor. He also faced criticism over his response to a <a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a> which escalated starting from 2004. Additionally, his recommendations to the rural poor directly conflicted with King Bhumibol's recommendations, drawing the ire of royalists, a powerful faction in Thailand. In response, the royalists made up a story about how Thaskin and his "advisors gathered in Finland to plot the overthrow of the monarchy". Meanwhile, massive protests against Thaksin led by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_for_Democracy" title="People's Alliance for Democracy">People's Alliance for Democracy</a> (PAD) started in his second term as prime minister. Eventually, the monarchy and the military agree to oust the leader. In this case, the military first sought permission from the king to oust Thaksin, the permission was denied. But then, the king rejected Thaksin's choice to lead the army, allowing a military leader to be put into power who wanted the coup.1 Then, the army dissolved Thaksin's party with <a href="/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Thai coup d'état">a coup d'état in 2006</a> and banned over a hundred of its executives from politics. After the coup, a military government was installed which lasted a year.<a href="#cite_note-:2-110">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_09_19_red_shirt_protest_bkk_09.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/2010_09_19_red_shirt_protest_bkk_09.JPG/220px-2010_09_19_red_shirt_protest_bkk_09.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/2010_09_19_red_shirt_protest_bkk_09.JPG/330px-2010_09_19_red_shirt_protest_bkk_09.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/2010_09_19_red_shirt_protest_bkk_09.JPG/440px-2010_09_19_red_shirt_protest_bkk_09.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_Front_for_Democracy_Against_Dictatorship" title="United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship">United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship</a>, Red Shirts, <a href="/wiki/2010_Thai_political_protests" title="2010 Thai political protests">protest</a> in 2010</figcaption></figure> Coming back to democracy was a process that took very active participation of the people. The people frequently stormed government buildings and the military threatened yet another coup.<a href="#cite_note-:2-110">[104]</a> Finally, in 2007, a civilian government led by the Thaksin-allied <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Power_Party_(Thailand)" title="People's Power Party (Thailand)">People's Power Party</a> (PPP) was <a href="/wiki/2007_Thai_general_election" title="2007 Thai general election">elected</a>. <a href="/wiki/2008_Thai_political_crisis" title="2008 Thai political crisis">Another protest led by PAD</a> ended with the dissolution of PPP, and the <a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Thailand)" title="Democrat Party (Thailand)">Democrat Party</a> led a coalition government in its place. The pro-Thaksin <a href="/wiki/United_Front_for_Democracy_Against_Dictatorship" title="United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship">United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship</a> (UDD) protested both <a href="/wiki/2009_Thai_political_unrest" title="2009 Thai political unrest">in 2009</a> and <a href="/wiki/2010_Thai_political_protests" title="2010 Thai political protests">in 2010</a>, the latter of which ended with <a href="/wiki/2010_Thai_military_crackdown" title="2010 Thai military crackdown">a violent military crackdown</a> causing more than 70 civilian deaths.<a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a> After <a href="/wiki/2011_Thai_general_election" title="2011 Thai general election">the general election of 2011</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> <a href="/wiki/Pheu_Thai_Party" title="Pheu Thai Party">Pheu Thai Party</a> won a majority and <a href="/wiki/Yingluck_Shinawatra" title="Yingluck Shinawatra">Yingluck Shinawatra</a>, Thaksin's younger sister, became prime minister. The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Reform_Committee" title="People's Democratic Reform Committee">People's Democratic Reform Committee</a> organised <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_Thai_political_crisis" title="2013–2014 Thai political crisis">another anti-Shinawatra protest</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a> after the ruling party proposed an amnesty bill which would benefit Thaksin.<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a> Yingluck dissolved parliament and <a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_general_election" title="2014 Thai general election">a general election</a> was scheduled, but was invalidated by the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Thailand" title="Constitutional Court of Thailand">Constitutional Court</a>. The <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_Thai_political_crisis" title="2013–2014 Thai political crisis">crisis</a> ended with <a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2014 Thai coup d'état">another coup d'état in 2014</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a> The ensuing <a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_Peace_and_Order" title="National Council for Peace and Order">National Council for Peace and Order</a>, a military junta led by General <a href="/wiki/Prayut_Chan-o-cha" title="Prayut Chan-o-cha">Prayut Chan-o-cha</a>, led the country until 2019. Civil and political rights were restricted, and the country saw a surge in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand" title="Lèse-majesté in Thailand">lèse-majesté</a> cases. Political opponents and dissenters were sent to "attitude adjustment" camps;<a href="#cite_note-Beech_2019-116">[110]</a> this was described by academics as showing the rise of fascism.<a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a> Bhumibol, the longest-reigning Thai king, died in 2016, and his son <a href="/wiki/Vajiralongkorn" title="Vajiralongkorn">Vajiralongkorn</a> ascended to the throne. The referendum and adoption of Thailand's current constitution happened under the junta's rule.<a href="#cite_note-119">[vi]</a> The junta also bound future governments to a 20-year national strategy 'road map' it laid down, effectively locking the country into <a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">military-guided democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[113]</a> In 2019, the junta agreed to schedule <a href="/wiki/2019_Thai_general_election" title="2019 Thai general election">a general election in March</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beech_2019-116">[110]</a> Prayut continued his premiership with the support of <a href="/wiki/Palang_Pracharath_Party" title="Palang Pracharath Party">Palang Pracharath Party</a>-coalition in the House and junta-appointed Senate, amid allegations of election fraud.<a href="#cite_note-121">[114]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Thai_protests" title="2020–2021 Thai protests">2020–21 pro-democracy protests</a> were triggered by increasing <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a>, democratic and economic regression from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Thai Armed Forces">Royal Thai Armed Forces</a> supported by the monarchy in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2014 Thai coup d'état">coup d'état in 2014</a>, dissolution of the pro-democracy <a href="/wiki/Future_Forward_Party" title="Future Forward Party">Future Forward Party</a>, distrust in the <a href="/wiki/2019_Thai_general_election" title="2019 Thai general election">2019 general election</a> and the current political system, forced disappearance and deaths of political activists including <a href="/wiki/Wanchalearm_Satsaksit" title="Wanchalearm Satsaksit">Wanchalearm Satsaksit</a>, and political corruption scandals,<a href="#cite_note-122">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[116]</a> which brought forward unprecedented demands to reform the monarchy<a href="#cite_note-124">[117]</a> and the highest sense of <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a> in the country.<a href="#cite_note-125">[118]</a> In May 2023, Thailand's reformist opposition, the progressive <a href="/wiki/Move_Forward_Party" title="Move Forward Party">Move Forward Party</a> (MFP) and the populist <a href="/wiki/Pheu_Thai_Party" title="Pheu Thai Party">Pheu Thai Party</a>, won the <a href="/wiki/2023_Thai_general_election" title="2023 Thai general election">general election</a>, meaning the royalist-military parties that supported Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha lost power.<a href="#cite_note-126">[119]</a> On 22 August 2023, <a href="/wiki/Srettha_Thavisin" title="Srettha Thavisin">Srettha Thavisin</a> of the populist Pheu Thai party, became Thailand's new prime minister, while the Pheu Thai party's billionaire figurehead Thaksin Shinawatra returned to Thailand after years in self-imposed exile.<a href="#cite_note-127">[120]</a> Thavisin was later dismissed from his prime ministerial role on 14 August 2024 by the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Thailand" title="Constitutional Court of Thailand">Constitutional Court</a> for his "gross ethics violations."<a href="#cite_note-128">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Thailand" title="Geography of Thailand">Geography of Thailand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koh_Tarutao,_Thailand,_Ancient_Cambrian_deposits.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Koh_Tarutao%2C_Thailand%2C_Ancient_Cambrian_deposits.jpg/220px-Koh_Tarutao%2C_Thailand%2C_Ancient_Cambrian_deposits.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Koh_Tarutao%2C_Thailand%2C_Ancient_Cambrian_deposits.jpg/330px-Koh_Tarutao%2C_Thailand%2C_Ancient_Cambrian_deposits.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Koh_Tarutao%2C_Thailand%2C_Ancient_Cambrian_deposits.jpg/440px-Koh_Tarutao%2C_Thailand%2C_Ancient_Cambrian_deposits.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ko_Tarutao" title="Ko Tarutao">Ko Tarutao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satun_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Satun Province">Satun</a></figcaption></figure> Totalling 513,120 square kilometres (198,120 sq mi), Thailand is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">50th-largest country</a> by total area.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-2">[1]</a> Thailand comprises several distinct geographic regions, partly corresponding to the provincial groups. The north of the country is the mountainous area of the <a href="/wiki/Thai_highlands" title="Thai highlands">Thai highlands</a>, with the highest point being <a href="/wiki/Doi_Inthanon" title="Doi Inthanon">Doi Inthanon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Thanon_Thong_Chai_Range" title="Thanon Thong Chai Range">Thanon Thong Chai Range</a> at 2,565 metres (8,415 ft) above sea level. The northeast, <a href="/wiki/Isan" title="Isan">Isan</a>, consists of the <a href="/wiki/Khorat_Plateau" title="Khorat Plateau">Khorat Plateau</a>, bordered to the east by the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekong River">Mekong River</a>. The centre of the country is dominated by the predominantly flat <a href="/wiki/Chao_Phraya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chao Phraya">Chao Phraya</a> river valley, which runs into the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a>. Southern Thailand consists of the narrow <a href="/wiki/Kra_Isthmus" title="Kra Isthmus">Kra Isthmus</a> that widens into the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>. The Chao Phraya and the Mekong River are the indispensable water courses of rural Thailand. Industrial scale production of crops use both rivers and their tributaries. The Gulf of Thailand covers 320,000 square kilometres (124,000 sq mi) and is fed by the Chao Phraya, <a href="/wiki/Mae_Klong_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mae Klong River">Mae Klong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bang_Pakong_River" title="Bang Pakong River">Bang Pakong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tapi_River,_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapi River, Thailand">Tapi</a> Rivers. It contributes to the tourism sector owing to its clear shallow waters along the coasts in the southern region and the Kra Isthmus. The eastern shore of the Gulf of Thailand has the kingdom's premier deepwater port in <a href="/wiki/Sattahip_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Sattahip District">Sattahip</a> and its busiest commercial port, <a href="/wiki/Laem_Chabang" title="Laem Chabang">Laem Chabang</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phuket_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuket Province">Phuket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krabi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Krabi Province">Krabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranong" title="Ranong">Ranong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phang_Nga" title="Phang Nga">Phang Nga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Trang Province">Trang</a>, and their islands, all lay along the coasts of the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Thailand" title="Climate change in Thailand">Climate change in Thailand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_THA_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Koppen-Geiger_Map_THA_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_THA_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Koppen-Geiger_Map_THA_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_THA_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Koppen-Geiger_Map_THA_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_THA_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Thailand map of Köppen climate classification</figcaption></figure> Thailand's climate is influenced by monsoon winds that have a seasonal character (the southwest and northeast monsoon).<a href="#cite_note-Climate_2015-129">[122]</a>: 2  Most of the country is classified as <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical savanna climate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[123]</a> The majority of the south as well as the eastern tip of the east have a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">tropical monsoon climate</a>. Parts of the south also have a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">tropical rainforest climate</a>. A year in Thailand is divided into three seasons.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_2015-129">[122]</a>: 2  The first is the rainy or southwest monsoon season (mid–May to mid–October), which is caused by southwestern wind from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_2015-129">[122]</a>: 2  Rainfall is also contributed by <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a> (ITCZ) and tropical <a href="/wiki/Cyclones" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclones">cyclones</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Climate_2015-129">[122]</a>: 2  with August and September being the wettest period of the year.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_2015-129">[122]</a>: 2  The country receives a mean annual rainfall of 1,200 to 1,600 mm (47 to 63 in).<a href="#cite_note-Climate_2015-129">[122]</a>: 4  Winter or the northeast monsoon occurs from mid–October until mid–February.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_2015-129">[122]</a>: 2  Most of Thailand experiences dry weather with mild temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_2015-129">[122]</a>: 2, 4  Summer or the pre–monsoon season runs from mid–February until mid–May.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_2015-129">[122]</a>: 3  Due to their inland position and latitude, the north, northeast, central and eastern parts of Thailand experience a long period of warm weather, where temperatures can reach up to 40 °C (104 °F) during March to May,<a href="#cite_note-Climate_2015-129">[122]</a>: 3  in contrast to close to or below 0 °C (32 °F) in some areas in winter.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_2015-129">[122]</a>: 3  Southern Thailand is characterised by mild weather year-round with less diurnal and seasonal variations in temperatures due to maritime influences.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_2015-129">[122]</a>: 3  It receives abundant rainfall, particularly during October to November.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_2015-129">[122]</a>: 2  Thailand is among the world's ten countries that are most exposed to climate change. In particular, it is highly vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">rising sea levels</a> and extreme weather events.<a href="#cite_note-131">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity_and_conservation">Biodiversity and conservation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Thailand" title="List of protected areas of Thailand">List of protected areas of Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_forest_parks_of_Thailand" title="List of forest parks of Thailand">List of forest parks of Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_species_native_to_Thailand" title="List of species native to Thailand">List of species native to Thailand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Thailand" title="Environmental issues in Thailand">Environmental issues in Thailand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khaoyai_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Khaoyai_06.jpg/220px-Khaoyai_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Khaoyai_06.jpg/330px-Khaoyai_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Khaoyai_06.jpg/440px-Khaoyai_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4148" data-file-height="2766" /></a><figcaption>The population of <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian elephants">Asian elephants</a> in Thailand's wild has dropped to an estimated 2,000–3,000.<a href="#cite_note-Elephants-133">[126]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Thailand" title="List of national parks of Thailand">National parks</a> in Thailand are defined as an area that contains natural resources of ecological importance or unique beauty, or flora and fauna of special importance. Thailand's protected areas include 156 national parks, 58 wildlife sanctuaries, 67 non-hunting areas, and 120 forest parks. They cover almost 31 per cent of the kingdom's territory.<a href="#cite_note-PRD-134">[127]</a> The parks are administered by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_National_Parks,_Wildlife_and_Plant_Conservation" title="Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation">National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department</a> (DNP) of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Natural_Resources_and_Environment_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Thailand)">Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment</a> (MNRE). Thailand has a mediocre but improving performance in the global <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index" title="Environmental Performance Index">Environmental Performance Index</a> (EPI) with an overall ranking of 91 out of 180 countries in 2016. The environmental areas where Thailand performs worst (i.e., highest-ranking) are <a href="/wiki/Air_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Air quality">air quality</a> (167), environmental effects of the agricultural industry (106), and the <a href="/wiki/Climate_and_energy" title="Climate and energy">climate and energy</a> sector (93), the later mainly because of a high <a href="/wiki/CO2_emission" class="mw-redirect" title="CO2 emission">CO2 emission</a> per kWh produced. Thailand performs best (i.e., lowest-ranking) in <a href="/wiki/Water_resource_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resource management">water resource management</a> (66), with some major improvements expected for the future, and <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> (68).<a href="#cite_note-135">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[129]</a> The country had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 6.00/10, ranking it 88th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-137">[130]</a> The population of elephants, the country's <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_animals" title="List of national animals">national symbol</a>, has fallen from 100,000 in 1850 to an estimated 2,000.<a href="#cite_note-Elephants-133">[126]</a> Poachers have long hunted elephants for <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> and hides, and now increasingly for <a href="/wiki/Elephant_meat" title="Elephant meat">meat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[131]</a> Young elephants are often captured for use in tourist attractions or as work animals, where there have been claims of mistreatment.<a href="#cite_note-139">[132]</a> In 1989, the government banned the use of elephants for <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a>, leading many elephant owners to move their domesticated animals to the tourism industry.<a href="#cite_note-140">[133]</a> Poaching of protected species remains a major problem. <a href="/wiki/Tigers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigers">Tigers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopards" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopards">leopards</a>, and other large cats are hunted for their pelts. Many are farmed or hunted for their meat, which supposedly has medicinal properties. Although such trade is illegal, the well-known Bangkok market <a href="/wiki/Chatuchak_Weekend_Market" title="Chatuchak Weekend Market">Chatuchak</a> is still known for the sale of endangered species.<a href="#cite_note-141">[134]</a> The practice of keeping wild animals as pets affects species such as <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_black_bear" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic black bear">Asiatic black bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayan_sun_bear" title="Malayan sun bear">Malayan sun bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lar_gibbon" title="Lar gibbon">white-handed lar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pileated_gibbon" title="Pileated gibbon">pileated gibbon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Binturong" title="Binturong">binturong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_government">Politics and government</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand" title="Politics of Thailand">Politics of Thailand</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutions of Thailand">Constitutions of Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Thailand" title="Government of Thailand">Government of Thailand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Thailand" title="Elections in Thailand">Elections in Thailand</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:328px;max-width:328px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Rama_X_official_(crop)_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/King_Rama_X_official_%28crop%29_%28cropped%29.png/160px-King_Rama_X_official_%28crop%29_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/King_Rama_X_official_%28crop%29_%28cropped%29.png/240px-King_Rama_X_official_%28crop%29_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/King_Rama_X_official_%28crop%29_%28cropped%29.png/320px-King_Rama_X_official_%28crop%29_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="1389" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Vajiralongkorn" title="Vajiralongkorn">Vajiralongkorn</a> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Thailand">King of Thailand</a> since 13 October 2016</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Paetongtarn_Shinawatra_October_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Paetongtarn_Shinawatra_October_2023.jpg/160px-Paetongtarn_Shinawatra_October_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Paetongtarn_Shinawatra_October_2023.jpg/240px-Paetongtarn_Shinawatra_October_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Paetongtarn_Shinawatra_October_2023.jpg/320px-Paetongtarn_Shinawatra_October_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="507" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Paetongtarn_Shinawatra" title="Paetongtarn Shinawatra">Paetongtarn Shinawatra</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister of Thailand</a> since 16 August 2024</div></div></div></div></div> Prior to 1932, Thai kings were feudal or <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchs</a>. During <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a>, the king was seen as a Dharmaraja or 'king who rules in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>'. The system of government was a network of tributaries ruled by local lords. Modern absolute monarchy and statehood was established by Chulalongkorn when he transformed the decentralized protectorate system into a unitary state. On 24 June 1932, <a href="/wiki/Khana_Ratsadon" title="Khana Ratsadon">Khana Ratsadon</a> (People's Party) carried out a bloodless revolution which marked the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>. Thailand has had 20 constitutions and charters since 1932, including the latest and current 2017 Constitution. All constitutions state that the politics is conducted within the framework of a constitutional monarchy, but the de facto form of government has ranged from military dictatorship to electoral democracy.<a href="#cite_note-multiple-143">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[137]</a> Thailand's current form of government is part democracy and part dictatorship; many terms are used to describe it.<a href="#cite_note-150">[vii]</a> Thailand has had the fourth-most <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coups</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-151">[143]</a> "Uniformed or ex-military men have led Thailand for 55 of the 83 years" between 1932 and 2009.<a href="#cite_note-152">[144]</a> Most recently, the <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a> self-titled as the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_Peace_and_Order" title="National Council for Peace and Order">National Council for Peace and Order</a> ruled the country between 2014 and 2019. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_parliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Thai_parliament.jpg/220px-Thai_parliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Thai_parliament.jpg/330px-Thai_parliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Thai_parliament.jpg/440px-Thai_parliament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sappaya-Sapasathan" title="Sappaya-Sapasathan">Sappaya-Sapasathan</a>, the current Parliament House of Thailand</figcaption></figure> Government is <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separated</a> into three branches: <ul><li>The legislative branch: the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Thailand">National Assembly</a> is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Thailand" title="Senate of Thailand">Senate</a>, the 200-member indirectly elected <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of Thailand">House of Representatives</a>, the elected 500-member <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a>. Its most recent election is <a href="/wiki/2023_Thai_general_election" title="2023 Thai general election">the 2023 general election</a>. The coalition led by Pheu Thai Party currently holds the majority. The <a href="/wiki/2024_Thai_Senate_election" title="2024 Thai Senate election">2024 Thai Senate election</a> was the first senate election held under the current constitution in the process criticized as "the most complicated election in the world."<a href="#cite_note-153">[145]</a> The senate is allegedly dominated by <a href="/wiki/Bhumjaithai_Party" title="Bhumjaithai Party">Bhumjaithai Party</a>-affiliated senators.<a href="#cite_note-154">[146]</a></li> <li>The executive branch consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister of Thailand</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, and other cabinet members of up to 35 people. The Prime Minister was elected by the National Assembly. The current constitution mandates that prime ministers are to be considered from candidates nominated by political parties before the election. The current prime minister is <a href="/wiki/Paetongtarn_Shinawatra" title="Paetongtarn Shinawatra">Paetongtarn Shinawatra</a>, a member of the Pheu Thai Party.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> is supposed to be independent of the executive and the legislative branches, although judicial rulings are suspected of being based on political considerations rather than on existing law.<a href="#cite_note-155">[147]</a></li></ul> Military and bureaucratic aristocrats fully controlled political parties between 1946 and the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-156">[148]</a>: 16  Most parties in Thailand are short-lived.<a href="#cite_note-Croissant_2010-157">[149]</a>: 246  Between 1992 and 2006, Thailand had a <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Croissant_2010-157">[149]</a>: 245  Later constitutions created a multi-party system where a single party cannot gain a majority in the house. A <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary monarch</a> serves as Thailand's <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. The current King of Thailand is <a href="/wiki/Vajiralongkorn" title="Vajiralongkorn">Vajiralongkorn</a> (Rama X), who has reigned since October 2016. The powers of the king are limited by the constitution and he is primarily a symbolic figurehead. However, the monarch still occasionally intervenes in Thai politics, as all constitutions pave the way for customary royal rulings. Some academics outside Thailand, including <a href="/wiki/Duncan_McCargo" title="Duncan McCargo">Duncan McCargo</a> and Federico Ferrara, noted extraconstitutional role of the monarch through a "<a href="/wiki/Network_monarchy" title="Network monarchy">network monarchy</a>" behind the political scenes.<a href="#cite_note-158">[150]</a> The monarchy is protected by the severe <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se_majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lèse majesté in Thailand">lèse majesté law</a>, even though the people's attitude towards the institution varies from one reign to another.<a href="#cite_note-159">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[152]</a> The kings are protected by lèse-majesté laws which allow critics to be jailed for three to fifteen years.<a href="#cite_note-161">[153]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2014 Thai coup d'état">coup d'état in 2014</a>, Thailand had the highest <a href="/wiki/Category:People_accused_of_l%C3%A8se_majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand" title="Category:People accused of lèse majesté in Thailand">number of lèse-majesté prisoners</a> in the nation's history.<a href="#cite_note-162">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Thailand" title="Human rights in Thailand">Human rights in Thailand</a> has been rated <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World_(report)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom in the World (report)">not free</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> Index since 2014.<a href="#cite_note-164">[156]</a> On August 7, 2024, Thailand's <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Thailand" title="Constitutional Court of Thailand">Constitutional Court</a> banned the victors of the <a href="/wiki/2023_Thai_general_election" title="2023 Thai general election">2023 parliamentary elections</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Move_Forward_Party" title="Move Forward Party">Move Forward Party</a> and all of its leaders from politics for its proposal to reform the lèse-majesté law, arguing it posed a threat to the constitutional order.<a href="#cite_note-Economist1-165">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> criticized the move as an example of "<a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">lawfare</a>" and pointed to the dissolution of its predecessor party, <a href="/wiki/Future_Forward_Party" title="Future Forward Party">Future Forward</a> in 2020, as the latest example of how an "alliance of conservative forces in Thailand—including monarchists, the army and a handful of business tycoons—has sought to suppress opposition".<a href="#cite_note-Economist1-165">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[158]</a> On the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom in the World 2024 Report</a> for Thailand, their status improved from <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">not free</a> to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom in the world">partly free</a> due to competitive parliamentary elections and the formation of a new governing coalition by what had been a major opposition party, though unelected senators ensured that the party with the most votes was excluded.<a href="#cite_note-167">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_government_of_Thailand" title="Organization of the government of Thailand">Organization of the government of Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Thailand" title="Provinces of Thailand">Provinces of Thailand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_Divisions_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative Divisions of Thailand">Administrative Divisions of Thailand</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Thailand" title="Regions of Thailand">Regions of Thailand</a></div> Thailand is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a>; the administrative services of the executive branch are divided into three levels by National Government Organisation Act, BE 2534 (1991): central, provincial and local. Thailand is composed of 76 <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Thailand" title="Provinces of Thailand">provinces</a> (จังหวัด, changwat),<a href="#cite_note-168">[160]</a> which are first-level <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administrative divisions</a>. There are also two specially governed districts: the capital <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pattaya" title="Pattaya">Pattaya</a>. Bangkok is at provincial level and thus often counted as a province. Each province is divided into <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Thailand" title="Districts of Thailand">districts</a> (อำเภอ, amphoe) and the districts are further divided into sub-districts (ตำบล, tambons). The name of each province's capital city (เมือง, mueang) is the same as that of the province. For example, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang Mai Province">Chiang Mai Province</a> (Changwat Chiang Mai) is Mueang Chiang Mai or Chiang Mai. All provincial governors and district chiefs, which are administrators of provinces and districts respectively, are appointed by the central government.<a href="#cite_note-169">[161]</a> Thailand's provinces are sometimes grouped into four to six regions, depending on the source. <div class="center">A clickable map of Thailand exhibiting its provinces</div> <figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-left" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="A clickable map of Thailand exhibiting its provinces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Thailand_provinces_en.svg/700px-Thailand_provinces_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="1231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Thailand_provinces_en.svg/1050px-Thailand_provinces_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Thailand_provinces_en.svg/1400px-Thailand_provinces_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="1849" usemap="#ImageMap_bebd931aecec8c8a" resource="/wiki/File:Thailand_provinces_en.svg" /><map name="ImageMap_bebd931aecec8c8a"><area href="/wiki/Chiang_Rai_province" shape="rect" coords="186,43,264,69" alt="Chiang Rai province" title="Chiang Rai province" /><area href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_province" shape="rect" coords="91,129,168,148" alt="Chiang Mai province" title="Chiang Mai province" /><area href="/wiki/Mae_Hong_Son_province" shape="rect" coords="2,166,98,183" alt="Mae Hong Son province" title="Mae Hong Son province" /><area href="/wiki/Phayao_province" shape="rect" coords="216,97,266,121" alt="Phayao province" title="Phayao province" /><area href="/wiki/Lampang_province" shape="rect" coords="164,166,225,186" alt="Lampang province" title="Lampang province" /><area href="/wiki/Phrae_province" shape="rect" coords="217,190,259,204" alt="Phrae province" title="Phrae province" /><area href="/wiki/Lamphun_province" shape="rect" coords="116,194,176,213" alt="Lamphun province" title="Lamphun province" /><area href="/wiki/Nan_province" shape="rect" coords="281,130,310,147" alt="Nan province" title="Nan province" /><area href="/wiki/Uttaradit_province" shape="rect" coords="238,218,297,240" alt="Uttaradit province" title="Uttaradit province" /><area href="/wiki/Bueng_Kan_province" shape="rect" coords="484,179,558,208" alt="Bueng Kan province" title="Bueng Kan province" /><area href="/wiki/Nong_Khai_province" shape="rect" coords="410,206,481,228" alt="Nong Khai province" title="Nong Khai province" /><area href="/wiki/Udon_Thani_province" shape="rect" coords="413,238,489,257" alt="Udon Thani province" title="Udon Thani province" /><area href="/wiki/Nakhon_Phanom_province" shape="rect" coords="540,239,645,258" alt="Nakhon Phanom province" title="Nakhon Phanom province" /><area href="/wiki/Sakon_Nakhon_province" shape="rect" coords="487,260,573,272" alt="Sakon Nakhon province" title="Sakon Nakhon province" /><area href="/wiki/Kalasin_province" shape="rect" coords="491,310,542,327" alt="Kalasin province" title="Kalasin province" /><area href="/wiki/Mukdahan_province" shape="rect" coords="553,313,627,332" alt="Mukdahan province" title="Mukdahan province" /><area href="/wiki/Loei_province" shape="rect" coords="336,249,372,269" alt="Loei province" title="Loei province" /><area href="/wiki/Khon_Kaen_province" shape="rect" coords="396,313,473,340" alt="Khon Kaen province" title="Khon Kaen province" /><area href="/wiki/Nong_Bua_Lamphu_province" shape="rect" coords="384,254,431,298" alt="Nong Bua Lamphu province" title="Nong Bua Lamphu province" /><area href="/wiki/Tak_province" shape="rect" coords="120,298,161,325" alt="Tak province" title="Tak province" /><area href="/wiki/Sukhothai_province" shape="rect" coords="167,268,234,292" alt="Sukhothai province" title="Sukhothai province" /><area href="/wiki/Phitsanulok_province" shape="rect" coords="240,285,310,304" alt="Phitsanulok province" title="Phitsanulok province" /><area href="/wiki/Phichit_province" shape="rect" coords="236,340,277,360" alt="Phichit province" title="Phichit province" /><area href="/wiki/Uthai_Thani_province" shape="rect" coords="154,406,218,427" alt="Uthai Thani province" title="Uthai Thani province" /><area href="/wiki/Kamphaeng_Phet_province" shape="rect" coords="152,332,228,362" alt="Kamphaeng Phet province" title="Kamphaeng Phet province" /><area href="/wiki/Nakhon_Sawan_province" shape="rect" coords="190,381,275,398" alt="Nakhon Sawan province" title="Nakhon Sawan province" /><area href="/wiki/Phetchabun_province" shape="rect" coords="282,334,355,354" alt="Phetchabun province" title="Phetchabun province" /><area href="/wiki/Chaiyaphum_province" shape="rect" coords="334,364,415,385" alt="Chaiyaphum province" title="Chaiyaphum province" /><area href="/wiki/Maha_Sarakham_province" shape="rect" coords="449,351,512,383" alt="Maha Sarakham province" title="Maha Sarakham province" /><area href="/wiki/Roi_Et_province" shape="rect" coords="502,385,543,397" alt="Roi Et province" title="Roi Et province" /><area href="/wiki/Yasothon_province" shape="rect" coords="542,352,606,369" alt="Yasothon province" title="Yasothon province" /><area href="/wiki/Amnat_Charoen_province" shape="rect" coords="573,371,634,400" alt="Amnat Charoen province" title="Amnat Charoen province" /><area href="/wiki/Ubon_Ratchathani_province" shape="rect" coords="591,417,673,449" alt="Ubon Ratchathani province" title="Ubon Ratchathani province" /><area href="/wiki/Sisaket_province" shape="rect" coords="547,449,596,465" alt="Sisaket province" title="Sisaket province" /><area href="/wiki/Surin_province" shape="rect" coords="500,451,537,467" alt="Surin province" title="Surin province" /><area href="/wiki/Buriram_province" shape="rect" coords="428,456,485,475" alt="Buriram province" title="Buriram province" /><area href="/wiki/Nakhon_Ratchasima_province" shape="rect" coords="348,431,423,462" alt="Nakhon Ratchasima province" title="Nakhon Ratchasima province" /><area href="/wiki/Lopburi_province" shape="rect" coords="276,431,329,447" alt="Lopburi province" title="Lopburi province" /><area href="/wiki/Chainat_province" shape="rect" coords="209,428,254,447" alt="Chainat province" title="Chainat province" /><area href="/wiki/Singburi_province" shape="rect" coords="234,453,274,467" alt="Singburi province" title="Singburi province" /><area href="/wiki/Kanchanaburi_province" shape="rect" coords="117,484,210,505" alt="Kanchanaburi province" title="Kanchanaburi province" /><area href="/wiki/Suphan_Buri_province" shape="rect" coords="184,469,242,477" alt="Suphan Buri province" title="Suphan Buri province" /><area href="/wiki/Ang_Thong_province" shape="rect" coords="246,473,268,494" alt="Ang Thong province" title="Ang Thong province" /><area href="/wiki/Saraburi_province" shape="rect" coords="280,472,326,487" alt="Saraburi province" title="Saraburi province" /><area href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_province" shape="rect" coords="247,496,294,509" alt="Ayutthaya province" title="Ayutthaya province" /><area href="/wiki/Nakhon_Nayok_province" shape="rect" coords="300,504,334,528" alt="Nakhon Nayok province" title="Nakhon Nayok province" /><area href="/wiki/Prachin_Buri_province" shape="rect" coords="337,517,384,545" alt="Prachin Buri province" title="Prachin Buri province" /><area href="/wiki/Pathum_Thani_province" shape="rect" coords="260,518,297,538" alt="Pathum Thani province" title="Pathum Thani province" /><area href="/wiki/Nakhon_Pathom_province" shape="rect" coords="215,524,255,545" alt="Nakhon Pathom province" title="Nakhon Pathom province" /><area href="/wiki/Ratchaburi_province" shape="rect" coords="163,555,237,574" alt="Ratchaburi province" title="Ratchaburi province" /><area href="/wiki/Sa_Kaew_province" shape="rect" coords="388,540,438,557" alt="Sa Kaew province" title="Sa Kaew province" /><area href="/wiki/Chachoengsao_province" shape="rect" coords="296,555,378,571" alt="Chachoengsao province" title="Chachoengsao province" /><area href="/wiki/Chonburi_province" shape="rect" coords="300,589,357,605" alt="Chonburi province" title="Chonburi province" /><area href="/wiki/Rayong_province" shape="rect" coords="318,619,360,637" alt="Rayong province" title="Rayong province" /><area href="/wiki/Chanthaburi_province" shape="rect" coords="365,612,431,630" alt="Chanthaburi province" title="Chanthaburi province" /><area href="/wiki/Trat_province" shape="rect" coords="414,653,447,672" alt="Trat province" title="Trat province" /><area href="/wiki/Phetchaburi_province" shape="rect" coords="164,610,244,629" alt="Phetchaburi province" title="Phetchaburi province" /><area href="/wiki/Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_province" shape="rect" coords="143,683,274,708" alt="Prachuap Khiri Khan province" title="Prachuap Khiri Khan province" /><area href="/wiki/Chumphon_province" shape="rect" coords="141,811,216,832" alt="Chumphon province" title="Chumphon province" /><area href="/wiki/Ranong_province" shape="rect" coords="87,842,141,863" alt="Ranong province" title="Ranong province" /><area href="/wiki/Surat_Thani_province" shape="rect" coords="112,923,199,945" alt="Surat Thani province" title="Surat Thani province" /><area href="/wiki/Phang_Nga_province" shape="rect" coords="47,952,117,966" alt="Phang Nga province" title="Phang Nga province" /><area href="/wiki/Phuket_province" shape="rect" coords="61,1011,117,1037" alt="Phuket province" title="Phuket province" /><area href="/wiki/Krabi_province" shape="rect" coords="131,993,170,1011" alt="Krabi province" title="Krabi province" /><area href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_province" shape="rect" coords="176,988,315,1007" alt="Nakhon Si Thammarat province" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat province" /><area href="/wiki/Trang_province" shape="rect" coords="169,1059,218,1079" alt="Trang province" title="Trang province" /><area href="/wiki/Phatthalung_province" shape="rect" coords="185,1037,267,1057" alt="Phatthalung province" title="Phatthalung province" /><area href="/wiki/Satun_province" shape="rect" coords="203,1103,245,1121" alt="Satun province" title="Satun province" /><area href="/wiki/Songkhla_province" shape="rect" coords="241,1093,298,1110" alt="Songkhla province" title="Songkhla province" /><area href="/wiki/Pattani_province" shape="rect" coords="308,1110,362,1131" alt="Pattani province" title="Pattani province" /><area href="/wiki/Yala_province" shape="rect" coords="304,1143,338,1157" alt="Yala province" title="Yala province" /><area href="/wiki/Narathiwat_province" shape="rect" coords="342,1149,414,1167" alt="Narathiwat province" title="Narathiwat province" /><area href="/wiki/Samut_Prakan_province" shape="rect" coords="295,659,364,668" alt="Samut Prakan province" title="Samut Prakan province" /><area href="/wiki/Bangkok" shape="rect" coords="295,673,337,681" alt="Bangkok" title="Bangkok" /><area href="/wiki/Nonthaburi_province" shape="rect" coords="295,684,349,692" alt="Nonthaburi province" title="Nonthaburi province" /><area href="/wiki/Samut_Sakhon_province" shape="rect" coords="296,698,365,706" alt="Samut Sakhon province" title="Samut Sakhon province" /><area href="/wiki/Samut_Songkhram_province" shape="rect" coords="296,711,387,717" alt="Samut Songkhram province" title="Samut Songkhram province" /></map><figcaption>A clickable map of Thailand exhibiting its provinces</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Thailand" title="Foreign relations of Thailand">Foreign relations of Thailand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama_IX_of_Thailand_and_Barack_Obama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Rama_IX_of_Thailand_and_Barack_Obama.jpg/220px-Rama_IX_of_Thailand_and_Barack_Obama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Rama_IX_of_Thailand_and_Barack_Obama.jpg/330px-Rama_IX_of_Thailand_and_Barack_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Rama_IX_of_Thailand_and_Barack_Obama.jpg/440px-Rama_IX_of_Thailand_and_Barack_Obama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a> in a meeting with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, 18 November 2012</figcaption></figure> Siam's and Thailand's way of conducting foreign relations has long been described as "bamboo bending with the wind", of policies that are "always solidly rooted, but flexible enough to bend whichever way the wind blows in order to survive,"<a href="#cite_note-170">[162]</a> or adaptable and pragmatic. In order to secure independence, it sought to pit one great power against the others so that it would be dominated by none.<a href="#cite_note-171">[163]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Thailand sought to prevent the spread of communism so it joined the United States, including participating in <a href="/wiki/SEATO" class="mw-redirect" title="SEATO">SEATO</a> alliance, sending expeditions to Korea and Vietnam, and offering the US to use its base. Thailand is one of the five founding members of <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> (ASEAN), initially to safeguard against communism. The end of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> was a turning point in Thai foreign policy and afterwards it sought to improve relations with Communist China and its now-Communist neighbours. Thailand remains an active member of ASEAN and seek to project its influence in it. Thailand has developed increasingly close ties with other members, with progressing regional co-operation in economic, trade, banking, political, and cultural matters.<a href="#cite_note-172">[164]</a> In the 2000s, Thailand had taken an active role on the international stage and participated fully in international and regional organisations. It is a <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major non-NATO ally</a> and Priority Watch List <a href="/wiki/Special_301_Report" title="Special 301 Report">Special 301 Report</a> of the United States. When <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> gained independence from Indonesia, Thailand contributed troops to the international peacekeeping effort.<a href="#cite_note-173">[165]</a> As part of its effort to increase international ties, Thailand had reached out to such regional organisations as the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (OAS)<a href="#cite_note-174">[166]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE).<a href="#cite_note-175">[167]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin Shinawatra</a>'s premiership, negotiations for several <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreements</a> with China, Australia, Bahrain, India, and the US were initiated. Thaksin sought to position Thailand as a regional leader, initiating various development projects in poorer neighbouring countries. More controversially, he established close, friendly ties with the Burmese dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-176">[168]</a> Thailand joined the US-led <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a>, sending a <a href="/wiki/Thai_Humanitarian_Assistance_Task_Force_976_Thai-Iraq" title="Thai Humanitarian Assistance Task Force 976 Thai-Iraq">humanitarian contingent</a> until September 2004.<a href="#cite_note-177">[169]</a> Thailand also had contributed troops to reconstruction efforts in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[170]</a> In April 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute" title="Cambodian–Thai border dispute">Cambodian–Thai border dispute</a> brought troops on territory immediately adjacent to the 900-year-old ruins of Cambodia's <a href="/wiki/Preah_Vihear_Temple" title="Preah Vihear Temple">Preah Vihear</a> Hindu temple near the border.<a href="#cite_note-179">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[172]</a> After the 2014 coup, Thailand leaned more towards China.<a href="#cite_note-181">[173]</a> Growing Chinese influence and capital inflow caused some members of parliament to raise the concern about "economic colony" under China after many concessions.<a href="#cite_note-182">[174]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">Israel-Hamas military conflict</a> in 2023, at first Thailand's prime minister stated that his government strongly condemns the attack against Israel and extends its deepest condolences to the government and the people of Israel<a href="#cite_note-183">[175]</a> but the government later changed its position and announced that Thailand adopted a neutral stance in this conflict.<a href="#cite_note-184">[176]</a> 28 Thai nationals were killed in this conflict.<a href="#cite_note-185">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armed_forces">Armed forces</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Thai Armed Forces">Royal Thai Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chakri_Naruebet_2001.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Chakri_Naruebet_2001.JPEG/220px-Chakri_Naruebet_2001.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Chakri_Naruebet_2001.JPEG/330px-Chakri_Naruebet_2001.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Chakri_Naruebet_2001.JPEG/440px-Chakri_Naruebet_2001.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2244" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/HTMS_Chakri_Naruebet" title="HTMS Chakri Naruebet">HTMS Chakri Naruebet</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Navy" title="Royal Thai Navy">Royal Thai Navy</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Thai Armed Forces">Royal Thai Armed Forces</a> (กองทัพไทย; <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a>: Kong Thap Thai) constitute the military of the Kingdom of Thailand. It consists of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Army" title="Royal Thai Army">Royal Thai Army</a> (กองทัพบกไทย), the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Navy" title="Royal Thai Navy">Royal Thai Navy</a> (กองทัพเรือไทย), and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="Royal Thai Air Force">Royal Thai Air Force</a> (กองทัพอากาศไทย). It also incorporates various <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> forces.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Thai Armed Forces have a combined manpower of 306,000 active duty personnel and another 245,000 active reserve personnel.<a href="#cite_note-186">[178]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">head of the Thai Armed Forces</a> (จอมทัพไทย, Chom Thap Thai) is the king,<a href="#cite_note-187">[179]</a> although this position is only nominal. The armed forces are managed by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Defence (Thailand)">Ministry of Defence of Thailand</a>, which is headed by the Minister of Defence (a member of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Thailand" title="Cabinet of Thailand">cabinet of Thailand</a>) and commanded by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces_Headquarters" title="Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters">Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters</a>, which in turn is headed by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Commanders_of_the_Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Commanders of the Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters">Chief of Defence Forces of Thailand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[180]</a> Thai annual defense budget almost tripled from US$1.98 billion in 2005 to US$5.88 billion in 2016, accounting for approximately 1.4% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-World_Bank_Open_Data-189">[181]</a> Thailand ranked 16th worldwide in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_Military_Strength_Index&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of countries by Military Strength Index (page does not exist)">Military Strength Index</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a> report in September 2015.<a href="#cite_note-CreditSuisse2015-190">[182]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exercise_Cope_Tiger_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Exercise_Cope_Tiger_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Exercise_Cope_Tiger_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Exercise_Cope_Tiger_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Exercise_Cope_Tiger_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Exercise_Cope_Tiger_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Exercise_Cope_Tiger_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1641" data-file-height="984" /></a><figcaption>A Royal Thai Air Force <a href="/wiki/JAS_39_Gripen" class="mw-redirect" title="JAS 39 Gripen">JAS 39 Gripen</a></figcaption></figure> The military is also tasked with humanitarian missions, such as escorting <a href="/wiki/Rohingya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohingya">Rohingya</a> to Malaysia or Indonesia,<a href="#cite_note-191">[183]</a> ensuring security and welfare for refugees during <a href="/wiki/Indochina_refugee_crisis" title="Indochina refugee crisis">Indochina refugee crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[184]</a> According to the constitution, serving in the armed forces is a duty of all Thai citizens.<a href="#cite_note-193">[185]</a> Thailand still use active draft system for males over the age of 21. They are subjected to varying lengths of active service depending on the duration of reserve training as <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defence_Student" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Defence Student">Territorial Defence Student</a> and their level of education. Those who have completed three years or more of reserve training will be exempted entirely. The practice has long been criticized, as some media question its efficacy and value.<a href="#cite_note-194">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[187]</a> It is alleged that conscripts end up as servants to senior officers<a href="#cite_note-196">[188]</a> or clerks in military cooperative shops.<a href="#cite_note-197">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[190]</a> In a report issued in March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> charged that Thai military conscripts face institutionalised abuse systematically hushed up by military authorities.<a href="#cite_note-199">[191]</a> Critics observed that Thai military's main objective is to deal with internal rather than external threats.<a href="#cite_note-Asia_Sentinel_2017-200">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Operations_Command" title="Internal Security Operations Command">Internal Security Operations Command</a> is called the political arm of the Thai military, which has overlapping social and political functions with civilian bureaucracy. It also has anti-democracy mission.<a href="#cite_note-Asia_Sentinel_2017-200">[192]</a> The military is also notorious for numerous corruption incidents, such as accusation of <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Thailand" title="Human trafficking in Thailand">human trafficking</a>,<a href="#cite_note-201">[193]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a> in promotion of high-ranking officers.<a href="#cite_note-202">[194]</a> The military is deeply entrenched in politics. Most recently, the appointed senators include more than 100 active and retired military.<a href="#cite_note-203">[195]</a> Thailand is the 75th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of Thailand">Economy of Thailand</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="border: 1px solid #999; float: right; margin-left: 1em; width:300px"> <caption>Economic indicators </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row">Nominal <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> </th> <td>฿14.53 trillion (2016)<a href="#cite_note-205">[197]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">GDP growth </th> <td>3.9% (2017)<a href="#cite_note-NESDB_2561-206">[198]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Headline inflation </th> <td>0.7% (2017)<a href="#cite_note-NESDB_2561-206">[198]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Core inflation </th> <td>0.6% (2017)<a href="#cite_note-NESDB_2561-206">[198]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Employment-to-population_ratio" title="Employment-to-population ratio">Employment-to-population ratio</a> </th> <td>68.0% (2017)<a href="#cite_note-NESDB_2560-207">[199]</a>: 29  </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Unemployment </th> <td>1.2% (2017)<a href="#cite_note-NESDB_2561-206">[198]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Total public debt </th> <td>฿6.37 trillion (Dec. 2017)<a href="#cite_note-208">[200]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Poverty </th> <td>8.61% (2016)<a href="#cite_note-NESDB_2560-207">[199]</a>: 36  </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Net household worth </th> <td>฿20.34 trillion (2010)<a href="#cite_note-209">[201]</a>: 2  </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangkok_(251385359).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bangkok_%28251385359%29.jpeg/220px-Bangkok_%28251385359%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bangkok_%28251385359%29.jpeg/330px-Bangkok_%28251385359%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bangkok_%28251385359%29.jpeg/440px-Bangkok_%28251385359%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1305" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sathorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Sathorn">Sathorn</a> in Bangkok is a skyscraper-studded business district that is home to major hotels and embassies.</figcaption></figure> The economy of Thailand is heavily export-dependent, with exports accounting for more than two-thirds of <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP). Thailand exports over US$105 billion worth of goods and services annually.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-2">[1]</a> Major exports include cars, computers, electrical appliances, <a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Thailand" title="Rice production in Thailand">rice</a>, textiles and footwear, fishery products, rubber, and jewellery.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-2">[1]</a> Thailand is an <a href="/wiki/Emerging_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerging markets">emerging economy</a> and is considered a <a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialised_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Newly industrialised country">newly industrialised country</a>. Thailand had a 2017 GDP of US$1.236 trillion (on a <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> basis).<a href="#cite_note-210">[202]</a> Thailand is the second largest economy in Southeast Asia after Indonesia. Thailand ranks midway in the wealth spread in Southeast Asia as it is the fourth richest nation according to GDP per capita, after Singapore, Brunei, and Malaysia. Thailand functions as an <a href="/wiki/Anchor_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor economy">anchor economy</a> for the neighbouring developing economies of Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia. In the third quarter of 2014, the unemployment rate in Thailand stood at 0.84% according to Thailand's National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB).<a href="#cite_note-211">[203]</a> In 2017, the Thai economy grew an inflation-adjusted 3.9%, up from 3.3% in 2016, marking its fastest expansion since 2012.<a href="#cite_note-212">[204]</a> High public spending, especially during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, prompted the authorities to raise Thailand's public debt ceiling from 60% to 70% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-213">[205]</a> As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thailand&action=edit">[update]</a>, Thailand struggle with low productivity, poor education, high household debt, low private investment and slow economic growth,<a href="#cite_note-214">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[207]</a> with an economic research group forecasted an annual GDP growth of below 2% in the next decades without structural reforms.<a href="#cite_note-216">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Income_and_wealth_disparities">Income and wealth disparities</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_in_Thailand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Thailand.jpg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Thailand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Thailand.jpg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Thailand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Thailand.jpg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Thailand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>Development of real GDP per capita, 1890 to 2018</figcaption></figure> Thais have median wealth per one adult person of $1,469 in 2016,<a href="#cite_note-Wealth_2016-217">[209]</a>: 98  increasing from $605 in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Wealth_2016-217">[209]</a>: 34  In 2016, Thailand was <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">ranked 87th in Human Development Index</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_inequality-adjusted_HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI">70th in the inequality-adjusted HDI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[210]</a> In 2017, Thailand's median household income was ฿26,946 per month.<a href="#cite_note-NSO_2560-219">[211]</a>: 1  Top quintile households had a 45.0% share of all income, while bottom quintile households had 7.1%.<a href="#cite_note-NSO_2560-219">[211]</a>: 4  There were 26.9 million persons who had the bottom 40% of income earning less than ฿5,344 per person per month.<a href="#cite_note-NESDB_2559-220">[212]</a>: 5  During the <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_Thai_political_crisis" title="2013–2014 Thai political crisis">2013–2014 Thai political crisis</a>, a survey found that anti-government <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Reform_Committee" title="People's Democratic Reform Committee">PDRC</a> mostly (32%) had a monthly income of more than ฿50,000, while pro-government <a href="/wiki/United_Front_for_Democracy_Against_Dictatorship" title="United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship">UDD</a> mostly (27%) had between ฿10,000 and ฿20,000.<a href="#cite_note-221">[213]</a>: 7  In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a> reported that Thailand was the world's third most unequal country, behind Russia and India.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_2017-222">[214]</a> The top 10% richest held 79% of the country's assets.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_2017-222">[214]</a> The top 1% held 58% of the assets.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_2017-222">[214]</a> The 50 richest Thai families had a total net worth accounting to 30% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_2017-222">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Thailand" title="Bank of Thailand">Bank of Thailand</a> reported that during 2006–16, Thailand's top 5% largest companies had 85% of all corporate revenue in the nation, and only 6% of the country's companies were in export industries, which made up 60% of the country's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-223">[215]</a> In 2016, 5.81 million people lived in poverty, or 11.6 million people (17.2% of population) if "near poor" is included.<a href="#cite_note-NESDB_2559-220">[212]</a>: 1  The proportion of the poor relative to total population in each region was 12.96% in the Northeast, 12.35% in the South, and 9.83% in the North.<a href="#cite_note-NESDB_2559-220">[212]</a>: 2  In 2017, there were 14 million people who applied for social welfare (yearly income of less than ฿100,000 was required).<a href="#cite_note-BBC_2017-222">[214]</a> In the first quarter of 2023, Thai household debts totaled 14.6 trillion baht or 89.2% of GDP; the average debt per household was approximately 500,000 baht.<a href="#cite_note-224">[216]</a> In 2016, there were estimated 30,000 homeless persons in the country.<a href="#cite_note-225">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exports_and_manufacturing">Exports and manufacturing</h3></div> The economy of Thailand is heavily export-dependent, with exports accounting for more than two-thirds of gross domestic products (GDPs). Major exports include cars, computers, electrical appliances, <a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Thailand" title="Rice production in Thailand">rice</a>, textiles and footwear, fishery products, rubber, and jewellery.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-2">[1]</a> In 2022, Thailand's export of goods is worth roughly US$290 billion while its import worth roughly US$305 billion.<a href="#cite_note-226">[218]</a> Substantial industries include electric appliances, components, computer components, and vehicles. Thailand's recovery from the 1997–1998 Asian financial crisis depended mainly on exports, among various other factors. As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thailand&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Thailand" title="Automotive industry in Thailand">Thai automotive industry</a> was the largest in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production" title="List of countries by motor vehicle production">9th largest in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-OICA_2013-229">[221]</a> The Thailand industry has an annual output of near 1.5 million vehicles, mostly commercial vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-OICA_2013-229">[221]</a> Most of the vehicles built in Thailand are developed and licensed by foreign producers, mainly Japanese and American. The Thai car industry takes advantage of the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">ASEAN Free Trade Area</a> (AFTA) to find a market for many of its products. Eight manufacturers, five Japanese, two US, and <a href="/wiki/Tata_Group" title="Tata Group">Tata</a> of India, produce pick-up trucks in Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-Takahashi_2014-230">[222]</a> As of 2012, due to its favorable taxation for 2-door pick-ups at only 3–12% against 17–50% for passenger cars, Thailand was the second largest consumer of pick-up trucks in the world, after the US.<a href="#cite_note-231">[223]</a> In 2014, pick-ups accounted for 42% of all new vehicle sales in Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-Takahashi_2014-230">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Thailand" title="Tourism in Thailand">Tourism in Thailand</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0000140_-_Wat_Arun_Ratchawararam_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/0000140_-_Wat_Arun_Ratchawararam_005.jpg/250px-0000140_-_Wat_Arun_Ratchawararam_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/0000140_-_Wat_Arun_Ratchawararam_005.jpg/375px-0000140_-_Wat_Arun_Ratchawararam_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/0000140_-_Wat_Arun_Ratchawararam_005.jpg/500px-0000140_-_Wat_Arun_Ratchawararam_005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wat_Arun" title="Wat Arun">Wat Arun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, is among the best-known Thailand's landmarks.</figcaption></figure>Tourism makes up about 6% of the country's economy. Prior to the pandemic, Thailand was the world's eighth most visited country according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings" title="World Tourism rankings">World Tourism rankings</a> compiled by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_World_Tourism_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations World Tourism Organization">United Nations World Tourism Organization</a>. In 2019, Thailand received 39.8 million international tourists, ahead of <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[224]</a> and was the fourth highest in international tourism earning 60.5 billion <a href="/wiki/US_dollars" class="mw-redirect" title="US dollars">US dollars</a>. Thailand was the most visited country in Southeast Asia in 2013, according to the World Tourism Organization. Estimates of tourism receipts directly contributing to the Thai GDP of 12 trillion baht range from 9 per cent (1 trillion baht) (2013) to 16 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-233">[225]</a> When including the indirect effects of tourism, it is said to account for 20.2 per cent (2.4 trillion baht) of Thailand's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-234">[226]</a>: 1  Asian tourists primarily visit Thailand for Bangkok and the historical, natural, and cultural sights in its vicinity. Western tourists not only visit Bangkok and surrounding areas; many travel to the southern beaches and islands. The north is the chief destination for trekking and <a href="/wiki/Adventure_travel" title="Adventure travel">adventure travel</a> with its diverse ethnic minority groups and forested mountains. The region hosting the fewest tourists is <a href="/wiki/Isan" title="Isan">Isan</a>. To accommodate foreign visitors, a separate tourism police with offices were set up in the major tourist areas and an emergency telephone number.<a href="#cite_note-235">[227]</a> Thailand ranks as the worlds fifth largest <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">medical tourism</a> destination in spending, according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Travel_and_Tourism_Council" title="World Travel and Tourism Council">World Travel and Tourism Council</a>, attracting over 2.5 million visitors in 2018,<a href="#cite_note-236">[228]</a> and is number one in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-237">[229]</a> The country is popular for the growing practice of <a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery">sex reassignment surgery</a> (SRS) and cosmetic surgery. In 2010–2012, more than 90% of medical tourists traveled to Thailand for SRS.<a href="#cite_note-238">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Thailand" title="Prostitution in Thailand">Prostitution in Thailand</a> and sex tourism also form a de facto part of the economy. Campaigns promote Thailand as exotic to attract tourists.<a href="#cite_note-239">[231]</a> One estimate published in 2003 placed the trade at US$4.3 billion per year or about 3% of the Thai economy.<a href="#cite_note-240">[232]</a> It is believed that at least 10% of tourist dollars are spent on the sex trade.<a href="#cite_note-241">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture_and_natural_resources">Agriculture and natural resources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Thailand" title="Agriculture in Thailand">Agriculture in Thailand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rice_farmers_Mae_Wang_Chiang_Mai_Province.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Rice_farmers_Mae_Wang_Chiang_Mai_Province.jpg/300px-Rice_farmers_Mae_Wang_Chiang_Mai_Province.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Rice_farmers_Mae_Wang_Chiang_Mai_Province.jpg/450px-Rice_farmers_Mae_Wang_Chiang_Mai_Province.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Rice_farmers_Mae_Wang_Chiang_Mai_Province.jpg/600px-Rice_farmers_Mae_Wang_Chiang_Mai_Province.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1316" /></a><figcaption>Thailand has long been <a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Thailand" title="Rice production in Thailand">one of the largest rice exporters in the world</a>. Forty-nine per cent of Thailand's labour force is employed in agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Leturque_2010-242">[234]</a></figcaption></figure> Forty-nine per cent of Thailand's labour force is employed in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Thailand" title="Agriculture in Thailand">agriculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Leturque_2010-242">[234]</a> This is down from 70% in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-Leturque_2010-242">[234]</a> Rice is the most important crop in the country and Thailand had long been the world's leading exporter of rice, until recently falling behind both India and Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-243">[235]</a> Thailand has the highest percentage of arable land, 27.25%, of any state in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Mekong_Subregion" title="Greater Mekong Subregion">Greater Mekong Subregion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[236]</a> About 55% of the arable land area is used for rice production.<a href="#cite_note-245">[237]</a> Agriculture has been experiencing a transition from labour-intensive and transitional methods to a more industrialised and competitive sector.<a href="#cite_note-Leturque_2010-242">[234]</a> Between 1962 and 1983, the agricultural sector grew by 4.1% per year on average and continued to grow at 2.2% between 1983 and 2007.<a href="#cite_note-Leturque_2010-242">[234]</a> The relative contribution of agriculture to GDP has declined while exports of goods and services have increased. Furthermore, access to <a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">biocapacity</a> in Thailand is lower than world average. In 2016, Thailand had 1.2 global hectares<a href="#cite_note-Global_Footprint_Network-246">[238]</a> of biocapacity per person within its territory, a little less than world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.<a href="#cite_note-247">[239]</a> In contrast, in 2016, they used 2.5 global hectares of biocapacity—their <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a> of consumption. This means they use about twice as much biocapacity as Thailand contains, resulting in a deficit.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Footprint_Network-246">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Informal_economy">Informal economy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Train_Night_Market_Ratchada_(34079339800).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Train_Night_Market_Ratchada_%2834079339800%29.jpg/220px-Train_Night_Market_Ratchada_%2834079339800%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Train_Night_Market_Ratchada_%2834079339800%29.jpg/330px-Train_Night_Market_Ratchada_%2834079339800%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Train_Night_Market_Ratchada_%2834079339800%29.jpg/440px-Train_Night_Market_Ratchada_%2834079339800%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4542" data-file-height="2961" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Talat_Rotfai" title="Talat Rotfai">The Train Night Market</a> in Bangkok</figcaption></figure> In 2012, it was estimated that informal workers comprised 62.6% of the Thai workforce. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Labour (Thailand)">Ministry of Labour</a> defines informal workers to be individuals who work in informal economies and do not have employee status under a given country's Labour Protection Act (LPA). The informal sector in Thailand has grown significantly over the past 60 years over the course of Thailand's gradual transition from an agriculture-based economy to becoming more industrialised and service-oriented.<a href="#cite_note-:4-248">[240]</a> Between 1993 and 1995, ten per cent of the Thai labour force moved from the agricultural sector to urban and industrial jobs, especially in the manufacturing sector. It is estimated that between 1988 and 1995, the number of factory workers in the country doubled from two to four million, as Thailand's GDP tripled.<a href="#cite_note-249">[241]</a> While the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">Asian financial crisis</a> that followed in 1997 hit the Thai economy hard, the industrial sector continued to expand under widespread deregulation, as Thailand was mandated to adopt a range of structural adjustment reforms upon receiving funding from the IMF and World Bank. These reforms implemented an agenda of increased privatisation and trade liberalisation in the country, and decreased federal subsidisation of public goods and utilities, agricultural price supports, and regulations on fair wages and labour conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Guille_2014-250">[242]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] Many migrant farmers took jobs in sweatshops and factories with few labour regulations and often exploitative conditions.<a href="#cite_note-251">[243]</a> Those that could not find formal factory work, including illegal migrants and the families of rural Thai migrants, are under the regulation imposed by the structural adjustment programs. Scholars argue that the economic consequences and social costs of Thailand's labour reforms in the wake of the 1997 Asian financial crisis fell on individuals and families rather than the state.<a href="#cite_note-Guille_2014-250">[242]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Songkran_Day_@_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Songkran_Day_%40_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg/220px-Songkran_Day_%40_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Songkran_Day_%40_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg/330px-Songkran_Day_%40_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Songkran_Day_%40_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg/440px-Songkran_Day_%40_Chiangmai_Wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2792" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Songkran_(Thailand)" title="Songkran (Thailand)">Songkran</a> Festival, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a>'s ancient city wall</figcaption></figure> Informal labour in entertainment, nightlife, and the sex industry face additional vulnerabilities, including recruitment into circles of sexual exploitation and human trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-:4-248">[240]</a> A 2012 study found that 64% of informal workers had not completed education beyond primary school. Many informal workers are also migrants, only some of which have legal status in the country. The informal labour sector is also not recognised under the Labour Protection Act (LPA). Thai social security policies fail to protect against workplace accidents and unemployment and retirement insurance. Many informal workers are not legally contracted for their employment, and many do not make a living wage.<a href="#cite_note-:4-248">[240]</a> Tens of thousands of migrants from neighboring countries face exploitation in a few industries,<a href="#cite_note-252">[244]</a> especially in fishing where slave-like conditions have been reported.<a href="#cite_note-253">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> Thailand ranked 41st in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-254">[246]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Higher_Education,_Science,_Research_and_Innovation" title="Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation">Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Higher_Education,_Science,_Research_and_Innovation#Organization" title="Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation">its agencies</a> oversees the development of science, technology, and research in Thailand. According to the National Research Council of Thailand, the country devoted 1.1% of its GDP to the research and development of science in 2019, with over 166,788 research and development personnel in full-time equivalent that year.<a href="#cite_note-255">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Thailand" title="Transport in Thailand">Transport in Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Thailand" title="List of airports in Thailand">List of airports in Thailand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangkok_Skytrain_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bangkok_Skytrain_2011.jpg/220px-Bangkok_Skytrain_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bangkok_Skytrain_2011.jpg/330px-Bangkok_Skytrain_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bangkok_Skytrain_2011.jpg/440px-Bangkok_Skytrain_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3497" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/BTS_Skytrain" title="BTS Skytrain">BTS Skytrain</a> is an elevated rapid transit system in Bangkok.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/State_Railway_of_Thailand" title="State Railway of Thailand">State Railway of Thailand</a> (SRT) operates all of Thailand's national rail lines. <a href="/wiki/Krung_Thep_Aphiwat_Central_Terminal" title="Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal">Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_(Hua_Lamphong)_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangkok (Hua Lamphong) railway station">Bangkok (Hua Lamphong)</a> are the main termini of intercity routes. Phahonyothin and ICD <a href="/wiki/Lat_Krabang" class="mw-redirect" title="Lat Krabang">Lat Krabang</a> are the main freight terminals. As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thailand&action=edit">[update]</a> SRT had 4,507 km (2,801 mi) of track, all of it <a href="/wiki/Meter_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter gauge">meter gauge</a>. Nearly all is single-track (2,847.1 km), although some important sections around Bangkok are double (1,089.9 km or 677.2 mi) or triple-tracked (107 km or 66 mi), and there are plans to extend this.<a href="#cite_note-257">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Bangkok" title="Rail transport in Bangkok">Rail transport in Bangkok</a> includes long-distance services. There are four rapid transit rail systems in the capital: the <a href="/wiki/BTS_Skytrain" title="BTS Skytrain">BTS Skytrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/MRT_(Bangkok)" title="MRT (Bangkok)">MRT</a>, <a href="/wiki/SRT_Red_Lines" title="SRT Red Lines">SRT Red Lines</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Airport_Rail_Link_(Bangkok)" title="Airport Rail Link (Bangkok)">Airport Rail Link</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[251]</a> In Bangkok, there were two failed rapid rail projects <a href="/wiki/Lavalin_Skytrain" title="Lavalin Skytrain">Lavalin Skytrain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Elevated_Road_and_Train_System" title="Bangkok Elevated Road and Train System">Bangkok Elevated Road and Train System</a>, before <a href="/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_Master_Plan_in_Bangkok_Metropolitan_Region" title="Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan in Bangkok Metropolitan Region">Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan in Bangkok Metropolitan Region</a> was endorsed by the cabinet on 27 September 1994 and implemented from 1995 to the present.<a href="#cite_note-adjustplan-260">[252]</a> Thailand has 390,000 kilometres (240,000 miles) of highways.<a href="#cite_note-261">[253]</a> As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thailand&action=edit">[update]</a>, Thailand has over 462,133 roads and 37 million registered vehicles, 20 million of them motorbikes.<a href="#cite_note-262">[254]</a> A number of undivided two-lane highways have been converted into divided four-lane highways. Within the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, there are a number of <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highways_in_Thailand" title="Controlled-access highways in Thailand">controlled-access highways</a>. There are 4,125 public vans operating on 114 routes from Bangkok alone.<a href="#cite_note-263">[255]</a> Other forms of road transport includes <a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">tuk-tuks</a>, taxis—with over 80,647 registered taxis nationwide as of 2018,<a href="#cite_note-264">[256]</a> vans (<a href="/wiki/Minibus" title="Minibus">minibus</a>), motorbike taxis, and <a href="/wiki/Songthaew" title="Songthaew">songthaews</a>. As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thailand&action=edit">[update]</a>, Thailand has 103 airports with 63 paved runways, in addition to 6 heliports. The busiest airport in the country is Bangkok's <a href="/wiki/Suvarnabhumi_Airport" title="Suvarnabhumi Airport">Suvarnabhumi Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-265">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Thailand" title="Energy in Thailand">Energy in Thailand</a></div> 75% of Thailand's electrical generation is powered by <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Energy_2013-266">[258]</a> Coal-fired power plants produce an additional 20% of electricity, with the remainder coming from biomass, hydro, and biogas.<a href="#cite_note-Energy_2013-266">[258]</a> Compared to other ASEAN's countries, Thailand is the largest importer of gas in weight.<a href="#cite_note-:3-267">[259]</a>: 17  In 2022, Thailand's oil and gas production dropped by 19% and 17%, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-268">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-267">[259]</a>: 8  The government, in 2018, has developed an Alternative Energy Development Plan 2018–2037 (AEDP 2018). The plan defines goals for the increase of renewable energy to almost 30,000 MW by 2037.<a href="#cite_note-269">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Thailand" title="Demographics of Thailand">Demographics of Thailand</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:pink; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 15915.284869129px; border-left-color:black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:black"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1323.7769652808px; border-left-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 631.3751514675px; border-left-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:orange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Ethnic groups of Thailand (2015 estimate by <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIA-2">[1]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai</a> (97.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Burmese_in_Thailand" title="Burmese in Thailand">Burmese</a> (1.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  other (1.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  unspecified (0.1%)</div> </div> </div></div> Thailand has an estimated population of 71.7 million as of 2023;<a href="#cite_note-271">[263]</a>[<a href="#Lead">contradictory</a>] Thailand's first census in 1909 found the population to be 8.2 million.<a href="#cite_note-272">[264]</a> Thailand's population is largely rural, concentrated in the rice-growing areas of the central, northeastern, and northern regions. About 44.2% of Thailand's population lived in urban areas as of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thailand&action=edit">[update]</a>, slowly increasing from 29.4% in the 1990 census and 31.1% in the 2000 census.<a href="#cite_note-273">[265]</a> Thailand's government-sponsored family planning program resulted in a dramatic decline in population growth from 3.1% in 1960 to around 0.4% today. In 1970, an average of 5.7 people lived in a Thai household; in 2022, the average Thai household size was 3 people.<a href="#cite_note-274">[266]</a> Now, more than 20% of its population is aged over 60 and has a low birth rate, posing economic challenges.<a href="#cite_note-275">[267]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">sex ratio</a> between male and female is 1.05, with Thailand having slightly more males.<a href="#cite_note-276">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Ethnic groups in Thailand">Ethnic groups in Thailand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thailand_(272021437).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Thailand_%28272021437%29.jpg/220px-Thailand_%28272021437%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Thailand_%28272021437%29.jpg/330px-Thailand_%28272021437%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Thailand_%28272021437%29.jpg/440px-Thailand_%28272021437%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Hill tribes girls in the Northeast of Thailand</figcaption></figure> As of 2010, Thai people make up the majority of Thailand's population (95.9%). The remaining 4.1% of the population are Burmese (2.0%), others (1.3%), and unspecified (0.9%).<a href="#cite_note-CIA-2">[1]</a> According to genetic research, the present-day Thai people were divided into three groups: the northern group (Khon Mueang) are closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Tai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai people">Tai</a> ethnic groups in <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">southern China</a>, the northeastern group (<a href="/wiki/Isan_people" title="Isan people">Isan people</a>) are mixed Tai and several <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a>-speaking ethnic groups, while the central and southern groups (formerly called Siamese) strongly share genetic profiles with the <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-genetic-43">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-genetic2-44">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-genetic3-45">[39]</a> According to the Royal Thai Government's 2011 Country Report to the UN Committee responsible for the <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination" title="International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination">International Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a>, available from the Department of Rights and Liberties Promotion of the Thai Ministry of Justice,: 3  62 ethnic communities are officially recognized in Thailand. Twenty million Central Thai (together with approximately 650,000 <a href="/wiki/Khorat_Thai" title="Khorat Thai">Khorat Thai</a>) made up approximately 20,650,000 (34.1 per cent) of the state's population of 60,544,937<a href="#cite_note-277">[269]</a> at the time of completion of the Mahidol University Ethnolinguistic Maps of Thailand data (1997).<a href="#cite_note-Ethnolinguistic_2004-278">[270]</a> The 2011 Thailand Country Report provides population numbers for mountain peoples ('hill tribes') and ethnic communities in the Northeast and is explicit about its main reliance on the Mahidol University Ethnolinguistic Maps of Thailand data.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnolinguistic_2004-278">[270]</a> Thus, though over 3.288 million people in the Northeast alone could not be categorised, the population and percentages of other ethnic communities <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1997 are known for all of Thailand and constitute minimum populations. In descending order, the largest (equal to or greater than 400,000) are a) 15,080,000 Lao (24.9 per cent) consisting of the Thai Lao (14 million) and other smaller Lao groups, namely the Thai Loei (400–500,000), Lao Lom (350,000), Lao Wiang/Klang (200,000), Lao Khrang (90,000), Lao Ngaew (30,000), and Lao Ti (10,000); b) six million Khon Muang (9.9 per cent, also called Northern Thais); c) 4.5 million Pak Tai (7.5 per cent, also called Southern Thais); d) 1.4 million Khmer Leu (2.3 per cent, also called Northern Khmer); e) 900,000 Malay (1.5%); f) 500,000 Nyaw (0.8 per cent); g) 470,000 Phu Thai (0.8 per cent); h) 400,000 Kuy/Kuay (also known as Suay) (0.7 per cent), and i) 350,000 Karen (0.6 per cent).: 7–13  <a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Thai Chinese</a>, those of significant Chinese heritage, are 14% of the population, while Thais with partial Chinese ancestry comprise up to 40% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-279">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thai_Malays" title="Thai Malays">Thai Malays</a> represent 3% of the population, with the remainder consisting of <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmers" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmers">Khmers</a>, and various "<a href="/wiki/Hill_tribe_(Thailand)" title="Hill tribe (Thailand)">hill tribes</a>".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Increasing numbers of migrants from neighbouring Myanmar, Laos, and Cambodia, as well as from Nepal and India, have pushed the total number of non-national residents to around 3.5 million as of 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thailand&action=edit">[update]</a>, up from an estimated 2 million in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-280">[272]</a> Some 41,000 <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">Britons</a> and 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">Australians</a> live in Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-281">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_centres">Population centres</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Thailand">List of cities in Thailand</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest municipalities in Thailand <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.bora.dopa.go.th/new_stat/file/63/stat_a63.txt">"รายงานสถิติจำนวนประชากรและบ้านประจำปี พ.ศ.2563"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5+%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8.2563&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.bora.dopa.go.th%2Fnew_stat%2Ffile%2F63%2Fstat_a63.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Thailand_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Thailand by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Thailand">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Thailand" title="Provinces of Thailand">Province</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Thailand_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Thailand by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Thailand_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Thailand by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Thailand">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Thailand" title="Provinces of Thailand">Province</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Thailand_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Thailand by population">Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Baiyoke_Sky_Hotel,_Bangkok_(7053110333)_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bangkok"><img alt="Bangkok" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/View_from_Baiyoke_Sky_Hotel%2C_Bangkok_%287053110333%29_cropped.jpg/120px-View_from_Baiyoke_Sky_Hotel%2C_Bangkok_%287053110333%29_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/View_from_Baiyoke_Sky_Hotel%2C_Bangkok_%287053110333%29_cropped.jpg/180px-View_from_Baiyoke_Sky_Hotel%2C_Bangkok_%287053110333%29_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/View_from_Baiyoke_Sky_Hotel%2C_Bangkok_%287053110333%29_cropped.jpg/240px-View_from_Baiyoke_Sky_Hotel%2C_Bangkok_%287053110333%29_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="958" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Nonthaburi_-_Bangbuathong.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nonthaburi City"><img alt="Nonthaburi City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nonthaburi_-_Bangbuathong.jpg/120px-Nonthaburi_-_Bangbuathong.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nonthaburi_-_Bangbuathong.jpg/180px-Nonthaburi_-_Bangbuathong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nonthaburi_-_Bangbuathong.jpg/240px-Nonthaburi_-_Bangbuathong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="797" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nonthaburi_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonthaburi (city)">Nonthaburi City</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,588,222</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khon_Kaen" title="Khon Kaen">Khon Kaen City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khon_Kaen_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khon Kaen Province">Khon Kaen</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">110,615 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunset_at_pakkred_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pak Kret City"><img alt="Pak Kret City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sunset_at_pakkred_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-Sunset_at_pakkred_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sunset_at_pakkred_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-Sunset_at_pakkred_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sunset_at_pakkred_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-Sunset_at_pakkred_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pak_Kret" title="Pak Kret">Pak Kret City</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Hat-Yai_city_view.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hat Yai City"><img alt="Hat Yai City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hat-Yai_city_view.JPG/120px-Hat-Yai_city_view.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hat-Yai_city_view.JPG/180px-Hat-Yai_city_view.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hat-Yai_city_view.JPG/240px-Hat-Yai_city_view.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="736" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hat_Yai" title="Hat Yai">Hat Yai City</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nonthaburi_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonthaburi (city)">Nonthaburi City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nonthaburi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonthaburi Province">Nonthaburi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">251,026</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat Province">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">100,416 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pak_Kret" title="Pak Kret">Pak Kret City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nonthaburi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonthaburi Province">Nonthaburi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">189,458</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Laem_Chabang" title="Laem Chabang">Laem Chabang City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chonburi Province">Chonburi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">89,457 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hat_Yai" title="Hat Yai">Hat Yai City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Songkhla_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Songkhla Province">Songkhla</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">149,459</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rangsit,_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangsit, Thailand">Rangsit City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pathum_Thani_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathum Thani Province">Pathum Thani</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">84,268 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chaophraya_Surasak" title="Chaophraya Surasak">Chaophraya Surasak City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chonburi Province">Chonburi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">146,474</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Sawan" title="Nakhon Sawan">Nakhon Sawan City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Sawan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhon Sawan Province">Nakhon Sawan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">81,239 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Surat_Thani" title="Surat Thani">Surat Thani City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Surat_Thani_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Thani Province">Surat Thani</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">131,599</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Phuket_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuket city">Phuket City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Phuket_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuket Province">Phuket</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">77,778 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Ratchasima" title="Nakhon Ratchasima">Nakhon Ratchasima City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Ratchasima_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhon Ratchasima Province">Nakhon Ratchasima</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">122,730</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Rai_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang Rai (city)">Chiang Rai City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Rai_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang Rai Province">Chiang Rai</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">77,545 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang Mai Province">Chiang Mai</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">122,627</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ubon_Ratchathani" title="Ubon Ratchathani">Ubon Ratchathani City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ubon_Ratchathani_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubon Ratchathani Province">Ubon Ratchathani</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">72,855 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Udon_Thani" title="Udon Thani">Udon Thani City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Udon_Thani_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Udon Thani Province">Udon Thani</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">120,202</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Pathom" title="Nakhon Pathom">Nakhon Pathom City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Pathom_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhon Pathom Province">Nakhon Pathom</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">72,753 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pattaya" title="Pattaya">Pattaya City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chonburi Province">Chonburi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">117,606</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ko_Samui" title="Ko Samui">Ko Samui City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Surat_Thani_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Thani Province">Surat Thani</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">68,994 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1219497266"> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities by urban population in Thailand <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onedptgis.dpt.go.th/onedpt-complain-ppl/">onedptgis.dpt.go.th/onedpt-complain-ppl/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bora.dopa.go.th">www.bora.dopa.go.th</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Thailand_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Thailand by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Thailand">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Thailand" title="Provinces of Thailand">Province</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Thailand_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Thailand by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:4Y1A1150_Bangkok_(33536339665).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bangkok"><img alt="Bangkok" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/4Y1A1150_Bangkok_%2833536339665%29.jpg/120px-4Y1A1150_Bangkok_%2833536339665%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/4Y1A1150_Bangkok_%2833536339665%29.jpg/180px-4Y1A1150_Bangkok_%2833536339665%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/4Y1A1150_Bangkok_%2833536339665%29.jpg/240px-4Y1A1150_Bangkok_%2833536339665%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3042" data-file-height="1972" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Panoramic_view_of_Chiang_Mai_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chiang Mai"><img alt="Chiang Mai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Panoramic_view_of_Chiang_Mai_City.jpg/120px-Panoramic_view_of_Chiang_Mai_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Panoramic_view_of_Chiang_Mai_City.jpg/180px-Panoramic_view_of_Chiang_Mai_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Panoramic_view_of_Chiang_Mai_City.jpg/240px-Panoramic_view_of_Chiang_Mai_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11175" data-file-height="3749" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,539,000 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Khon_Kaen_City_from_Above.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khon Kaen"><img alt="Khon Kaen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Khon_Kaen_City_from_Above.jpg/120px-Khon_Kaen_City_from_Above.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Khon_Kaen_City_from_Above.jpg/180px-Khon_Kaen_City_from_Above.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Khon_Kaen_City_from_Above.jpg/240px-Khon_Kaen_City_from_Above.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="810" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Khon_Kaen" title="Khon Kaen">Khon Kaen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang Mai Province">Chiang Mai</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,198,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Ratchasima" title="Nakhon Ratchasima">Nakhon Ratchasima</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Ratchasima_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhon Ratchasima Province">Nakhon Ratchasima</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">466,098 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khon_Kaen" title="Khon Kaen">Khon Kaen</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khon_Kaen_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khon Kaen Province">Khon Kaen</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">412,758 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hat_Yai" title="Hat Yai">Hat Yai</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Songkhla_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Songkhla Province">Songhkla</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">404,044 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Udon_Thani" title="Udon Thani">Udon Thani</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Udon_Thani_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Udon Thani Province">Udon Thani</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">400,581 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chonburi" title="Chonburi">Chonburi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chonburi Province">Chonburi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">342,959 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pattaya" title="Pattaya">Pattaya</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chonburi Province">Chonburi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">328,961 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Si_Racha" title="Si Racha">Si Racha</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chonburi Province">Chonburi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">327,172 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Phitsanulok" title="Phitsanulok">Phitsanulok</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Phitsanulok_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phitsanulok Province">Phitsanulok</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">281,929 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Thailand" title="Languages of Thailand">Languages of Thailand</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:215px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Thailand_ethnic_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Thailand_ethnic_map.svg/122px-Thailand_ethnic_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="122" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Thailand_ethnic_map.svg/183px-Thailand_ethnic_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Thailand_ethnic_map.svg/244px-Thailand_ethnic_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="1849" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">An ethnolinguistic map of Thailand</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:215px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangkok_National_Museum_-_2017-04-22_(008).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bangkok_National_Museum_-_2017-04-22_%28008%29.jpg/162px-Bangkok_National_Museum_-_2017-04-22_%28008%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bangkok_National_Museum_-_2017-04-22_%28008%29.jpg/243px-Bangkok_National_Museum_-_2017-04-22_%28008%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bangkok_National_Museum_-_2017-04-22_%28008%29.jpg/324px-Bangkok_National_Museum_-_2017-04-22_%28008%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The Silajaruek of <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a> are hundreds of stone inscriptions that form a historical record of the period.</div></div></div></div></div> The official language of Thailand is <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra–Dai language">Kra–Dai language</a> closely related to <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a> in Myanmar, and numerous smaller languages spoken in an arc from <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> south to the Chinese border. It is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-:1-283">[275]</a> The standard is based on the dialect of the central Thai people, and it is written in the <a href="/wiki/Thai_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai alphabet">Thai alphabet</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> script that evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer alphabet">Khmer alphabet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hartmann-284">[276]</a> Sixty-two languages were recognised by the Royal Thai Government.<a href="#cite_note-285">[277]</a> For the purposes of the national census, four dialects of Thai exist; these partly coincide with regional designations, such as <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-283">[275]</a> The largest of Thailand's minority languages is the <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a> dialect of <a href="/wiki/Isan_language" title="Isan language">Isan</a> spoken in the northeastern provinces. In the far south, <a href="/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani Malay</a> is the primary language of Malay Muslims. Varieties of Chinese are also spoken by the large <a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Thai Chinese</a> population, with the <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew dialect</a> best-represented. Numerous tribal languages are also spoken, including many <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mlabri_language" title="Mlabri language">Mlabri</a>; <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moken_language" title="Moken language">Moken</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urak_Lawoi%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urak Lawoi' language">Urak Lawoi'</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a> like <a href="/wiki/Lawa_language" title="Lawa language">Lawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akha_language" title="Akha language">Akha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karen_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Karen languages">Karen</a>; and other <a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Phu_Thai_language" title="Phu Thai language">Phu Thai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saek_language" title="Saek language">Saek</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a> is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien languages</a>, which is now regarded as a language family of its own.<a href="#cite_note-286">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-283">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Religion in Thailand</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 39788.651997137px; border-left-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1357.8473333352px; border-left-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 229.50212443959px; border-left-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:orange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Thailand (2018)<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[2]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Buddhism</a> (93.46%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Thailand" title="Islam in Thailand">Islam</a> (5.37%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Thailand" title="Christianity in Thailand">Christianity</a> (1.13%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Other</a> (0.04%)</div> </div> </div></div> The country's most prevalent religion is <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhism, which is an integral part of Thai identity and culture. Active participation in Buddhism is among the highest in the world. Thailand has the second-largest number of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhists</a> in the world after China.<a href="#cite_note-287">[279]</a> According to the 2018 <a href="/wiki/National_Statistical_Office_(Thailand)" title="National Statistical Office (Thailand)">National Statistical Office</a> data, 93.46% of the country's population self-identified as Buddhists.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phutthamonthon_Buddha.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Phutthamonthon_Buddha.JPG/220px-Phutthamonthon_Buddha.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Phutthamonthon_Buddha.JPG/330px-Phutthamonthon_Buddha.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Phutthamonthon_Buddha.JPG/440px-Phutthamonthon_Buddha.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Samanera</a> of <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhism, the most practised religion in Thailand</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Thailand" title="Islam in Thailand">Muslims</a> constitute the second largest religious group in Thailand, comprising 5.37% of the population in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[2]</a> Islam is concentrated mostly in the country's southernmost provinces: <a href="/wiki/Pattani_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Province">Pattani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yala_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yala Province">Yala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satun_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Satun Province">Satun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narathiwat_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Narathiwat Province">Narathiwat</a>, and part of <a href="/wiki/Songkhla_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Songkhla Province">Songkhla</a> <a href="/wiki/Chumphon_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chumphon Province">Chumphon</a>, which are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a>, most of whom are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslims</a>. Christians represented 1.13% of the population in 2018, with the remaining population consisting of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Thailand" title="Hinduism in Thailand">Hindus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Thailand" title="Sikhism in Thailand">Sikhs</a>, who live mostly in the country's cities. There is also a small <a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Judaism_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews and Judaism in Thailand">Jewish community in Thailand</a> dating back to the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-288">[280]</a> The constitution does not name an official state religion, and provides for freedom of religion. There have been no widespread reports of societal abuses or discrimination based on religious belief or practice.<a href="#cite_note-289">[281]</a> Thai law officially recognizes five religious groups: Buddhists, Muslims, Brahmin-Hindus, Sikhs, and Christians.<a href="#cite_note-290">[282]</a> However, some laws are inspired from Buddhist practices, such as banning alcohol sales on religious holidays.<a href="#cite_note-291">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Education in Thailand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chulalongkorn_University_Auditorium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Chulalongkorn_University_Auditorium.jpg/220px-Chulalongkorn_University_Auditorium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Chulalongkorn_University_Auditorium.jpg/330px-Chulalongkorn_University_Auditorium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Chulalongkorn_University_Auditorium.jpg/440px-Chulalongkorn_University_Auditorium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn_University" title="Chulalongkorn University">Chulalongkorn University</a>, established in 1917, is the oldest university in Thailand.</figcaption></figure> In 1995, as minister of education, <a href="/wiki/Sukavich_Rangsitpol" title="Sukavich Rangsitpol">Sukavich Rangsitpollaid</a> let out his plans for educational reform in Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-292">[284]</a> The reform was considered a landmark movement after nearly 100 years of education under the previous system.<a href="#cite_note-293">[285]</a> Thailand's youth literacy rate was 98.1% in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-294">[286]</a> Education is provided by a school system of kindergartens, primary, lower secondary and upper secondary schools, numerous vocational colleges, and universities. Education is compulsory up to and including age 14, while the government is mandated to provide free education through to age 17. Issues concerning university entrance have been in constant upheaval for a number of years. The country is also one of the few that still mandates uniform up to the university years, which is still a subject of ongoing debate.<a href="#cite_note-295">[287]</a> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Communication_Technology_(Thailand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (Thailand)">Ministry of Information and Communication Technology</a> announced that 27,231 schools would receive classroom-level access to <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">high-speed internet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-296">[288]</a> However, the country's educational infrastructure was still underprepared for online teaching, as smaller and more remote schools were particularly hindered by COVID-19 restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-297">[289]</a> The number of higher education institutions in Thailand has grown over the past decades to 156 officially. The two top-ranking universities in Thailand are <a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn_University" title="Chulalongkorn University">Chulalongkorn University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahidol_University" title="Mahidol University">Mahidol University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[290]</a> Thai universities' research output is still relatively low, even though the country's journal publications increased by 20% between 2011 and 2016.<a href="#cite_note-299">[291]</a> Thailand has the second highest number of English-medium private international schools in <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Southeast Asian Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WENR_2018-300">[292]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cram_school" title="Cram school">Cram schools</a> are especially popular for university entrance exams.<a href="#cite_note-301">[293]</a> Students in ethnic minority areas score consistently lower in standardised national and international tests.<a href="#cite_note-Draper_2012-302">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[296]</a> This is likely due to unequal allocation of educational resources, weak teacher training, poverty, and low Thai language skill, the language of the tests.<a href="#cite_note-Draper_2012-302">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[298]</a> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thailand&action=edit">[update]</a>, Thailand was ranked 89th out of 100 countries globally for English proficiency.<a href="#cite_note-307">[299]</a> Thailand is the third most popular study destination in ASEAN. The number of international degree students in Thailand increased by 9.7 times between 1999 and 2012, from 1,882 to 20,309 students. Most of international students come from neighbor countries<a href="#cite_note-WENR_2018-300">[292]</a> like China, Myanmar, Cambodia and Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-308">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Thailand" title="Health in Thailand">Health in Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Thailand" title="Healthcare in Thailand">Healthcare in Thailand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hospitals_in_Thailand" title="Hospitals in Thailand">Hospitals in Thailand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siriraj_Hospital,Bangkok.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Siriraj_Hospital%2CBangkok.jpg/220px-Siriraj_Hospital%2CBangkok.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Siriraj_Hospital%2CBangkok.jpg/330px-Siriraj_Hospital%2CBangkok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Siriraj_Hospital%2CBangkok.jpg/440px-Siriraj_Hospital%2CBangkok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2394" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siriraj_Hospital" title="Siriraj Hospital">Siriraj Hospital</a> in Bangkok, the oldest and largest hospital in Thailand</figcaption></figure> Thailand ranks world's sixth, and Asia's first in the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Global_Health_Security_Index" title="Global Health Security Index">Global Health Security Index</a> of global health security capabilities in 195 countries,<a href="#cite_note-309">[301]</a> making it the only <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing country</a> on the world's top ten. Thailand had 62 hospitals accredited by <a href="/wiki/Joint_Commission" title="Joint Commission">Joint Commission International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-310">[302]</a> In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Bumrungrad_International_Hospital" title="Bumrungrad International Hospital">Bumrungrad</a> became the first hospital in Asia to meet the standard.<a href="#cite_note-311">[303]</a> Health and medical care is overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Health_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Public Health (Thailand)">Ministry of Public Health</a> (MOPH), with total national expenditures on health amounting to 4.3 per cent of GDP in 2009. <a href="/wiki/Non-communicable_disease" title="Non-communicable disease">Non-communicable diseases</a> form the major burden of morbidity and mortality, while infectious diseases including malaria<a href="#cite_note-312">[304]</a> and tuberculosis,<a href="#cite_note-313">[305]</a> as well as traffic accidents, are also important public health issues.<a href="#cite_note-314">[306]</a> In December 2018, the interim parliament voted to legalise the use of <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a> for medical reasons, making Thailand the first Southeast Asian country to allow the use of <a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">medical cannabis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-315">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Thailand" title="Culture of Thailand">Culture of Thailand</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silk_Loom_Jim_Thompson_House_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Silk_Loom_Jim_Thompson_House_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/140px-Silk_Loom_Jim_Thompson_House_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Silk_Loom_Jim_Thompson_House_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/210px-Silk_Loom_Jim_Thompson_House_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Silk_Loom_Jim_Thompson_House_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/280px-Silk_Loom_Jim_Thompson_House_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption>Thai women wearing <a href="/wiki/Sabai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabai">sabai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Thompson_House" title="Jim Thompson House">Jim Thompson House</a></figcaption></figure> Thai culture and traditions incorporate influences from India, China, Cambodia, and the rest of Southeast Asia. Thailand's national religion, <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada Buddhism</a>, is central to modern <a href="/wiki/Thai_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai identity">Thai identity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thai Buddhism</a> has evolved over time to include many regional beliefs originating from <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, as well as ancestor worship. The <a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">official calendar</a> in Thailand is based on the Eastern version of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist Era</a> (BE). Thai identity today is a <a href="/wiki/Thaification" title="Thaification">social construct</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Phibun" class="mw-redirect" title="Phibun">Phibun</a> regime in the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-316">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[310]</a> Several ethnic groups mediated change between their traditional local culture, national Thai, and global cultural influences. <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Overseas Chinese</a> also form a significant part of Thai society, particularly in and around Bangkok. Thai Chinese businesses prosper as part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_network" title="Bamboo network">bamboo network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-319">[311]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loi_Krathong_2010_John_Shedrick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Loi_Krathong_2010_John_Shedrick.jpg/220px-Loi_Krathong_2010_John_Shedrick.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Loi_Krathong_2010_John_Shedrick.jpg/330px-Loi_Krathong_2010_John_Shedrick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Loi_Krathong_2010_John_Shedrick.jpg/440px-Loi_Krathong_2010_John_Shedrick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption>People floating krathong rafts during the <a href="/wiki/Loi_Krathong" class="mw-redirect" title="Loi Krathong">Loi Krathong</a> festival in Chiang Mai, Thailand</figcaption></figure> Respect for elderly and superiors (by age, position, monks, or certain professions) is Thai <a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">mores</a>, reflecting in many classes of <a href="/wiki/Thai_honorifics" title="Thai honorifics">honorifics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thai_greeting" title="Thai greeting">Wai</a> is a traditional Thai greeting, and is generally offered first by a person who is younger or lower in social status and position. Older siblings have duties to younger ones.<a href="#cite_note-320">[312]</a> <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">Taboos</a> in Thai culture include touching someone's head or pointing with the feet, as the head is considered the most sacred and the foot the lowest part of the body.<a href="#cite_note-321">[313]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thai_art" title="Thai art">Thai art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WatPhraKeaw_Ramayana_Chariot.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/WatPhraKeaw_Ramayana_Chariot.JPG/220px-WatPhraKeaw_Ramayana_Chariot.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/WatPhraKeaw_Ramayana_Chariot.JPG/330px-WatPhraKeaw_Ramayana_Chariot.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/WatPhraKeaw_Ramayana_Chariot.JPG/440px-WatPhraKeaw_Ramayana_Chariot.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Scene from the <a href="/wiki/Ramakien" title="Ramakien">Ramakien</a> depicted on a mural at <a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew" title="Wat Phra Kaew">Wat Phra Kaew</a></figcaption></figure> The origins of Thai art were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist art</a> and by scenes from the Indian epics. Traditional Thai <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a> almost exclusively depicts <a href="/wiki/Buddha_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha image">images of the Buddha</a>, being very similar with the other styles from <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. Traditional Thai <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">paintings</a> usually consist of book illustrations, and painted ornamentation of buildings such as <a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">palaces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temples</a>. Thai art was influenced by indigenous civilisations of the <a href="/wiki/Dvaravati" title="Dvaravati">Mon</a> and other civilisations. By the Sukothai and Ayutthaya periods, Thai had developed into its own unique style and was later further influenced by the other Asian styles, mostly by <a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Sri Lankan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese</a>. Thai sculpture and painting, and the royal courts provided patronage, erecting temples and other religious shrines as acts of merit or to commemorate important events.<a href="#cite_note-Buddhist_Arts_of_Thailand-322">[314]</a> Traditional Thai paintings showed subjects in two <a href="/wiki/Dimension" title="Dimension">dimensions</a> without <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">perspective</a>. The size of each element in the picture reflected its degree of importance. The primary technique of <a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">composition</a> is that of apportioning areas: the main elements are isolated from each other by space transformers. This eliminated the intermediate ground, which would otherwise imply perspective. Perspective was introduced only as a result of <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> influence in the mid-19th century. Monk artist <a href="/wiki/Khrua_In_Khong" title="Khrua In Khong">Khrua In Khong</a> is well known as the first artist to introduce <a href="/wiki/Linear_perspective" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear perspective">linear perspective</a> to Thai traditional art.<a href="#cite_note-323">[315]</a> The most frequent narrative subjects for paintings were or are: the <a href="/wiki/Jataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Jataka">Jataka</a> stories, episodes from the life of the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>, the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heavens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hells</a>, themes derived from the Thai versions of the Ramayana and Mahabharata, and scenes of daily life. Some of the scenes are influenced by <a href="/wiki/Thai_folklore" title="Thai folklore">Thai folklore</a> instead of following strict Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buddhist_Arts_of_Thailand-322">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Thailand" title="Architecture of Thailand">Architecture of Thailand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_sculptures_of_two_mythical_giant_demons,_Thotsakan_and_Sahatsadecha,_guarding_the_eastern_gate_of_the_main_chapel_of_Wat_Arun,_Bangkok.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_sculptures_of_two_mythical_giant_demons%2C_Thotsakan_and_Sahatsadecha%2C_guarding_the_eastern_gate_of_the_main_chapel_of_Wat_Arun%2C_Bangkok.jpg/220px-The_sculptures_of_two_mythical_giant_demons%2C_Thotsakan_and_Sahatsadecha%2C_guarding_the_eastern_gate_of_the_main_chapel_of_Wat_Arun%2C_Bangkok.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_sculptures_of_two_mythical_giant_demons%2C_Thotsakan_and_Sahatsadecha%2C_guarding_the_eastern_gate_of_the_main_chapel_of_Wat_Arun%2C_Bangkok.jpg/330px-The_sculptures_of_two_mythical_giant_demons%2C_Thotsakan_and_Sahatsadecha%2C_guarding_the_eastern_gate_of_the_main_chapel_of_Wat_Arun%2C_Bangkok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_sculptures_of_two_mythical_giant_demons%2C_Thotsakan_and_Sahatsadecha%2C_guarding_the_eastern_gate_of_the_main_chapel_of_Wat_Arun%2C_Bangkok.jpg/440px-The_sculptures_of_two_mythical_giant_demons%2C_Thotsakan_and_Sahatsadecha%2C_guarding_the_eastern_gate_of_the_main_chapel_of_Wat_Arun%2C_Bangkok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>Two sculptures in front of the eastern gate to the main chapel of <a href="/wiki/Wat_Arun" title="Wat Arun">Wat Arun</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a> movement is designed to display might and riches. The temples in Ayutthaya seldom built eaves stretching from the masterhead.<a href="#cite_note-324">[316]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist temples in Thailand">Buddhist temples in Thailand</a> are known as "<a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">wats</a>", from the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B8%B7i" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāḷi">Pāḷi</a> vāṭa, meaning an enclosure: a temple has an enclosing wall that divides it from the secular world. Wat <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> demonstrates many differences in layout and style, but they all adhere to the same principles.<a href="#cite_note-325">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thai_literature" title="Thai literature">Thai literature</a></div> Thai literature has had a long history. Even before the establishment of the Sukhothai Kingdom there existed oral and written works.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a>, most literary works were written in simple prose with certain alliteration schemes. Major works include King <a href="/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng_Inscription" title="Ram Khamhaeng Inscription">Ram Khamhaeng Inscription</a> describing life at the time, which is considered the first literary work in Thai script, but some historians questioned its authenticity.<a href="#cite_note-326">[318]</a> Trai Phum <a href="/wiki/Phra_Ruang" title="Phra Ruang">Phra Ruang</a>, written in 1345 by King <a href="/wiki/Maha_Thammaracha_I" title="Maha Thammaracha I">Maha Thammaracha I</a>, expounds Buddhist philosophy based on an extensive study with reference to over 30 sacred texts and could be considered the nation's first piece of research <a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">dissertation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-327">[319]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunrise_on_Hat_Saikaew,_Koh_Samet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sunrise_on_Hat_Saikaew%2C_Koh_Samet.jpg/220px-Sunrise_on_Hat_Saikaew%2C_Koh_Samet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sunrise_on_Hat_Saikaew%2C_Koh_Samet.jpg/330px-Sunrise_on_Hat_Saikaew%2C_Koh_Samet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sunrise_on_Hat_Saikaew%2C_Koh_Samet.jpg/440px-Sunrise_on_Hat_Saikaew%2C_Koh_Samet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Sculptures of <a href="/wiki/Phra_Aphai_Mani" title="Phra Aphai Mani">Phra Aphai Mani</a> and the Mermaid from the <a href="/wiki/Epic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poem">epic poem</a> <a href="/wiki/Phra_Aphai_Mani" title="Phra Aphai Mani">Phra Aphai Mani</a>, a work of <a href="/wiki/Sunthorn_Phu" title="Sunthorn Phu">Sunthorn Phu</a></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a>, new <a href="/wiki/Thai_poetry" title="Thai poetry">poetic</a> forms were created, with different rhyme schemes and metres. It is common to find a combination of different poetic forms in one poetic work. Lilit <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Phai" title="Yuan Phai">Yuan Phai</a> is a narrative poem describing <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya%E2%80%93Lan_Na_War_(1441%E2%80%931474)" title="Ayutthaya–Lan Na War (1441–1474)">the war</a> between King <a href="/wiki/Borommatrailokkanat" title="Borommatrailokkanat">Borommatrailokkanat</a> of Ayutthaya and Prince <a href="/wiki/Tilokaraj" title="Tilokaraj">Tilokaraj</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lan_Na" title="Lan Na">Lan Na</a>. One literary work is Kap He Ruea, composed by Prince <a href="/wiki/Thammathibet" title="Thammathibet">Thammathibet</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirat">nirat</a> tradition. Traditionally, the verse is sung during the <a href="/wiki/Royal_barge" title="Royal barge">royal barge</a> procession<a href="#cite_note-328">[320]</a> and has been the model for subsequent poets to emulate. The same prince also composed the greatly admired Kap Ho Khlong on the Visit to Than Thongdaeng and Kap Ho Khlong Nirat Phrabat.<a href="#cite_note-Embassy-329">[321]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi</a> period produced <a href="/wiki/Ramakien" title="Ramakien">Ramakien</a>, a verse drama contributed by <a href="/wiki/King_Taksin_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="King Taksin the Great">King Taksin the Great</a>. During the 18th century <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Rattanakosin</a> period, which still fought with the Burmese, many of the early Rattanakosin works dealt with war and military strategy. Some examples are Nirat Rop Phama Thi Tha Din Daeng, Phleng Yao Rop Phama Thi Nakhon Si Thammarat. There were also verse recitals with musical accompaniment, such as <a href="/wiki/Mahori" title="Mahori">Mahori</a> telling the story of <a href="/wiki/Kaki_Klon_Suphap" title="Kaki Klon Suphap">Kaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sepha" title="Sepha">Sepha</a>, relating the story of <a href="/wiki/Khun_Chang_Khun_Phaen" title="Khun Chang Khun Phaen">Khun Chang Khun Phaen</a>. Other recitals include <a href="/wiki/Sri_Thanonchai" title="Sri Thanonchai">Sri Thanonchai</a>. The Thai poet <a href="/wiki/Sunthorn_Phu" title="Sunthorn Phu">Sunthorn Phu</a> is known as "the bard of Rattanakosin" (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: กวีเอกแห่งกรุงรัตนโกสินทร์). Sunthorn Phu is best known for his epic poem <a href="/wiki/Phra_Aphai_Mani" title="Phra Aphai Mani">Phra Aphai Mani</a>, a versified fantasy-adventure novel, a genre of Siamese literature known as nithan kham klon (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: นิทานคำกลอน).<a href="#cite_note-Embassy-329">[321]</a> Some of the most well-known modern Thai writers include <a href="/wiki/Kukrit_Pramoj" title="Kukrit Pramoj">Kukrit Pramoj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kulap_Saipradit" title="Kulap Saipradit">Kulap Saipradit</a>, (penname <a href="/wiki/Siburapha" class="mw-redirect" title="Siburapha">Siburapha</a>), Suweeriya Sirisingh (penname Botan), <a href="/wiki/Chart_Korbjitti" title="Chart Korbjitti">Chart Korbjitti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prabda_Yoon" title="Prabda Yoon">Prabda Yoon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duanwad_Pimwana" title="Duanwad Pimwana">Duanwad Pimwana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-330">[322]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Music of Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Thailand" title="Dance in Thailand">Dance in Thailand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dance_of_the_Ramayana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dance_of_the_Ramayana.jpg/220px-Dance_of_the_Ramayana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dance_of_the_Ramayana.jpg/330px-Dance_of_the_Ramayana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dance_of_the_Ramayana.jpg/440px-Dance_of_the_Ramayana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khon" title="Khon">Khon</a> show</figcaption></figure> Aside from folk and regional dances (southern Thailand's <a href="/wiki/Menora_(dance)" title="Menora (dance)">Menora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramwong" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramwong">Ramwong</a>, for example), the two major forms of Thai classical dance drama are <a href="/wiki/Khon" title="Khon">Khon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakhon_nai" title="Lakhon nai">Lakhon nai</a>. In the beginning, both were exclusively court entertainments, and it was not until much later that a popular style of dance theatre, <a href="/wiki/Likay" title="Likay">likay</a>, evolved as a diversion for common folk.<a href="#cite_note-331">[323]</a> Folk dance forms include dance theater forms like <a href="/wiki/Likay" title="Likay">likay</a>, numerous regional dances (ram), the ritual dance <a href="/wiki/Ram_muay" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram muay">ram muay</a>, and homage to the teacher, <a href="/wiki/Wai_khru_ram_muay" title="Wai khru ram muay">wai khru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-332">[324]</a> Both ram muay and wai khru take place before all traditional <a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">muay Thai</a> matches.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The three primary classical ensembles are the <a href="/wiki/Piphat" title="Piphat">Piphat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khrueang_sai" title="Khrueang sai">Khrueang sai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mahori" title="Mahori">Mahori</a>. Mahori employ small ching hand cymbals.<a href="#cite_note-333">[325]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment">Entertainment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:253px;max-width:253px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Tony_Jaa_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tony_Jaa_2005.jpg/128px-Tony_Jaa_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tony_Jaa_2005.jpg/192px-Tony_Jaa_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tony_Jaa_2005.jpg/256px-Tony_Jaa_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="450" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:20240911_Lisa_MTV_VMAs_06.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/20240911_Lisa_MTV_VMAs_06.png/117px-20240911_Lisa_MTV_VMAs_06.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/20240911_Lisa_MTV_VMAs_06.png/176px-20240911_Lisa_MTV_VMAs_06.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/20240911_Lisa_MTV_VMAs_06.png/234px-20240911_Lisa_MTV_VMAs_06.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1120" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Jaa" title="Tony Jaa">Tony Jaa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lalisa_Manoban" class="mw-redirect" title="Lalisa Manoban">Lalisa Manoban</a></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" title="Cinema of Thailand">Cinema of Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Thailand" title="Mass media in Thailand">Mass media in Thailand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thai_television_soap_opera" title="Thai television soap opera">Thai television soap opera</a></div>Thai films are exported and exhibited in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[326]</a> Thai cinema has developed its own unique identity.<a href="#cite_note-335">[327]</a> The Thai heist thriller film <a href="/wiki/Bad_Genius" title="Bad Genius">Bad Genius</a> (2017) was one of the most internationally successful Thai films; it broke Thai film earning records in several Asian countries,<a href="#cite_note-336">[328]</a> Bad Genius won in 12 categories at the 27th <a href="/wiki/Suphannahong_National_Film_Awards" title="Suphannahong National Film Awards">Suphannahong National Film Awards</a>, and also won the Jury Award at the 16th <a href="/wiki/New_York_Asian_Film_Festival" title="New York Asian Film Festival">New York Asian Film Festival</a> with a worldwide collection of more than $42 million.<a href="#cite_note-337">[329]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shutter_(2004_film)" title="Shutter (2004 film)">Shutter</a> (2004) was one of the best-known Thai horror movies and was recognized worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-338">[330]</a> Films such as <a href="/wiki/Ong-Bak:_Muay_Thai_Warrior" title="Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior">Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior</a> (2003) and <a href="/wiki/Tom-Yum-Goong" title="Tom-Yum-Goong">Tom-Yum-Goong</a> (2005), starring <a href="/wiki/Tony_Jaa" title="Tony Jaa">Tony Jaa</a>, feature distinctive aspects of Thai martial arts "<a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a>". Thailand television dramas, known as <a href="/wiki/Thai_television_soap_opera" title="Thai television soap opera">Lakorn</a>, have become popular in Thailand and regionally.<a href="#cite_note-339">[331]</a> The entertainment industries are estimated to have directly contributed $2.1 billion in GDP to the Thai economy in 2011. They also directly supported 86,600 jobs.<a href="#cite_note-340">[332]</a> Amongst several <a href="/wiki/Dance-pop" title="Dance-pop">dance-pop</a> artists who have made internationally successful are "Lisa" <a href="/wiki/Lalisa_Manobal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lalisa Manobal">Lalisa Manobal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-341">[333]</a> <a href="/wiki/Violette_Wautier" title="Violette Wautier">Violette Wautier</a>,<a href="#cite_note-342">[334]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tata_Young" title="Tata Young">Tata Young</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:332px;max-width:332px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaeng_matsaman_kai.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kaeng_matsaman_kai.JPG/130px-Kaeng_matsaman_kai.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kaeng_matsaman_kai.JPG/195px-Kaeng_matsaman_kai.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kaeng_matsaman_kai.JPG/260px-Kaeng_matsaman_kai.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:196px;max-width:196px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mango_sticy_rice_(3859549574).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mango_sticy_rice_%283859549574%29.jpg/194px-Mango_sticy_rice_%283859549574%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mango_sticy_rice_%283859549574%29.jpg/291px-Mango_sticy_rice_%283859549574%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mango_sticy_rice_%283859549574%29.jpg/388px-Mango_sticy_rice_%283859549574%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:TOMYUM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/TOMYUM.jpg/173px-TOMYUM.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/TOMYUM.jpg/260px-TOMYUM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/TOMYUM.jpg/346px-TOMYUM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3946" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Phat_Thai_kung_Chang_Khien_street_stall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Phat_Thai_kung_Chang_Khien_street_stall.jpg/151px-Phat_Thai_kung_Chang_Khien_street_stall.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Phat_Thai_kung_Chang_Khien_street_stall.jpg/227px-Phat_Thai_kung_Chang_Khien_street_stall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Phat_Thai_kung_Chang_Khien_street_stall.jpg/302px-Phat_Thai_kung_Chang_Khien_street_stall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left">Clockwise from top left: <a href="/wiki/Massaman_curry" title="Massaman curry">Chicken massaman curry</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mango_sticky_rice" title="Mango sticky rice">mango sticky rice</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pad_Thai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pad Thai">pad Thai</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Tom_yum" title="Tom yum">tom yum</a></div></div></div></div> Thai cuisine is one of the most popular in the world.<a href="#cite_note-343">[335]</a> Common ingredients include <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemongrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemongrass">lemongrass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaffir_lime" title="Kaffir lime">kaffir lime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galangal" title="Galangal">galangal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">coriander</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-344">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[340]</a> Each region of Thailand has its specialities: kaeng khiao wan (<a href="/wiki/Green_curry" title="Green curry">green curry</a>) in the central region, som tam (<a href="/wiki/Green_papaya_salad" title="Green papaya salad">green papaya salad</a>) in the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Khao_soi" title="Khao soi">khao soi</a> in the north, and <a href="/wiki/Massaman_curry" title="Massaman curry">massaman curry</a> in the south.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2017, seven Thai dishes appeared on a list of the "World's 50 Best Foods"—an online worldwide poll by <a href="/wiki/CNN_Travel" class="mw-redirect" title="CNN Travel">CNN Travel</a>. Thailand had more dishes on the list than any other country. They were: <a href="/wiki/Tom_yam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom yam">tom yam</a> goong (4th), <a href="/wiki/Pad_Thai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pad Thai">pad Thai</a> (5th), som tam (6th), massaman curry (10th), <a href="/wiki/Green_curry" title="Green curry">green curry</a> (19th), <a href="/wiki/Thai_fried_rice" title="Thai fried rice">Thai fried rice</a> (24th) and <a href="/wiki/Nam_tok_mu" title="Nam tok mu">nam tok mu</a> (36th).<a href="#cite_note-349">[341]</a> Two desserts were also listed in CNN's 50 Best Desserts Around The World: <a href="/wiki/Mango_sticky_rice" title="Mango sticky rice">mango sticky rice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tub_tim_krob" class="mw-redirect" title="Tub tim krob">tub tim krob</a>.<a href="#cite_note-350">[342]</a> The staple food in Thailand is rice, particularly <a href="/wiki/Jasmine_rice" title="Jasmine rice">jasmine rice</a>, which forms part of almost every meal. Thailand is a leading exporter of rice, and Thais consume over 100 kg of milled rice per person per year.<a href="#cite_note-351">[343]</a> Thailand is also the world leader in edible insect industry<a href="#cite_note-352">[344]</a> and well known for its street food; Bangkok is sometimes called the street food capital of the world.<a href="#cite_note-353">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[346]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Units_of_measurement">Units of measurement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Thai_units_of_measurement" title="Thai units of measurement">Thai units of measurement</a></div> Thailand generally uses the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Thai_units_of_measurement" title="Thai units of measurement">traditional units of measurement</a> for land area are used, and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">imperial units</a> of measurement are occasionally used for building materials. Years are numbered as B.E. (<a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Buddhist Era</a>) in educational settings, civil service, government, contracts, and newspaper datelines. However, in banking, and increasingly in industry and commerce, standard Western year (Christian or <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>) counting is the standard practice.<a href="#cite_note-355">[347]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Thailand_at_the_Olympics" title="Thailand at the Olympics">Thailand at the Olympics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Thailand" title="Rugby union in Thailand">Rugby union in Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golf_in_Thailand" title="Golf in Thailand">Golf in Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Thailand" title="Football in Thailand">Football in Thailand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_sporting_events_held_in_Thailand" title="List of sporting events held in Thailand">List of sporting events held in Thailand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muay_Thai_Fight_Us_Vs_Burma_(80668065).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Muay_Thai_Fight_Us_Vs_Burma_%2880668065%29.jpeg/220px-Muay_Thai_Fight_Us_Vs_Burma_%2880668065%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Muay_Thai_Fight_Us_Vs_Burma_%2880668065%29.jpeg/330px-Muay_Thai_Fight_Us_Vs_Burma_%2880668065%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Muay_Thai_Fight_Us_Vs_Burma_%2880668065%29.jpeg/440px-Muay_Thai_Fight_Us_Vs_Burma_%2880668065%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a>, Thailand's signature sport</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Thai boxing') is a <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sport</a> that uses stand-up striking along with various <a href="/wiki/Clinch_fighting" title="Clinch fighting">clinching</a> techniques. Muay Thai became widespread internationally in the late-20th to 21st centuries. Famous practitioners include <a href="/wiki/Buakaw_Banchamek" title="Buakaw Banchamek">Buakaw Banchamek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samart_Payakaroon" title="Samart Payakaroon">Samart Payakaroon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apidej_Sit-Hirun" title="Apidej Sit-Hirun">Apidej Sit-Hirun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-356">[348]</a> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a> has overtaken Muay Thai as the most widely followed sport in Thailand. The <a href="/wiki/Thailand_national_football_team" title="Thailand national football team">Thailand national football team</a> has played the <a href="/wiki/AFC_Asian_Cup" title="AFC Asian Cup">AFC Asian Cup</a> six times and reached the semifinals in 1972. The country has hosted the Asian Cup twice, in <a href="/wiki/1972_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="1972 AFC Asian Cup">1972</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[349]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/2007_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="2007 AFC Asian Cup">2007</a> (along with Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam for the 2007). <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a> is rapidly growing as one of the most popular sports. The <a href="/wiki/Thailand_women%27s_national_volleyball_team" title="Thailand women's national volleyball team">women's team</a> has often participated in the <a href="/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Women%27s_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship">World Championship</a>, <a href="/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="FIVB Volleyball Women's World Cup">World Cup</a>, and <a href="/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_World_Grand_Prix" title="FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix">World Grand Prix</a> <a href="/wiki/Asian_Championship" title="Asian Championship">Asian Championship</a>. They have won the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Women%27s_Volleyball_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Women's Volleyball Championship">Asian Championship</a> twice and the <a href="/wiki/AVC_Cup_for_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="AVC Cup for Women">Asian Cup</a> once. <a href="/wiki/Takraw" class="mw-redirect" title="Takraw">Takraw</a> is a sport native to Thailand in which the players hit a rattan ball and are only allowed to use their feet, knees, chest, and head to touch the ball. <a href="/wiki/Sepak_takraw" title="Sepak takraw">Sepak takraw</a> is a form of this sport which is similar to volleyball. A rather similar game but played only with the feet is <a href="/wiki/Buka_ball" class="mw-redirect" title="Buka ball">buka ball</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">Rugby</a> is also a growing sport in Thailand with the <a href="/wiki/Thailand_national_rugby_union_team" title="Thailand national rugby union team">Thailand national rugby union team</a> rising to be ranked 61st in the world.<a href="#cite_note-358">[350]</a> Thailand became the first country in the world to host an international 80 welterweight rugby tournament in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-359">[351]</a> Thailand has also attracts golfers from Japan, Korea, and Western countries.<a href="#cite_note-360">[352]</a> There are more than 200 world-class golf courses nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-361">[353]</a> For basketball, the Chang Thailand Slammers won the 2011 <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Basketball_League" title="ASEAN Basketball League">ASEAN Basketball League</a> Championship.<a href="#cite_note-362">[354]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Thailand_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Thailand national basketball team">Thailand national basketball team</a> had its most successful year at the <a href="/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1966_Asian_Games" title="Basketball at the 1966 Asian Games">1966 Asian Games</a> where it won the silver medal.<a href="#cite_note-363">[355]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangkok_Lumpinee_Boxing_Stadium_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bangkok_Lumpinee_Boxing_Stadium_1.jpg/220px-Bangkok_Lumpinee_Boxing_Stadium_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bangkok_Lumpinee_Boxing_Stadium_1.jpg/330px-Bangkok_Lumpinee_Boxing_Stadium_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bangkok_Lumpinee_Boxing_Stadium_1.jpg/440px-Bangkok_Lumpinee_Boxing_Stadium_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lumpinee_Boxing_Stadium" title="Lumpinee Boxing Stadium">Lumpinee Boxing Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Lumpinee_Boxing_Stadium" title="Lumpinee Boxing Stadium">Lumpinee Boxing Stadium</a> originally sited at <a href="/wiki/Rama_IV_Road" title="Rama IV Road">Rama IV Road</a> near <a href="/wiki/Lumphini_Park" title="Lumphini Park">Lumphini Park</a> hosted its final Muay Thai boxing matches on 8 February 2014 after the venue first opened in December 1956. On 11 February 2014, the stadium was relocated to Ram Intra Road due to the new venue's capacity.<a href="#cite_note-364">[356]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thammasat_Stadium" title="Thammasat Stadium">Thammasat Stadium</a> in Bangkok was built for the <a href="/wiki/1998_Asian_Games" title="1998 Asian Games">1998 Asian Games</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rajamangala_National_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajamangala National Stadium">Rajamangala National Stadium</a> is the biggest sporting arena in Thailand, with a capacity of around 50,000.<a href="#cite_note-365">[357]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/32px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/48px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/64px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Thailand" title="Portal:Thailand">Thailand portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Thailand" title="International rankings of Thailand">International rankings of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Thailand" title="Outline of Thailand">Outline of Thailand</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-endo-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-endo_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-endo_9-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtaɪlænd, -lənd/</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">TYE-land, -⁠lənd</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: ประเทศไทย, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a>: Prathet Thai, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[pratʰêːt tʰaj]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/06\/Th-Thailand.ogg\/Th-Thailand.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Th-Thailand.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/Th-Thailand.ogg/Th-Thailand.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Th-Thailand.ogg" title="File:Th-Thailand.ogg">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-siam-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-siam_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-siam_10-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/saɪˈæm, ˈsaɪæm/</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">sye-AM, SYE-am</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: สยาม, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a>: sayam, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[sajǎːm]</a>; also spelled Siem, Syâm, or Syâma </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Through the following chain: *kəri: > *kəli: > *kədi:/*kədaj > *di:/*daj > *dajA (Proto-Southwestern Tai) > tʰajA2 (in <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Siamese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>) or > tajA2 (in the other <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Southwestern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Tai_languages" title="Central Tai languages">Central Tai languages</a> classified by <a href="/wiki/Li_Fang-Kuei" title="Li Fang-Kuei">Li Fangkuei</a>).<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> Ferlus work is based on simple rules of phonetic change observable in the <a href="/wiki/Sinosphere_(linguistics)" title="Sinosphere (linguistics)">Sinosphere</a> and studied for the most part by <a href="/wiki/William_H._Baxter" title="William H. Baxter">William H. Baxter</a> (1992). </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> "Ayutthaya emerged as a dominant centre in the late 14th century. The Chinese called this region Xian, which the Portuguese converted into Siam." </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> See <a href="#Ethnic_groups">#Ethnic groups</a> section. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/2016_Thai_constitutional_referendum" title="2016 Thai constitutional referendum">2016 Thai constitutional referendum</a> was held on 7 August 2016. Its ratification was held on 6 April 2017.<a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Such as: "constitutional dictatorship" or "parliamentary dictatorship,"<a href="#cite_note-145">[138]</a> " military coup regime,"<a href="#cite_note-146">[139]</a> "semicivilian" or "semi-elected,"<a href="#cite_note-147">[140]</a> "managed democracy,"<a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a> and "guided democracy."<a href="#cite_note-149">[142]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIA-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_2-6">g</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/thailand/">"Thailand"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610164345/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/thailand/">Archived</a> 10 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The World Factbook. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424172255/http://statbbi.nso.go.th/nso/nso_center/project/table/files/S-soc-health/2561/000/00_S-soc-health_2561_000_000000_00100.xls">"Population by religion, region and area, 2018"</a>. NSO. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statbbi.nso.go.th/nso/nso_center/project/table/files/S-soc-health/2561/000/00_S-soc-health_2561_000_000000_00100.xls">the original</a> on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+by+religion%2C+region+and+area%2C+2018&rft.pub=NSO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatbbi.nso.go.th%2Fnso%2Fnso_center%2Fproject%2Ftable%2Ffiles%2FS-soc-health%2F2561%2F000%2F00_S-soc-health_2561_000_000000_00100.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.bora.dopa.go.th/stat/statnew/statMONTH/statmonth/#/mainpage">"Population statistics of the civil registration (monthly)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+statistics+of+the+civil+registration+%28monthly%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.bora.dopa.go.th%2Fstat%2Fstatnew%2FstatMONTH%2Fstatmonth%2F%23%2Fmainpage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> National Statistics Office, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://popcensus.nso.go.th/doc/8-thailand%20census.doc">"100th anniversary of population censuses in Thailand: Population and housing census 2010: 11th census of Thailand"</a>. (in Thai) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712002347/http://popcensus.nso.go.th/doc/8-thailand%20census.doc">Archived</a> 12 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. popcensus.nso.go.th. </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.TH-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.TH_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.TH_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.TH_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.TH_6-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=578,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Thailand)"</a>. imf.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 16 April 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240416210435/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=578,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=imf.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+April+2024+Edition.+%28Thailand%29&rft.date=2024-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FApril%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D578%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2022%26ey%3D2029%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/">"Gini Index"</a>. World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727172441/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+Index&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/2024"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F2024&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/multiple-factors-behind-thailand-s-birth-rate-decline-experts-say/7539719.html">"Multiple Factors Behind Thailand's Birth Rate Decline, Experts Say"</a>. Voice of America. 23 March 2024. Retrieved 6 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Multiple+Factors+Behind+Thailand%27s+Birth+Rate+Decline%2C+Experts+Say&rft.date=2024-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fmultiple-factors-behind-thailand-s-birth-rate-decline-experts-say%2F7539719.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thailand.go.th/page/land-area">"Land Area"</a>. The Government Public Relations Department. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Government+Public+Relations+Department&rft.atitle=Land+Area&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthailand.go.th%2Fpage%2Fland-area&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thailand.go.th/page/capital-city">"Capital City"</a>. The Government Public Relations Department. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Government+Public+Relations+Department&rft.atitle=Capital+City&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthailand.go.th%2Fpage%2Fcapital-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuchkoom_SmithSmith2019" class="citation journal cs1">Nuchkoom Smith, Nucharee; Smith, Robert Brian (1 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.athensjournals.gr/law/2019-5-4-3-Smith.pdf">"Has Thailand learnt any Lessons from the Bowring Treaty and the Treaty of Amity?"</a> (PDF). Athens Journal of Law. 5 (4): 405–418. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30958%2Fajl.5-4-3">10.30958/ajl.5-4-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2407-9685">2407-9685</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211453326">211453326</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220511161132/https://www.athensjournals.gr/law/2019-5-4-3-Smith.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Athens+Journal+of+Law&rft.atitle=Has+Thailand+learnt+any+Lessons+from+the+Bowring+Treaty+and+the+Treaty+of+Amity%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=405-418&rft.date=2019-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211453326%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2407-9685&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30958%2Fajl.5-4-3&rft.aulast=Nuchkoom+Smith&rft.aufirst=Nucharee&rft.au=Smith%2C+Robert+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.athensjournals.gr%2Flaw%2F2019-5-4-3-Smith.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbuza2021" class="citation news cs1">Abuza, Zachary (27 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/thailands-constitutional-dictatorship-weathers-the-storm/">"Thailand's Constitutional Dictatorship Weathers the Storm"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat" title="The Diplomat">The Diplomat</a>. Retrieved 14 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Thailand%27s+Constitutional+Dictatorship+Weathers+the+Storm&rft.date=2021-09-27&rft.aulast=Abuza&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2021%2F09%2Fthailands-constitutional-dictatorship-weathers-the-storm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassman2020" class="citation journal cs1">Glassman, Jim (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00472336.2019.1688378">"Lineages of the Authoritarian State in Thailand: Military Dictatorship, Lazy Capitalism and the Cold War Past as Post-Cold War Prologue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_Asia" title="Journal of Contemporary Asia">Journal of Contemporary Asia</a>. 50 (4): 571–592. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00472336.2019.1688378">10.1080/00472336.2019.1688378</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211436855">211436855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+Asia&rft.atitle=Lineages+of+the+Authoritarian+State+in+Thailand%3A+Military+Dictatorship%2C+Lazy+Capitalism+and+the+Cold+War+Past+as+Post-Cold+War+Prologue&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=571-592&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00472336.2019.1688378&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211436855%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Glassman&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00472336.2019.1688378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandow2020" class="citation news cs1">Bandow, Doug (3 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/12/03/thailand-military-crackdown-protests-biden/">"Thailand's Military Is Getting Ready for Another Crackdown"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. Retrieved 14 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Thailand%27s+Military+Is+Getting+Ready+for+Another+Crackdown&rft.date=2020-12-03&rft.aulast=Bandow&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2020%2F12%2F03%2Fthailand-military-crackdown-protests-biden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.or.th/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/THAILANDEXTN/0,,menuPK:333304~pagePK:141132~piPK:141121~theSitePK:333296,00.html">Thailand and the World Bank</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051216004454/http://www.worldbank.or.th/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/THAILANDEXTN/0,,menuPK:333304~pagePK:141132~piPK:141121~theSitePK:333296,00.html">Archived</a> 16 December 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, World Bank on Thailand country overview. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> The Guardian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/country-profile/thailand">Country profile: Thailand</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100523002651/http://www.guardian.co.uk/country-profile/thailand">Archived</a> 23 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 25 April 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-Coedes_1968-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_1968_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_1968_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCœdès1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_C%C5%93d%C3%A8s" title="George Cœdès">Cœdès, George</a> (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. Trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-0368-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indianized+States+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1&rft.aulast=C%C5%93d%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phumisak_1992-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phumisak_1992_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phumisak_1992_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phumisak_1992_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhumisak1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Chit_Phumisak" title="Chit Phumisak">Phumisak, Chit</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IadwAAAAMAAJ">ความเป็นมาของคําสยาม ไทย, ลาว และขอม และลักษณะทางสังคมของชื่อชนชาติ: ฉบับสมบูรณ์ เพิ่มเติม ข้อเท็จจริงว่าด้วยชนชาติขอม</a> [Etymology of Siam, Thai, Lao, Khmer] (in Thai). Samnakphim Sayām. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-85729-9-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-974-85729-9-4"><bdi>978-974-85729-9-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328150348/https://books.google.com/books?id=IadwAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1+%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%2C+%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7+%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1+%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%3A+%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1+%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1&rft.pub=Samnakphim+Say%C4%81m&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-974-85729-9-4&rft.aulast=Phumisak&rft.aufirst=Chit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIadwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.inria.fr/halshs-01182596/document">Ferlus, Michel (2009). Formation of Ethnonyms in Southeast Asia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119060814/https://hal.inria.fr/halshs-01182596/document">Archived</a> 19 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 42nd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, November 2009, Chiang Mai, 2009, p.3. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPain2008" class="citation journal cs1">Pain, Frédéric (2008). "An Introduction to Thai Ethnonymy: Examples from Shan and Northern Thai". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 128 (4): 641–662. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25608449">25608449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+Thai+Ethnonymy%3A+Examples+from+Shan+and+Northern+Thai&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=641-662&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25608449%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pain&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanyasuppakun2017" class="citation news cs1">Panyasuppakun, Kornrawee (8 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/1302183/patriotism-remixed">"Patriotism remixed"</a>. Bangkok Post. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Patriotism+remixed&rft.date=2017-08-08&rft.aulast=Panyasuppakun&rft.aufirst=Kornrawee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fthailand%2Fpolitics%2F1302183%2Fpatriotism-remixed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Barend Jan Terwiel, Chaichuen Khamdaengyodtai, Shan Manuscripts. Franz Steiner, 2003, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliot1921" class="citation book cs1">Eliot, Charles (1921). The Project Gutenberg EBook of Hinduism and Buddhism, An Historical Sketch, Vol. 3 (of 3) [EBook #16847]. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. pp. Ch. xxxvii 1, citing in turn Footnote 189: The name is found on <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champan</a> inscriptions of 1050 CE and according to Gerini appears in <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Geographia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographia">Samarade</a> = Sâmaraṭṭha. See Gerini, Ptolemy, p. 170. But Samarade is near Bangkok and there can hardly have been Thais there in Ptolemy's time, and Footnote 190: So too in Central Asia Kustana appears to be a learned distortion of the name <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a>, made to give it a meaning in Sanskrit.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Project+Gutenberg+EBook+of+Hinduism+and+Buddhism%2C+An+Historical+Sketch%2C+Vol.+3+%28of+3%29+%5BEBook+%2316847%5D&rft.place=London&rft.pages=Ch.+xxxvii+1%2C+citing+in+turn+Footnote+189%3A+The+name+is+found+on+Champan+inscriptions+of+1050+CE+and+according+to+Gerini+appears+in+Ptolemy%27s+Geographia%7CSamarade+%3D+S%C3%A2mara%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADha.+See+Gerini%2C+Ptolemy%2C+p.+170.+But+Samarade+is+near+Bangkok+and+there+can+hardly+have+been+Thais+there+in+Ptolemy%27s+time%2C+and+Footnote+190%3A+So+too+in+Central+Asia+Kustana+appears+to+be+a+learned+distortion+of+the+name+Khotan%2C+made+to+give+it+a+meaning+in+Sanskrit&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul+Ltd.&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Eliot&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlikauer2008" class="citation cs2">Klikauer, Thomas (2008), Klikauer, Thomas (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230583238_4">"Distorted Communication I: Classifications"</a>, Management Communication: Communicative Ethics and Action, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 55–73, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230583238_4">10.1057/9780230583238_4</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-58323-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-58323-8"><bdi>978-0-230-58323-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328150529/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230583238_4">archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024, retrieved 2 January 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Management+Communication%3A+Communicative+Ethics+and+Action&rft.atitle=Distorted+Communication+I%3A+Classifications&rft.pages=55-73&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230583238_4&rft.isbn=978-0-230-58323-8&rft.aulast=Klikauer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%2F9780230583238_4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker_2014-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_2014_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_2014_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_2014_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_2014_28-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerPhongpaichit2014" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Christopher; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2014). A History of Thailand. Singapore: C.O.S Printers Pte Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-42021-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-42021-2"><bdi>978-1-107-42021-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Thailand&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=C.O.S+Printers+Pte+Ltd&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-42021-2&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Phongpaichit%2C+Pasuk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sac-29"><a href="#cite_ref-sac_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230828215526/https://db.sac.or.th/inscriptions/inscribe/detail/177">"จารึกวัดศรีชุม"</a> [Wat Sri Chum Inscription] (in Thai). <a href="/wiki/Princess_Maha_Chakri_Sirindhorn_Anthropology_Centre" title="Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre">Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://db.sac.or.th/inscriptions/inscribe/detail/177">the original</a> on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1&rft.pub=Princess+Maha+Chakri+Sirindhorn+Anthropology+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdb.sac.or.th%2Finscriptions%2Finscribe%2Fdetail%2F177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmngt.com/thailand_history.htm">Thailand (Siam) History</a>, CSMngt-Thai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150424080811/http://www.csmngt.com/thailand_history.htm">Archived</a> 24 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-LePoer_1989-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LePoer_1989_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LePoer_1989_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LePoer_1989_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LePoer_1989_31-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LePoer_1989_31-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LePoer_1989_31-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LePoer_1989_31-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Leitch_LePoer1989" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Leitch LePoer (1989). Thailand: A Country Study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thailand%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Barbara+Leitch+LePoer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker_2017-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_2017_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_2017_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_2017_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_2017_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_2017_32-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerPhongpaichit2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Baker_(writer)" title="Chris Baker (writer)">Baker, Chris</a>; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GHiuDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">A History of Ayutthaya</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-19076-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-19076-4"><bdi>978-1-107-19076-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328150305/https://books.google.com/books?id=GHiuDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 15 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ayutthaya&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-19076-4&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Phongpaichit%2C+Pasuk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGHiuDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsang2008" class="citation journal cs1">Tsang, Cheng-hwa (24 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/JIPA/article/view/11751">"Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan"</a>. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7152%2Fbippa.v20i0.11751">10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1835-1794">1835-1794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Indo-Pacific+Prehistory+Association&rft.atitle=Recent+advances+in+the+Iron+Age+archaeology+of+Taiwan&rft.volume=20&rft.date=2008-01-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7152%2Fbippa.v20i0.11751&rft.issn=1835-1794&rft.aulast=Tsang&rft.aufirst=Cheng-hwa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lib.washington.edu%2Findex.php%2FJIPA%2Farticle%2Fview%2F11751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHighamHighamCiarlaDouka2011" class="citation journal cs1">Higham, Charles; Higham, Thomas; Ciarla, Roberto; Douka, Katerina; Kijngam, Amphan; Rispoli, Fiorella (10 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257607857">"The Origins of the Bronze Age of Southeast Asia"</a>. Journal of World Prehistory. 24 (4): 227–274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10963-011-9054-6">10.1007/s10963-011-9054-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162300712">162300712</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511090306/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257607857_The_Origins_of_the_Bronze_Age_of_Southeast_Asia">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2018 – via Researchgate.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+Prehistory&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Bronze+Age+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=227-274&rft.date=2011-12-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10963-011-9054-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162300712%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Higham%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Ciarla%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Douka%2C+Katerina&rft.au=Kijngam%2C+Amphan&rft.au=Rispoli%2C+Fiorella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F257607857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/589625/Thailand/274233/History?anchor=ref509754">Thailand. History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402103818/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/589625/Thailand/274233/History?anchor=ref509754">Archived</a> 2 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica </li> <li id="cite_note-Wyatt_1984-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_1984_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_1984_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_1984_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_1984_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_1984_39-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_1984_39-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_1984_39-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyatt1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_K._Wyatt" title="David K. Wyatt">Wyatt, David K.</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thailand00davi">Thailand: A Short History</a>. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03054-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03054-9"><bdi>978-0-300-03054-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thailand%3A+A+Short+History&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-300-03054-9&rft.aulast=Wyatt&rft.aufirst=David+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthailand00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Jane_KeyesJames_A._Hafner2018" class="citation web cs1">E. Jane Keyes; James A. Hafner; et al. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Thailand/Sports-and-recreation#ref274233">"Thailand: History"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624002018/https://www.britannica.com/place/Thailand/Sports-and-recreation#ref274233">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Thailand%3A+History&rft.date=2018&rft.au=E.+Jane+Keyes&rft.au=James+A.+Hafner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FThailand%2FSports-and-recreation%23ref274233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyes1997" class="citation book cs1">Keyes, Charles F. (1997). "Cultural Diversity and National Identity in Thailand". In Michael E. Brown; <a href="/wiki/Sumit_Ganguly" title="Sumit Ganguly">Sumit Ganguly</a> (eds.). Government policies and ethnic relations in Asia and the Pacific. MIT Press. pp. 197–232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262522458" title="Special:BookSources/9780262522458"><bdi>9780262522458</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cultural+Diversity+and+National+Identity+in+Thailand&rft.btitle=Government+policies+and+ethnic+relations+in+Asia+and+the+Pacific&rft.pages=197-232&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780262522458&rft.aulast=Keyes&rft.aufirst=Charles+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-genetic-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-genetic_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-genetic_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-genetic_43-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKutananLiuKampuansaiSrikummool2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kutanan, Wibhu; Liu, Dang; Kampuansai, Jatupol; Srikummool, Metawee; Srithawong, Suparat; Shoocongdej, Rasmi; Sangkhano, Sukrit; Ruangchai, Sukhum; Pittayaporn, Pittayawat; Arias, Leonardo; Stoneking, Mark (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8321548">"Reconstructing the Human Genetic History of Mainland Southeast Asia: Insights from Genome-Wide Data from Thailand and Laos"</a>. Mol Biol Evol. 38 (8): 3459–3477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsab124">10.1093/molbev/msab124</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8321548">8321548</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33905512">33905512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol+Biol+Evol&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+the+Human+Genetic+History+of+Mainland+Southeast+Asia%3A+Insights+from+Genome-Wide+Data+from+Thailand+and+Laos&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=3459-3477&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8321548%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33905512&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsab124&rft.aulast=Kutanan&rft.aufirst=Wibhu&rft.au=Liu%2C+Dang&rft.au=Kampuansai%2C+Jatupol&rft.au=Srikummool%2C+Metawee&rft.au=Srithawong%2C+Suparat&rft.au=Shoocongdej%2C+Rasmi&rft.au=Sangkhano%2C+Sukrit&rft.au=Ruangchai%2C+Sukhum&rft.au=Pittayaporn%2C+Pittayawat&rft.au=Arias%2C+Leonardo&rft.au=Stoneking%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8321548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-genetic2-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-genetic2_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-genetic2_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWibhu_KutananJatupol_KampuansaiMetawee_SrikummoolDaoroong_Kangwanpong2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wibhu Kutanan; Jatupol Kampuansai; Metawee Srikummool; Daoroong Kangwanpong; Silvia Ghirotto; Andrea Brunelli; Mark Stoneking (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240118183802/https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/063172v1.full">"Complete mitochondrial genomes of Thai and Lao populations indicate an ancient origin of Austroasiatic groups and demic diffusion in the spread of Tai-Kadai languages"</a>. Human Genetics. 136 (1): 85–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00439-016-1742-y">10.1007/s00439-016-1742-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-002C-0639-D">11858/00-001M-0000-002C-0639-D</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5214972">5214972</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27837350">27837350</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/063172v1.full">the original</a> on 18 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Complete+mitochondrial+genomes+of+Thai+and+Lao+populations+indicate+an+ancient+origin+of+Austroasiatic+groups+and+demic+diffusion+in+the+spread+of+Tai-Kadai+languages&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85-98&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5214972%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27837350&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-002C-0639-D&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00439-016-1742-y&rft.au=Wibhu+Kutanan&rft.au=Jatupol+Kampuansai&rft.au=Metawee+Srikummool&rft.au=Daoroong+Kangwanpong&rft.au=Silvia+Ghirotto&rft.au=Andrea+Brunelli&rft.au=Mark+Stoneking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biorxiv.org%2Fcontent%2F10.1101%2F063172v1.full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-genetic3-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-genetic3_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-genetic3_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWibhu_KutananJatupol_KampuansaiAndrea_BrunelliSilvia_Ghirotto2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wibhu Kutanan; Jatupol Kampuansai; Andrea Brunelli; Silvia Ghirotto; Pittayawat Pittayaporn; Sukhum Ruangchai; Roland Schröder; Enrico Macholdt; Metawee Srikummool; Daoroong Kangwanpong; Alexander Hübner; Leonardo Arias Alvis; Mark Stoneking (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240118231746/https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/162610v1.full">"New insights from Thailand into the maternal genetic history of Mainland Southeast Asia"</a>. European Journal of Human Genetics. 26 (6): 898–911. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41431-018-0113-7">10.1038/s41431-018-0113-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116%2F0000-0001-7EEF-6">21.11116/0000-0001-7EEF-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5974021">5974021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29483671">29483671</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/162610v1.full">the original</a> on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=New+insights+from+Thailand+into+the+maternal+genetic+history+of+Mainland+Southeast+Asia&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=898-911&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5974021%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29483671&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F21.11116%2F0000-0001-7EEF-6&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41431-018-0113-7&rft.au=Wibhu+Kutanan&rft.au=Jatupol+Kampuansai&rft.au=Andrea+Brunelli&rft.au=Silvia+Ghirotto&rft.au=Pittayawat+Pittayaporn&rft.au=Sukhum+Ruangchai&rft.au=Roland+Schr%C3%B6der&rft.au=Enrico+Macholdt&rft.au=Metawee+Srikummool&rft.au=Daoroong+Kangwanpong&rft.au=Alexander+H%C3%BCbner&rft.au=Leonardo+Arias+Alvis&rft.au=Mark+Stoneking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biorxiv.org%2Fcontent%2F10.1101%2F162610v1.full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.matichon.co.th/columnists/news_4238682">"ชนชาติไทย 'ไม่ใช่' คนไทย โดย สุจิตต์ วงษ์เทศ"</a>. Matichon. 18 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220043823/https://www.matichon.co.th/columnists/news_4238682">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Matichon&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2+%27%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%27+%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2+%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2+%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8&rft.date=2023-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.matichon.co.th%2Fcolumnists%2Fnews_4238682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_2019-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2019_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2019_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2019_47-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2019" class="citation thesis cs1">Smith, John (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/151629">State, Community, and Ethnicity in Early Modern Thailand, 1351–1767</a> (PhD thesis). University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F151629">2027.42/151629</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328160310/https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/151629">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=State%2C+Community%2C+and+Ethnicity+in+Early+Modern+Thailand%2C+1351%E2%80%931767&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F151629&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeepblue.lib.umich.edu%2Fhandle%2F2027.42%2F151629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuntanamalaga1988" class="citation journal cs1">Juntanamalaga, Preecha (1 June 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ans-names.pitt.edu/ans/article/view/1181">"Thai or Siam?"</a>. Names. 36 (1): 69–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fnam.1988.36.1-2.69">10.1179/nam.1988.36.1-2.69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-2279">1756-2279</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328150530/https://ans-names.pitt.edu/ans/article/view/1181">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Names&rft.atitle=Thai+or+Siam%3F&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-84&rft.date=1988-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Fnam.1988.36.1-2.69&rft.issn=1756-2279&rft.aulast=Juntanamalaga&rft.aufirst=Preecha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fans-names.pitt.edu%2Fans%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chamberlain_2016-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlain_2016_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlain2016" class="citation journal cs1">Chamberlain, James R. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/pub_jss/article/view/158051">"Kra-Dai and the Proto-History of South China and Vietnam"</a>. Journal of the Siam Society. 104: 27–77. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230103043101/https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/pub_jss/article/view/158051">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Siam+Society&rft.atitle=Kra-Dai+and+the+Proto-History+of+South+China+and+Vietnam&rft.volume=104&rft.pages=27-77&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Chamberlain&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fso06.tci-thaijo.org%2Findex.php%2Fpub_jss%2Farticle%2Fview%2F158051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Baker_(writer)" title="Chris Baker (writer)">Baker, Chris</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/2001/JSS_090_0b_Baker_YueToThai.pdf">"From Yue To Tai"</a> (PDF), Journal of the Siam Society, 90 (1–2): 1–26, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000932/http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/2001/JSS_090_0b_Baker_YueToThai.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016, retrieved 3 May 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Siam+Society&rft.atitle=From+Yue+To+Tai&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1-26&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siamese-heritage.org%2Fjsspdf%2F2001%2FJSS_090_0b_Baker_YueToThai.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Taylor_(historian)" title="Keith Taylor (historian)">Taylor, Keith W.</a> (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rCl_02LnNVIC&pg=PA18">The Birth of Vietnam</a>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07417-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07417-0"><bdi>978-0-520-07417-0</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707155549/https://books.google.com/books?id=rCl_02LnNVIC&pg=PA18">archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2023, retrieved 1 November 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Vietnam&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07417-0&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Keith+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrCl_02LnNVIC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBakerPhongpaichit2017">Baker & Phongpaichit 2017</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2002" class="citation cs2">Evans, Grant (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/history/A%20Short%20History%20of%20Laos.pdf">A Short History of Laos: The Land in Between</a> (PDF), Allen & Unwin, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86448-997-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86448-997-2"><bdi>978-1-86448-997-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229191509/https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/history/A%20Short%20History%20of%20Laos.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 February 2024, retrieved 18 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Laos%3A+The+Land+in+Between&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-86448-997-2&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.preterhuman.net%2Ftexts%2Fhistory%2FA%2520Short%2520History%2520of%2520Laos.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuChen1989" class="citation journal cs1">Du, Yuting; Chen, Lufan (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1981/JSS_077_1c_DuYutingChenLufan_KublaiKhanConquestAndThaiMigration.pdf">"Did Kublai Khan's Conquest of the Dali Kingdom Give Rise to the Mass Migration of the Thai People to the South?"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Siam_Society" title="Journal of the Siam Society">Journal of the Siam Society</a>. 77 (1c). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200909224400/http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1981/JSS_077_1c_DuYutingChenLufan_KublaiKhanConquestAndThaiMigration.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2024. <q>The Thai people in the north as well as in the south did not in any sense "migrate en masse to the south" after <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>'s conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Dali Kingdom</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Siam+Society&rft.atitle=Did+Kublai+Khan%27s+Conquest+of+the+Dali+Kingdom+Give+Rise+to+the+Mass+Migration+of+the+Thai+People+to+the+South%3F&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1c&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Du&rft.aufirst=Yuting&rft.au=Chen%2C+Lufan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siamese-heritage.org%2Fjsspdf%2F1981%2FJSS_077_1c_DuYutingChenLufan_KublaiKhanConquestAndThaiMigration.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jumsai1967-55"><a href="#cite_ref-jumsai1967_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJumsai1967" class="citation book cs1">Jumsai, M.L. Manich (5 August 1967). History of Laos. Chalermnit. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-7390-21-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-974-7390-21-6"><bdi>978-974-7390-21-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Laos&rft.pub=Chalermnit&rft.date=1967-08-05&rft.isbn=978-974-7390-21-6&rft.aulast=Jumsai&rft.aufirst=M.L.+Manich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iml-56"><a href="#cite_ref-iml_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatanavongsa1978" class="citation book cs1">Ratanavongsa, Prince Phetsarath (1978). The Iron Man of Laos. Dalley Book Service, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iron+Man+of+Laos&rft.pub=Dalley+Book+Service%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Ratanavongsa&rft.aufirst=Prince+Phetsarath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PittayawatPittayaporn-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PittayawatPittayaporn_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PittayawatPittayaporn_57-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manusya.journals.chula.ac.th/files/essay/Pittayawat%2047-68.pdf">Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (2014). Layers of Chinese Loanwords in Proto-Southwestern Tai as Evidence for the Dating of the Spread of Southwestern Tai</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150627063518/http://www.manusya.journals.chula.ac.th/files/essay/Pittayawat%2047-68.pdf">Archived</a> 27 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities, Special Issue No 20: 47–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-wieng-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wieng_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wieng_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240121092447/https://www.finearts.go.th/storage/contents/2023/09/file/VlgtCnpcC8lb56DrYVwSxhkD0KppEIHHFYgZHxZn.pdf">"Wiang Nong Lom Cultural Heritage"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Fine_Arts_Department" title="Fine Arts Department">Fine Arts Department</a> of Thailand. 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.finearts.go.th/storage/contents/2023/09/file/VlgtCnpcC8lb56DrYVwSxhkD0KppEIHHFYgZHxZn.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wiang+Nong+Lom+Cultural+Heritage&rft.pub=Fine+Arts+Department+of+Thailand&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.finearts.go.th%2Fstorage%2Fcontents%2F2023%2F09%2Ffile%2FVlgtCnpcC8lb56DrYVwSxhkD0KppEIHHFYgZHxZn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fine-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fine_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fine_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240118051652/https://www.finearts.go.th/fad7/view/26134-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81-%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2">"เมืองโยนก นครในตำนานล้านนา"</a> (in Thai). <a href="/wiki/Fine_Arts_Department" title="Fine Arts Department">Fine Arts Department</a> of Thailand. 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.finearts.go.th/fad7/view/26134-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81-%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2">the original</a> on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81+%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2&rft.pub=Fine+Arts+Department+of+Thailand&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.finearts.go.th%2Ffad7%2Fview%2F26134-%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25B7%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2581-%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%2583%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B8%25B3%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-era-60"><a href="#cite_ref-era_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFพิเศษ_เจียจันทร์พงษ์2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">พิเศษ เจียจันทร์พงษ์ (28 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240123005838/https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_9394">"พระเจ้าพรหมมหาราช ในตำนานล้านนา นัยสำคัญของกษัตริย์สืบสายทางธรรม VS สายเลือด"</a>. silpa-mag.com (in Thai). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_9394">the original</a> on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=silpa-mag.com&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A+%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2+%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1+VS+%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94&rft.date=2022-01-28&rft.au=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9+%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.silpa-mag.com%2Fhistory%2Farticle_9394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mgryo-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mgryo_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mgryo_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240118051935/https://mgronline.com/onlinesection/detail/9620000029196">""รอยเลื่อนแม่จัน" กับ "โยนกเชียงแสน" ตำนานที่อาจมีอายุมากกว่า 1,800 ปี"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manager_Daily" title="Manager Daily">Manager Daily</a> (in Thai). 24 April 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mgronline.com/onlinesection/detail/9620000029196">the original</a> on 18 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manager+Daily&rft.atitle=%22%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%22+%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A+%22%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%22+%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2+1%2C800+%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5&rft.date=2020-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmgronline.com%2Fonlinesection%2Fdetail%2F9620000029196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Du & Chen (1989), p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Hou Hanshu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/hou-han-shu/xiao-he-xiao-shang-di-ji?searchu=%E6%92%A3%E5%9C%8B&searchmode=showall#result">vol. 5</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231008094638/https://ctext.org/hou-han-shu/xiao-he-xiao-shang-di-ji?searchu=%E6%92%A3%E5%9C%8B&searchmode=showall#result">Archived</a> 8 October 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "九年春正月, 永昌徼外蠻夷及撣國重譯奉貢." </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Hou Hanshu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/hou-han-shu/xiao-an-di-ji?searchu=%E6%92%A3%E5%9C%8B&searchmode=showall#result">vol. 6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231008094430/https://ctext.org/hou-han-shu/xiao-an-di-ji?searchu=%E6%92%A3%E5%9C%8B&searchmode=showall#result">Archived</a> 8 October 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> txt: "十二月, 永昌徼外撣國遣使貢獻." </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Hou Hanshu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/hou-han-shu/xiao-shun-xiao-chong-xiao-zhi?searchu=%E6%92%A3%E5%9C%8B&searchmode=showall#result">vol. 7</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231008094636/https://ctext.org/hou-han-shu/xiao-shun-xiao-chong-xiao-zhi?searchu=%E6%92%A3%E5%9C%8B&searchmode=showall#result">Archived</a> 8 October 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> txt: "十二月, 日南徼外葉調國、撣國遣使貢獻." </li> <li id="cite_note-Viravond-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Viravond_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaha_Sila_Viravond" class="citation web cs1">Maha Sila Viravond. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200403030051/http://www.reninc.org/bookshelf/history_of_laos_viravong.pdf">"HISTORY OF LAOS"</a> (PDF). Refugee Educators' Network. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reninc.org/bookshelf/history_of_laos_viravong.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HISTORY+OF+LAOS&rft.pub=Refugee+Educators%27+Network&rft.au=Maha+Sila+Viravond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reninc.org%2Fbookshelf%2Fhistory_of_laos_viravong.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manich-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Manich_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM.L._Manich" class="citation web cs1">M.L. Manich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008182646/http://www.reninc.org/bookshelf/history_of_laos_manich.pdf">"HISTORY OF LAOS (including the history of Lonnathai, Chiangmai)"</a> (PDF). Refugee Educators' Network. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reninc.org/bookshelf/history_of_laos_manich.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HISTORY+OF+LAOS+%28including+the+history+of+Lonnathai%2C+Chiangmai%29&rft.pub=Refugee+Educators%27+Network&rft.au=M.L.+Manich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reninc.org%2Fbookshelf%2Fhistory_of_laos_manich.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodWoodZiegler2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Spencer H.; Wood, Layle R.; Ziegler, Alan D. (2 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00934690.2015.1103645">"Natural degradation of earthworks, trenches, walls and moats, Northern Thailand"</a>. Journal of Field Archaeology. 40 (6): 675–694. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00934690.2015.1103645">10.1080/00934690.2015.1103645</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0093-4690">0093-4690</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32414373">32414373</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240118052630/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00934690.2015.1103645">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Field+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Natural+degradation+of+earthworks%2C+trenches%2C+walls+and+moats%2C+Northern+Thailand&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=675-694&rft.date=2015-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32414373%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0093-4690&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00934690.2015.1103645&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Spencer+H.&rft.au=Wood%2C+Layle+R.&rft.au=Ziegler%2C+Alan+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F00934690.2015.1103645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231103080945/https://www.finearts.go.th/kamphaengphetmuseum/view/36351-%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87-%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99-3">"ตามหาเมืองเงินยาง ตอน 3"</a>. finearts.go.th (in Thai). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.finearts.go.th/kamphaengphetmuseum/view/36351-%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87-%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99-3">the original</a> on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=finearts.go.th&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87+%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99+3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.finearts.go.th%2Fkamphaengphetmuseum%2Fview%2F36351-%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25AB%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25B7%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2587-%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%2599-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coedes-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoedès1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Coed%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="George Coedès">Coedès, George</a> (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-0368-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indianized+States+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1&rft.aulast=Coed%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ch-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ch_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ch_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThepthani1953" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thepthani, Phra Borihan (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231105023428/http://www.car.chula.ac.th/rarebook/book2/clra53_0235/mobile/index.html#p=1">Thai National Chronicles: the history of the nation since ancient times</a> (in Thai). S. Thammasamakkhi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.car.chula.ac.th/rarebook/book2/clra53_0235/mobile/index.html">the original</a> on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thai+National+Chronicles%3A+the+history+of+the+nation+since+ancient+times&rft.pub=S.+Thammasamakkhi&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Thepthani&rft.aufirst=Phra+Borihan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.car.chula.ac.th%2Frarebook%2Fbook2%2Fclra53_0235%2Fmobile%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-krai-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-krai_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-krai_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-krai_72-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFสงบ_สุริยินทร์2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">สงบ สุริยินทร์ (30 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231225062249/https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_89008">"เมืองลพบุรีเป็นของไทยเมื่อใด?"</a>. silpa-mag.com (in Thai). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_89008">the original</a> on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=silpa-mag.com&rft.atitle=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%94%3F&rft.date=2022-12-30&rft.au=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A+%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.silpa-mag.com%2Fhistory%2Farticle_89008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-prom-73"><a href="#cite_ref-prom_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFโรม_บุนนาค2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">โรม บุนนาค (7 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240119005234/https://mgronline.com/onlinesection/detail/9660000032394">"๒ มหาราชของคนไทยก่อนเกิดประเทศไทย! ๒ เมืองหลวงเป็นอำเภอและจังหวัดในปัจจุบัน!!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manager_Daily" title="Manager Daily">Manager Daily</a> (in Thai). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mgronline.com/onlinesection/detail/9660000032394">the original</a> on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manager+Daily&rft.atitle=%E0%B9%92+%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%21+%E0%B9%92+%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%21%21&rft.date=2023-04-07&rft.au=%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1+%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmgronline.com%2Fonlinesection%2Fdetail%2F9660000032394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chiangrai-74"><a href="#cite_ref-chiangrai_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240121100907/http://123.242.164.131/cpwp/?page_id=60">"ประวัติของจังหวัดเชียงราย"</a> [History of Chiang Rai Province] (in Thai). Chiang Rai Provincial Administrative Organization. 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://123.242.164.131/cpwp/?page_id=60">the original</a> on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2&rft.pub=Chiang+Rai+Provincial+Administrative+Organization&rft.date=2024&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F123.242.164.131%2Fcpwp%2F%3Fpage_id%3D60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-montai-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-montai_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-montai_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFองค์_บรรจุน2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">องค์ บรรจุน (10 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240116172232/https://www.silpa-mag.com/culture/article_40858">"ค้นหาร่องรอยภาษามอญ ในภาคอีสานของไทย"</a>. silpa-mag.com (in Thai). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.silpa-mag.com/culture/article_40858">the original</a> on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 17 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=silpa-mag.com&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8D+%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2&rft.date=2022-12-10&rft.au=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.silpa-mag.com%2Fculture%2Farticle_40858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-shi-76"><a href="#cite_ref-shi_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFสุจิตต์_วงษ์เทศ2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">สุจิตต์ วงษ์เทศ (9 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240126013540/https://www.matichon.co.th/columnists/news_1079341">"สุจิตต์ วงษ์เทศ : ชาวนอกอยู่ภาคใต้ คนเมืองในอยู่ภาคกลาง"</a> (in Thai). <a href="/wiki/Matichon" title="Matichon">Matichon</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.matichon.co.th/columnists/news_1079341">the original</a> on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8+%3A+%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89+%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87&rft.pub=Matichon&rft.date=2018-08-09&rft.au=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.matichon.co.th%2Fcolumnists%2Fnews_1079341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2014" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Christopher (2014). A history of Thailand. Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-00733-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-00733-4"><bdi>978-1-316-00733-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Thailand&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Australia&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-316-00733-4&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFพระรัตนปัญญาเถระ1958" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">พระรัตนปัญญาเถระ (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.finearts.go.th/nakhonsithammaratlibrary/view/20174-%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C">"ชินกาลมาลีปกรณ์"</a> (in Thai). <a href="/wiki/Fine_Arts_Department" title="Fine Arts Department">Fine Arts Department</a> of Thailand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328150320/https://www.finearts.go.th/nakhonsithammaratlibrary/view/20174-%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 17 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C&rft.pub=Fine+Arts+Department+of+Thailand&rft.date=1958&rft.au=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.finearts.go.th%2Fnakhonsithammaratlibrary%2Fview%2F20174-%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2593%25E0%25B9%258C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eth-79"><a href="#cite_ref-eth_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231223043505/https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_90594">"จาก "เสียม (สยาม)" สู่ "ไถ (ไทย)": บริบทและความหมายในการรับรู้ของชาวกัมพูชา"</a>. silpa-mag.com (in Thai). March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_90594">the original</a> on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=silpa-mag.com&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81+%22%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1+%28%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%29%22+%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88+%22%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%96+%28%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%29%22%3A+%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.silpa-mag.com%2Fhistory%2Farticle_90594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ngr-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ngr_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ngr_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231223012308/https://mgronline.com/daily/detail/9660000105649">"เส้นทางศรีวิชัย : เครือข่ายทางการค้าที่ยิ่งใหญ่ที่สุดในทะเลใต้ยุคโบราณ ตอน ราชวงศ์ไศเลนทร์ที่จัมบิ (ประมาณ พ.ศ.1395–1533) (ตอนจบ)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manager_Daily" title="Manager Daily">Manager Daily</a> (in Thai). 1 December 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mgronline.com/daily/detail/9660000105649">the original</a> on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manager+Daily&rft.atitle=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2+%3A+%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93+%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99+%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4+%28%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93+%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8.1395%E2%80%931533%29+%28%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9A%29&rft.date=2023-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmgronline.com%2Fdaily%2Fdetail%2F9660000105649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.napho.org/knowledge/thi/thi20.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090828170533/http://www.napho.org/knowledge/thi/thi20.htm">Archived</a> 28 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFสุจิตต์_วงษ์เทศ2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">สุจิตต์ วงษ์เทศ (4 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240118211306/https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_34499">"คนโคราช ไม่ใช่ "ลาว" แล้วคนโคราชเป็นใคร? มาจากไหน?"</a>. silpa-mag.com (in Thai). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_34499">the original</a> on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=silpa-mag.com&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A+%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88+%22%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%22+%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%3F+%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%3F&rft.date=2023-12-04&rft.au=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.silpa-mag.com%2Fhistory%2Farticle_34499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyatt2003" class="citation book cs1">Wyatt, David K. (2003). Thailand: A Short History. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08475-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08475-7"><bdi>978-0-300-08475-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thailand%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08475-7&rft.aulast=Wyatt&rft.aufirst=David+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ally-84"><a href="#cite_ref-ally_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFเพ็ญสุภา_สุขคตะ2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">เพ็ญสุภา สุขคตะ (17 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240116235530/https://www.matichonweekly.com/column/article_624632">"พระนางจามเทวี จารึกศรีวิชัย สายสัมพันธ์ขอมเจนละ-จามปา ในมุมมองของ ผศ.พงศ์เกษม สนธิไทย"</a> (in Thai). <a href="/wiki/Matichon" title="Matichon">Matichon</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.matichonweekly.com/column/article_624632">the original</a> on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 17 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5+%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2+%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0-%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2+%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87+%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A8.%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A1+%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2&rft.pub=Matichon&rft.date=2022-11-17&rft.au=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2+%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.matichonweekly.com%2Fcolumn%2Farticle_624632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-c3-85"><a href="#cite_ref-c3_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240116233605/https://isaw.nyu.edu/publications/inscriptions/campa/inscriptions/C0003.html">"Corpus of the Inscriptions of Campā: C. 3 Lintel from Phan Rang"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isaw.nyu.edu/publications/inscriptions/campa/inscriptions/C0003.html">the original</a> on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 17 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corpus+of+the+Inscriptions+of+Camp%C4%81%3A+C.+3+Lintel+from+Phan+Rang&rft.pub=New+York+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisaw.nyu.edu%2Fpublications%2Finscriptions%2Fcampa%2Finscriptions%2FC0003.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham1989" class="citation book cs1">Higham, Charles (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ifNH4uK0LAC&pg=PA355">The Archaeology of Mainland Southeast Asia</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-27525-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-27525-3"><bdi>0-521-27525-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328150350/https://books.google.com/books?id=-ifNH4uK0LAC&pg=PA355#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 6 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Mainland+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-521-27525-3&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ifNH4uK0LAC%26pg%3DPA355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFเกษตรศิริ2005" class="citation book cs1">เกษตรศิริ, ชาญวิทย์ (2005). อยุธยา: ประวัติศาสตร์และการเมือง. โรงพิมพ์มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-91572-7-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-974-91572-7-5"><bdi>978-974-91572-7-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%3A+%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87&rft.pub=%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-974-91572-7-5&rft.aulast=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4&rft.aufirst=%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wyatt_2013-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt_2013_88-38">am</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyatt2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wyatt, David K. (2013). Thailand: A Short History [ประวัติศาสตร์ไทยฉบับสังเขป] (in Thai). Translated by ละอองศรี, กาญจนี. มูลนิธิโครงการตำราสังคมศาสตร์และมนุษยศาสตร์, มูลนิธิโตโยต้าประเทศไทย. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-616-7202-38-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-616-7202-38-9"><bdi>978-616-7202-38-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thailand%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pub=%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%2C+%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-616-7202-38-9&rft.aulast=Wyatt&rft.aufirst=David+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Settlements_Portuguese.html">"Ayutthaya history Foreign Settlements"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200706001102/https://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Settlements_Portuguese.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ayutthaya+history+Foreign+Settlements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ayutthaya-history.com%2FSettlements_Portuguese.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1925" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, G E (1925). History of Burma. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Burma&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=G+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuangsilp2007" class="citation book cs1">Ruangsilp, Bhawan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0xBGwFrYnaMC">Dutch East India Company Merchants at the Court of Ayutthaya: Dutch Perceptions of the Thai Kingdom c. 1604–1765</a>. Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08475-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08475-7"><bdi>978-0-300-08475-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230628192706/https://books.google.com/books?id=0xBGwFrYnaMC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+East+India+Company+Merchants+at+the+Court+of+Ayutthaya%3A+Dutch+Perceptions+of+the+Thai+Kingdom+c.+1604%E2%80%931765&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill+NV&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08475-7&rft.aulast=Ruangsilp&rft.aufirst=Bhawan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0xBGwFrYnaMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> จรรยา ประชิตโรมรัน. (2548). สมเด็จพระเจ้าตากสินมหาราช. สำนักพิมพ์แห่งจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย. หน้า 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan2002" class="citation book cs1">Nolan, Cathal J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FMJ8KP8i3v0C&pg=PA1653">The Greenwood Encyclopedia of International Relations: S-Z by Cathal J. Nolan</a>. Greenwood Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32383-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32383-6"><bdi>978-0-313-32383-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328150813/https://books.google.com/books?id=FMJ8KP8i3v0C&pg=PA1653">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greenwood+Encyclopedia+of+International+Relations%3A+S-Z+by+Cathal+J.+Nolan&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32383-6&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Cathal+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFMJ8KP8i3v0C%26pg%3DPA1653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHwa1971" class="citation journal cs1">Hwa, Cheng Siok (1971). "The Crawford Papers – A Collection of Official Records relating to the Mission of Dr. John Crawfurd sent to Siam by the Government of India in the year 1821". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 3 (2): 324–325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463400019421">10.1017/S0022463400019421</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Crawford+Papers+%E2%80%93+A+Collection+of+Official+Records+relating+to+the+Mission+of+Dr.+John+Crawfurd+sent+to+Siam+by+the+Government+of+India+in+the+year+1821&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=324-325&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022463400019421&rft.aulast=Hwa&rft.aufirst=Cheng+Siok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070303000031/http://www.a2o.com.sg/a2o/public/html/online_exhibit/odetoFriendship/html/Introduction/index.htm">"Ode to Friendship, Celebrating Singapore – Thailand Relations: Introduction"</a>. National Archives of Singapore. 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.a2o.com.sg/a2o/public/html/online_exhibit/odetoFriendship/html/Introduction/index.htm">the original</a> on 3 March 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ode+to+Friendship%2C+Celebrating+Singapore+%E2%80%93+Thailand+Relations%3A+Introduction&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Singapore&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.a2o.com.sg%2Fa2o%2Fpublic%2Fhtml%2Fonline_exhibit%2FodetoFriendship%2Fhtml%2FIntroduction%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/king-country-and-the-coup/13140/0">"King, country and the coup"</a>. The Indian Express. Mumbai. 22 September 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514225625/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/king-country-and-the-coup/13140/0">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=King%2C+country+and+the+coup&rft.date=2006-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fking-country-and-the-coup%2F13140%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/fullnames/pdf/1896/TS0005%20(1896)%20C-8010%201896%2015%20JAN,%20LONDON%3B%20DECLARATION%20BETWEEN%20GB%20AND%20FRANCE%20WITH%20REGARD%20TO%20THE%20KINGDOM%20OF%20SIAM%20AND%20OTHER%20MATTERS.pdf">Declaration between Great Britain and France with regard of the Kingdom of Siam and other matters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331025152/http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/fullnames/pdf/1896/TS0005%20(1896)%20C-8010%201896%2015%20JAN,%20LONDON%3B%20DECLARATION%20BETWEEN%20GB%20AND%20FRANCE%20WITH%20REGARD%20TO%20THE%20KINGDOM%20OF%20SIAM%20AND%20OTHER%20MATTERS.pdf">Archived</a> 31 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> London. 15 January 1896. Treaty Series. No. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Werner Gruhl, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ow5Wlmu9MPQC&pg=PA112">Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328150816/https://books.google.com/books?id=ow5Wlmu9MPQC&pg=PA112#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 28 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Transaction Publishers, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0352-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0352-8">978-0-7658-0352-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1965" class="citation journal cs1">Fine, Herbert A. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3636740">"The Liquidation of World War II in Thailand"</a>. Pacific Historical Review. 34 (1): 65–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3636740">10.2307/3636740</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-8684">0030-8684</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3636740">3636740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Liquidation+of+World+War+II+in+Thailand&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-82&rft.date=1965&rft.issn=0030-8684&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3636740%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3636740&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Herbert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3636740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Thailand/The-postwar-crisis-and-the-return-of-Phibunsongkhram#ref52685">"The 1973 revolution and its aftermath"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190411132934/https://www.britannica.com/place/Thailand/The-postwar-crisis-and-the-return-of-Phibunsongkhram#ref52685">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=The+1973+revolution+and+its+aftermath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FThailand%2FThe-postwar-crisis-and-the-return-of-Phibunsongkhram%23ref52685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2r4yAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Ee8FAAAAIBAJ&dq=thai%20communists&pg=1189%2C1418196">"Thailand ..Communists Surrender En Masse"</a>. Ottawa Citizen. 2 December 1982. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200401005725/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2r4yAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Ee8FAAAAIBAJ&dq=thai%20communists&pg=1189%2C1418196">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&rft.atitle=Thailand+..Communists+Surrender+En+Masse&rft.date=1982-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D2r4yAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DEe8FAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dthai%2520communists%26pg%3D1189%252C1418196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Thailand/The-postwar-crisis-and-the-return-of-Phibunsongkhram#ref52686">"Partial democracy and the search for a new political order"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323005841/https://www.britannica.com/place/Thailand/The-postwar-crisis-and-the-return-of-Phibunsongkhram#ref52686">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Partial+democracy+and+the+search+for+a+new+political+order&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FThailand%2FThe-postwar-crisis-and-the-return-of-Phibunsongkhram%23ref52686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/WR93/Asw-11.htm">"Asw"</a>. Human Rights Watch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221210000526/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/WR93/Asw-11.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asw&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F1993%2FWR93%2FAsw-11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/asa390101992en.pdf">Thailand: The massacre in Bangkok</a> (PDF) (Report). Amnesty International. October 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230810080801/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/asa390101992en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Thailand%3A+The+massacre+in+Bangkok&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=1992-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F06%2Fasa390101992en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarr2007" class="citation book cs1">Warr, Peter (2007). Thailand Beyond the Crisis. Routledge Curzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-54151-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-54151-5"><bdi>978-1-134-54151-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thailand+Beyond+the+Crisis&rft.pub=Routledge+Curzon&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-54151-5&rft.aulast=Warr&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/np/loi/112597.htm">"Thailand Letter of Intent, November 25, 1997"</a>. imf.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240102162353/https://www.imf.org/external/np/loi/112597.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=imf.org&rft.atitle=Thailand+Letter+of+Intent%2C+November+25%2C+1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fnp%2Floi%2F112597.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationthailand.com/thailand/general/40034141">"Concerns arise over warning systems as Boxing Day marks 19 years since 2004 tsunami"</a>. nationthailand. 26 December 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationthailand&rft.atitle=Concerns+arise+over+warning+systems+as+Boxing+Day+marks+19+years+since+2004+tsunami&rft.date=2023-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationthailand.com%2Fthailand%2Fgeneral%2F40034141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090902021039/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTHAILAND/Resources/Economic-Monitor/2005nov-econ-full-report.pdf">"Thailand Economic Monitor, November 2005"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTHAILAND/Resources/Economic-Monitor/2005nov-econ-full-report.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 September 2009. Retrieved 19 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thailand+Economic+Monitor%2C+November+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FINTTHAILAND%2FResources%2FEconomic-Monitor%2F2005nov-econ-full-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Na Ranong, Viroj, Na Ranong, Anchana, Universal Health Care Coverage: Impacts of the 30-Baht Health Care Scheme on the Rural Poor in Thailand, TDRI Quarterly Review, September 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhongpaichit2008" class="citation journal cs1">Phongpaichit, Pasuk (December 2008). "Thailand: Fighting Over Democracy". Economic and Political Weekly. 43 (50): 18–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Thailand%3A+Fighting+Over+Democracy.&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=18-21&rft.date=2008-12&rft.aulast=Phongpaichit&rft.aufirst=Pasuk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnors2008" class="citation journal cs1">Connors, Michael K. (28 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10357710802480717">"Thailand-Four elections and a coup"</a>. Australian Journal of International Affairs. 62 (4): 478, 483–484. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10357710802480717">10.1080/10357710802480717</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1035-7718">1035-7718</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154415628">154415628</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811000243/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10357710802480717">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Thailand-Four+elections+and+a+coup&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=478%2C+483-484&rft.date=2008-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154415628%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1035-7718&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10357710802480717&rft.aulast=Connors&rft.aufirst=Michael+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F10357710802480717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Erawan EMS Center, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ems.bangkok.go.th/report/totaldead7-6-53.pdf">รายชื่อผู้เสียชีวิตจากสถานการณ์การชุมนุมของกลุมนปช.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306172538/http://www.ems.bangkok.go.th/report/totaldead7-6-53.pdf">Archived</a> 6 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/2073863/pdrc-leaders-jailed-for-terrorism-insurrection-over-street-rallies">"PDRC leaders jailed for terrorism, insurrection over street rallies"</a>. Bangkok Post. 24 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240103121428/https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/2073863/pdrc-leaders-jailed-for-terrorism-insurrection-over-street-rallies">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=PDRC+leaders+jailed+for+terrorism%2C+insurrection+over+street+rallies&rft.date=2021-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fthailand%2Fpolitics%2F2073863%2Fpdrc-leaders-jailed-for-terrorism-insurrection-over-street-rallies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/11/thailand-protests-amnesty-bill">"Protests as Thailand senators debate amnesty bill"</a>. The Guardian. 11 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203121817/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/11/thailand-protests-amnesty-bill">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Protests+as+Thailand+senators+debate+amnesty+bill&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fnov%2F11%2Fthailand-protests-amnesty-bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasirtsuk2015" class="citation journal cs1">Prasirtsuk, Kitti (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2015.55.1.200">"Thailand in 2014: Another Coup, a Different Coup?"</a>. Asian Survey. 55 (1): 200–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fas.2015.55.1.200">10.1525/as.2015.55.1.200</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-4687">0004-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2015.55.1.200">10.1525/as.2015.55.1.200</a>. Retrieved 3 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Thailand+in+2014%3A+Another+Coup%2C+a+Different+Coup%3F&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=200-206&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=0004-4687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fas.2015.55.1.200%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fas.2015.55.1.200&rft.aulast=Prasirtsuk&rft.aufirst=Kitti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fas.2015.55.1.200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beech_2019-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beech_2019_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beech_2019_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeech2019" class="citation news cs1">Beech, Hannah (8 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/08/world/asia/thailand-prime-minister-princess.html">"Thailand's King Rejects His Sister's Candidacy for Prime Minister"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190213075249/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/08/world/asia/thailand-prime-minister-princess.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Thailand%27s+King+Rejects+His+Sister%27s+Candidacy+for+Prime+Minister&rft.date=2019-02-08&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Beech&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F02%2F08%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fthailand-prime-minister-princess.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2021" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, James (1 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2057891120980835">"Thailand's new right, social cleansing and the continuing military–monarchy entente"</a>. Asian Journal of Comparative Politics. 6 (3): 253–273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2057891120980835">10.1177/2057891120980835</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2057-8911">2057-8911</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234182253">234182253</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118123729/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2057891120980835">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal+of+Comparative+Politics&rft.atitle=Thailand%27s+new+right%2C+social+cleansing+and+the+continuing+military%E2%80%93monarchy+entente&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=253-273&rft.date=2021-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234182253%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2057-8911&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2057891120980835&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F2057891120980835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/06/522878983/thai-king-signs-military-backed-constitution">Thai King Signs Military-Backed Constitution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410100145/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/06/522878983/thai-king-signs-military-backed-constitution">Archived</a> 10 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>, 6 April 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontesano2019" class="citation journal cs1">Montesano, Michael J. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/ISEAS_Perspective_2019_60.pdf">"The Place of the Provinces in Thailand's Twenty-Year National Strategy: Toward Community Democracy in a Commercial Nation?"</a> (PDF). ISEAS Perspective. 2019 (60): 1–11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200913092250/https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/ISEAS_Perspective_2019_60.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISEAS+Perspective&rft.atitle=The+Place+of+the+Provinces+in+Thailand%27s+Twenty-Year+National+Strategy%3A+Toward+Community+Democracy+in+a+Commercial+Nation%3F&rft.volume=2019&rft.issue=60&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Montesano&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iseas.edu.sg%2Fimages%2Fpdf%2FISEAS_Perspective_2019_60.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-25/thailand-election-results-delayed-concerns-over-irregularities/10937910">"Thailand election results delayed as allegations of cheating grow"</a>. Australia: ABC News. 25 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190326035848/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-25/thailand-election-results-delayed-concerns-over-irregularities/10937910">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Thailand+election+results+delayed+as+allegations+of+cheating+grow&rft.date=2019-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2019-03-25%2Fthailand-election-results-delayed-concerns-over-irregularities%2F10937910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20200816-thai-protesters-stage-biggest-anti-government-demonstration-in-years">"Thai protesters stage biggest anti-government demonstration in years"</a>. France 24. 16 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923205757/https://www.france24.com/en/20200816-thai-protesters-stage-biggest-anti-government-demonstration-in-years">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Thai+protesters+stage+biggest+anti-government+demonstration+in+years&rft.date=2020-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20200816-thai-protesters-stage-biggest-anti-government-demonstration-in-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/e2e921b6-ff7d-4432-b272-959bc4f9ecc5">"Thailand: youthful protesters break the kingdom's biggest political taboo"</a>. Financial Times. London. 27 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/e2e921b6-ff7d-4432-b272-959bc4f9ecc5">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Thailand%3A+youthful+protesters+break+the+kingdom%27s+biggest+political+taboo&rft.date=2020-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fe2e921b6-ff7d-4432-b272-959bc4f9ecc5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prachatai.com/english/node/8709">"[Full statement] The demonstration at Thammasat proposes monarchy reform"</a>. Prachatai English. 11 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820123613/https://prachatai.com/english/node/8709">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prachatai+English&rft.atitle=%5BFull+statement%5D+The+demonstration+at+Thammasat+proposes+monarchy+reform&rft.date=2020-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprachatai.com%2Fenglish%2Fnode%2F8709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham2020" class="citation news cs1">Cunningham, Philip J (23 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1990175/an-unexpectedly-successful-protest">"An unexpectedly successful protest"</a>. Bangkok Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108024423/https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1990175/an-unexpectedly-successful-protest">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=An+unexpectedly+successful+protest&rft.date=2020-09-23&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Philip+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fopinion%2Fopinion%2F1990175%2Fan-unexpectedly-successful-protest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasheed" class="citation news cs1">Rasheed, Zaheena. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/14/thailand-election-results-what-we-know-so-far">"'Impressive victory': Thai opposition crushes military parties"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230825090233/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/14/thailand-election-results-what-we-know-so-far">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Impressive+victory%27%3A+Thai+opposition+crushes+military+parties&rft.aulast=Rasheed&rft.aufirst=Zaheena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F5%2F14%2Fthailand-election-results-what-we-know-so-far&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/22/srettha-thavisin-elected-thailand-pm-as-thaksin-returns-from-exile">"Srettha Thavisin elected Thailand PM as Thaksin returns from exile"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230901094625/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/22/srettha-thavisin-elected-thailand-pm-as-thaksin-returns-from-exile">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Srettha+Thavisin+elected+Thailand+PM+as+Thaksin+returns+from+exile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F8%2F22%2Fsrettha-thavisin-elected-thailand-pm-as-thaksin-returns-from-exile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWongcha-umSetboonsarng2024" class="citation news cs1">Wongcha-um, Panu; Setboonsarng, Chayut (14 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/judgment-day-thai-pm-srettha-court-rules-dismissal-case-2024-08-13/">"Thai court dismisses PM Srettha over cabinet appointment"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved 14 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Thai+court+dismisses+PM+Srettha+over+cabinet+appointment&rft.date=2024-08-14&rft.aulast=Wongcha-um&rft.aufirst=Panu&rft.au=Setboonsarng%2C+Chayut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2Fjudgment-day-thai-pm-srettha-court-rules-dismissal-case-2024-08-13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_2015-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_2015_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_2015_129-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_2015_129-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_2015_129-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_2015_129-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_2015_129-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_2015_129-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_2015_129-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_2015_129-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_2015_129-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_2015_129-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_2015_129-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_2015_129-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160801225446/http://www.tmd.go.th/en/archive/thailand_climate.pdf">"The Climate of Thailand"</a> (PDF). Thai Meteorological Department. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tmd.go.th/en/archive/thailand_climate.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 August 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Climate+of+Thailand&rft.pub=Thai+Meteorological+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tmd.go.th%2Fen%2Farchive%2Fthailand_climate.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Susan_L._Woodward1997–2014" class="citation web cs1">Dr. Susan L. Woodward (1997–2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://php.radford.edu/~swoodwar/biomes/?page_id=105">"Tropical Savannas"</a>. Biomes of the World. S. L. Woodward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219124459/https://php.radford.edu/~swoodwar/biomes/?page_id=105">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biomes+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Tropical+Savannas&rft.date=1997%2F2014&rft.au=Dr.+Susan+L.+Woodward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphp.radford.edu%2F~swoodwar%2Fbiomes%2F%3Fpage_id%3D105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Overland, Indra et al. (2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320622312">Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728065717/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320622312_Impact_of_Climate_Change_on_ASEAN_International_Affairs_Risk_and_Opportunity_Multiplier">Archived</a> 28 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) and Myanmar Institute of International and Strategic Studies (MISIS). </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climatecentral.org/report/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood">"Report: Flooded Future: Global vulnerability to sea level rise worse than previously understood"</a>. climatecentral.org. 29 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220904125539/https://www.climatecentral.org/report/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=climatecentral.org&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Flooded+Future%3A+Global+vulnerability+to+sea+level+rise+worse+than+previously+understood&rft.date=2019-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climatecentral.org%2Freport%2Freport-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elephants-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elephants_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elephants_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/thaielephant.html">"Thailand's Elephants"</a>. Thai Elephant Conservation Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150305080708/http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/thaielephant.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thai+Elephant+Conservation+Center&rft.atitle=Thailand%27s+Elephants&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thailandelephant.org%2Fen%2Fthaielephant.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRD-134"><a href="#cite_ref-PRD_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thailand.prd.go.th/1700/ewt/thailand/ewt_news.php?nid=8297&filename=index">"Five New National Parks in Thailand"</a>. The Government Public Relations Department. 6 August 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+New+National+Parks+in+Thailand&rft.date=2019-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthailand.prd.go.th%2F1700%2Fewt%2Fthailand%2Fewt_news.php%3Fnid%3D8297%26filename%3Dindex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204021925/http://epi.yale.edu/reports/2016-report">"2016 Report"</a>. EPI Report. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epi.yale.edu/reports/2016-report">the original</a> on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EPI+Report&rft.atitle=2016+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepi.yale.edu%2Freports%2F2016-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> EPI (2016): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epi.yale.edu/country/thailand">Thailand</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227041212/http://epi.yale.edu/country/thailand">Archived</a> 27 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranthamDuncanEvansJones2020" class="citation journal cs1">Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057">"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material"</a>. Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.5978G">2020NatCo..11.5978G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3">10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057">7723057</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33293507">33293507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Anthropogenic+modification+of+forests+means+only+40%25+of+remaining+forests+have+high+ecosystem+integrity+%E2%80%93+Supplementary+Material&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5978&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7723057%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatCo..11.5978G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33293507&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Grantham&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rft.au=Duncan%2C+A.&rft.au=Evans%2C+T.+D.&rft.au=Jones%2C+K.+R.&rft.au=Beyer%2C+H.+L.&rft.au=Schuster%2C+R.&rft.au=Walston%2C+J.&rft.au=Ray%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+J.+G.&rft.au=Callow%2C+M.&rft.au=Clements%2C+T.&rft.au=Costa%2C+H.+M.&rft.au=DeGemmis%2C+A.&rft.au=Elsen%2C+P.+R.&rft.au=Ervin%2C+J.&rft.au=Franco%2C+P.&rft.au=Goldman%2C+E.&rft.au=Goetz%2C+S.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+A.&rft.au=Hofsvang%2C+E.&rft.au=Jantz%2C+P.&rft.au=Jupiter%2C+S.&rft.au=Kang%2C+A.&rft.au=Langhammer%2C+P.&rft.au=Laurance%2C+W.+F.&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+S.&rft.au=Linkie%2C+M.&rft.au=Malhi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Maxwell%2C+S.&rft.au=Mendez%2C+M.&rft.au=Mittermeier%2C+R.&rft.au=Murray%2C+N.+J.&rft.au=Possingham%2C+H.&rft.au=Radachowsky%2C+J.&rft.au=Saatchi%2C+S.&rft.au=Samper%2C+C.&rft.au=Silverman%2C+J.&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+A.&rft.au=Strassburg%2C+B.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+T.&rft.au=Stokes%2C+E.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+R.&rft.au=Tear%2C+T.&rft.au=Tizard%2C+R.&rft.au=Venter%2C+O.&rft.au=Visconti%2C+P.&rft.au=Wang%2C+S.&rft.au=Watson%2C+J.+E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7723057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jan/26/poaching-thailand-elephant-meat">"Poaching for meat poses new extinction risk to Thai elephants"</a>. The Guardian. Associated Press. 26 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184341/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jan/26/poaching-thailand-elephant-meat">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Poaching+for+meat+poses+new+extinction+risk+to+Thai+elephants&rft.date=2012-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2012%2Fjan%2F26%2Fpoaching-thailand-elephant-meat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHile2002" class="citation news cs1">Hile, Jennifer (6 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070218231457/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/10/1016_021016_phajaan.html">"Activists Denounce Thailand's Elephant "Crushing" Ritual"</a>. National Geographic Today. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/10/1016_021016_phajaan.html">the original</a> on 18 February 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Today&rft.atitle=Activists+Denounce+Thailand%27s+Elephant+%22Crushing%22+Ritual&rft.date=2002-10-06&rft.aulast=Hile&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2002%2F10%2F1016_021016_phajaan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiles" class="citation report cs1">Stiles, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/3278/elephant-ivory-trade-thailand.pdf">The Elephant and Ivory Trade in Thailand</a> (PDF) (Report). Traffic Southeast Asia. pp. 1–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Elephant+and+Ivory+Trade+in+Thailand&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Traffic+Southeast+Asia&rft.aulast=Stiles&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.traffic.org%2Fsite%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2F3278%2Felephant-ivory-trade-thailand.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeena_Amrit_Gill1997" class="citation web cs1">Teena Amrit Gill (18 February 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070516023649/https://www.monitor.net/monitor/9702a/endangeredfood.html">"Endangered Animals on Restaurant Menus"</a>. Albion Monitor/News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monitor.net/monitor/9702a/endangeredfood.html">the original</a> on 16 May 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Endangered+Animals+on+Restaurant+Menus&rft.pub=Albion+Monitor%2FNews&rft.date=1997-02-18&rft.au=Teena+Amrit+Gill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monitor.net%2Fmonitor%2F9702a%2Fendangeredfood.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tscwa.org/forests/index.html">"Thai Forests: Dept. National Parks, Wildlife & Plants"</a>. Thai Society for the Conservation of Wild Animals. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141126041139/http://tscwa.org/forests/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thai+Forests%3A+Dept.+National+Parks%2C+Wildlife+%26+Plants&rft.pub=Thai+Society+for+the+Conservation+of+Wild+Animals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tscwa.org%2Fforests%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-multiple-143"><a href="#cite_ref-multiple_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016060633/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060919/thailand_coups_060919/20060919/">"A list of previous coups in Thailand"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 19 September 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060919/thailand_coups_060919/20060919/">the original</a> on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+list+of+previous+coups+in+Thailand&rft.date=2006-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctv.ca%2Fservlet%2FArticleNews%2Fstory%2FCTVNews%2F20060919%2Fthailand_coups_060919%2F20060919%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/raw-data-list-of-recent-coups-in-thailands-history">"Raw Data: List of Recent Coups in Thailand's History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. 19 September 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706035133/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C214562%2C00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Raw+Data%3A+List+of+Recent+Coups+in+Thailand%27s+History&rft.date=2006-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fraw-data-list-of-recent-coups-in-thailands-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbuza2021" class="citation news cs1">Abuza, Zachary (27 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/thailands-constitutional-dictatorship-weathers-the-storm/">"Thailand's Constitutional Dictatorship Weathers the Storm"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat" title="The Diplomat">The Diplomat</a>. Retrieved 14 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Thailand%27s+Constitutional+Dictatorship+Weathers+the+Storm&rft.date=2021-09-27&rft.aulast=Abuza&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2021%2F09%2Fthailands-constitutional-dictatorship-weathers-the-storm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassman2020" class="citation journal cs1">Glassman, Jim (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00472336.2019.1688378">"Lineages of the Authoritarian State in Thailand: Military Dictatorship, Lazy Capitalism and the Cold War Past as Post-Cold War Prologue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_Asia" title="Journal of Contemporary Asia">Journal of Contemporary Asia</a>. 50 (4): 571–592. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00472336.2019.1688378">10.1080/00472336.2019.1688378</a>. Retrieved 14 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+Asia&rft.atitle=Lineages+of+the+Authoritarian+State+in+Thailand%3A+Military+Dictatorship%2C+Lazy+Capitalism+and+the+Cold+War+Past+as+Post-Cold+War+Prologue&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=571-592&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00472336.2019.1688378&rft.aulast=Glassman&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1080%2F00472336.2019.1688378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/country/thailand/freedom-world/2021">"Thailand: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report"</a>. Freedom House. Retrieved 28 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Freedom+House&rft.atitle=Thailand%3A+Freedom+in+the+World+2021+Country+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fcountry%2Fthailand%2Ffreedom-world%2F2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/blog/prem-tinsulanondas-legacy-and-failures-thai-politics-today">"Prem Tinsulanonda's Legacy—and the Failures of Thai Politics Today"</a>. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 28 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=Prem+Tinsulanonda%27s+Legacy%E2%80%94and+the+Failures+of+Thai+Politics+Today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fblog%2Fprem-tinsulanondas-legacy-and-failures-thai-politics-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/d0801b87d34b459bb45e6f3c9f679ac7">"Election observers call still-partial Thai vote count flawed"</a>. AP NEWS. 27 March 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=Election+observers+call+still-partial+Thai+vote+count+flawed&rft.date=2019-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fd0801b87d34b459bb45e6f3c9f679ac7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180406163620/http://www.siamintelligence.com/thai-forth-coup-0f-the-world/"><bdi lang="th">สถิติที่ไม่น่าภูมิใจเมื่อไทยติดอันดับที่ 4 ประเทศที่มีการรัฐประหารบ่อยที่สุดในโลก</bdi></a>. Siam Intelligence (in Thai). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siamintelligence.com/thai-forth-coup-0f-the-world/">the original</a> on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Siam+Intelligence&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88+4+%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siamintelligence.com%2Fthai-forth-coup-0f-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2015" class="citation news cs1">Gray, Denis D. (22 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2015/08/22/bombing-the-latest-of-many-challenges-for-thailands-junta">"Deadly bombing in military-ruled Thailand adds to mounting woes in one-time 'Land of Smiles'"</a>. U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150822143742/http://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2015/08/22/bombing-the-latest-of-many-challenges-for-thailands-junta">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Deadly+bombing+in+military-ruled+Thailand+adds+to+mounting+woes+in+one-time+%27Land+of+Smiles%27&rft.date=2015-08-22&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Denis+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticles%2F2015%2F08%2F22%2Fbombing-the-latest-of-many-challenges-for-thailands-junta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thaipbsworld.com/a-guide-to-thailands-next-senate-and-the-most-complicated-election-in-the-world/">"A guide to Thailand's next Senate and 'the most complicated election in the world'"</a>. 17 April 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+guide+to+Thailand%27s+next+Senate+and+%27the+most+complicated+election+in+the+world%27&rft.date=2024-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thaipbsworld.com%2Fa-guide-to-thailands-next-senate-and-the-most-complicated-election-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thansettakij.com/politics/602380">""มงคล สุระสัจจะ"ผงาดนั่ง "ประธานวุฒิสภา" คนใหม่ ด้วยมติสว.ท่วมท้น 159 คะแนน"</a>. thansettakij (in Thai). 23 July 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=thansettakij&rft.atitle=%22%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5+%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B0%22%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87+%22%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%22+%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88+%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7.%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99+159+%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99&rft.date=2024-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thansettakij.com%2Fpolitics%2F602380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala/2014/05/17/thailands-juristocracy/">"Thailand's juristocracy"</a>. 17 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905162923/http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala/2014/05/17/thailands-juristocracy/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thailand%27s+juristocracy&rft.date=2014-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasiapacific.anu.edu.au%2Fnewmandala%2F2014%2F05%2F17%2Fthailands-juristocracy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeehankeeTiulegenovWangCiobanu" class="citation journal cs1">Teehankee, Julio; Tiulegenov, Medet; Wang, Yi-ting; Ciobanu, Vlad; Lindberg, Staffan I. "Party System in South and Southeast Asia: A Thematic Report Based on Data 1900–2012". V-Dem Thematic Report Series, No. 2, October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=V-Dem+Thematic+Report+Series%2C+No.+2%2C+October+2013&rft.atitle=Party+System+in+South+and+Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Thematic+Report+Based+on+Data+1900%E2%80%932012&rft.aulast=Teehankee&rft.aufirst=Julio&rft.au=Tiulegenov%2C+Medet&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yi-ting&rft.au=Ciobanu%2C+Vlad&rft.au=Lindberg%2C+Staffan+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Croissant_2010-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Croissant_2010_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Croissant_2010_157-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroissantVölkel2010" class="citation journal cs1">Croissant, Aurel; Völkel, Philip (21 December 2010). "Party system types and party system institutionalization: Comparing new democracies in East and Southeast Asia". Party Politics. 18 (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354068810380096">10.1177/1354068810380096</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145074799">145074799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Party+Politics&rft.atitle=Party+system+types+and+party+system+institutionalization%3A+Comparing+new+democracies+in+East+and+Southeast+Asia&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2010-12-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1354068810380096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145074799%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Croissant&rft.aufirst=Aurel&rft.au=V%C3%B6lkel%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> McCargo, Duncan, "Network monarchy and legitimacy crises in Thailand", The Pacific Review, volume 18, issue 4, December 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHead2007" class="citation news cs1">Head, Jonathan (5 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7128935.stm">"Why Thailand's king is so revered"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090217135052/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7128935.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+Thailand%27s+king+is+so+revered&rft.date=2007-12-05&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F7128935.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenby" class="citation news cs1">Denby, Kenneth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/thai-protests-the-king-who-made-himself-a-gift-to-republicans-zlzgtj6wp">"Thai protests: The king who made himself a gift to republicans"</a>. The Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210731100534/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/thai-protests-the-king-who-made-himself-a-gift-to-republicans-zlzgtj6wp">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Thai+protests%3A+The+king+who+made+himself+a+gift+to+republicans&rft.aulast=Denby&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fthai-protests-the-king-who-made-himself-a-gift-to-republicans-zlzgtj6wp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChampion2007" class="citation news cs1">Champion, Paul (25 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/news/video?videoId=67215&videoChannel=1">"Professor in lese majeste row"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013134234/https://www.reuters.com/news/video?videoId=67215&videoChannel=1">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Professor+in+lese+majeste+row&rft.date=2007-09-25&rft.aulast=Champion&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fnews%2Fvideo%3FvideoId%3D67215%26videoChannel%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prachatai.com/english/node/4218">2014 coup marks the highest number of lèse-majesté prisoners in Thai history</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501201647/https://prachatai.com/english/node/4218">Archived</a> 1 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Prachatai. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/thailand-monarchy-insult-man-jailed-king-facebook-vichai-thepwong-social-media-online-block-a7783166.html">Thailand jails man for 35 years for insulting the monarchy on Facebook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180423035004/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/thailand-monarchy-insult-man-jailed-king-facebook-vichai-thepwong-social-media-online-block-a7783166.html">Archived</a> 23 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". The Independent. 10 June 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180414010430/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/thailand">"Thailand"</a>. freedomhouse.org. 5 January 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/thailand">the original</a> on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=freedomhouse.org&rft.atitle=Thailand&rft.date=2018-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Freport%2Ffreedom-world%2F2018%2Fthailand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economist1-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Economist1_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economist1_165-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/asia/2024/08/07/thailands-top-court-tramples-over-the-countrys-democracy">"Thailand's top court tramples over the country's democracy"</a>. The Economist. 7 August 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240816203416/https://www.economist.com/asia/2024/08/07/thailands-top-court-tramples-over-the-countrys-democracy">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Thailand%27s+top+court+tramples+over+the+country%27s+democracy&rft.date=2024-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fasia%2F2024%2F08%2F07%2Fthailands-top-court-tramples-over-the-countrys-democracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/leaders/2024/08/07/banning-the-opposition-wont-save-thailands-unpopular-regime">"Banning the opposition won't save Thailand's unpopular regime"</a>. The Economist. 7 August 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240816195826/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2024/08/07/banning-the-opposition-wont-save-thailands-unpopular-regime">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Banning+the+opposition+won%27t+save+Thailand%27s+unpopular+regime&rft.date=2024-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fleaders%2F2024%2F08%2F07%2Fbanning-the-opposition-wont-save-thailands-unpopular-regime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240602220348/https://freedomhouse.org/country/thailand/freedom-world/2024">"Thailand: Freedom in the World 2024 Report"</a>. freedomhouse.org. 29 February 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/country/thailand/freedom-world/2024">the original</a> on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 29 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=freedomhouse.org&rft.atitle=Thailand%3A+Freedom+in+the+World+2024+Report&rft.date=2024-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fcountry%2Fthailand%2Ffreedom-world%2F2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520091920/http://www.oic.go.th/FILEWEB/CABINFOCENTER17/DRAWER007/GENERAL/DATA0000/00000024.PDF">"ประกาศกรมการปกครอง เรื่อง แจ้งข้อมูลทางการปกครอง"</a> (PDF). กรมการปกครอง (in Thai). 13 March 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oic.go.th/FILEWEB/CABINFOCENTER17/DRAWER007/GENERAL/DATA0000/00000024.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87+%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87+%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87&rft.date=2020-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oic.go.th%2FFILEWEB%2FCABINFOCENTER17%2FDRAWER007%2FGENERAL%2FDATA0000%2F00000024.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dla.go.th/upload/enDocument/2012/6/1_1.pdf">"LOCAL PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION B.E. 2542 (1999)"</a> (PDF). Department of Local Administration (DLA). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801073238/http://www.dla.go.th/upload/enDocument/2012/6/1_1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Local+Administration+%28DLA%29&rft.atitle=LOCAL+PERSONNEL+ADMINISTRATION+B.E.+2542+%281999%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dla.go.th%2Fupload%2FenDocument%2F2012%2F6%2F1_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChivvisMarcielGeaghan‑Breiner2023" class="citation web cs1">Chivvis, Christopher S.; Marciel, Scot; Geaghan‑Breiner, Beatrix (26 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2023/10/thailand-in-the-emerging-world-order?lang=en">"Thailand in the Emerging World Order"</a>. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 19 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.atitle=Thailand+in+the+Emerging+World+Order&rft.date=2023-10-26&rft.aulast=Chivvis&rft.aufirst=Christopher+S.&rft.au=Marciel%2C+Scot&rft.au=Geaghan%E2%80%91Breiner%2C+Beatrix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fresearch%2F2023%2F10%2Fthailand-in-the-emerging-world-order%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-bamboo-breaks-thailands-diplomatic-challenge/">"The bamboo breaks: Thailand's diplomatic challenge"</a>. The Strategist. 10 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526192532/https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-bamboo-breaks-thailands-diplomatic-challenge/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Strategist&rft.atitle=The+bamboo+breaks%3A+Thailand%27s+diplomatic+challenge&rft.date=2021-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aspistrategist.org.au%2Fthe-bamboo-breaks-thailands-diplomatic-challenge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRakson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Rakson, Katsamaporn (July–December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/Veridian-E-Journal/article/download/166438/141875/625674">"Investigating Thailand's self-perception in the regional context towards ASEAN"</a>. Veridian E-Journal, Silpakorn University. 11 (5): 568–578. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230236/https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/Veridian-E-Journal/article/download/166438/141875/625674">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Veridian+E-Journal%2C+Silpakorn+University&rft.atitle=Investigating+Thailand%27s+self-perception+in+the+regional+context+towards+ASEAN&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=568-578&rft.date=2018-07%2F2018-12&rft.aulast=Rakson&rft.aufirst=Katsamaporn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhe02.tci-thaijo.org%2Findex.php%2FVeridian-E-Journal%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F166438%2F141875%2F625674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChieocharnpraphan2015" class="citation journal cs1">Chieocharnpraphan, Thosaphon (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iafor.org/journal/iafor-journal-of-politics-economics-and-law/volume-2-issue-1/article-4/">"Strategic Partnership Between Australia and Thailand: A Case Study of East Timor"</a>. IAFOR Journal of Politics, Economics & Law. 2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22492%2Fijpel.2.1.04">10.22492/ijpel.2.1.04</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101161923/https://iafor.org/journal/iafor-journal-of-politics-economics-and-law/volume-2-issue-1/article-4/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IAFOR+Journal+of+Politics%2C+Economics+%26+Law&rft.atitle=Strategic+Partnership+Between+Australia+and+Thailand%3A+A+Case+Study+of+East+Timor&rft.volume=2&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22492%2Fijpel.2.1.04&rft.aulast=Chieocharnpraphan&rft.aufirst=Thosaphon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiafor.org%2Fjournal%2Fiafor-journal-of-politics-economics-and-law%2Fvolume-2-issue-1%2Farticle-4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOAS2009" class="citation web cs1">OAS (1 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oas.org/en/media_center/press_release.asp?sCodigo=e-215/03">"OAS – Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development"</a>. OAS – Organization of American States. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101162926/https://www.oas.org/en/media_center/press_release.asp?sCodigo=e-215/03">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OAS+%E2%80%93+Organization+of+American+States&rft.atitle=OAS+%E2%80%93+Organization+of+American+States%3A+Democracy+for+peace%2C+security%2C+and+development&rft.date=2009-08-01&rft.au=OAS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oas.org%2Fen%2Fmedia_center%2Fpress_release.asp%3FsCodigo%3De-215%2F03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mfa.go.th/en/content/osce170723-2?cate=5d5bcb4e15e39c306000683e">"Thailand attends 2023 OSCE Asian Conference with aim to further promote Asia-Europe cooperation"</a>. กระทรวงการต่างประเทศ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101161423/https://www.mfa.go.th/en/content/osce170723-2?cate=5d5bcb4e15e39c306000683e">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8&rft.atitle=Thailand+attends+2023+OSCE+Asian+Conference+with+aim+to+further+promote+Asia-Europe+cooperation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.go.th%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fosce170723-2%3Fcate%3D5d5bcb4e15e39c306000683e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090103061415/http://www.burmait.net/ict-news/2007/aug07/thaksin-to-face-charges-over-burma-telecom-deal/">'Thaksin to face charges over Burma telecom deal</a>. ICT News, 2 August 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/09/04/sprj.irq.thai.troops/index.html">"Thai troops join Iraq force – Sep. 4, 2003"</a>. CNN. 4 September 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328150809/http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/09/04/sprj.irq.thai.troops/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 20 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thai+troops+join+Iraq+force+%E2%80%93+Sep.+4%2C+2003&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2003-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2003%2FWORLD%2Fasiapcf%2Fsoutheast%2F09%2F04%2Fsprj.irq.thai.troops%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.matichon.co.th/article/news_2822402">"ภาพเก่าเล่าตำนาน : ทหารช่างไทย...ไปทำอะไร...ในอัฟกานิสถาน โดย พลเอก นิพัทธ์ ทองเล็ก"</a>. Matichon Online (in Thai). 12 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240120062820/https://www.matichon.co.th/article/news_2822402">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Matichon+Online&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99+%3A+%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2...%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A3...%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99+%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2+%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81+%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81&rft.date=2021-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.matichon.co.th%2Farticle%2Fnews_2822402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> The Telegraph, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/thailand/5101029/Troops-from-Thailand-and-Cambodia-fight-on-border.html">Troops from Thailand and Cambodia fight on border</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100523080330/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/thailand/5101029/Troops-from-Thailand-and-Cambodia-fight-on-border.html">Archived</a> 23 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 3 April 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Bloomberg, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601080&sid=a2G.h3Ms.a3s&refer=asia">Thai, Cambodian Border Fighting Stops, Thailand Says</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014072312/http://bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601080">Archived</a> 14 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Prashanth Parameswaran. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/thailand-turns-to-china/">Thailand Turns to China</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220427033345/https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/thailand-turns-to-china/">Archived</a> 27 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Diplomat. Retrieved 3 January 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thaiexaminer.com/thai-news-foreigners/2020/02/28/thailand-relationship-china-thai-government-opposition-critiscism/">"MPs warned of an economic colony as opposition zeroed in on Thailand's impaired relationship with China"</a>. Thai Examiner. 28 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019080345/https://www.thaiexaminer.com/thai-news-foreigners/2020/02/28/thailand-relationship-china-thai-government-opposition-critiscism/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thai+Examiner&rft.atitle=MPs+warned+of+an+economic+colony+as+opposition+zeroed+in+on+Thailand%27s+impaired+relationship+with+China&rft.date=2020-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thaiexaminer.com%2Fthai-news-foreigners%2F2020%2F02%2F28%2Fthailand-relationship-china-thai-government-opposition-critiscism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThavisin2023" class="citation web cs1">@Thavisin (7 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/Thavisin/status/1710624065076314165">"In light of today's tragic incident..."</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+light+of+today%27s+tragic+incident...&rft.date=2023-10-07&rft.au=Thavisin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FThavisin%2Fstatus%2F1710624065076314165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationthailand.com/thailand/general/40031729">"Israel-Palestine war: Thailand adopts neutral stance"</a>. nationthailand. 9 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231016021118/https://www.nationthailand.com/thailand/general/40031729">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationthailand&rft.atitle=Israel-Palestine+war%3A+Thailand+adopts+neutral+stance&rft.date=2023-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationthailand.com%2Fthailand%2Fgeneral%2F40031729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thaipbs.or.th/news/content/332821">"คนไทยในอิสราเอลตายเพิ่ม 4 รวมเป็น 28 คน เร่งอพยพกลับไทย"</a>. Thai PBS (in Thai). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231016005435/https://www.thaipbs.or.th/news/content/332821">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thai+PBS&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1+4+%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99+28+%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99+%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thaipbs.or.th%2Fnews%2Fcontent%2F332821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.asp?country_id=Thailand">"Thailand Military Strength"</a>. Global Firepower. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208024629/http://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.asp?country_id=Thailand">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Firepower&rft.atitle=Thailand+Military+Strength&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalfirepower.com%2Fcountry-military-strength-detail.asp%3Fcountry_id%3DThailand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/2007_Constitution_of_Thailand#Chapter_2_:_The_King" class="extiw" title="s:2007 Constitution of Thailand">Chapter 2 of the 2007 Constitution of Thailand</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://strapi.rtarf.mi.th/uploads/_cf63a28daf.jpg">"_cf63a28daf.jpg (3194×2055)"</a>. กองบัญชาการกองทัพไทย (in Thai). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101173458/https://strapi.rtarf.mi.th/uploads/_cf63a28daf.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2&rft.atitle=_cf63a28daf.jpg+%283194%C3%972055%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstrapi.rtarf.mi.th%2Fuploads%2F_cf63a28daf.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Bank_Open_Data-189"><a href="#cite_ref-World_Bank_Open_Data_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/">"World Bank Open Data"</a>. World Bank Open Data. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230526025607/https://data.worldbank.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&rft.atitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CreditSuisse2015-190"><a href="#cite_ref-CreditSuisse2015_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'SullivanSubramanian2015" class="citation report cs1">O'Sullivan, Michael; Subramanian, Krithika (17 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180215235711/http://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/index.cfm?fileid=EE7A6A5D-D9D5-6204-E9E6BB426B47D054">The End of Globalization or a more Multipolar World?</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a> AG. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/index.cfm?fileid=EE7A6A5D-D9D5-6204-E9E6BB426B47D054">the original</a> on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Globalization+or+a+more+Multipolar+World%3F&rft.pub=Credit+Suisse+AG&rft.date=2015-10-17&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Subramanian%2C+Krithika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.credit-suisse.com%2Ftasks%2Frender%2Ffile%2Findex.cfm%3Ffileid%3DEE7A6A5D-D9D5-6204-E9E6BB426B47D054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/07/31/thailand-offers-persecuted-rohingya-little-hope">"Thailand Offers Persecuted Rohingya Little Hope"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 31 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609171802/https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/07/31/thailand-offers-persecuted-rohingya-little-hope">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thailand+Offers+Persecuted+Rohingya+Little+Hope&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2019-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2019%2F07%2F31%2Fthailand-offers-persecuted-rohingya-little-hope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z6aDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">Battlefield Bangkok: The Royal Thai Army 2000–2014</a>. Dean Wilson. 4 April 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781326046767" title="Special:BookSources/9781326046767"><bdi>9781326046767</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328150811/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z6aDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battlefield+Bangkok%3A+The+Royal+Thai+Army+2000%E2%80%932014&rft.pub=Dean+Wilson&rft.date=2015-04-04&rft.isbn=9781326046767&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Z6aDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/2007_Constitution_of_Thailand#Chapter_4:_Duties_of_the_Thai_People" class="extiw" title="s:2007 Constitution of Thailand">Chapter 4 of the 2007 Constitution of Thailand</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/opinion/30353201">"Let's stop forcing boys to be soldiers"</a>. Opinion. The Nation. 29 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180828235424/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/opinion/30353201">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Let%27s+stop+forcing+boys+to+be+soldiers&rft.date=2018-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmultimedia.com%2Fdetail%2Fopinion%2F30353201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1434054/do-away-with-conscription">"Do away with conscription"</a>. Opinion. Bangkok Post. 24 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328150820/https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1434054/do-away-with-conscription">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 29 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Do+away+with+conscription&rft.date=2018-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fopinion%2Fopinion%2F1434054%2Fdo-away-with-conscription&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/politics/1505262/prawit-denies-servant-for-officer-policy">"Prawit denies servant for officer policy"</a>. Bangkok Post. 18 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328150838/https://ow.pubmatic.com/setuid?bidder=amx&uid=b79ee476-fd20-4793-9474-9de566f7904e&do=www.bangkokpost.com">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Prawit+denies+servant+for+officer+policy&rft.date=2018-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F1505262%2Fprawit-denies-servant-for-officer-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prachatai.com/english/node/7454">"Ex-private stands firm after being harassed online for criticising military"</a>. Pratchatai English. 3 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107021744/https://prachatai.com/english/node/7454">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pratchatai+English&rft.atitle=Ex-private+stands+firm+after+being+harassed+online+for+criticising+military&rft.date=2017-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprachatai.com%2Fenglish%2Fnode%2F7454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1506062/conscripts-arent-servants">"Conscripts aren't servants"</a>. Opinion. Bangkok Post. 19 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328150837/https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1506062/conscripts-arent-servants">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Conscripts+aren%27t+servants&rft.date=2018-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fopinion%2Fopinion%2F1506062%2Fconscripts-arent-servants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1884760/weeks-after-korat-massacre-amnesty-report-describes-conscript-abuses">"Weeks after Korat massacre, Amnesty report describes conscript abuses"</a>. Bangkok Post. Reuters. 23 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328151325/https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1884760/weeks-after-korat-massacre-amnesty-report-describes-conscript-abuses">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Weeks+after+Korat+massacre%2C+Amnesty+report+describes+conscript+abuses&rft.date=2020-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fthailand%2Fgeneral%2F1884760%2Fweeks-after-korat-massacre-amnesty-report-describes-conscript-abuses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asia_Sentinel_2017-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Asia_Sentinel_2017_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asia_Sentinel_2017_200-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asiasentinel.com/politics/thailand-military-deep-state/">"Thailand's Deep State—The Military"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asia_Sentinel" title="Asia Sentinel">Asia Sentinel</a>. 14 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114130725/https://www.asiasentinel.com/politics/thailand-military-deep-state/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Thailand%27s+Deep+State%E2%80%94The+Military&rft.date=2017-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiasentinel.com%2Fpolitics%2Fthailand-military-deep-state%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chiangraitimes.com/thailand-national-news/news-asia-thailand/thai-navy-accused-of-involvement-in-smuggling-rohingya-muslims/">"Thai Navy Accused of Involvement in Smuggling Rohingya Muslims"</a>. 19 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929171722/https://www.chiangraitimes.com/thailand-national-news/news-asia-thailand/thai-navy-accused-of-involvement-in-smuggling-rohingya-muslims/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thai+Navy+Accused+of+Involvement+in+Smuggling+Rohingya+Muslims&rft.date=2013-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chiangraitimes.com%2Fthailand-national-news%2Fnews-asia-thailand%2Fthai-navy-accused-of-involvement-in-smuggling-rohingya-muslims%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.posttoday.com/politic/news/426850">""บิ๊กติ๊ก"ตั้งลูก ติดยศทหาร อ้างให้งานทำ"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Post_Today" title="Post Today">Post Today</a>. 16 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620150611/https://www.posttoday.com/politic/news/426850">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Post+Today&rft.atitle=%22%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%81%22%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81+%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3+%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3&rft.date=2016-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.posttoday.com%2Fpolitic%2Fnews%2F426850&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/thai/senate-list-05142019154817.html">"Thai Junta Fills Senate with Military, Police Officers"</a>. benarnews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926050110/https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/thai/senate-list-05142019154817.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thai+Junta+Fills+Senate+with+Military%2C+Police+Officers&rft.pub=benarnews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.benarnews.org%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fthai%2Fsenate-list-05142019154817.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf">"2024 Global Peace Index"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2024+Global+Peace+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economicsandpeace.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F06%2FGPI-2024-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426213453/http://www.nesdb.go.th/ewt_dl_link.php?nid=7196&filename=ni_page"><bdi lang="th">รายได้ประชาชาติของประเทศไทย พ.ศ. ๒๕๕๙ แบบปริมาณลูกโซ่</bdi></a> (in Thai). <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_National_Economic_and_Social_Development_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board">Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nesdb.go.th/ewt_dl_link.php?nid=7196&filename=ni_page">the original</a> on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2+%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8.+%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%99+%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%88&rft.pub=Office+of+the+National+Economic+and+Social+Development+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nesdb.go.th%2Fewt_dl_link.php%3Fnid%3D7196%26filename%3Dni_page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NESDB_2561-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NESDB_2561_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NESDB_2561_206-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NESDB_2561_206-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NESDB_2561_206-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180427115757/http://www.nesdb.go.th/ewt_dl_link.php?nid=7384"><bdi lang="th">ภาวะเศรษฐกิจไทยไตรมาสที่สี่ ทั้งปี 2560 และแนวโน้มปี 2561</bdi></a> (in Thai). <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_National_Economic_and_Social_Development_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board">Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board</a>. 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nesdb.go.th/ewt_dl_link.php?nid=7384">the original</a> on 27 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88+%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5+2560+%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5+2561&rft.pub=Office+of+the+National+Economic+and+Social+Development+Board&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nesdb.go.th%2Fewt_dl_link.php%3Fnid%3D7384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NESDB_2560-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NESDB_2560_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NESDB_2560_207-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426213417/http://social.nesdb.go.th/social/Portals/0/Documents/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%20Q4-2560_final_1253.pdf"><bdi lang="th">ภาวะสังคมไทยไตรมาสสี่และภาพรวม ปี 2560</bdi></a> (PDF) (in Thai). <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_National_Economic_and_Social_Development_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board">Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://social.nesdb.go.th/social/Portals/0/Documents/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%20Q4-2560_final_1253.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1+%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5+2560&rft.pub=Office+of+the+National+Economic+and+Social+Development+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocial.nesdb.go.th%2Fsocial%2FPortals%2F0%2FDocuments%2F%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25A0%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25A1%2520Q4-2560_final_1253.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426213342/http://www.pdmo.go.th/export_pdf.php?m=money&ts2_id=1"><bdi lang="th">ข้อมูลหนี้สาธารณะคงค้าง</bdi></a> (in Thai). Public Debt Management Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pdmo.go.th/export_pdf.php?m=money&ts2_id=1">the original</a> on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87&rft.pub=Public+Debt+Management+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdmo.go.th%2Fexport_pdf.php%3Fm%3Dmoney%26ts2_id%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFเสรีวรวิทย์กุลรุ่งเจริญกิจกุล2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">เสรีวรวิทย์กุล, ชนาภรณ์; รุ่งเจริญกิจกุล, ภูริชัย (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211010031615/https://www.bot.or.th/Thai/MonetaryPolicy/ArticleAndResearch/WE_MPG/WE_MPG_July2554.pdf"><bdi lang="th">ฐานะทางการเงินของภาคครัวเรือนและผลของความมั่งคั่งต่อการบริโภค</bdi></a> (PDF) (in Thai). <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Thailand" title="Bank of Thailand">Bank of Thailand</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bot.or.th/Thai/MonetaryPolicy/ArticleAndResearch/WE_MPG/WE_MPG_July2554.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%84&rft.pub=Bank+of+Thailand&rft.date=2011-07&rft.aulast=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5&rft.aufirst=%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C&rft.au=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%2C+%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bot.or.th%2FThai%2FMonetaryPolicy%2FArticleAndResearch%2FWE_MPG%2FWE_MPG_July2554.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201230065601/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/208.html#TH">"GDP (PURCHASING POWER PARITY)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/208.html#TH">the original</a> on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDP+%28PURCHASING+POWER+PARITY%29&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F208.html%23TH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pattayamail.com/news/nesdb-thailand-facing-unemployment-problem-43104">"NESDB: Thailand facing unemployment problem"</a>. Pattaya Mail. 25 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150104034806/http://www.pattayamail.com/news/nesdb-thailand-facing-unemployment-problem-43104">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pattaya+Mail&rft.atitle=NESDB%3A+Thailand+facing+unemployment+problem&rft.date=2014-11-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pattayamail.com%2Fnews%2Fnesdb-thailand-facing-unemployment-problem-43104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Thailand-s-GDP-grows-at-fastest-pace-in-5-years-in-2017">"CThailand's GDP grows at fastest pace in 5 years in 2017"</a>. Nikkei Asian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200306223852/https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Thailand-s-GDP-grows-at-fastest-pace-in-5-years-in-2017">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CThailand%27s+GDP+grows+at+fastest+pace+in+5+years+in+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FEconomy%2FThailand-s-GDP-grows-at-fastest-pace-in-5-years-in-2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/thailand-raises-public-debt-ceiling-fight-covid-19-outbreak-2021-09-20/">"Thailand raises public debt ceiling to fight COVID-19 outbreak"</a>. Reuters. 20 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421145101/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/thailand-raises-public-debt-ceiling-fight-covid-19-outbreak-2021-09-20/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Thailand+raises+public+debt+ceiling+to+fight+COVID-19+outbreak&rft.date=2021-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2Fthailand-raises-public-debt-ceiling-fight-covid-19-outbreak-2021-09-20%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan2024" class="citation news cs1">Allan, Juan (3 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thailand-business-news.com/economics/134352-thailands-economy-lags-behind-peers-with-protracted-recovery">"Thailand's economy lags behind peers with protracted recovery - Thailand Business News"</a>. www.thailand-business-news.com. Retrieved 24 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.thailand-business-news.com&rft.atitle=Thailand%27s+economy+lags+behind+peers+with+protracted+recovery+-+Thailand+Business+News&rft.date=2024-04-03&rft.aulast=Allan&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thailand-business-news.com%2Feconomics%2F134352-thailands-economy-lags-behind-peers-with-protracted-recovery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarr" class="citation news cs1">Warr, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eastasiaforum.org/2024/01/25/thailands-economy-remains-beset-by-low-productivity-and-slow-growth/">"Thailand's economy remains beset by low productivity and slow growth"</a>. East Asia Forum. Retrieved 24 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Asia+Forum&rft.atitle=Thailand%27s+economy+remains+beset+by+low+productivity+and+slow+growth&rft.aulast=Warr&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feastasiaforum.org%2F2024%2F01%2F25%2Fthailands-economy-remains-beset-by-low-productivity-and-slow-growth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanchongduang2024" class="citation news cs1">Banchongduang, Somruedi (23 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/general/2834207/kiatnakin-phatra-research-potential-growth-rate-below-2-">"Kiatnakin Phatra Research: Potential growth rate below 2%"</a>. Bangkok Post. Retrieved 24 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Kiatnakin+Phatra+Research%3A+Potential+growth+rate+below+2%25&rft.date=2024-07-23&rft.aulast=Banchongduang&rft.aufirst=Somruedi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fbusiness%2Fgeneral%2F2834207%2Fkiatnakin-phatra-research-potential-growth-rate-below-2-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wealth_2016-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wealth_2016_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wealth_2016_217-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170515124834/http://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/index.cfm?fileid=AD783798-ED07-E8C2-4405996B5B02A32E">Global Wealth Report 2016</a>. Zurich: Credit Suisse AG. November 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/index.cfm?fileid=AD783798-ED07-E8C2-4405996B5B02A32E">the original</a> on 15 May 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Wealth+Report+2016&rft.place=Zurich&rft.pub=Credit+Suisse+AG&rft.date=2016-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.credit-suisse.com%2Ftasks%2Frender%2Ffile%2Findex.cfm%3Ffileid%3DAD783798-ED07-E8C2-4405996B5B02A32E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/IHDI">"Table 3: Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index"</a>. Human Development Report Office, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160129103442/http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/IHDI">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+3%3A+Inequality-adjusted+Human+Development+Index&rft.pub=Human+Development+Report+Office%2C+United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fcomposite%2FIHDI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSO_2560-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NSO_2560_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSO_2560_219-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426213254/http://www.nso.go.th/sites/2014/DocLib13/%e0%b8%94%e0%b9%89%e0%b8%b2%e0%b8%99%e0%b8%aa%e0%b8%b1%e0%b8%87%e0%b8%84%e0%b8%a1/%e0%b8%aa%e0%b8%b2%e0%b8%82%e0%b8%b2%e0%b8%a3%e0%b8%b2%e0%b8%a2%e0%b9%84%e0%b8%94%e0%b9%89/%e0%b9%80%e0%b8%a8%e0%b8%a3%e0%b8%a9%e0%b8%90%e0%b8%81%e0%b8%b4%e0%b8%88%e0%b8%aa%e0%b8%b1%e0%b8%87%e0%b8%84%e0%b8%a1%e0%b8%84%e0%b8%a3%e0%b8%b1%e0%b8%a7%e0%b9%80%e0%b8%a3%e0%b8%b7%e0%b8%ad%e0%b8%99/60/Sum_Eco-Socio60.pdf"><bdi lang="th">บทสรุปผู้บริหาร การสำรวจภาวะเศรษฐกิจและสังคมของครัวเรือน พ.ศ. 2560</bdi></a> (PDF) (in Thai). <a href="/wiki/National_Statistical_Office_(Thailand)" title="National Statistical Office (Thailand)">National Statistical Office</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nso.go.th/sites/2014/DocLib13/%e0%b8%94%e0%b9%89%e0%b8%b2%e0%b8%99%e0%b8%aa%e0%b8%b1%e0%b8%87%e0%b8%84%e0%b8%a1/%e0%b8%aa%e0%b8%b2%e0%b8%82%e0%b8%b2%e0%b8%a3%e0%b8%b2%e0%b8%a2%e0%b9%84%e0%b8%94%e0%b9%89/%e0%b9%80%e0%b8%a8%e0%b8%a3%e0%b8%a9%e0%b8%90%e0%b8%81%e0%b8%b4%e0%b8%88%e0%b8%aa%e0%b8%b1%e0%b8%87%e0%b8%84%e0%b8%a1%e0%b8%84%e0%b8%a3%e0%b8%b1%e0%b8%a7%e0%b9%80%e0%b8%a3%e0%b8%b7%e0%b8%ad%e0%b8%99/60/Sum_Eco-Socio60.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3+%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99+%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8.+2560&rft.pub=National+Statistical+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nso.go.th%2Fsites%2F2014%2FDocLib13%2F%25e0%25b8%2594%25e0%25b9%2589%25e0%25b8%25b2%25e0%25b8%2599%25e0%25b8%25aa%25e0%25b8%25b1%25e0%25b8%2587%25e0%25b8%2584%25e0%25b8%25a1%2F%25e0%25b8%25aa%25e0%25b8%25b2%25e0%25b8%2582%25e0%25b8%25b2%25e0%25b8%25a3%25e0%25b8%25b2%25e0%25b8%25a2%25e0%25b9%2584%25e0%25b8%2594%25e0%25b9%2589%2F%25e0%25b9%2580%25e0%25b8%25a8%25e0%25b8%25a3%25e0%25b8%25a9%25e0%25b8%2590%25e0%25b8%2581%25e0%25b8%25b4%25e0%25b8%2588%25e0%25b8%25aa%25e0%25b8%25b1%25e0%25b8%2587%25e0%25b8%2584%25e0%25b8%25a1%25e0%25b8%2584%25e0%25b8%25a3%25e0%25b8%25b1%25e0%25b8%25a7%25e0%25b9%2580%25e0%25b8%25a3%25e0%25b8%25b7%25e0%25b8%25ad%25e0%25b8%2599%2F60%2FSum_Eco-Socio60.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NESDB_2559-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NESDB_2559_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NESDB_2559_220-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NESDB_2559_220-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426213301/http://social.nesdb.go.th/social/Portals/0/PDF%20%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AF%202559.pdf"><bdi lang="th">รายงานการวิเคราะห์สถานการณ์ความยากจนและความเหลื่อมล้าในประเทศไทย ปี 2559</bdi></a> (PDF) (in Thai). <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_National_Economic_and_Social_Development_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board">Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board</a>. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://social.nesdb.go.th/social/Portals/0/PDF%20%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AF%202559.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2+%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5+2559&rft.pub=Office+of+the+National+Economic+and+Social+Development+Board&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocial.nesdb.go.th%2Fsocial%2FPortals%2F0%2FPDF%2520%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%2588%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25AF%25202559.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426213735/https://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/FinalSurveyReportDecember20.pdf">"Profile of the Protestors: A Survey of Pro and Anti-Government Demonstrators in Bangkok on November 30, 2013"</a> (PDF). Asia Foundation. December 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/FinalSurveyReportDecember20.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profile+of+the+Protestors%3A+A+Survey+of+Pro+and+Anti-Government+Demonstrators+in+Bangkok+on+November+30%2C+2013&rft.pub=Asia+Foundation&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasiafoundation.org%2Fresources%2Fpdfs%2FFinalSurveyReportDecember20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_2017-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2017_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2017_222-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2017_222-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2017_222-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2017_222-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFพงศ์พิพัฒน์_บัญชานนท์2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">พงศ์พิพัฒน์ บัญชานนท์ (18 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/thai/thailand-40317663"><bdi lang="th">ยิ่งนานยิ่งถ่าง ช่องว่างทางรายได้ ปัญหาใหญ่ที่รอ คสช. แก้</bdi></a>. BBC News ไทย (in Thai). <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> Thailand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180514163313/https://www.bbc.com/thai/thailand-40317663">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87+%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89+%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD+%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8A.+%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89&rft.date=2017-06-18&rft.au=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fthai%2Fthailand-40317663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prachachat.net/finance/news-376905">"แบงก์ชาติวิจัย "ไม่แข่ง-ยิ่งแพ้" เมื่อบริษัทใหญ่ 5% ครองรายได้ 85%"</a>. Prachachat (in Thai). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421142949/https://www.prachachat.net/finance/news-376905">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prachachat&rft.atitle=%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2+%22%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87-%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%89%22+%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88+5%25+%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89+85%25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prachachat.net%2Ffinance%2Fnews-376905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArunmas2022" class="citation news cs1">Arunmas, Phusadee (26 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/2377191/thai-household-debt-surges-reaching-a-16-year-climax">"Thai household debt surges, reaching a 16-year climax"</a>. Bangkok Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328151412/https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/2377191/thai-household-debt-surges-reaching-a-16-year-climax">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 21 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Thai+household+debt+surges%2C+reaching+a+16-year+climax&rft.date=2022-08-26&rft.aulast=Arunmas&rft.aufirst=Phusadee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fbusiness%2F2377191%2Fthai-household-debt-surges-reaching-a-16-year-climax&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.posttoday.com/social/PR/498823"><bdi lang="th">สสส. เผยสถานการณ์คนไร้บ้าน ทั่วประเทศกว่า 3 หมื่นคน</bdi></a>. posttoday.com (in Thai). 16 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107015321/https://www.posttoday.com/social/PR/498823">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=posttoday.com&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AA.+%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99+%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2+3+%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99&rft.date=2017-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.posttoday.com%2Fsocial%2FPR%2F498823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aseanstats.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ASH-2023-v1.pdf">"Asean Statistical Highlights 2023"</a> (PDF). ASEAN Centre for Energy: 4. 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ASEAN+Centre+for+Energy&rft.atitle=Asean+Statistical+Highlights+2023&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aseanstats.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F10%2FASH-2023-v1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantivimolnat2012" class="citation journal cs1">Santivimolnat, Santan (18 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/business/economics/308171/2-million-milestone-edges-nearer">"2-million milestone edges nearer"</a>. Bangkok Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=2-million+milestone+edges+nearer&rft.date=2012-08-18&rft.aulast=Santivimolnat&rft.aufirst=Santan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomics%2F308171%2F2-million-milestone-edges-nearer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanguepin2013" class="citation news cs1">Languepin, Olivier (3 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115152809/http://thailand-business-news.com/business/43750-thailand-poised-to-surpass-car-production-target">"Thailand poised to Surpass Car Production target"</a>. Thailand Business News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thailand-business-news.com/business/43750-thailand-poised-to-surpass-car-production-target">the original</a> on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thailand+Business+News&rft.atitle=Thailand+poised+to+Surpass+Car+Production+target&rft.date=2013-01-03&rft.aulast=Languepin&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthailand-business-news.com%2Fbusiness%2F43750-thailand-poised-to-surpass-car-production-target&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OICA_2013-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OICA_2013_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OICA_2013_229-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106174001/http://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/">"Production Statistics"</a>. OICA (International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/">the original</a> on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Production+Statistics&rft.pub=OICA+%28International+Organization+of+Motor+Vehicle+Manufacturers%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foica.net%2Fcategory%2Fproduction-statistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Takahashi_2014-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Takahashi_2014_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Takahashi_2014_230-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakahashi2014" class="citation news cs1">Takahashi, Toru (27 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asia.nikkei.com/magazine/20141127-Abenomics-on-the-ballot/Business/Thailand-s-love-affair-with-the-pickup-truck">"Thailand's love affair with the pickup truck"</a>. Nikkei Asian Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103135212/http://asia.nikkei.com/magazine/20141127-Abenomics-on-the-ballot/Business/Thailand-s-love-affair-with-the-pickup-truck">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asian+Review&rft.atitle=Thailand%27s+love+affair+with+the+pickup+truck&rft.date=2014-11-27&rft.aulast=Takahashi&rft.aufirst=Toru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2Fmagazine%2F20141127-Abenomics-on-the-ballot%2FBusiness%2FThailand-s-love-affair-with-the-pickup-truck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinlay2012" class="citation web cs1">Finlay, Steve (6 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wardsauto.com/industry/pickup-trucks-reign-thailand">"Pickup Trucks Reign in Thailand"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ward%27s" title="Ward's">Ward's</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190605223447/https://www.wardsauto.com/industry/pickup-trucks-reign-thailand">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pickup+Trucks+Reign+in+Thailand&rft.pub=Ward%27s&rft.date=2012-07-06&rft.aulast=Finlay&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wardsauto.com%2Findustry%2Fpickup-trucks-reign-thailand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18111%2Fwtobarometereng.2020.18.1.7">"UNWTO World Tourism Barometer and Statistical Annex, December 2020 | World Tourism Organization"</a>. UNWTO World Tourism Barometer (English Version). 18 (7): 1–36. 18 December 2020. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18111%2Fwtobarometereng.2020.18.1.7">10.18111/wtobarometereng.2020.18.1.7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241989515">241989515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UNWTO+World+Tourism+Barometer+%28English+Version%29&rft.atitle=UNWTO+World+Tourism+Barometer+and+Statistical+Annex%2C+December+2020+%7C+World+Tourism+Organization&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1-36&rft.date=2020-12-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18111%2Fwtobarometereng.2020.18.1.7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241989515%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18111%252Fwtobarometereng.2020.18.1.7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/politics/666028/government-moves-to-head-off-tourist-fears">"Government moves to head off tourist fears"</a>. Bangkok Post. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Government+moves+to+head+off+tourist+fears&rft.date=2015-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F666028%2Fgovernment-moves-to-head-off-tourist-fears&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319212933/http://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic%20impact%20research/country%20reports/thailand2014.pdf">Travel and Tourism, Economic Impact 2014: Thailand</a> (PDF) (2014 ed.). London: World Travel & Tourism Council. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic%20impact%20research/country%20reports/thailand2014.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travel+and+Tourism%2C+Economic+Impact+2014%3A+Thailand&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2014&rft.pub=World+Travel+%26+Tourism+Council&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wttc.org%2F-%2Fmedia%2Ffiles%2Freports%2Feconomic%2520impact%2520research%2Fcountry%2520reports%2Fthailand2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amazing-thailand.com/Police.html">Tourist Police in Thailand</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080703161503/http://www.amazing-thailand.com/Police.html">Archived</a> 3 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Amazing-Thailand.com. Retrieved 16 September 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mymeditravel.com/guide/medical-tourism-in-thailand">"Medical Tourism in Thailand"</a>. MyMediTravel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190218141716/https://www.mymeditravel.com/guide/medical-tourism-in-thailand">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medical+Tourism+in+Thailand&rft.pub=MyMediTravel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mymeditravel.com%2Fguide%2Fmedical-tourism-in-thailand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200516071216/https://wttc.org/en-gb/Research/Insights">"Medical Tourism Report"</a>. WTTC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wttc.org/en-gb/Research/Insights">the original</a> on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medical+Tourism+Report&rft.pub=WTTC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwttc.org%2Fen-gb%2FResearch%2FInsights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> Chokrungvaranont, Prayuth, Gennaro Selvaggi, Sirachai Jindarak, Apichai Angspatt, Pornthep Pungrasmi, Poonpismai Suwajo, and Preecha Tiewtranon. "The Development of Sex Reassignment Surgery in Thailand: A Social Perspective". The Scientific World Journal. Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2014. Web. 23 March 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> Ocha, Witchayanee. "Transsexual emergence: gender variant identities in Thailand". Culture, Health & Sexuality14.5 (2012): 563–575. Web. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/11/26/1069825832486.html?oneclick=true">Thailand mulls legal prostitution.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110708072241/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/11/26/1069825832486.html?oneclick=true">Archived</a> 8 July 2011 at Wikiwix <a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a>, 26 November 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2006" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Lorna (25 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2006/01/25/2003290710/4">"Paradise Revealed"</a>. Taipei Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141202022539/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2006/01/25/2003290710/4">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Paradise+Revealed&rft.date=2006-01-25&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Lorna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ffeat%2Farchives%2F2006%2F01%2F25%2F2003290710%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leturque_2010-242">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leturque_2010_242-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leturque_2010_242-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leturque_2010_242-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leturque_2010_242-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leturque_2010_242-4">e</a> Henri Leturque and Steve Wiggins 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5108&title=thailands-progress-agriculture-transition-sustained-productivity-growth">Thailand's progress in agriculture: Transition and sustained productivity growth</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427222924/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5108&title=thailands-progress-agriculture-transition-sustained-productivity-growth">Archived</a> 27 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Development Institute">Overseas Development Institute</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> International Grains Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igc.int/en/downloads/gmrsummary/gmrsumme.pdf">"Grain Market Report (GMR444)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140702110607/http://www.igc.int/en/downloads/gmrsummary/gmrsumme.pdf">Archived</a> 2 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, London, 14 May 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326095031/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2097.html">"CIA World Factbook – Greater Mekong Subregion"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2097.html">the original</a> on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Greater+Mekong+Subregion&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2097.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080327095326/http://www.irri.org/science/cnyinfo/thailand.asp">"Rice Around The World. Thailand"</a>. Irri.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irri.org/science/cnyinfo/thailand.asp">the original</a> on 27 March 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rice+Around+The+World.+Thailand&rft.pub=Irri.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irri.org%2Fscience%2Fcnyinfo%2Fthailand.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Global_Footprint_Network-246">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Footprint_Network_246-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Footprint_Network_246-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=216&type=BCpc,EFCpc">"Country Trends"</a>. Global Footprint Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808050235/http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=216&type=BCpc,EFCpc">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Trends&rft.pub=Global+Footprint+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.footprintnetwork.org%2F%23%2FcountryTrends%3Fcn%3D216%26type%3DBCpc%2CEFCpc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinHanscomMurthyGalli2018" class="citation journal cs1">Lin, David; Hanscom, Laurel; Murthy, Adeline; Galli, Alessandro; Evans, Mikel; Neill, Evan; Mancini, Maria Serena; Martindill, Jon; Medouar, Fatime-Zahra; Huang, Shiyu; Wackernagel, Mathis (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fresources7030058">"Ecological Footprint Accounting for Countries: Updates and Results of the National Footprint Accounts, 2012–2018"</a>. Resources. 7 (3): 58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fresources7030058">10.3390/resources7030058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resources&rft.atitle=Ecological+Footprint+Accounting+for+Countries%3A+Updates+and+Results+of+the+National+Footprint+Accounts%2C+2012%E2%80%932018&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=58&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fresources7030058&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Hanscom%2C+Laurel&rft.au=Murthy%2C+Adeline&rft.au=Galli%2C+Alessandro&rft.au=Evans%2C+Mikel&rft.au=Neill%2C+Evan&rft.au=Mancini%2C+Maria+Serena&rft.au=Martindill%2C+Jon&rft.au=Medouar%2C+Fatime-Zahra&rft.au=Huang%2C+Shiyu&rft.au=Wackernagel%2C+Mathis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fresources7030058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-248">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_248-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_248-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_248-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKongtipNankongnabChaikittipornLaohaudomchok2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kongtip, Pornpimol; Nankongnab, Noppanun; Chaikittiporn, Chalermchai; Laohaudomchok, Wisanti; Woskie, Susan; Slatin, Craig (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5812466">"Informal Workers in Thailand: Occupational Health and Social Security Disparities"</a>. New Solutions. 25 (2): 189–211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1048291115586036">10.1177/1048291115586036</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1048-2911">1048-2911</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5812466">5812466</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25995374">25995374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Solutions&rft.atitle=Informal+Workers+in+Thailand%3A+Occupational+Health+and+Social+Security+Disparities&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189-211&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5812466%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1048-2911&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25995374&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1048291115586036&rft.aulast=Kongtip&rft.aufirst=Pornpimol&rft.au=Nankongnab%2C+Noppanun&rft.au=Chaikittiporn%2C+Chalermchai&rft.au=Laohaudomchok%2C+Wisanti&rft.au=Woskie%2C+Susan&rft.au=Slatin%2C+Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5812466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBales1999" class="citation book cs1">Bales, Kevin (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/disposablepeople00bale_0">Disposable People : New Slavery in the Global Economy</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520217973" title="Special:BookSources/9780520217973"><bdi>9780520217973</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disposable+People+%3A+New+Slavery+in+the+Global+Economy&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780520217973&rft.aulast=Bales&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdisposablepeople00bale_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guille_2014-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guille_2014_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guille_2014_250-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuille2014" class="citation journal cs1">Guille, Howard (2014). "Reforming Asian Labor Systems: Economic Tensions and Worker Dissent". Asian Studies Review. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Reforming+Asian+Labor+Systems%3A+Economic+Tensions+and+Worker+Dissent&rft.volume=39&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Guille&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarunsiri2011" class="citation web cs1">Warunsiri, Sasiwimon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190411211727/http://www.ipedr.com/vol4/89-F10110.pdf">"The Role of Informal Sector in Thailand"</a> (PDF). Research Institute for Policy Evaluation and Design. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipedr.com/vol4/89-F10110.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+Institute+for+Policy+Evaluation+and+Design&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Informal+Sector+in+Thailand&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Warunsiri&rft.aufirst=Sasiwimon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipedr.com%2Fvol4%2F89-F10110.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoorlim2014" class="citation web cs1">Coorlim, Leif (20 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2014/06/20/us/human-trafficking-report/index.html">"U.S. human trafficking report drops four nations to lowest tier"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220523102719/https://www.cnn.com/2014/06/20/us/human-trafficking-report/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+human+trafficking+report+drops+four+nations+to+lowest+tier&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2014-06-20&rft.aulast=Coorlim&rft.aufirst=Leif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2014%2F06%2F20%2Fus%2Fhuman-trafficking-report%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodalKelly2014" class="citation news cs1">Hodal, Kate; Kelly, Chris (10 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jun/10/-sp-migrant-workers-new-life-enslaved-thai-fishing">"Trafficked into slavery on Thai trawlers to catch food for prawns"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 22 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Trafficked+into+slavery+on+Thai+trawlers+to+catch+food+for+prawns&rft.date=2014-06-10&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Hodal&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2014%2Fjun%2F10%2F-sp-migrant-workers-new-life-enslaved-thai-fishing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/">Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship</a>. World Intellectual Property Organization. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024%3A+Unlocking+the+Promise+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.50062&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3681-2&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS">"Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)"</a>. World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190519013757/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+and+development+expenditure+%28%25+of+GDP%29&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FGB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nxpo.or.th/th/en/7981/">"Results of survey on R&D expenditure and manpower in 2019 announced"</a>. Office of National Higher Education Science Research and Innovation Policy Council |. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221025042537/https://www.nxpo.or.th/th/en/7981/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2022. Retrieved 25 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+National+Higher+Education+Science+Research+and+Innovation+Policy+Council+%7C&rft.atitle=Results+of+survey+on+R%26D+expenditure+and+manpower+in+2019+announced&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nxpo.or.th%2Fth%2Fen%2F7981%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThongkamkoon2017" class="citation web cs1">Thongkamkoon, Chaiwat (17 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.otp.go.th/uploads/tiny_uploads/PDF/2560-11/25601124-RaiwalDevOTP.pdf">"25601124-RaiwalDevOTP.pdf"</a> (PDF). Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning. Retrieved 3 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+Transport+and+Traffic+Policy+and+Planning&rft.atitle=25601124-RaiwalDevOTP.pdf&rft.date=2017-11-17&rft.aulast=Thongkamkoon&rft.aufirst=Chaiwat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.otp.go.th%2Fuploads%2Ftiny_uploads%2FPDF%2F2560-11%2F25601124-RaiwalDevOTP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThongkamkoon" class="citation web cs1">Thongkamkoon, Chaiwat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boi.go.th/upload/content/Infrastructure%20Development%20Plan%20by%20Mr.%20Chaiwat%20Thongkamkoon%20(EN)_5b7f83df1eff2.pdf">"PowerPoint Presentation"</a> (PDF). Thailand Board of Investment. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240103133819/https://www.boi.go.th/upload/content/Infrastructure%20Development%20Plan%20by%20Mr.%20Chaiwat%20Thongkamkoon%20(EN)_5b7f83df1eff2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thailand+Board+of+Investment&rft.atitle=PowerPoint+Presentation&rft.aulast=Thongkamkoon&rft.aufirst=Chaiwat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boi.go.th%2Fupload%2Fcontent%2FInfrastructure%2520Development%2520Plan%2520by%2520Mr.%2520Chaiwat%2520Thongkamkoon%2520%28EN%29_5b7f83df1eff2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalaitham2013" class="citation journal cs1">Malaitham, Sathita (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/180485/2/dkogk03781.pdf">"A Study Of Urban Rail Transit Development Effects In Bangkok Metropolitan Region"</a> (PDF). Kyoto University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyoto+University&rft.atitle=A+Study+Of+Urban+Rail+Transit+Development+Effects+In+Bangkok+Metropolitan+Region&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Malaitham&rft.aufirst=Sathita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F2433%2F180485%2F2%2Fdkogk03781.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-adjustplan-260"><a href="#cite_ref-adjustplan_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110102075809/http://www.otp.go.th/th/Bkk_mrt/adjustplan.php"><bdi lang="th">เส้นทางปรับแผนรถไฟฟ้า</bdi></a>. Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan in Bangkok Metropolitan Region website (in Thai). Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.otp.go.th/th/Bkk_mrt/adjustplan.php">the original</a> on 2 January 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mass+Rapid+Transit+Master+Plan+in+Bangkok+Metropolitan+Region+website&rft.atitle=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.otp.go.th%2Fth%2FBkk_mrt%2Fadjustplan.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanssen2017" class="citation news cs1">Janssen, Peter (23 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Economy/Thailand-s-expanding-state-threatens-future-growth">"Thailand's expanding state 'threatens future growth'"</a>. Nikkei Asian Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20211124094900/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Economy/Thailand-s-expanding-state-threatens-future-growth">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asian+Review&rft.atitle=Thailand%27s+expanding+state+%27threatens+future+growth%27&rft.date=2017-01-23&rft.aulast=Janssen&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FPolitics-Economy%2FEconomy%2FThailand-s-expanding-state-threatens-future-growth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38660283">"Life and death on Thailand's lethal roads"</a>. BBC News. 19 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015221844/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38660283">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Life+and+death+on+Thailand%27s+lethal+roads&rft.date=2017-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-38660283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahittirook2016" class="citation news cs1">Mahittirook, Amornrat (7 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/business/tourism-and-transport/1128693/public-vans-likely-to-offer-10-fare-cut">"Public vans likely to offer 10% fare cut"</a>. Bangkok Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328151333/https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/general/1128693/public-vans-likely-to-offer-10-fare-cut">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 7 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Public+vans+likely+to+offer+10%25+fare+cut&rft.date=2016-11-07&rft.aulast=Mahittirook&rft.aufirst=Amornrat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fbusiness%2Ftourism-and-transport%2F1128693%2Fpublic-vans-likely-to-offer-10-fare-cut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1575514/the-meter-is-ticking">"The meter is ticking"</a>. Opinion. Bangkok Post. 14 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606194211/https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1575514/the-meter-is-ticking">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=The+meter+is+ticking&rft.date=2018-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fopinion%2Fopinion%2F1575514%2Fthe-meter-is-ticking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fnm2024.com/getting-there/bangkok-suvarnabhumi-airport/">"Bangkok Suvarnabhumi Airport – FNM2024"</a>. Retrieved 19 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bangkok+Suvarnabhumi+Airport+%E2%80%93+FNM2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fnm2024.com%2Fgetting-there%2Fbangkok-suvarnabhumi-airport%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Energy_2013-266">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Energy_2013_266-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Energy_2013_266-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150104014043/http://www.energyxxi.org/sites/default/files/pdf/InternationalIndex-Final2013.pdf">"International Index of Energy Security Risk"</a> (PDF). Institute for 21st Century Energy. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.energyxxi.org/sites/default/files/pdf/InternationalIndex-Final2013.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+21st+Century+Energy&rft.atitle=International+Index+of+Energy+Security+Risk&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.energyxxi.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2FInternationalIndex-Final2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-267">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_267-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_267-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aseanenergy.sharepoint.com/PublicationLibrary/Forms/AllItems.aspx?id=%2FPublicationLibrary%2F2023%2F02%2E%20External%20Communications%2F04%2E%20Report%2FASEAN%20Oil%20and%20Gas%20Updates%202023%20%2Epdf&parent=%2FPublicationLibrary%2F2023%2F02%2E%20External%20Communications%2F04%2E%20Report&p=true&ga=1">"ASEAN Oil and Gas Updates 2023"</a>. ASEAN Centre for Energy. November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ASEAN+Centre+for+Energy&rft.atitle=ASEAN+Oil+and+Gas+Updates+2023&rft.date=2023-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faseanenergy.sharepoint.com%2FPublicationLibrary%2FForms%2FAllItems.aspx%3Fid%3D%252FPublicationLibrary%252F2023%252F02%252E%2520External%2520Communications%252F04%252E%2520Report%252FASEAN%2520Oil%2520and%2520Gas%2520Updates%25202023%2520%252Epdf%26parent%3D%252FPublicationLibrary%252F2023%252F02%252E%2520External%2520Communications%252F04%252E%2520Report%26p%3Dtrue%26ga%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enerdata.net/estore/country-profiles/thailand.html">"Thailand energy report"</a>. Enerdata. Energy Supply. December 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Enerdata&rft.atitle=Thailand+energy+report&rft.pages=Energy+Supply&rft.date=2023-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enerdata.net%2Festore%2Fcountry-profiles%2Fthailand.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climate-laws.org/document/alternative-energy-development-plan-2018-2037_c79f">"Alternative Energy Development Plan 2018-2037"</a>. Climate Change Laws of the World. 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climate+Change+Laws+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Alternative+Energy+Development+Plan+2018-2037&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimate-laws.org%2Fdocument%2Falternative-energy-development-plan-2018-2037_c79f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/th/pdf/2020/01/th-shifting-to-alternative-energy.pdf">"Shifting to alternative energy"</a> (PDF). KPMG Phoomchai Audit Co. LTD. January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KPMG+Phoomchai+Audit+Co.+LTD.&rft.atitle=Shifting+to+alternative+energy&rft.date=2020-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.kpmg.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fkpmg%2Fth%2Fpdf%2F2020%2F01%2Fth-shifting-to-alternative-energy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.who.int/countries/764#:~:text=number%20of%20people,Thailand,%202023">"Thailand"</a>. World Health Organization. Retrieved 22 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Thailand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.who.int%2Fcountries%2F764%23%3A~%3Atext%3Dnumber%2520of%2520people%2CThailand%2C%25202023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.nso.go.th/en/census/poph/prelim_e.htm">"The Population of Thailand from 1909 to 2000"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Statistical_Office_(Thailand)" title="National Statistical Office (Thailand)">National Statistical Office (Thailand)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230406/http://doc.nso.go.th/en/census/poph/prelim_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Population+of+Thailand+from+1909+to+2000&rft.pub=National+Statistical+Office+%28Thailand%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.nso.go.th%2Fen%2Fcensus%2Fpoph%2Fprelim_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nso.go.th/nsoweb/storage/title_presentation/2023/20230512163226_54316.pdf">"20230512163226_54316.pdf"</a> (PDF). National Statistical Office. 2012. p. 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101181315/https://www.nso.go.th/nsoweb/storage/title_presentation/2023/20230512163226_54316.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Statistical+Office&rft.atitle=20230512163226_54316.pdf&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nso.go.th%2Fnsoweb%2Fstorage%2Ftitle_presentation%2F2023%2F20230512163226_54316.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.arcgis.com/maps/esri::average-household-size-in-thailand/about">"Average Household Size in Thailand"</a>. hub.arcgis.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231214160537/https://hub.arcgis.com/maps/esri::average-household-size-in-thailand/about">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hub.arcgis.com&rft.atitle=Average+Household+Size+in+Thailand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhub.arcgis.com%2Fmaps%2Fesri%3A%3Aaverage-household-size-in-thailand%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2024" class="citation news cs1">Singh, Akanksha (3 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thailand-business-news.com/economics/142662-thailands-aging-population-hits-consumption-and-economic-growth">"Thailand's aging population hits consumption and economic growth - Thailand Business News"</a>. www.thailand-business-news.com. Retrieved 24 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.thailand-business-news.com&rft.atitle=Thailand%27s+aging+population+hits+consumption+and+economic+growth+-+Thailand+Business+News&rft.date=2024-06-03&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Akanksha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thailand-business-news.com%2Feconomics%2F142662-thailands-aging-population-hits-consumption-and-economic-growth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/thailand/#:~:text=Age%20structure,comparison%20ranking:%20189">"Thailand"</a>, The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 15 October 2024, retrieved 22 October 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Thailand&rft.date=2024-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fthailand%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAge%2520structure%2Ccomparison%2520ranking%3A%2520189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=TH">"Population total – Thailand"</a>. World Bank Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161013071134/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=TH">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+total+%E2%80%93+Thailand&rft.pub=World+Bank+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.POP.TOTL%3Flocations%3DTH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnolinguistic_2004-278">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnolinguistic_2004_278-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnolinguistic_2004_278-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009124208/http://www.newmandala.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Thailand-Ethnolinguistic-Maps.pdf">Ethnolinguistic Maps of Thailand</a> (PDF) (in Thai). Office of the National Culture Commission. 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newmandala.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Thailand-Ethnolinguistic-Maps.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnolinguistic+Maps+of+Thailand&rft.pub=Office+of+the+National+Culture+Commission&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newmandala.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F05%2FThailand-Ethnolinguistic-Maps.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuangthongkum2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theraphan_Luangthongkum" title="Theraphan Luangthongkum">Luangthongkum, Theraphan</a> (2007). "The Position of Non-Thai Languages in Thailand". Language, Nation and Development in Southeast Asia: 191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language%2C+Nation+and+Development+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.atitle=The+Position+of+Non-Thai+Languages+in+Thailand&rft.pages=191&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Luangthongkum&rft.aufirst=Theraphan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=84844">Thailand: Burmese migrant children missing out on education</a>. IRIN Asia. 15 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227185950/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=84844">Archived</a> 27 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGeown2006" class="citation news cs1">McGeown, Kate (14 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6176647.stm">"Hard lessons in expat paradise"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110609024025/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6176647.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 1 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hard+lessons+in+expat+paradise&rft.date=2006-12-14&rft.aulast=McGeown&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F6176647.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190612030327/https://foreignminister.gov.au/speeches/2008/080704_bangkok.html">"Speech to the Australian-Thai Chamber of Commerce"</a>. Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade. 3 July 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foreignminister.gov.au/speeches/2008/080704_bangkok.html">the original</a> on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Minister+for+Foreign+Affairs+and+Trade&rft.atitle=Speech+to+the+Australian-Thai+Chamber+of+Commerce&rft.date=2008-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforeignminister.gov.au%2Fspeeches%2F2008%2F080704_bangkok.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-283">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_283-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_283-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_283-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2009" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, M. Paul (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethnologuelangua0000unse_k9t5">Ethnologue : languages of the world</a> (16th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. pp. 529–533, 829–831. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55671-216-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55671-216-6"><bdi>978-1-55671-216-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnologue+%3A+languages+of+the+world&rft.place=Dallas%2C+Texas&rft.pages=529-533%2C+829-831&rft.edition=16th&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-55671-216-6&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=M.+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fethnologuelangua0000unse_k9t5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hartmann-284"><a href="#cite_ref-hartmann_284-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmann1986" class="citation cs2">Hartmann, John F. (1986), The spread of South Indic scripts in Southeast Asia, p. 8</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+spread+of+South+Indic+scripts+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009184727/http://www.rlpd.go.th/rlpdnew/images/rlpd_1/HRC/CERD%201_3.pdf">"CERD/C/THA/1-3"</a> (PDF). 5 October 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rlpd.go.th/rlpdnew/images/rlpd_1/HRC/CERD%201_3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CERD%2FC%2FTHA%2F1-3&rft.date=2011-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rlpd.go.th%2Frlpdnew%2Fimages%2Frlpd_1%2FHRC%2FCERD%25201_3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/TH/">"Thailand | Ethnologue Free"</a>. Ethnologue (Free All). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230309065755/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/TH/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue+%28Free+All%29&rft.atitle=Thailand+%7C+Ethnologue+Free&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FTH%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/">"The Global Religious Landscape"</a>. Pew Research Center. December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140828202350/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Religious+Landscape&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F12%2F18%2Fglobal-religious-landscape-exec%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGersonMallinger2011" class="citation book cs1">Gerson, Ruth; Mallinger, Stephen Mark (2011). Jews in Thailand. Bangkok: River Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-616-90895-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-616-90895-0-6"><bdi>978-616-90895-0-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+in+Thailand&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pub=River+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-616-90895-0-6&rft.aulast=Gerson&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft.au=Mallinger%2C+Stephen+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90155.htm">Thailand: International Religious Freedom Report 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191110084721/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90155.htm">Archived</a> 10 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom/thailand/">"2018 Report on International Religious Freedom: Thailand"</a>. US Department of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208143016/https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom/thailand/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=US+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=2018+Report+on+International+Religious+Freedom%3A+Thailand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Fthailand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thethaiger.com/news/national/no-alcohol-sales-today-makha-bucha-day-february-7-2020">"No alcohol sales today – Makha Bucha Day"</a>. Thaiger. 8 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328151332/https://thethaiger.com/news/national/no-alcohol-sales-today-makha-bucha-day-february-7-2020">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thaiger&rft.atitle=No+alcohol+sales+today+%E2%80%93+Makha+Bucha+Day&rft.date=2020-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthethaiger.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fno-alcohol-sales-today-makha-bucha-day-february-7-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elibrary.ksp.or.th/doc_num.php?explnum_id=4954">"Education Reform at the Ministry of Education Thailand"</a>. elibrary.ksp.or.th. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927003957/https://elibrary.ksp.or.th/doc_num.php?explnum_id=4954">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elibrary.ksp.or.th&rft.atitle=Education+Reform+at+the+Ministry+of+Education+Thailand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felibrary.ksp.or.th%2Fdoc_num.php%3Fexplnum_id%3D4954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://backoffice.onec.go.th/uploaded/Category/EngBook/SchoolReformPolicy-04-03-2011.pdf">"The Thailand Educational Reform Project"</a> (PDF). backoffice.onec.go.th. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231107091802/https://backoffice.onec.go.th/uploaded/Category/EngBook/SchoolReformPolicy-04-03-2011.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=backoffice.onec.go.th&rft.atitle=The+Thailand+Educational+Reform+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackoffice.onec.go.th%2Fuploaded%2FCategory%2FEngBook%2FSchoolReformPolicy-04-03-2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knoema.com/atlas/Thailand/topics/Education/Literacy/Youth-literacy-rate">"Thailand-Youth literacy rate"</a>. knoema. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304210909/https://knoema.com/atlas/Thailand/topics/Education/Literacy/Youth-literacy-rate">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thailand-Youth+literacy+rate&rft.pub=knoema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknoema.com%2Fatlas%2FThailand%2Ftopics%2FEducation%2FLiteracy%2FYouth-literacy-rate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoonyatus2023" class="citation news cs1">Boonyatus, Jeerapa (28 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thaipbsworld.com/voices-of-students-on-school-rules-and-uniforms/">"Voices of students on school rules and uniforms"</a>. Thai PBS World.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thai+PBS+World&rft.atitle=Voices+of+students+on+school+rules+and+uniforms&rft.date=2023-06-28&rft.aulast=Boonyatus&rft.aufirst=Jeerapa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thaipbsworld.com%2Fvoices-of-students-on-school-rules-and-uniforms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inceva.co.th/2013/03/thailand-provides-27231-schools-internet">"Thailand Provides 27,231 Schools With Internet"</a>. 11 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716224136/http://www.inceva.co.th/2013/03/thailand-provides-27231-schools-internet/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thailand+Provides+27%2C231+Schools+With+Internet&rft.date=2013-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inceva.co.th%2F2013%2F03%2Fthailand-provides-27231-schools-internet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMala2021" class="citation news cs1">Mala, Dumrongkiat (4 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2045015/covid-hinders-education-again">"Covid hinders education again"</a>. Bangkok Post. Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Covid+hinders+education+again&rft.date=2021-01-04&rft.aulast=Mala&rft.aufirst=Dumrongkiat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fthailand%2Fgeneral%2F2045015%2Fcovid-hinders-education-again&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020">"University Ranking"</a>. topuniversities. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201226033634/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+Ranking&rft.pub=topuniversities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Funiversity-rankings%2Fworld-university-rankings%2F2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuasuwan2018" class="citation journal cs1">Buasuwan, Prompilai (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FAEDS-07-2017-0072">"Rethinking Thai higher education for Thailand 4.0"</a>. Asian Education and Development Studies. 7 (2). emerald: 157–173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FAEDS-07-2017-0072">10.1108/AEDS-07-2017-0072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Education+and+Development+Studies&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Thai+higher+education+for+Thailand+4.0&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=157-173&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FAEDS-07-2017-0072&rft.aulast=Buasuwan&rft.aufirst=Prompilai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1108%252FAEDS-07-2017-0072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WENR_2018-300">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WENR_2018_300-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WENR_2018_300-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wenr.wes.org/2018/02/education-in-thailand-2">"Education in Thailand"</a>. WENR. 6 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919062516/https://wenr.wes.org/2018/02/education-in-thailand-2">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Education+in+Thailand&rft.pub=WENR&rft.date=2018-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwenr.wes.org%2F2018%2F02%2Feducation-in-thailand-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharassangsomboon2018" class="citation news cs1">Charassangsomboon, Varissara (17 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://govinsider.asia/intl-en/article/exclusive-thailand-education-inequality-teerakiat-jareonsettasin">"Exclusive: Thailand's plan to fight inequality in education"</a>. GovInsider. Retrieved 3 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GovInsider&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Thailand%27s+plan+to+fight+inequality+in+education&rft.date=2018-09-17&rft.aulast=Charassangsomboon&rft.aufirst=Varissara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgovinsider.asia%2Fintl-en%2Farticle%2Fexclusive-thailand-education-inequality-teerakiat-jareonsettasin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Draper_2012-302">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Draper_2012_302-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Draper_2012_302-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper2012" class="citation cs2">Draper, John (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asian-efl-journal.com/quarterly-journal/2012/12/01/revisiting-english-in-thailand/">"Revisiting English in Thailand"</a>, Asian EFL Journal, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 9–38, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1738-1460">1738-1460</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140312225048/http://asian-efl-journal.com/quarterly-journal/2012/12/01/revisiting-english-in-thailand/">archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+EFL+Journal&rft.atitle=Revisiting+English+in+Thailand&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=9-38&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1738-1460&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasian-efl-journal.com%2Fquarterly-journal%2F2012%2F12%2F01%2Frevisiting-english-in-thailand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOECD2013" class="citation cs2">OECD (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/dev/asia-pacific/Thailand.pdf">Structural Policy Country Notes: Thailand</a> (PDF), OECD, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140312224513/http://www.oecd.org/dev/asia-pacific/Thailand.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 March 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structural+Policy+Country+Notes%3A+Thailand&rft.pub=OECD&rft.date=2013&rft.au=OECD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fdev%2Fasia-pacific%2FThailand.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhaopa2012" class="citation news cs1">Khaopa, Wannapa (12 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Thai-students-drop-in-world-maths-and-science-stud-30195966.html">"Thai students drop in world maths and science study"</a>. The Nation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140312224452/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Thai-students-drop-in-world-maths-and-science-stud-30195966.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Thai+students+drop+in+world+maths+and+science+study&rft.date=2012-12-12&rft.aulast=Khaopa&rft.aufirst=Wannapa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmultimedia.com%2Fnational%2FThai-students-drop-in-world-maths-and-science-stud-30195966.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper2011" class="citation news cs1">Draper, John (12 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isaanrecord.com/2011/12/12/op-ed-solving-isaans-education-problem">"Solving Isaan's education problem"</a>. The Isaan Record. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130226030123/http://isaanrecord.com/2011/12/12/op-ed-solving-isaans-education-problem/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Solving+Isaan%27s+education+problem&rft.date=2011-12-12&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisaanrecord.com%2F2011%2F12%2F12%2Fop-ed-solving-isaans-education-problem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper2014" class="citation news cs1">Draper, John (21 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isaanrecord.com/2014/02/21/pisa-thailand-regional-breakdown-shows-inequalities-between-bangkok-and-upper-north-with-the-rest-of-thailand">"PISA Thailand regional breakdown shows inequalities between Bangkok and Upper North with the rest of Thailand"</a>. The Isaan Record. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140312225108/http://isaanrecord.com/2014/02/21/pisa-thailand-regional-breakdown-shows-inequalities-between-bangkok-and-upper-north-with-the-rest-of-thailand/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=PISA+Thailand+regional+breakdown+shows+inequalities+between+Bangkok+and+Upper+North+with+the+rest+of+Thailand&rft.date=2014-02-21&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisaanrecord.com%2F2014%2F02%2F21%2Fpisa-thailand-regional-breakdown-shows-inequalities-between-bangkok-and-upper-north-with-the-rest-of-thailand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2026031/english-skills-drop-again">"English skills drop again"</a>. Bangkok Post. 27 November 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=English+skills+drop+again&rft.date=2020-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fthailand%2Fgeneral%2F2026031%2Fenglish-skills-drop-again&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160558/http://www.mua.go.th/assets/img/pdf/61.10.26_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%202558-2560_V4.pdf">"สถิติอุดมศึกษา Higher Education Statistics 2558–2560"</a> (PDF). Office of The higher Education Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mua.go.th/assets/img/pdf/61.10.26_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%202558-2560_V4.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2+Higher+Education+Statistics+2558%E2%80%932560&rft.pub=Office+of+The+higher+Education+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mua.go.th%2Fassets%2Fimg%2Fpdf%2F61.10.26_%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%2596%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25B8%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B8%25B6%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A9%25E0%25B8%25B2%25202558-2560_V4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ghsindex.org/">"2019 Global Health Security Index"</a>. GHS INDEX. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803202057/https://www.ghsindex.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2019+Global+Health+Security+Index&rft.pub=GHS+INDEX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghsindex.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jointcommissioninternational.org/en/about-jci/accredited-organizations/#f:_Facet_Country=">"Search for JCI-Accredited Organizations"</a>. JCI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001181625/https://www.jointcommissioninternational.org/en/about-jci/accredited-organizations/#f:_Facet_Country=">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Search+for+JCI-Accredited+Organizations&rft.pub=JCI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jointcommissioninternational.org%2Fen%2Fabout-jci%2Faccredited-organizations%2F%23f%3A_Facet_Country%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinch2014" class="citation journal cs1">Finch, Steve (7 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3883860">"Thailand top destination for medical tourists"</a>. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 186 (1): E1–E2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1503%2Fcmaj.109-4655">10.1503/cmaj.109-4655</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3883860">3883860</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24246587">24246587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Medical+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=Thailand+top+destination+for+medical+tourists&rft.volume=186&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=E1-E2&rft.date=2014-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3883860%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24246587&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1503%2Fcmaj.109-4655&rft.aulast=Finch&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3883860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2023">"World malaria report 2023"</a>. World Health Organization. Design and layout by Claude Cardot, cover design by Lushomo: 22–23, 85. 20 November 2023. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-008617-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-008617-3"><bdi>978-92-4-008617-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=World+malaria+report+2023&rft.pages=22-23%2C+85&rft.date=2023-11-20&rft.isbn=978-92-4-008617-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fteams%2Fglobal-malaria-programme%2Freports%2Fworld-malaria-report-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMingchayPaitoonpongKawkitinarongOhata2024" class="citation journal cs1">Mingchay, Pichanon; Paitoonpong, Leilani; Kawkitinarong, Kamon; Ohata, Pirapon June; Suwanpimolkul, Gompol (20 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9401166">"Tuberculosis at a university hospital, Thailand: A surprising incidence of TB among a new generation of highly exposed health care workers who may be asymptomatic"</a>. PLOS ONE. 17 (8): e0273027. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0273027">10.1371/journal.pone.0273027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9401166">9401166</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36001595">36001595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Tuberculosis+at+a+university+hospital%2C+Thailand%3A+A+surprising+incidence+of+TB+among+a+new+generation+of+highly+exposed+health+care+workers+who+may+be+asymptomatic&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e0273027&rft.date=2024-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9401166%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36001595&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0273027&rft.aulast=Mingchay&rft.aufirst=Pichanon&rft.au=Paitoonpong%2C+Leilani&rft.au=Kawkitinarong%2C+Kamon&rft.au=Ohata%2C+Pirapon+June&rft.au=Suwanpimolkul%2C+Gompol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9401166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationthailand.com/thailand/general/40023780">"14,737 lives lost on Thai roads in 2022"</a>. nationthailand. 6 January 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationthailand&rft.atitle=14%2C737+lives+lost+on+Thai+roads+in+2022&rft.date=2023-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationthailand.com%2Fthailand%2Fgeneral%2F40023780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlamGoldschmidt2018" class="citation web cs1">Olam, Kocha; Goldschmidt, Debra (25 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2018/12/25/health/thailand-medical-marijuana-bn/index.html">"Thailand approves medical marijuana"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226030858/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/12/25/health/thailand-medical-marijuana-bn/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thailand+approves+medical+marijuana&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2018-12-25&rft.aulast=Olam&rft.aufirst=Kocha&rft.au=Goldschmidt%2C+Debra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2018%2F12%2F25%2Fhealth%2Fthailand-medical-marijuana-bn%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWongworakul2020" class="citation web cs1">Wongworakul, Eve (21 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/d0392aa1bf6a48659b9d15fc557f7a2e">"History of Pad Thai as a Symbol of Nationalism in Thailand"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ArcGIS" title="ArcGIS">arcgis.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240510003143/https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/d0392aa1bf6a48659b9d15fc557f7a2e">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arcgis.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Pad+Thai+as+a+Symbol+of+Nationalism+in+Thailand&rft.date=2020-12-21&rft.aulast=Wongworakul&rft.aufirst=Eve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstorymaps.arcgis.com%2Fstories%2Fd0392aa1bf6a48659b9d15fc557f7a2e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2004" class="citation journal cs1">Reynolds, E. Bruce (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23615170">"Phibun Songkhram and Thai Nationalism in the Fascist Era"</a>. European Journal of East Asian Studies. 3 (1). <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>: 99–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1570061033004686">10.1163/1570061033004686</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23615170">23615170</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240510003148/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23615170">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+East+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Phibun+Songkhram+and+Thai+Nationalism+in+the+Fascist+Era&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=99-134&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1570061033004686&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23615170%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=E.+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23615170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThepboriruk2019" class="citation journal cs1">Thepboriruk, Kanjana Hubik (August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/231696876.pdf">"Dear Thai Sisters: Propaganda, Fashion, and the Corporeal Nation under Phibunsongkhram"</a> (PDF). Southeast Asian Studies. 8 (2): 233–258. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240510003143/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/231696876.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Dear+Thai+Sisters%3A+Propaganda%2C+Fashion%2C+and+the+Corporeal+Nation+under+Phibunsongkhram&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=233-258&rft.date=2019-08&rft.aulast=Thepboriruk&rft.aufirst=Kanjana+Hubik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F231696876.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray_L_Weidenbaum1996" class="citation book cs1">Murray L Weidenbaum (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bamboonetworkhow00weid">The Bamboo Network: How Expatriate Chinese Entrepreneurs are Creating a New Economic Superpower in Asia</a>. Martin Kessler Books, Free Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bamboonetworkhow00weid/page/4">4</a>–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82289-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82289-1"><bdi>978-0-684-82289-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bamboo+Network%3A+How+Expatriate+Chinese+Entrepreneurs+are+Creating+a+New+Economic+Superpower+in+Asia&rft.pages=4-8&rft.pub=Martin+Kessler+Books%2C+Free+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-684-82289-1&rft.au=Murray+L+Weidenbaum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbamboonetworkhow00weid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.cornell.edu/cornellmasterclassinbangkok/2012/02/26/thai-hospitality-its-reputation-and-culture/">"Thai Hospitality: Its Reputation and Culture | MMH in Asia Master Class in Bangkok"</a>. blogs.cornell.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101202257/https://blogs.cornell.edu/cornellmasterclassinbangkok/2012/02/26/thai-hospitality-its-reputation-and-culture/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.cornell.edu&rft.atitle=Thai+Hospitality%3A+Its+Reputation+and+Culture+%7C+MMH+in+Asia+Master+Class+in+Bangkok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.cornell.edu%2Fcornellmasterclassinbangkok%2F2012%2F02%2F26%2Fthai-hospitality-its-reputation-and-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmutkupt1976" class="citation thesis cs1">Smutkupt, Suriya (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3592&context=open_access_etds">A Descriptive Study of Thai Nonverbal Communication</a> (Thesis). Portland State University. pp. 4, 31–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15760%2Fetd.2584">10.15760/etd.2584</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240218163745/https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3592&context=open_access_etds">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+Descriptive+Study+of+Thai+Nonverbal+Communication&rft.inst=Portland+State+University&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15760%2Fetd.2584&rft.aulast=Smutkupt&rft.aufirst=Suriya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdxscholar.library.pdx.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D3592%26context%3Dopen_access_etds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buddhist_Arts_of_Thailand-322">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buddhist_Arts_of_Thailand_322-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buddhist_Arts_of_Thailand_322-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/budartthai2.pdf">"Buddhist Arts of Thailand"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211220801/http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/budartthai2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Arts+of+Thailand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhanet.net%2Fpdf_file%2Fbudartthai2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPCL" class="citation news cs1">PCL, Post Publishing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/travel/sightseeing/26933/wat-borommaniwat">"Wat Borommaniwat"</a>. Bangkok Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Wat+Borommaniwat&rft.aulast=PCL&rft.aufirst=Post+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Ftravel%2Fsightseeing%2F26933%2Fwat-borommaniwat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213140750/http://www.finearts.go.th/olddata/files/01_Knowledge_1-3.pdf">"โครงการจักทำองค์ความรู้ด้านการสำรวจสถาปัตยกรรมเพื่อการอนุรักษ์โบราณสถาน"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Fine_Arts_Department" title="Fine Arts Department">Fine Arts Department</a>, Ministry of Culture(Thailand). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finearts.go.th/olddata/files/01_Knowledge_1-3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99&rft.pub=Fine+Arts+Department%2C+Ministry+of+Culture%28Thailand%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finearts.go.th%2Folddata%2Ffiles%2F01_Knowledge_1-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200617135050/http://www.elca.ssru.ac.th/suriyun_ch/pluginfile.php/132/block_html/content/009%20%20%20%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A.pdf">"วัด"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elca.ssru.ac.th/suriyun_ch/pluginfile.php/132/block_html/content/009%20%20%20%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elca.ssru.ac.th%2Fsuriyun_ch%2Fpluginfile.php%2F132%2Fblock_html%2Fcontent%2F009%2520%2520%2520%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%259A.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerwiel2007" class="citation conference cs1">Terwiel, Barend Jan (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9903229">Using Ockham's Razor with respect to the Ram Khamhaeng Controversy</a>. "Breaking the Bonds" Hamburg 24–26 November 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220530042606/https://www.academia.edu/9903229">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Using+Ockham%27s+Razor+with+respect+to+the+Ram+Khamhaeng+Controversy&rft.date=2007-01&rft.aulast=Terwiel&rft.aufirst=Barend+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9903229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Thai-literature">"Thai literature"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019151510/https://www.britannica.com/art/Thai-literature">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thai+literature&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FThai-literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://so07.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/HUSO-J/article/view/2936/3101">"การสร้างสรรค์ภาพประกอบศิลปะดิจิทัล: ภาพเย่เนี่เยอ บทแห่งชมกนในพระนิพนธ์เจ้าฟ้าธรรมธิเบศร (เจ้าฟ้ากุ้ง)"</a> [Digital Art Illustration Creation: Ye Nie Ye, the Chapter of Chomkan in the writings of Prince Dharma Thibesra (Prince Kung)]. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University (in Thai). 14 (2). 9 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Humanities+and+Social+Sciences+Nakhon+Pathom+Rajabhat+University&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%3A+%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD+%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3+%28%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%29&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2024-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fso07.tci-thaijo.org%2Findex.php%2FHUSO-J%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2936%2F3101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Embassy-329">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Embassy_329-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Embassy_329-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thaiembassy.org/lima/en/thai-people/7305/79482-Literature-and-Performances.html">"Culture Overview : Literature and Performances"</a>. thaiembassy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Culture+Overview+%3A+Literature+and+Performances&rft.pub=thaiembassy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thaiembassy.org%2Flima%2Fen%2Fthai-people%2F7305%2F79482-Literature-and-Performances.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScrima2019" class="citation journal cs1">Scrima, Andrea (April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brooklynrail.org/2019/04/books/Duanwad-Pimwana-and-Mui-Poopoksakul-with-Andrea-Scrima">"Duanwad Pimwana and Mui Poopoksakul with Andrea Scrima"</a>. The Brooklyn Rail. Retrieved 7 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Rail&rft.atitle=Duanwad+Pimwana+and+Mui+Poopoksakul+with+Andrea+Scrima&rft.date=2019-04&rft.aulast=Scrima&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrooklynrail.org%2F2019%2F04%2Fbooks%2FDuanwad-Pimwana-and-Mui-Poopoksakul-with-Andrea-Scrima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200203174740/https://www.thai2siam.com/thai-traditional-dances">"Thai Traditional Dances – Dance costume Thailand"</a>. Thai to Siam. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thai2siam.com/thai-traditional-dances">the original</a> on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thai+Traditional+Dances+%E2%80%93+Dance+costume+Thailand&rft.pub=Thai+to+Siam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thai2siam.com%2Fthai-traditional-dances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuffeyKaewkaen2017" class="citation journal cs1">Guffey, Ryan V.; Kaewkaen, Anothai (1 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.lindenwood.edu/ela/vol5/iss1/3">"Historical Practices and Modern Interpretations: Understanding the Wai Khru Ceremony as a Thai Educational and Cultural Tradition"</a>. Journal of Educational Leadership in Action. 5 (1). Wai Khru: Guide to Rites and Symbolism. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.62608%2F2164-1102.1049">10.62608/2164-1102.1049</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2164-1102">2164-1102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Educational+Leadership+in+Action&rft.atitle=Historical+Practices+and+Modern+Interpretations%3A+Understanding+the+Wai+Khru+Ceremony+as+a+Thai+Educational+and+Cultural+Tradition&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=Wai+Khru%3A+Guide+to+Rites+and+Symbolism&rft.date=2017-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.62608%2F2164-1102.1049&rft.issn=2164-1102&rft.aulast=Guffey&rft.aufirst=Ryan+V.&rft.au=Kaewkaen%2C+Anothai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.lindenwood.edu%2Fela%2Fvol5%2Fiss1%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangRoongruang2022" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Mi; Roongruang, Panya (30 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ajrc/article/view/256015">"The Mahori Music At Bangkok Thonburi University"</a>. Asia Pacific Journal of Religions and Cultures. 6 (1): 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Pacific+Journal+of+Religions+and+Cultures&rft.atitle=The+Mahori+Music+At+Bangkok+Thonburi+University&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51&rft.date=2022-05-30&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Mi&rft.au=Roongruang%2C+Panya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fso06.tci-thaijo.org%2Findex.php%2Fajrc%2Farticle%2Fview%2F256015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRithdee2015" class="citation news cs1">Rithdee, Kong (23 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/arts-and-entertainment/740772/expanding-the-asean-screen">"Expanding the Asean screen"</a>. Bangkok Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210161236/https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/arts-and-entertainment/740772/expanding-the-asean-screen">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Expanding+the+Asean+screen&rft.date=2015-10-23&rft.aulast=Rithdee&rft.aufirst=Kong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Flife%2Farts-and-entertainment%2F740772%2Fexpanding-the-asean-screen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/thai-films-get-action-133270">"Thai films get in on the action"</a>. The Hollywood Reporter. 3 April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200911145033/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/thai-films-get-action-133270">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Thai+films+get+in+on+the+action&rft.date=2007-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fthai-films-get-action-133270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-trends/Thai-wave-showbiz-faces-golden-opportunity-to-court-Chinese-market">"'Thai wave' in showbiz poised for big splash in China"</a>. NIKKEI Asian Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603095710/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-trends/Thai-wave-showbiz-faces-golden-opportunity-to-court-Chinese-market">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Thai+wave%27+in+showbiz+poised+for+big+splash+in+China&rft.pub=NIKKEI+Asian+Review&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FBusiness%2FBusiness-trends%2FThai-wave-showbiz-faces-golden-opportunity-to-court-Chinese-market&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/markets-leading-expansion-southeast-asian-cinema-1211133/item/cannes-spotlight-southeast-asia-singapore-1211134">"From Singapore to Malaysia: Markets Leading the Expansion of Southeast Asian Cinema"</a>. The Hollywood Reporter. 16 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200911145002/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/markets-leading-expansion-southeast-asian-cinema-1211133/item/cannes-spotlight-southeast-asia-singapore-1211134">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=From+Singapore+to+Malaysia%3A+Markets+Leading+the+Expansion+of+Southeast+Asian+Cinema&rft.date=2019-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Flists%2Fmarkets-leading-expansion-southeast-asian-cinema-1211133%2Fitem%2Fcannes-spotlight-southeast-asia-singapore-1211134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheck2008" class="citation news cs1">Scheck, Frank (24 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200915003528/https://uk.reuters.com/article/film-film-shutter-dc/shutter-a-bland-horror-remake-idUKN2313717520080324">""Shutter" a bland horror remake"</a>. Reuters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.reuters.com/article/film-film-shutter-dc/shutter-a-bland-horror-remake-idUKN2313717520080324">the original</a> on 15 September 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=%22Shutter%22+a+bland+horror+remake&rft.date=2008-03-24&rft.aulast=Scheck&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Ffilm-film-shutter-dc%2Fshutter-a-bland-horror-remake-idUKN2313717520080324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://entertainment.inquirer.net/281741/thailands-lakorn-soap-operas-come-ph">"Thailand's 'lakorn' soap operas come to PH"</a>. Philippine Daily Inquirer. 3 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603095607/https://entertainment.inquirer.net/281741/thailands-lakorn-soap-operas-come-ph">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Thailand%27s+%27lakorn%27+soap+operas+come+to+PH&rft.date=2018-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fentertainment.inquirer.net%2F281741%2Fthailands-lakorn-soap-operas-come-ph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mpa-apac.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/The_Economic_Contribution_of_the_Film_and_Television_Industries_in_Thailand1.pdf">"The economic contribution of the film and television industries in Thailand"</a> (PDF). Oxford Economics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603095649/https://www.mpa-apac.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/The_Economic_Contribution_of_the_Film_and_Television_Industries_in_Thailand1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+economic+contribution+of+the+film+and+television+industries+in+Thailand&rft.pub=Oxford+Economics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpa-apac.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F08%2FThe_Economic_Contribution_of_the_Film_and_Television_Industries_in_Thailand1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vogue.com/vogueworld/slideshow/7-style-stars-to-watch-in-2020">"7 Rising Style Stars to Watch in 2020"</a>. VOGUE. 25 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603095812/https://www.vogue.com/vogueworld/slideshow/7-style-stars-to-watch-in-2020">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=7+Rising+Style+Stars+to+Watch+in+2020&rft.pub=VOGUE&rft.date=2019-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vogue.com%2Fvogueworld%2Fslideshow%2F7-style-stars-to-watch-in-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hitz.teroradio.com/news/48967/universal-music-group-%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99-%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95-%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%EF%BF%BD%C2%A6">"Universal Music Group ดัน วิโอเลต วอเทียร์ เป็นศิลปินสากลเต็มตัว เปิดตัวแรง! จนเพลงจากอัลบั้ม Glitter and Smoke ติดท็อปชาร์ตถึง 12 ประเทศ | HITZ THAILAND"</a>. hitz.teroradio.com. 23 June 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hitz.teroradio.com&rft.atitle=Universal+Music+Group+%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99+%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95+%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7+%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%21+%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1+Glitter+and+Smoke+%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%87+12+%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8+%7C+HITZ+THAILAND&rft.date=2020-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhitz.teroradio.com%2Fnews%2F48967%2Funiversal-music-group-%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2599-%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%2595-%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%258C-%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B9%2587%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B9%2587%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%25A7%25EF%25BF%25BD%25C2%25A6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ricebowldeluxe.com/a-brief-history-on-pad-thai/">"A Brief History on Pad Thai | Rice Bowl Deluxe"</a>. Rice Bowl Deluxe. 20 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101210545/https://ricebowldeluxe.com/a-brief-history-on-pad-thai/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rice+Bowl+Deluxe&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+on+Pad+Thai+%7C+Rice+Bowl+Deluxe&rft.date=2021-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fricebowldeluxe.com%2Fa-brief-history-on-pad-thai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guide.michelin.com/th/en/article/features/phad-thai-diplomacy-get-to-know-the-best-thai-restaurants-outside-thailand">"Phad Thai Diplomacy: Get To Know The Best Thai Restaurants Outside Thailand"</a>. MICHELIN Guide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101210546/https://guide.michelin.com/th/en/article/features/phad-thai-diplomacy-get-to-know-the-best-thai-restaurants-outside-thailand">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MICHELIN+Guide&rft.atitle=Phad+Thai+Diplomacy%3A+Get+To+Know+The+Best+Thai+Restaurants+Outside+Thailand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguide.michelin.com%2Fth%2Fen%2Farticle%2Ffeatures%2Fphad-thai-diplomacy-get-to-know-the-best-thai-restaurants-outside-thailand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theunusualtrip.com/thai-lemongrass/">"Thai Lemongrass – What is it and how is it used in Thai food?"</a>. 9 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101210546/https://theunusualtrip.com/thai-lemongrass/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thai+Lemongrass+%E2%80%93+What+is+it+and+how+is+it+used+in+Thai+food%3F&rft.date=2021-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheunusualtrip.com%2Fthai-lemongrass%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thaicookbook.tv/thai-food-ingredients/roots-and-rhizomes/galangal-thai-kha/">"Galangal as a Thai Food Ingredient"</a>. thaicookbook.tv. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101210545/https://www.thaicookbook.tv/thai-food-ingredients/roots-and-rhizomes/galangal-thai-kha/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thaicookbook.tv&rft.atitle=Galangal+as+a+Thai+Food+Ingredient&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thaicookbook.tv%2Fthai-food-ingredients%2Froots-and-rhizomes%2Fgalangal-thai-kha%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thaicookbook.tv/thai-food-ingredients/roots-and-rhizomes/turmeric-kha-min/">"Turmeric as a Thai Food Ingredient"</a>. thaicookbook.tv. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101210545/https://www.thaicookbook.tv/thai-food-ingredients/roots-and-rhizomes/turmeric-kha-min/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thaicookbook.tv&rft.atitle=Turmeric+as+a+Thai+Food+Ingredient&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thaicookbook.tv%2Fthai-food-ingredients%2Froots-and-rhizomes%2Fturmeric-kha-min%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thaicookbook.tv/thai-food-ingredients/fresh-herbs-and-spices/coriander-leaves-cilantro-thai-phak-chi/">"Coriander / Cilantro Leaves as a Thai Food Ingredient"</a>. thaicookbook.tv. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101210545/https://www.thaicookbook.tv/thai-food-ingredients/fresh-herbs-and-spices/coriander-leaves-cilantro-thai-phak-chi/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thaicookbook.tv&rft.atitle=Coriander+%2F+Cilantro+Leaves+as+a+Thai+Food+Ingredient&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thaicookbook.tv%2Fthai-food-ingredients%2Ffresh-herbs-and-spices%2Fcoriander-leaves-cilantro-thai-phak-chi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Cheung2017" class="citation news cs1">Tim Cheung (12 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708091757/http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/eat/readers-choice-worlds-50-most-delicious-foods-012321/">"Your pick: World's 50 best foods"</a>. CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/eat/readers-choice-worlds-50-most-delicious-foods-012321/">the original</a> on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Your+pick%3A+World%27s+50+best+foods&rft.date=2017-07-12&rft.au=Tim+Cheung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.cnn.com%2Fexplorations%2Feat%2Freaders-choice-worlds-50-most-delicious-foods-012321%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190101080431/http://www.buriramtimes.com/mango-sticky-rice-tub-tim-krob-listed-in-cnns-50-best-desserts-around-the-world/">"Mango Sticky Rice & Tub Tim Krob Listed in CNN's 50 Best Desserts Around The World"</a>. Buriram Times. 27 December 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buriramtimes.com/mango-sticky-rice-tub-tim-krob-listed-in-cnns-50-best-desserts-around-the-world/">the original</a> on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buriram+Times&rft.atitle=Mango+Sticky+Rice+%26+Tub+Tim+Krob+Listed+in+CNN%27s+50+Best+Desserts+Around+The+World&rft.date=2018-12-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buriramtimes.com%2Fmango-sticky-rice-tub-tim-krob-listed-in-cnns-50-best-desserts-around-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160426121256/http://ricestat.irri.org:8080/wrsv3/entrypoint.htm">"World Rice Statistics Online Query Facility"</a>. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). FAO. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ricestat.irri.org:8080/wrsv3/entrypoint.htm">the original</a> on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Rice+Research+Institute+%28IRRI%29&rft.atitle=World+Rice+Statistics+Online+Query+Facility&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fricestat.irri.org%3A8080%2Fwrsv3%2Fentrypoint.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoard2019" class="citation news cs1">Board, Jack (18 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/thailand-insect-farming-food-protein-source-11786032">"Food of the future? Five-star edible insects served up as Thailand gets creative with bug business"</a>. Channel News Asia (CNA). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190819123158/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/thailand-insect-farming-food-protein-source-11786032">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Channel+News+Asia+%28CNA%29&rft.atitle=Food+of+the+future%3F+Five-star+edible+insects+served+up+as+Thailand+gets+creative+with+bug+business&rft.date=2019-08-18&rft.aulast=Board&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fnews%2Fasia%2Fthailand-insect-farming-food-protein-source-11786032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/eats/10-best-street-food-cities-world-virtualtourist-frommer-article-1.1125775">"The 10 best street food cities in the world, per VirtualTourist.com, Frommer's"</a>. Daily News. New York. Agence France-Presse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034522/http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/eats/10-best-street-food-cities-world-virtualtourist-frommer-article-1.1125775">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=The+10+best+street+food+cities+in+the+world%2C+per+VirtualTourist.com%2C+Frommer%27s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Flife-style%2Feats%2F10-best-street-food-cities-world-virtualtourist-frommer-article-1.1125775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03wc3zr">"The Hairy Bikers' Asian Adventure, Thailand – Bangkok and the Central Plains"</a> (Video). BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171204150257/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03wc3zr">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hairy+Bikers%27+Asian+Adventure%2C+Thailand+%E2%80%93+Bangkok+and+the+Central+Plains&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb03wc3zr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010141820/http://asiatour.com/thailand-regions-2009/">"Weights and measures in Thailand"</a>. Cockatoo.com. 17 December 1923. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cockatoo.com/english/thailand/thailand-weights-measures.htm">the original</a> on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weights+and+measures+in+Thailand&rft.pub=Cockatoo.com&rft.date=1923-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cockatoo.com%2Fenglish%2Fthailand%2Fthailand-weights-measures.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muaythaicitizen.com/top-10-muay-thai-fighters/">"Top 10 Muay Thai Fighters You Should Know"</a>. muaythaicitizen. 5 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200507133329/http://www.muaythaicitizen.com/top-10-muay-thai-fighters/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+10+Muay+Thai+Fighters+You+Should+Know&rft.pub=muaythaicitizen&rft.date=2017-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muaythaicitizen.com%2Ftop-10-muay-thai-fighters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanahiVeroeveren2009" class="citation web cs1">Panahi, Majeed; Veroeveren, Pieter (12 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rsssf.org/tables/72asch.html">"Asian Nations Cup 1972"</a>. www.rsssf.org. Retrieved 20 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rsssf.org&rft.atitle=Asian+Nations+Cup+1972&rft.date=2009-06-12&rft.aulast=Panahi&rft.aufirst=Majeed&rft.au=Veroeveren%2C+Pieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsssf.org%2Ftables%2F72asch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928002735/http://www.irb.com/unions/union%3D11000019/index.html">"International Rugby Board – THAILAND"</a>. World Rugby. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irb.com/unions/union=11000019/index.html">the original</a> on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Rugby+Board+%E2%80%93+THAILAND&rft.pub=World+Rugby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irb.com%2Funions%2Funion%3D11000019%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationmultimedia.com/2005/07/19/sport/index.php?news=sport_18070310.html">The Nation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110425010652/http://nationmultimedia.com/2005/07/19/sport/index.php?news=sport_18070310.html">Archived</a> 25 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 19 July 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNualkhair2009" class="citation news cs1">Nualkhair, Chawadee (10 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSTRE56913I20090710">"Thailand woos foreign golfers with sun, sand traps"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090715051308/http://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSTRE56913I20090710">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Thailand+woos+foreign+golfers+with+sun%2C+sand+traps&rft.date=2009-07-10&rft.aulast=Nualkhair&rft.aufirst=Chawadee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FlifestyleMolt%2FidUSTRE56913I20090710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615203517/http://www.golf2thailand.com/golf_course_thailand.asp">"Why to book with golf2thailand.com : Thailand Golf Courses Thailand Golf Packages"</a>. Golf2thailand.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.golf2thailand.com/golf_course_thailand.asp">the original</a> on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 25 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+to+book+with+golf2thailand.com+%3A+Thailand+Golf+Courses+Thailand+Golf+Packages&rft.pub=Golf2thailand.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.golf2thailand.com%2Fgolf_course_thailand.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120605045404/http://www.aseanbasketballleague.com/teams/view/6/chang-thailand-slammers">"Chang Thailand Slammers – AirAsia ASEAN Basketball League"</a>. aseanbasketballleague.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aseanbasketballleague.com/teams/view/6/chang-thailand-slammers">the original</a> on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chang+Thailand+Slammers+%E2%80%93+AirAsia+ASEAN+Basketball+League&rft.pub=aseanbasketballleague.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aseanbasketballleague.com%2Fteams%2Fview%2F6%2Fchang-thailand-slammers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.best-basketball-tips.com/thailand-basketball.html">"Thailand Basketball"</a>. best-basketball-tips.com. 18 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501100255/http://www.best-basketball-tips.com/thailand-basketball.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thailand+Basketball&rft.pub=best-basketball-tips.com&rft.date=2012-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.best-basketball-tips.com%2Fthailand-basketball.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010141109/https://www.bangkokpost.com/archive/end-of-an-era-as-lumpini-boxing-stadium-closes-its-doors-on-friday/393517">"End of an era for Muay Thai at Lumpini"</a>. Bangkok Post. 6 February 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/breakingnews/393517/end-of-an-era-as-lumpini-boxing-stadium-closes-its-doors-on-friday">the original</a> on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=End+of+an+era+for+Muay+Thai+at+Lumpini&rft.date=2014-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fbreakingnews%2F393517%2Fend-of-an-era-as-lumpini-boxing-stadium-closes-its-doors-on-friday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stadiumguide.com/rajamangala-stadium/">"Rajamangala Stadium - Bangkok"</a>. The Stadium Guide. Retrieved 20 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stadium+Guide&rft.atitle=Rajamangala+Stadium+-+Bangkok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stadiumguide.com%2Frajamangala-stadium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChachavalpongpun2020" class="citation book cs1">Chachavalpongpun, Pavin, ed. (2020). Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Thailand. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138558410" title="Special:BookSources/9781138558410"><bdi>9781138558410</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1110657073">1110657073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Contemporary+Thailand&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1110657073&rft.isbn=9781138558410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2008" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Robert George (2008). Culture Shock! Thailand: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette. Marshall Cavendish Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814828772" title="Special:BookSources/9789814828772"><bdi>9789814828772</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1101343921">1101343921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+Shock%21+Thailand%3A+A+Survival+Guide+to+Customs+and+Etiquette&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+Editions&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1101343921&rft.isbn=9789814828772&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Robert+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLondon2008" class="citation book cs1">London, Ellen (2008). Thailand Condensed: 2000 Years of History & Culture. Marshall Cavendish Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789812615206" title="Special:BookSources/9789812615206"><bdi>9789812615206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thailand+Condensed%3A+2000+Years+of+History+%26+Culture&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+Editions&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789812615206&rft.aulast=London&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lonely Planet's Best of Thailand. Lonely Planet guidebooks. Footscray, Vic.: Lonely Planet. 2020. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1312080896">1312080896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lonely+Planet%27s+Best+of+Thailand&rft.place=Footscray%2C+Vic.&rft.series=Lonely+Planet+guidebooks&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1312080896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra2010" class="citation book cs1">Mishra, Patit Paban (2010). The History of Thailand. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/548555562">548555562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Thailand&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F548555562&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Patit+Paban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1974" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Frank J., ed. (1974). Thailand: Its People, Its Society, Its Culture. HRAF Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/722730">722730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thailand%3A+Its+People%2C+Its+Society%2C+Its+Culture&rft.pub=HRAF+Press&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F722730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyatt2003" class="citation book cs1">Wyatt, David K. (2003). Thailand: A Short History. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300084757" title="Special:BookSources/9780300084757"><bdi>9780300084757</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53392823">53392823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thailand%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53392823&rft.isbn=9780300084757&rft.aulast=Wyatt&rft.aufirst=David+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZawacki2021" class="citation book cs1">Zawacki, Benjamin (2021). Thailand: Shifting ground between the US and a rising China (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1232148433">1232148433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thailand%3A+Shifting+ground+between+the+US+and+a+rising+China&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1232148433&rft.aulast=Zawacki&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Thailand at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Thailand" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Thailand">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thailand" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Thailand">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Thailand" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Thailand">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Thailand" class="extiw" title="q:Thailand">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Thailand" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Thailand">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Thailand" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Thailand">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Thailand" class="extiw" title="v:Thailand">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Thailand" class="extiw" title="voy:Thailand">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> Government <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thaigov.go.th/">Thaigov.go.th</a> – Government of Thailand</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210073951/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-t/thailand.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a> (archived 10 December 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.go.th/">Mfa.go.th</a> – Ministry of Foreign Affairs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://internet.nectec.or.th/webstats/internetmap.current.iir?Sec=internetmap_current">Thailand Internet information</a> – National Electronics and Computer Technology Center</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428064708/http://www.m-culture.go.th/english/">Ministry of Culture</a> (archived 28 April 2015)</li></ul> General information <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/thailand/">Thailand</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/thailand/">Thailand</a> entry in <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>. 1987</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207001737/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/thailand.htm">Thailand</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs (archived 7 February 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15581957">Thailand</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/589625/Thailand">Thailand</a> Encyclopædia Britannica entry</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Thailand" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Thailand">Wikimedia Atlas of Thailand</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://map.longdo.com/en">Longdo Map</a> – Thailand maps in English and Thai</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=TH">Key Development Forecasts for Thailand</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235916/http://popcensus.nso.go.th/file/popcensus-20-12-54.pdf">2010 Thailand population census by Economic and Social statistics Bureau</a> (archived 16 January 2013)</li></ul> Travel <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tourismthailand.org/">Tourism Authority of Thailand</a> – official tourism website</li></ul> Other <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140731093617/http://www.commonlanguageproject.net/?page_id%3D41#Thailand">Thailand Country Fact Sheet</a> from the Common Language Project (archived 31 July 2014)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoutheast_Asia_Visions" class="citation web cs1">Southeast Asia Visions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlxs.library.cornell.edu/s/sea/browse_image/date/1900.php">"Browse the Southeast Asia Visions Collection"</a>. Cornell University Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Browse+the+Southeast+Asia+Visions+Collection&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Library&rft.au=Southeast+Asia+Visions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdlxs.library.cornell.edu%2Fs%2Fsea%2Fbrowse_image%2Fdate%2F1900.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThailand" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thailand_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thailand_topics" title="Template:Thailand topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thailand_topics" title="Template talk:Thailand topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thailand_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thailand topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thailand_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thailand</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Thailand" title="Outline of Thailand">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Thailand" title="Prehistoric Thailand">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Thailand" title="Peopling of Thailand">Peopling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Thailand" title="Early history of Thailand">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_states_of_Thailand" title="Initial states of Thailand">Initial states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)">Rattanakosin era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Siamese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1932%E2%80%931973)" title="History of Thailand (1932–1973)">1932–1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="History of Thailand (1973–2001)">1973–2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_since_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thailand since 2001">since 2001</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_Thailand" title="Category:Archaeology of Thailand">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Thailand">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="History of education in Thailand">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Thailand" title="Military history of Thailand">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Thailand" title="Geography of Thailand">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_addressing_system" title="Thai addressing system">Addresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Thailand" title="Template:Borders of Thailand">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Thailand" title="List of municipalities in Thailand">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Thailand">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Thailand" title="List of earthquakes in Thailand">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Thailand" title="List of ecoregions in Thailand">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floods_in_Thailand" title="Floods in Thailand">Floods in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Thailand" title="Environmental issues in Thailand">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Thailand" title="List of islands of Thailand">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Thailand" title="List of mountains in Thailand">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Thailand">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Thailand" title="Provinces of Thailand">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Thailand" title="Regions of Thailand">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_systems_of_Thailand" title="River systems of Thailand">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Thailand" title="List of volcanoes in Thailand">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_species_native_to_Thailand" title="List of species native to Thailand">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Thailand" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Thailand">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand" title="Politics of Thailand">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Thailand" title="Administrative divisions of Thailand">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Thailand" title="Cabinet of Thailand">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" title="Constitution of Thailand">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Thailand" title="Elections in Thailand">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Thailand" title="Election Commission of Thailand">Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Thailand" title="Foreign relations of Thailand">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Thailand" title="Government of Thailand">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Thailand" title="Human rights in Thailand">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Thailand">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thai_intelligence_agencies" title="Category:Thai intelligence agencies">Intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Thailand" title="Judiciary of Thailand">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Thailand" title="Law of Thailand">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Localism in Thailand">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministries_of_Thailand" title="List of government ministries of Thailand">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Thailand">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Army" title="Royal Thai Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Navy" title="Royal Thai Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="Royal Thai Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Thailand">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Thailand)" title="House of Representatives (Thailand)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Thailand" title="Senate of Thailand">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Police" title="Royal Thai Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Thailand" title="List of political parties in Thailand">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of Thailand">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Thailand" title="Agriculture in Thailand">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">Baht (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Thailand" title="List of banks in Thailand">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Thailand" title="Bank of Thailand">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Thailand" title="Automotive industry in Thailand">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Thailand" title="Energy in Thailand">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Thailand" title="Nuclear power in Thailand">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Thailand" title="Renewable energy in Thailand">Renewable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Thailand">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_economic_zones#Thailand" title="List of special economic zones">Special economic zones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Economic_Corridor" title="Eastern Economic Corridor">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Western_Economic_Corridor" title="Central–Western Economic Corridor">CWEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Economic_Corridor" title="Northern Economic Corridor">NEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Economic_Corridor" title="Northeastern Economic Corridor">NEEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Economic_Corridor" title="Southern Economic Corridor">SEC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and technology in Thailand">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Thai inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_units_of_measurement" title="Thai units of measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_medicine" title="Traditional Thai medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_Exchange_of_Thailand" title="Stock Exchange of Thailand">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Thailand" title="Telecommunications in Thailand">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Thailand" title="Tourism in Thailand">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Thailand" title="Transport in Thailand">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Thailand" title="List of airports in Thailand">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highways_in_Thailand" title="Controlled-access highways in Thailand">Controlled-access highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Thailand" title="Rail transport in Thailand">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Thailand" title="Category:Society of Thailand">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Thailand" title="Abortion in Thailand">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Thailand" title="Crime in Thailand">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Thailand" title="Corruption in Thailand">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se_majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lèse majesté in Thailand">Lèse majesté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Thailand" title="Prostitution in Thailand">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Thailand" title="Sex trafficking in Thailand">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Thailand" title="Demographics of Thailand">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Thailand" title="List of universities and colleges in Thailand">Universities and colleges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Ethnic groups in Thailand">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Thailand" title="Gambling in Thailand">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Thailand" title="Health in Thailand">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Thailand" title="HIV/AIDS in Thailand">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand">COVID-19</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Thailand" title="Squatting in Thailand">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Thailand" title="Waste management in Thailand">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Thailand">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Thailand" title="Women in Thailand">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Thailand" title="Culture of Thailand">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_animation" title="Thai animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Thailand" title="Architecture of Thailand">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_art" title="Thai art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Comics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" title="Cinema of Thailand">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing" title="Traditional Thai clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_wine" title="Thai wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_television_soap_opera" title="Thai television soap opera">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Etiquette in Thailand">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Asia#Thailand" title="List of festivals in Asia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_folklore" title="Thai folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_literature" title="Thai literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_poetry" title="Thai poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_martial_arts#Thailand" title="Mainland Southeast Asia martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Thailand">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_musical_instruments" title="Traditional Thai musical instruments">Traditional musical instruments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Thailand" title="Dance in Thailand">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Thailand" title="Public holidays in Thailand">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Thailand" title="Sport in Thailand">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Thailand" title="National symbols of Thailand">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Animal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_fighting_fish" title="Siamese fighting fish">Aquatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_fireback" title="Siamese fireback">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga#Thailand" title="Nāga">Mythological creature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_National_Anthem" title="Thai National Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala_Thai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sala Thai">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Devadhiraj" title="Siam Devadhiraj">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Thailand" title="Emblem of Thailand">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Thailand" title="Flag of Thailand">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassia_fistula" title="Cassia fistula">Flower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Thailand" title="Time in Thailand">Time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">Lunar calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Solar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_traditional_games" title="Thai traditional games">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Thailand" title="Video games in Thailand">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Thailand" title="Outline of Thailand">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Thailand" title="Outline of Thailand">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thailand" title="Category:Thailand">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Thailand" title="Portal:Thailand">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geographic_locale" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Geographic_locale" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geographic locale</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_in_Southeast_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Countries and territories of Southeast Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of Southeast Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of Southeast Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_in_Southeast_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template talk:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories bordering the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Indianocean.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Indian Ocean"><img alt="Map of the Indian Ocean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indianocean.PNG/100px-Indianocean.PNG" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indianocean.PNG/150px-Indianocean.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indianocean.PNG/200px-Indianocean.PNG 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="330" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_membership" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="International_membership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International membership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" title="Template:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" title="Template talk:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Charter" title="ASEAN Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area#The_Common_Effective_Preferential_Tariff_(CEPT)_scheme" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">Customs union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">Founding document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisations_associated_with_the_ASEAN" title="Organisations associated with the ASEAN">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary General of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Cooperation_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia">Treaty of Amity and Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_ASEAN_members" title="Visa policy of ASEAN members">Visa policies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_ASEAN_Way" title="The ASEAN Way">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Song_of_Unity" title="ASEAN Song of Unity">Hymn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_ASEAN" title="Enlargement of ASEAN">Observers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_East_Timor_to_ASEAN" title="Accession of East Timor to ASEAN">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Papua_New_Guinea_to_ASEAN" title="Accession of Papua New Guinea to ASEAN">status</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Summit" title="ASEAN Summit">ASEAN Summit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_ASEAN_Summits" title="2017 ASEAN Summits">2017</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93Republic_of_Korea_Commemorative_Summit" title="ASEAN–Republic of Korea Commemorative Summit">ASEAN–Republic of Korea Commemorative Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93India_Commemorative_Summit" title="ASEAN–India Commemorative Summit">ASEAN–India Commemorative Summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area#ASEAN_Plus_Three" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">ASEAN Plus Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Regional_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="ASEAN Regional Forum">ASEAN Regional Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Europe_Meeting" title="Asia–Europe Meeting">Asia–Europe Meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian Games">SEA Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_University_Games" title="ASEAN University Games">University Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_School_Games" title="ASEAN School Games">School Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Para_Games" title="ASEAN Para Games">Para Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Football_Federation" title="ASEAN Football Federation">Football Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFF_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="AFF Championship">Football Championship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Armies_Rifle_Meet" title="ASEAN Armies Rifle Meet">Armies Rifle Meet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Monetary_Unit" title="Asian Monetary Unit">Asian Monetary Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Initiative" title="Chiang Mai Initiative">Chiang Mai Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_for_East_Asia" title="Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia">Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">ASEAN Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93China_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN–China Free Trade Area">ASEAN–China Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93India_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN–India Free Trade Area">ASEAN–India Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93Australia_Development_Cooperation_Program" title="ASEAN–Australia Development Cooperation Program">ASEAN–Australia Development Cooperation Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Centre_for_Biodiversity" title="ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity">Centre for Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Asean_Regional_Forum_Disaster_Relief_Exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="The Asean Regional Forum Disaster Relief Exercise">Disaster Relief Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Smart_Cities_Network" title="ASEAN Smart Cities Network">Smart Cities Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Intergovernmental_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights">Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Human_Rights_Declaration" title="ASEAN Human Rights Declaration">ASEAN Human Rights Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Commission_on_the_Promotion_and_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_Women" title="ASEAN Commission on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Women">Rights of Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Common_Time" title="ASEAN Common Time">Common Time</a></li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Rise" title="ASEAN Rise">ASEAN Rise</a>'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="ASEAN–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Outstanding_Scientist_and_Technologist_Award" title="ASEAN Outstanding Scientist and Technologist Award">Outstanding Scientist and Technologist Award</a></li> <li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Southeast_Asia" title="List of the busiest airports in Southeast Asia">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_banks_in_ASEAN" title="List of largest banks in ASEAN">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ASEAN_by_population" title="List of cities in ASEAN by population">Cities by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_by_GDP" title="List of ASEAN countries by GDP">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_by_HDI" title="List of ASEAN countries by HDI">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_and_subdivisions_by_minimum_wage" title="List of ASEAN countries and subdivisions by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Southeast_Asian_mountains" title="List of Southeast Asian mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Top_reviewed_places_in_ASEAN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Top reviewed places in ASEAN (page does not exist)">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_by_medal_count_at_International_Science_Olympiad" title="List of ASEAN countries by medal count at International Science Olympiad">Science Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_stock_exchanges_by_market_capitalization" title="List of ASEAN stock exchanges by market capitalization">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_country_subdivisions_by_GDP" title="List of ASEAN country subdivisions by GDP">Subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_ASEAN" title="Rankings of universities in ASEAN">Universities</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" title="Template:East Asia Summit (EAS)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" title="Template talk:East Asia Summit (EAS)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:East Asia Summit (EAS)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a> (EAS)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_East_Asia_Summit" title="First East Asia Summit">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Asia_Summit" title="Second East Asia Summit">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_East_Asia_Summit" title="Third East Asia Summit">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fourth East Asia Summit">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fifth East Asia Summit">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Sixth East Asia Summit">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_East_Asia_Summit" title="Seventh East Asia Summit">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Eighth East Asia Summit">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Ninth East Asia Summit">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Tenth East Asia Summit">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_East_Asia_Summit" title="Eleventh East Asia Summit">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Twelfth East Asia Summit">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Thirteenth East Asia Summit">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fourteenth East Asia Summit">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fifteenth East Asia Summit">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Sixteenth East Asia Summit">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Seventeenth East Asia Summit">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Eighteenth East Asia Summit">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Nineteenth East Asia Summit">19th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; padding-left:0.3em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation_(APEC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Template:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation_(APEC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Australia_1989" title="APEC Australia 1989">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Singapore_1990&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Singapore 1990 (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Republic_of_Korea_1991&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Republic of Korea 1991 (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Thailand_1992&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Thailand 1992 (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_United_States_1993&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC United States 1993 (page does not exist)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Indonesia_1994" title="APEC Indonesia 1994">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Japan_1995&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Japan 1995 (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Philippines_1996" title="APEC Philippines 1996">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Canada_1997" title="APEC Canada 1997">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Malaysia_1998&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Malaysia 1998 (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_New_Zealand_1999&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC New Zealand 1999 (page does not exist)">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Brunei_2000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Brunei 2000 (page does not exist)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_China_2001" title="APEC China 2001">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Mexico_2002" title="APEC Mexico 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Thailand_2003" title="APEC Thailand 2003">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Chile_2004" title="APEC Chile 2004">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_South_Korea_2005" title="APEC South Korea 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Vietnam_2006" title="APEC Vietnam 2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Australia_2007" title="APEC Australia 2007">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Peru_2008" title="APEC Peru 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Singapore_2009" title="APEC Singapore 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Japan_2010" title="APEC Japan 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_United_States_2011" title="APEC United States 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Russia_2012" title="APEC Russia 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Indonesia_2013" title="APEC Indonesia 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_China_2014" title="APEC China 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Philippines_2015" title="APEC Philippines 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Peru_2016" title="APEC Peru 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Vietnam_2017" title="APEC Vietnam 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Papua_New_Guinea_2018" title="APEC Papua New Guinea 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Chile_2019" title="APEC Chile 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Malaysia_2020" title="APEC Malaysia 2020">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_New_Zealand_2021" title="APEC New Zealand 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Thailand_2022" title="APEC Thailand 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_United_States_2023" title="APEC United States 2023">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Peru_2024" title="APEC Peru 2024">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_South_Korea_2025" title="APEC South Korea 2025">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Business_Travel_Card" title="APEC Business Travel Card">APEC Business Travel Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_blue" title="APEC blue">APEC blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Climate_Center" title="APEC Climate Center">APEC Climate Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Sculpture_Garden" title="APEC Sculpture Garden">APEC Sculpture Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Youth_Science_Festival" title="APEC Youth Science Festival">APEC Youth Science Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1. A <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">special administrative region of China</a>, participates as "Hong Kong, China"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Kingdom of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q869#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q869#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q869#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123531793">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/138308059">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205310/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcKHdfFMJFcHGFbMGMgKd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4078228-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79059683">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15290741k">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933494g">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15290741k">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933494g">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572496">Japan</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00744282">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35544871">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131070&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450836">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1456020">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90895048">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB202013729">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/fcrtsttz36c6892">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561791705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/ce209e56-cda5-358e-96db-830e3405b675">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/a897e4b9-4d25-4465-adaf-ca745700349f">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/990815">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/IIAsVJGC">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027251659">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003429">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035792">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thailand&params=15_N_101_E_region:TH_type:country">15°N 101°E / 15°N 101°E / 15; 101</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thailand&oldid=1260971681">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thailand&oldid=1260971681</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thailand" title="Category:Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1932_establishments_in_Asia" title="Category:1932 establishments in Asia">1932 establishments in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1932_establishments_in_Siam" title="Category:1932 establishments in Siam">1932 establishments in Siam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1932_establishments_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Category:1932 establishments in Southeast Asia">1932 establishments in Southeast Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Asia" title="Category:Countries in Asia">Countries in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingdoms" title="Category:Kingdoms">Kingdoms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_ASEAN" title="Category:Member states of ASEAN">Member states of ASEAN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Category:Member states of the United Nations">Member states of the United Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Newly_industrializing_countries" title="Category:Newly industrializing countries">Newly industrializing countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Observer_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Category:Observer states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Observer states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Southeast_Asian_countries" title="Category:Southeast Asian countries">Southeast Asian countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1932" title="Category:States and territories established in 1932">States and territories established in 1932</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Thai-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Thai-language text">Articles containing Thai-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Thai_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Thai IPA">Pages with Thai IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Thai-language_sources_(th)" title="Category:Articles with Thai-language sources (th)">Articles with Thai-language sources (th)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Thai-language_sources_(th)" title="Category:CS1 Thai-language sources (th)">CS1 Thai-language sources (th)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2024">Articles with dead external links from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Thai-language_script_(th)" title="Category:CS1 uses Thai-language script (th)">CS1 uses Thai-language script (th)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_other_archives" title="Category:Webarchive template other archives">Webarchive template other archives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from March 2024">Articles with dead external links from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">CS1 maint: others</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_December_2021" title="Category:Use British English from December 2021">Use British English from December 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2024">Use dmy dates from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sanskrit-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sanskrit-language text">Articles containing Sanskrit-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_rewrite_from_February_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from February 2024">Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_rewrite" title="Category:All articles needing rewrite">All articles needing rewrite</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2024" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2012" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from October 2024">Articles with incomplete citations from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2017" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles">All self-contradictory articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Self-contradictory_articles_from_October_2024" title="Category:Self-contradictory articles from October 2024">Self-contradictory articles from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2010" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2009" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2020" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 December 2024, at 16:03 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thailand&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-67847f4bfd-b55rm","wgBackendResponseTime":175,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"5.447","walltime":"6.052","ppvisitednodes":{"value":61730,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1318952,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":232256,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":125,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1394192,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 5189.349 1 -total"," 35.29% 1831.239 3 Template:Reflist"," 14.23% 738.344 143 Template:Cite_web"," 12.42% 644.684 112 Template:R/superscript"," 11.53% 598.123 106 Template:Rp"," 10.53% 546.404 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 6.96% 361.271 81 Template:Cite_news"," 6.06% 314.521 336 Template:R/where"," 5.12% 265.947 47 Template:Cite_journal"," 4.27% 221.535 1 Template:Sfn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.041","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25305618,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbuza2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAllan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArunmas2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakerPhongpaichit2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakerPhongpaichit2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBales1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanchongduang2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBandow2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarbara_Leitch_LePoer1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeech2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoard2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoonyatus2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuasuwan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChachavalpongpun2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChamberlain2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChampion2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharassangsomboon2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChieocharnpraphan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChivvisMarcielGeaghan‑Breiner2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoedès1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnors2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoorlim2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCroissantVölkel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunningham2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCœdès1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenby\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDr._Susan_L._Woodward1997–2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDraper2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDraper2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDraper2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuChen1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFE._Jane_KeyesJames_A._Hafner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEliot1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinch2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFine1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinlay2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGersonMallinger2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlassman2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGranthamDuncanEvansJones2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuffeyKaewkaen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuille2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartmann1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHead2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHigham1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHighamHighamCiarlaDouka2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHile2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodalKelly2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHwa1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanssen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJumsai1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuntanamalaga1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeyes1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhaopa2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlikauer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKongtipNankongnabChaikittipornLaohaudomchok2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKutananLiuKampuansaiSrikummool2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanguepin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinHanscomMurthyGalli2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLondon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuangthongkum2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM.L._Manich\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaha_Sila_Viravond\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahittirook2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMala2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalaitham2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGeown2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMingchayPaitoonpongKawkitinarongOhata2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMishra2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontesano2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray_L_Weidenbaum1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNolan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNualkhair2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNuchkoom_SmithSmith2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;SullivanSubramanian2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOAS2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOECD2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlamGoldschmidt2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPCL\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPain2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanahiVeroeveren2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanyasuppakun2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhongpaichit2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhumisak1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrasirtsuk2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRakson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRasheed\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRatanavongsa1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRithdee2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuangsilp2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantivimolnat2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheck2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScrima2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmutkupt1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoutheast_Asia_Visions\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStiles\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakahashi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeehankeeTiulegenovWangCiobanu\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeena_Amrit_Gill1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerwiel2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThepboriruk2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThepthani1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThongkamkoon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThongkamkoon2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTim_Cheung2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsang2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarr\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarr2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarunsiri2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWibhu_KutananJatupol_KampuansaiAndrea_BrunelliSilvia_Ghirotto2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWibhu_KutananJatupol_KampuansaiMetawee_SrikummoolDaoroong_Kangwanpong2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWongcha-umSetboonsarng2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWongworakul2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodWoodZiegler2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWyatt1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWyatt2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWyatt2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYangRoongruang2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZawacki2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFพงศ์พิพัฒน์_บัญชานนท์2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFพระรัตนปัญญาเถระ1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFพิเศษ_เจียจันทร์พงษ์2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFสงบ_สุริยินทร์2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFสุจิตต์_วงษ์เทศ2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFสุจิตต์_วงษ์เทศ2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFองค์_บรรจุน2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFเกษตรศิริ2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFเพ็ญสุภา_สุขคตะ2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFเสรีวรวิทย์กุลรุ่งเจริญกิจกุล2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFโรม_บุนนาค2023\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 64,\n [\"As of\"] = 8,\n [\"Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)\"] = 1,\n [\"Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation\"] = 8,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 38,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 47,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 81,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite tweet\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 143,\n [\"Cleanup rewrite\"] = 1,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"Contradictory inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 11,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries and territories of Southeast Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries of Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Currency\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"East Asia Summit (EAS)\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn-lr\"] = 9,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 9,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 5,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 5,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 11,\n [\"Lang-zh\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 11,\n [\"Largest cities\"] = 2,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 3,\n [\"Lit.\"] = 1,\n [\"Literal translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 26,\n [\"Map caption\"] = 1,\n [\"Monarchies\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 7,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 3,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist-lr\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 4,\n [\"Parabr\"] = 2,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Provinces of Thailand Image Map\"] = 1,\n [\"RP\"] = 6,\n [\"RTGS\"] = 3,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reigned\"] = 3,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"Rp\"] = 106,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 9,\n [\"Smallsup\"] = 1,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"Thailand topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Tooltip\"] = 2,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 3,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 2,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 2,\n [\"URL\"] = 2,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 30,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","640","20.0"],["?","580","18.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","280","8.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","260","8.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","240","7.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","4.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","140","4.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","100","3.1"],["(for generator)","80","2.5"],["\u003CModule:Arguments:232\u003E","60","1.9"],["[others]","680","21.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-67847f4bfd-ss6pb","timestamp":"20241203160416","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Thailand","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thailand","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q869","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q869","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-30T01:40:41Z","dateModified":"2024-12-03T16:03:52Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a9\/Flag_of_Thailand.svg","headline":"country in Southeast Asia"}</script> </body> </html>