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<li id="toc-Natives_of_Karnataka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natives_of_Karnataka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Natives of Karnataka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natives_of_Karnataka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Historical sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Legends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periods_in_Chalukya_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periods_in_Chalukya_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Periods in Chalukya history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Periods_in_Chalukya_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Periods in Chalukya history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Periods_in_Chalukya_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chalukyas_of_Badami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chalukyas_of_Badami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Chalukyas of Badami</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chalukyas_of_Badami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chalukyas_of_Kalyani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chalukyas_of_Kalyani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Chalukyas of Kalyani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chalukyas_of_Kalyani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chalukyas_of_Vengi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chalukyas_of_Vengi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Chalukyas of Vengi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chalukyas_of_Vengi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Badami_Chalukya_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Badami_Chalukya_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Badami Chalukya country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Badami_Chalukya_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Badami Chalukya country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Badami_Chalukya_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Land governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Coinage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chalukya dynasty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9" title="سلالة تشالوكيا الحاكمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة تشالوكيا الحاكمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="চালুক্য সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চালুক্য সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txalukia" title="Txalukia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Txalukia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalukya" title="Chalukya – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chalukya" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_chalukya" title="Dinastía chalukya – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía chalukya" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalukya" title="Chalukya – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chalukya" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B6" title="ચાલુક્ય વંશ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચાલુક્ય વંશ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EB%A3%A8%ED%82%A4%EC%95%84_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="찰루키아 왕조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="찰루키아 왕조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="चालुक्य राजवंश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चालुक्य राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Chalukya" title="Dinasti Chalukya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Chalukya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalukya" title="Chalukya – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chalukya" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჩალუკია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩალუკია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Calukj%C5%B3_dinastija" title="Čalukjų dinastija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čalukjų dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C3%A1lukja-dinasztia" title="Csálukja-dinasztia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csálukja-dinasztia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="ചാലൂക്യ രാജവംശം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചാലൂക്യ രാജവംശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87" title="चालुक्य राजघराणे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चालुक्य राजघराणे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Chalukya" title="Dinasti Chalukya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinasti Chalukya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalukya%27s" title="Chalukya's – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chalukya's" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="चालुक्य वंश – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चालुक्य वंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="चालुक्य राजवंश – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चालुक्य राजवंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A4%E6%9C%9D" title="前期チャールキヤ朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="前期チャールキヤ朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalukya-dynastiet" title="Chalukya-dynastiet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chalukya-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjalukya" title="Tsjalukya – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tsjalukya" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਚਾਲੁਕੀਆ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਾਲੁਕੀਆ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D9%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="چالوکیا راج ٹبر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چالوکیا راج ٹبر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86alukja" title="Ćalukja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ćalukja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Chaluquia" title="Império Chaluquia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Chaluquia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Чалукья – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чалукья" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="चालुक्यवंशः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चालुक्यवंशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="චාලුක්‍ය රාජවංශය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චාලුක්‍ය රාජවංශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Calukja" title="Čalukja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čalukja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalukya" title="Chalukya – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chalukya" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalukyadynastin" title="Chalukyadynastin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chalukyadynastin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="சாளுக்கியர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாளுக்கியர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B3%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="చాళుక్యులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చాళుక్యులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0" title="ราชวงศ์จาลุกยะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์จาลุกยะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87alukya_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Çalukya Hanedanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çalukya Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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For other dynasties, see <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chalukya (disambiguation)">Chalukya (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Chalukya dynasty</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">543–753</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chalukya_Empire_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greatest extent of the Chalukya Empire, 636 AD, 740 AD[1]"><img alt="Greatest extent of the Chalukya Empire, 636 AD, 740 AD[1]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chalukya_Empire_Map.svg/350px-Chalukya_Empire_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="372" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chalukya_Empire_Map.svg/525px-Chalukya_Empire_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chalukya_Empire_Map.svg/700px-Chalukya_Empire_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="1072" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Greatest extent of the Chalukya Empire, 636 AD, 740 AD<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Badami" title="Badami">Badami</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a><sup id="cite_ref-buddha_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buddha-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 543–566 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pulakeshin_I" title="Pulakeshin I">Pulakeshin I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 746–753 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kirtivarman_II" title="Kirtivarman II">Kirtivarman II</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Earliest records </div></th><td class="infobox-data">543</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">543</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">753</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka dynasty</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Chalukya dynasty</b> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[tʃaːɭukjə]</a></span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Classical_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical India">Classical Indian</a> dynasty that ruled large parts of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">central India</a> between the 6th and the 12th centuries. During this period, they ruled as three related yet individual dynasties. The earliest dynasty, known as the "Badami Chalukyas", ruled from Vatapi (modern <a href="/wiki/Badami" title="Badami">Badami</a>) from the middle of the 6th century. The Badami Chalukyas began to assert their independence at the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadamba Dynasty">Kadamba</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Banavasi" title="Banavasi">Banavasi</a> and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Pulakeshin_II" title="Pulakeshin II">Pulakeshin II</a>. After the death of Pulakeshin II, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a> became an independent kingdom in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a>. They ruled from <a href="/wiki/Vengi" title="Vengi">Vengi</a> until about the 11th century. In the western Deccan, the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakutas" title="Rashtrakutas">Rashtrakutas</a> in the middle of the 8th century eclipsed the Chalukyas of Badami before being revived by their descendants, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Chalukyas">Western Chalukyas</a>, in the late 10th century. These Western Chalukyas ruled from Kalyani (modern <a href="/wiki/Basavakalyan" title="Basavakalyan">Basavakalyan</a>) until the end of the 12th century. </p><p>The rule of the Chalukyas marks an important milestone in the history of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">golden age</a> in the history of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>. The political atmosphere in South India shifted from smaller kingdoms to large empires with the ascendancy of Badami Chalukyas. A Southern India-based kingdom took control and consolidated the entire region between the <a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Narmada_River" title="Narmada River">Narmada</a> rivers. The rise of this empire saw the birth of efficient administration, overseas trade and commerce and the development of new style of architecture called "Chalukyan architecture". <a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada literature</a>, which had enjoyed royal support in the 9th century Rashtrakuta court found eager patronage from the Western Chalukyas in the <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veerashaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerashaiva">Veerashaiva</a> traditions. The 11th century saw the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Telugu_literature" title="Telugu literature">Telugu literature</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natives_of_Karnataka">Natives of Karnataka</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6th_century_Kannada_inscription_in_cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/6th_century_Kannada_inscription_in_cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg/220px-6th_century_Kannada_inscription_in_cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/6th_century_Kannada_inscription_in_cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg/330px-6th_century_Kannada_inscription_in_cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/6th_century_Kannada_inscription_in_cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg/440px-6th_century_Kannada_inscription_in_cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1228" /></a><figcaption>Old Kannada inscription of Chalukya King Mangalesha dated 578 AD at Badami cave temple no.3</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8th_century_Kannada_inscription_on_victory_pillar_at_Pattadakal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/8th_century_Kannada_inscription_on_victory_pillar_at_Pattadakal.jpg/220px-8th_century_Kannada_inscription_on_victory_pillar_at_Pattadakal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/8th_century_Kannada_inscription_on_victory_pillar_at_Pattadakal.jpg/330px-8th_century_Kannada_inscription_on_victory_pillar_at_Pattadakal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/8th_century_Kannada_inscription_on_victory_pillar_at_Pattadakal.jpg/440px-8th_century_Kannada_inscription_on_victory_pillar_at_Pattadakal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="1818" /></a><figcaption>Old Kannada inscription on victory pillar, Virupaksha Temple, <a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a>, 733–745 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>While opinions vary regarding the early origins of the Chalukyas, the consensus among noted historians such as <a href="/wiki/John_Keay" title="John Keay">John Keay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dineshchandra_Sircar" title="Dineshchandra Sircar">D.C. Sircar</a>, Hans Raj, S. Sen, <a href="/wiki/Suryanath_U._Kamath" title="Suryanath U. Kamath">Kamath</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._V._Ramesh_(archaeologist)" title="K. V. Ramesh (archaeologist)">K. V. Ramesh</a> and Karmarkar is that the founders of the empire at Badami were native to the modern <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-historians_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historians-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sir_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sir-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hans_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hans-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-historians1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historians1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-karna_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karna-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-historians20_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historians20-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-historians2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historians2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bad_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bad-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-historians3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historians3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-field_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-field-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-identity_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-identity-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A theory that they were descendants of a 2nd-century chieftain called Kandachaliki Remmanaka, a feudatory of the <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvaku" title="Andhra Ikshvaku">Andhra Ikshvaku</a> (from an Ikshvaku inscription of the 2nd century) was put forward. This according to Kamath has failed to explain the difference in lineage. The Kandachaliki feudatory call themselves <i>Vashisthiputras</i> of the <i>Hiranyakagotra</i>. The Chalukyas, however, address themselves as <i>Harithiputras</i> of <i>Manavyasagotra</i> in their inscriptions, which is the same lineage as their early overlords, the <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadambas</a> of Banavasi. This makes them descendants of the Kadambas. The Chalukyas took control of the territory formerly ruled by the Kadambas.<sup id="cite_ref-kadamba_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadamba-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A later record of Eastern Chalukyas mentions the northern origin theory and claims one ruler of <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a> came south, defeated the Pallavas and married a Pallava princess. She had a child called Vijayaditya who is claimed to be the <a href="/wiki/Pulakeshin_I" title="Pulakeshin I">Pulakeshin I</a>'s father. However, according to the historians K. V. Ramesh, Chopra and Sastri, there are Badami Chalukya inscriptions that confirm <a href="/wiki/Jayasimha_(Vatapi_Chalukya_dynasty)" title="Jayasimha (Vatapi Chalukya dynasty)">Jayasimha</a> was Pulakeshin I's grandfather and <a href="/wiki/Ranaraga" title="Ranaraga">Ranaraga</a>, his father.<sup id="cite_ref-sapta_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sapta-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gotra_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotra-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gotra1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotra1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-father_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-father-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kamath and <a href="/wiki/George_M._Moraes" title="George M. Moraes">Moraes</a> claim it was a popular practice in the 11th century to link South Indian royal family lineage to a Northern kingdom. The Badami Chalukya records themselves are silent with regards to the Ayodhya origin.<sup id="cite_ref-legend_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legend-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-silent_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silent-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the northern origin theory has been dismissed by many historians, the epigraphist K. V. Ramesh has suggested that an earlier southern migration is a distinct possibility which needs examination.<sup id="cite_ref-migration_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-migration-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to him, the complete absence of any inscriptional reference of their family connections to Ayodhya, and their subsequent Kannadiga identity may have been due to their earlier migration into present day Karnataka region where they achieved success as chieftains and kings. Hence, the place of origin of their ancestors may have been of no significance to the kings of the empire who may have considered themselves natives of the Kannada speaking region.<sup id="cite_ref-identity_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-identity-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writing of 12th century <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri people">Kashmiri</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Bilhana" title="Bilhana">Bilhana</a> suggests the Chalukya family belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a> while other sources claim they were born in the arms of Brahma, and hence were <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> caste.<sup id="cite_ref-Sudra-Kshatriya_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sudra-Kshatriya-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>, the Chalukya king <a href="/wiki/Pulakeshin_II" title="Pulakeshin II">Pulakeshin II</a> was war-like and loved "military arts", because he was a <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> by birth.<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_2011_p._266_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain_2011_p._266-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historians Jan Houben and Kamath, and the epigraphist D.C. Sircar note the Badami Chalukya <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">inscriptions</a> are in <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-south_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-south-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-south1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-south1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-south2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-south2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the historian N. L. Rao, their inscriptions call them <i>Karnatas</i> and their names use indigenous Kannada titles such as <i>Priyagallam</i> and <i>Noduttagelvom</i>. The names of some Chalukya princes end with the pure Kannada term <i>arasa</i> (meaning "king" or "chief").<sup id="cite_ref-arasa_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arasa-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arasa_1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arasa_1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta">Rashtrakuta</a> inscriptions call the Chalukyas of Badami <i>Karnatakabala</i> ("Power of Karnataka").<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been proposed by the historian S. C. Nandinath that the word "Chalukya" originated from <i>Salki</i> or <i>Chalki</i> which is a Kannada word for an agricultural implement.<sup id="cite_ref-Chalki_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chalki-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-root_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-root-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kanisetti_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanisetti-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some historians, the Chalukyas originated from agriculturists.<sup id="cite_ref-Kanisetti_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanisetti-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chalki_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chalki-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_sources">Historical sources</h3></div> <p>Inscriptions in Sanskrit and Kannada are the main source of information about Badami Chalukya history. Among them, the <a href="/wiki/Badami" title="Badami">Badami</a> cave inscriptions of <a href="/wiki/Mangalesha" title="Mangalesha">Mangalesha</a> (578), <a href="/wiki/Kappe_Arabhatta" title="Kappe Arabhatta">Kappe Arabhatta</a> record of c. 700, Peddavaduguru inscription of <a href="/wiki/Pulakeshin_II" title="Pulakeshin II">Pulakeshin II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kanchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanchi">Kanchi</a> Kailasanatha Temple inscription and <a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a> Virupaksha Temple inscription of <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_II" title="Vikramaditya II">Vikramaditya II</a> (all in Kannada language) provide more evidence of the Chalukya language.<sup id="cite_ref-chalukyalangauge_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chalukyalangauge-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chalukyalanguage1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chalukyalanguage1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Badami cliff inscription of Pulakeshin I (543), the <a href="/wiki/Mahakuta_Pillar" title="Mahakuta Pillar">Mahakuta Pillar</a> inscription of <a href="/wiki/Mangalesha" title="Mangalesha">Mangalesha</a> (595) and the <a href="/wiki/Aihole_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Aihole inscriptions">Aihole inscription</a> of Pulakeshin II (634) are examples of important Sanskrit inscriptions written in old <a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-language_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-language-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-language1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-language1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-language2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-language2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reign of the Chalukyas saw the arrival of Kannada as the predominant language of inscriptions along with Sanskrit, in areas of the Indian peninsula outside what is known as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Tamil country">Tamilakam</a> (Tamil country).<sup id="cite_ref-Peninsula_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peninsula-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several coins of the Badami Chalukyas with Kannada legends have been found. All this indicates that Kannada language flourished during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-coins_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coins-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chalukyas_of_Badami._Uncertain_ruler._Circa_597-757_CE._Boar_and_Temple_type.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Chalukyas_of_Badami._Uncertain_ruler._Circa_597-757_CE._Boar_and_Temple_type.jpg/300px-Chalukyas_of_Badami._Uncertain_ruler._Circa_597-757_CE._Boar_and_Temple_type.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Chalukyas_of_Badami._Uncertain_ruler._Circa_597-757_CE._Boar_and_Temple_type.jpg/450px-Chalukyas_of_Badami._Uncertain_ruler._Circa_597-757_CE._Boar_and_Temple_type.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Chalukyas_of_Badami._Uncertain_ruler._Circa_597-757_CE._Boar_and_Temple_type.jpg/600px-Chalukyas_of_Badami._Uncertain_ruler._Circa_597-757_CE._Boar_and_Temple_type.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1573" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>Coinage of the Chalukyas of Badami. Uncertain ruler. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 597</span>–757 AD. Boar and Temple type.</figcaption></figure> <p>Travelogues of contemporary foreign travellers have provided useful information about the Chalukyan empire. The Chinese traveller <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> had visited the court of <a href="/wiki/Pulakeshin_II" title="Pulakeshin II">Pulakeshin II</a>. At the time of this visit, as mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a> record, Pulakeshin II had divided his empire into three <i>Maharashtrakas</i> or great provinces comprising 99,000 villages each. This empire possibly covered present day <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">coastal Konkan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rastra_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rastra-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-actions_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actions-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xuanzang, impressed with the governance of the empire observed that the benefits of the king's efficient administration was felt far and wide. Later, Persian emperor <a href="/wiki/Khosrau_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Khosrau II">Khosrau II</a> exchanged ambassadors with Pulakeshin II.<sup id="cite_ref-Persia_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Persia-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-persia1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-persia1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legends">Legends</h3></div> <p>Court poets of the Western Chalukya dynasty of Kalyani narrate: </p> <dl><dd>"Once when Brahma, the creator, was engaged in the performance of the <i>sandhya</i> (twilight) rituals, Indra approached and beseeched him to create a hero who could put to an end the increasing evil on earth. On being thus requested, Brahma looked steadily into the <i>Chuluka-jala</i> (the water of oblation in his palm) and out sprang thence a great warrior, the progenitor of the Chalukyas".<sup id="cite_ref-palm_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palm-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chalukyas claimed to have been nursed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Sapta Matrikas</a></i> ("seven divine mothers") and were worshippers of many gods including Siva, Vishnu, Chamundi, Surya, Kubera, Parvati, Vinayaka and Kartikeya.</dd></dl> <p>Some scholars connect the Chalukyas with the <a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Chaulukyas</a> (Solankis) of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sen28_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen28-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a myth mentioned in latter manuscripts of <a href="/wiki/Prithviraj_Raso" title="Prithviraj Raso">Prithviraj Raso</a>, Chaulukyas were born out of fire-pit (Agnikund) at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Abu" title="Mount Abu">Mount Abu</a>. However it has been reported that the story of <a href="/wiki/Agnivansha" title="Agnivansha">Agnikula</a> is not mentioned at all in the original version of the <a href="/wiki/Prithviraj_Raso" title="Prithviraj Raso">Prithviraj Raso</a> preserved in the Fort Library at <a href="/wiki/Bikaner" title="Bikaner">Bikaner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Nilagunda inscription of King Vikramaditya VI (11th century or later), the Chalukyas originally hailed from <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a> where fifty-nine kings ruled, and later, sixteen more of this family ruled from South India where they had migrated. This is repeated by his court poet Bilhana, who claims that the first member of the family, "Chalukya", was so named as he was born in the "hollow of the hands" of God <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ayodhya_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ayodhya-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ayodhya1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ayodhya1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some genealogical accounts point to an Ayodhya origin and claim that the Chalukyas belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Solar_dynasty" title="Solar dynasty">Solar dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a theory put forward by Lewis, the Chalukya were descendants of the "<a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleukia</a>" tribe of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and that their conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Pallava" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava">Pallava</a> of Kanchi was, but a continuation of the conflict between ancient Seleukia and "<a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a>", the proposed ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Pallavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallavas">Pallavas</a>. However, this theory has been rejected by Kamath as it seeks to build lineages based simply on similar-sounding clan names.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Periods_in_Chalukya_history">Periods in Chalukya history</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background: lightyellow;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chalukya dynasties</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: left; background:#EEDC82; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)">Vatapi / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Badami Chalukyas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Jayasimha_(Vatapi_Chalukya_dynasty)" title="Jayasimha (Vatapi Chalukya dynasty)">Jayasimha</a></td><td> 500-520</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Ranaraga" title="Ranaraga">Ranaraga</a></td><td> 520-540</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Pulakeshin_I" title="Pulakeshin I">Pulakeshin I</a></td><td> 540–566</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Kirttivarman_I" title="Kirttivarman I">Kirttivarman I</a></td><td> 566–597</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Mangalesha" title="Mangalesha">Mangalesha</a></td><td> 597–609</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Pulakeshin_II" title="Pulakeshin II">Pulakeshin II</a></td><td> 609–642</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Adityavarman_(Chalukya_dynasty)" title="Adityavarman (Chalukya dynasty)">Adityavarman</a></td><td> 643-645</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Abhinavaditya" title="Abhinavaditya">Abhinavaditya</a></td><td> 645-646</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Chandraditya_(Chalukya_dynasty)" title="Chandraditya (Chalukya dynasty)">Chandraditya</a></td><td> 646-649</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Vijaya-Bhattarika" title="Vijaya-Bhattarika">Vijaya-Bhattarika</a> (regent)</td><td> 650-655</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_I" title="Vikramaditya I">Vikramaditya I</a></td><td> 655–680</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Vinayaditya_of_Vatapi" title="Vinayaditya of Vatapi">Vinayaditya</a></td><td> 680–696</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Vijayaditya" title="Vijayaditya">Vijayaditya</a></td><td> 696–733</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_II" title="Vikramaditya II">Vikramaditya II</a></td><td> 733–746</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Kirtivarman_II" title="Kirtivarman II">Kirtivarman II</a></td><td> 746–753</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: left; background:#EEDC82; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)">Vengi / <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Kubja_Vishnuvardhana" title="Kubja Vishnuvardhana">Kubja Vishnuvardhana</a></td><td> 624–641</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Jayasimha_I_(Eastern_Chalukya_dynasty)" title="Jayasimha I (Eastern Chalukya dynasty)">Jayasimha I</a></td><td> 641–673</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Indra_Bhattaraka" title="Indra Bhattaraka">Indra Bhattaraka</a></td><td> 673</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Vishnuvardhana_II" title="Vishnuvardhana II">Vishnu Vardhana II</a></td><td> 673–682</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangi_Yuvaraja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mangi Yuvaraja (page does not exist)">Mangi Yuvaraja</a></td><td> 682–706</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jayasimha_II_(Vengi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jayasimha II (Vengi) (page does not exist)">Jayasimha II</a></td><td> 706–718</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kokkili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kokkili (page does not exist)">Kokkili</a></td><td> 719</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishnuvardhana_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vishnuvardhana III (page does not exist)">Vishnuvardhana III</a></td><td> 719–755</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vijayaditya_I_(Eastern_Chalukya)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vijayaditya I (Eastern Chalukya) (page does not exist)">Vijayaditya I (Eastern Chalukya)</a></td><td> 755–772</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Vishnuvardhana_IV" title="Vishnuvardhana IV">Vishnuvardhana IV</a></td><td> 772–808</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Vijayaditya_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayaditya II">Vijayaditya II</a></td><td> 808–847</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali_Vishnuvardhana_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kali Vishnuvardhana V (page does not exist)">Kali Vishnuvardhana V</a></td><td> 847–849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Vijayaditya_III" title="Vijayaditya III">Vijayaditya III</a></td><td> 849–892</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalukya_Bhima_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chalukya Bhima I (page does not exist)">Chalukya Bhima I</a></td><td> 892–921</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vijayaditya_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vijayaditya IV (page does not exist)">Vijayaditya IV</a></td><td> 921</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amma_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amma I (page does not exist)">Amma I</a></td><td> 921–927</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Vijayaditya_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beta Vijayaditya V (page does not exist)">Beta Vijayaditya V</a></td><td> 927</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tala_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tala I (page does not exist)">Tala I</a></td><td> 927</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vikramaditya_II_(Vengi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vikramaditya II (Vengi) (page does not exist)">Vikramaditya II</a></td><td> 927–928</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhima_II_(Chalukya_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhima II (Chalukya dynasty) (page does not exist)">Bhima II</a></td><td> 928</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuddhamalla_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuddhamalla II (page does not exist)">Yuddhamalla II</a></td><td> 928–935</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalukya_Bhima_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chalukya Bhima II (page does not exist)">Chalukya Bhima II</a></td><td> 935–947</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amma_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amma II (page does not exist)">Amma II</a></td><td> 947–970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tala_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tala I (page does not exist)">Tala I</a></td><td> 970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Danarnava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danarnava (page does not exist)">Danarnava</a></td><td> 970–973</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jata_Choda_Bhima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jata Choda Bhima (page does not exist)">Jata Choda Bhima</a></td><td> 973–999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktivarman_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaktivarman I (page does not exist)">Shaktivarman I</a></td><td> 1000–1011</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vimaladitya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vimaladitya (page does not exist)">Vimaladitya</a></td><td> 1011–1018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_Narendra" title="Rajaraja Narendra">Rajaraja Narendra</a></td><td> 1019–1061</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vijayaditya_VII&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vijayaditya VII (page does not exist)">Vijayaditya VII</a></td><td> 1061-1075</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: left; background:#EEDC82; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)">Kalyani / <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukyas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Tailapa_II" title="Tailapa II">Tailapa II</a></td><td> 957–997</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Satyashraya" title="Satyashraya">Satyashraya</a></td><td> 997–1008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_V" title="Vikramaditya V">Vikramaditya V</a></td><td> 1008–1015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Jayasimha_II_(Western_Chalukya_dynasty)" title="Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)">Jayasimha II</a></td><td> 1015–1042</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Someshvara_I" title="Someshvara I">Someshvara I</a></td><td> 1042–1068</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Someshvara_II" title="Someshvara II">Someshvara II</a></td><td> 1068–1076</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_VI" title="Vikramaditya VI">Vikramaditya VI</a></td><td> 1076–1126</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Someshvara_III" title="Someshvara III">Someshvara III</a></td><td> 1126–1138</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Jagadhekamalla_II" title="Jagadhekamalla II">Jagadhekamalla II</a></td><td> 1138–1151</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Tailapa_III" title="Tailapa III">Tailapa III</a></td><td> 1151–1164</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Jagadhekamalla_III" title="Jagadhekamalla III">Jagadhekamalla III</a></td><td> 1163–1183</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Someshvara_IV" title="Someshvara IV">Someshvara IV</a></td><td> 1184–1200</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chalukyas" title="Template:Chalukyas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chalukyas" title="Template talk:Chalukyas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chalukyas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chalukyas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Chalukyas ruled over the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a> plateau in India for over 600 years. During this period, they ruled as three closely related, but individual dynasties. These are the "Chalukyas of Badami" (also called "Early Chalukyas"), who ruled between the 6th and the 8th century, and the two sibling dynasties, the "Chalukyas of Kalyani" (also called <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Chalukyas">Western Chalukyas</a> or "Later Chalukyas") and the "Chalukyas of Vengi" (also called <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chalukyas_of_Badami">Chalukyas of Badami</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutanatha_temple_in_Badami,_Karnataka,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bhutanatha_temple_in_Badami%2C_Karnataka%2C_India.jpg/300px-Bhutanatha_temple_in_Badami%2C_Karnataka%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bhutanatha_temple_in_Badami%2C_Karnataka%2C_India.jpg/450px-Bhutanatha_temple_in_Badami%2C_Karnataka%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bhutanatha_temple_in_Badami%2C_Karnataka%2C_India.jpg/600px-Bhutanatha_temple_in_Badami%2C_Karnataka%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bhutanatha_group_of_temples,_Badami" title="Bhutanatha group of temples, Badami">Bhutanatha temple complex</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Badami" title="Badami">Badami</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 6th century, with the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta dynasty</a> and their immediate successors in northern India, major changes began to happen in the area south of the <a href="/wiki/Vindhyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindhyas">Vindhyas</a> – the Deccan and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Tamil country">Tamilakam</a>. The age of small kingdoms had given way to large empires in this region.<sup id="cite_ref-politics_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politics-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chalukya dynasty was established by <a href="/wiki/Pulakeshin_I" title="Pulakeshin I">Pulakeshin I</a> in 543.<sup id="cite_ref-puli_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-puli-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pulikesi_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pulikesi-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-strength_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strength-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pulakeshin I took Vatapi (modern <a href="/wiki/Badami" title="Badami">Badami</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bagalkot" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagalkot">Bagalkot</a> district, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>) under his control and made it his capital. Pulakeshin I and his descendants are referred to as "Chalukyas of Badami". They ruled over an empire that comprised the entire state of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and most of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> in the Deccan. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pulakeshin_II" title="Pulakeshin II">Pulakeshin II</a>, whose pre-coronation name was Ereya,<sup id="cite_ref-coronate_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coronate-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commanded control over the entire Deccan and is perhaps the most well-known emperor of the Badami dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-ereya_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ereya-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-greatest_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greatest-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is considered one of the notable kings in Indian history.<sup id="cite_ref-fame_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fame-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Immadi_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immadi-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Immadi1_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immadi1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His queens were princess from the <a href="/wiki/Alupas" class="mw-redirect" title="Alupas">Alupa Dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ganga Dynasty">Western Ganga Dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Talakad" class="mw-redirect" title="Talakad">Talakad</a>, clans with whom the Chalukyas maintained close family and marital relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-son_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-son-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kadam_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadam-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pulakeshin II extended the Chalukya Empire up to the northern extents of the <a href="/wiki/Pallava" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava">Pallava</a> kingdom and halted the southward march of <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a> by defeating him on the banks of the river <a href="/wiki/Narmada_River" title="Narmada River">Narmada</a>. He then defeated the <a href="/wiki/Vishnukundins" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundins">Vishnukundins</a> in the south-eastern Deccan.<sup id="cite_ref-super_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-super-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harsha_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harsha-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-submit_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-submit-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-submit1_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-submit1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pallava <a href="/wiki/Narasimhavarman" class="mw-redirect" title="Narasimhavarman">Narasimhavarman</a> however reversed this victory in 642 by attacking and occupying Badami temporarily. It is presumed Pulakeshin II, "the great hero", died fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-persia1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-persia1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fell_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fell-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Badami Chalukya dynasty went into a brief decline following the death of Pulakeshin II due to internal feuds when Badami was occupied by the Pallavas for a period of thirteen years.<sup id="cite_ref-occupy_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-occupy-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-decline_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decline-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It recovered during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_I" title="Vikramaditya I">Vikramaditya I</a>, who succeeded in pushing the Pallavas out of Badami and restoring order to the empire. Vikramaditya I took the title "Rajamalla" (<i>lit</i> "Sovereign of the <i>Mallas</i>" or Pallavas).<sup id="cite_ref-pushout_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pushout-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thirty-seven year rule of <a href="/wiki/Vijayaditya" title="Vijayaditya">Vijayaditya</a> (696–733) was a prosperous one and is known for prolific temple building activity.<sup id="cite_ref-activity_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-activity-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-temple_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temple-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The empire was its peak again during the rule of the illustrious <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_II" title="Vikramaditya II">Vikramaditya II</a> (733–744) who is known not only for his repeated invasions of the territory of Tondaimandalam and his subsequent victories over Pallava <a href="/wiki/Nandivarman_II" title="Nandivarman II">Nandivarman II</a>, but also for his benevolence towards the people and the monuments of Kanchipuram, the Pallava capital.<sup id="cite_ref-activity_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-activity-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-capital1_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-capital1-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-behave_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-behave-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He thus avenged the earlier humiliation of the Chalukyas by the Pallavas and engraved a <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> inscription on the victory pillar at the Kailasanatha Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-capital1_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-capital1-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kanchi_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanchi-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kanchi2_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanchi2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his reign Arab intruders of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphal_province_of_Sind" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphal province of Sind">Caliphal province of Sind</a> invaded southern Gujarat which was under Chalukya rule, but the Arabs were defeated and driven out by <a href="/wiki/Avanijanashraya_Pulakeshin" class="mw-redirect" title="Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin">Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin</a>, the governor of the <a href="/wiki/Chalukyas_of_Navasarika" title="Chalukyas of Navasarika">Chalukya branch of Navsari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vikramaditya II later overran the other traditional kingdoms of Tamil country, the <a href="/wiki/Pandya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandya">Pandyas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Cholas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a> in addition to subduing a <a href="/wiki/Kalabhra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalabhra">Kalabhra</a> ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-kanchi3_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanchi3-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last Chalukya king, <a href="/wiki/Kirtivarman_II" title="Kirtivarman II">Kirtivarman II</a>, was overthrown by the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta">Rashtrakuta</a> king <a href="/wiki/Dantidurga" title="Dantidurga">Dantidurga</a> in 753.<sup id="cite_ref-overthrow_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overthrow-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At their peak, the Chalukyas ruled a vast empire stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a> in the south to the <a href="/wiki/Narmada_River" title="Narmada River">Narmada</a> in the north. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chalukyas_of_Kalyani">Chalukyas of Kalyani</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukya Empire</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chalukya dynasty is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Chalukya dynasty is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div id="annotation_185x30" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:30px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Kyrgyzs</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_228x138" style="position:absolute; left:228px; top:138px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">CHAM-<br />PA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_278x03" style="position:absolute; left:278px; top:03px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/AD_576" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 576"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">576</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_217x152" style="position:absolute; left:217px; top:152px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">CHENLA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_125x51" 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class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">ALCHON<br />HUNS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_136x130" style="position:absolute; left:136px; top:130px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">CHALU-<br />KYAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_157x113" style="position:absolute; left:157px; top:113px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Later_Gupta_dynasty" title="Later Gupta dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">LATER<br />GUPTAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_218x80" style="position:absolute; left:218px; top:80px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><small>NORTH.</small><br />ZHOU</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_245x80" style="position:absolute; left:245px; top:80px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><small>NORTH.</small><br />QI</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_150x90" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:90px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhung" title="Zhangzhung"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>ZHANGZHUNG</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_240x110" style="position:absolute; left:240px; top:110px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chen_dynasty" title="Chen dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">CHEN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_20x80" style="position:absolute; left:20px; top:80px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">BYZANTINE<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_1x37" style="position:absolute; left:1px; top:37px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">AVAR<br />KHAGANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_185x78" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:78px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">TUYUHUN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_250x55" style="position:absolute; left:250px; top:55px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Khitans</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_175x5" style="position:absolute; left:175px; top:5px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Paleo-Siberians</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_265x25" style="position:absolute; left:265px; top:25px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Tungus</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_273x65" style="position:absolute; left:273px; top:65px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GOGU-<br />RYEO</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_159x69" style="position:absolute; left:159px; top:69px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">TOCHA-<br />RIANS</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The Chalukyas and contemporary polities <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 576</span></div></div></div> <p>The Chalukyas revived their fortunes in 973 after over 200 years of dormancy when much of the Deccan was under the rule of the Rashtrakutas. The genealogy of the kings of this empire is still debated. One theory, based on contemporary literary and inscriptional evidence plus the finding that the Western Chalukyas employed titles and names commonly used by the early Chalukyas, suggests that the Western Chalukya kings belonged to the same family line as the illustrious Badami <a href="/wiki/Chalukya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukya">Chalukya</a> dynasty of the 6th century<sup id="cite_ref-related_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-related-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Malla_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malla-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while other Western Chalukya inscriptional evidence indicates they were a distinct line unrelated to the Early Chalukyas.<sup id="cite_ref-unrelated_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unrelated-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tailapa_II" title="Tailapa II">Tailapa II</a>, a Rashtrakuta feudatory ruling from Tardavadi – 1000 (<a href="/wiki/Bijapur_district,_Karnataka" title="Bijapur district, Karnataka">Bijapur district</a>) overthrew <a href="/wiki/Karka_II" title="Karka II">Karka II</a>, re-established the Chalukya rule in the western Deccan and recovered most of the Chalukya empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Tailapa_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tailapa-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-indi_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indi-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Western Chalukyas ruled for over 200 years and were in constant conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholas">Cholas</a>, and with their cousins, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a> of Vengi. <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_VI" title="Vikramaditya VI">Vikramaditya VI</a> is widely considered the most notable ruler of the dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Vijnyan_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vijnyan-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-era2_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-era2-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting from the very beginning of his reign, which lasted fifty years, he abolished the original <i>Saka</i> era and established the <i>Vikrama Era</i>. Most subsequent Chalukya inscriptions are dated in this new era.<sup id="cite_ref-Era_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Era-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-era1_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-era1-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vikramaditya VI was an ambitious and skilled military leader. Under his leadership the Western Chalukyas were able to end the Chola influence over Vengi (coastal Andhra) and become the dominant power in the Deccan.<sup id="cite_ref-end_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-end-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dominant_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dominant-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Western Chalukya period was an important age in the development of <a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-golden_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-golden-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-golden1_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-golden1-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They went into their final dissolution towards the end of the 12th century with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pandyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyas">Pandyas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seuna_Yadavas_of_Devagiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri">Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-disappear_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-disappear-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chalukyas_of_Vengi">Chalukyas of Vengi</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a></div> <p>Pulakeshin II conquered the eastern Deccan, corresponding to the coastal districts of modern <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> in 616, defeating the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a> kingdom. He appointed his brother <a href="/wiki/Kubja_Vishnuvardhana" title="Kubja Vishnuvardhana">Kubja Vishnuvardhana</a> as Viceroy in 621.<sup id="cite_ref-kubja_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kubja-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yuva_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yuva-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the Eastern Chalukyas were originally of Kannada stock.<sup id="cite_ref-stock10_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stock10-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of Pulakeshin II, the Vengi Viceroyalty developed into an independent kingdom and included the region between <a href="/wiki/Nellore" title="Nellore">Nellore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yuva_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yuva-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vengi_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vengi-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the decline of the Badami Chalukya empire in the mid-8th century, territorial disputes flared up between the Rashtrakutas, the new rulers of the western deccan, and the Eastern Chalukyas. For much of the next two centuries, the Eastern Chalukyas had to accept subordination towards the Rashtrakutas.<sup id="cite_ref-subordinate_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subordinate-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from a rare military success, such as the one by Vijayaditya II(c.808–847), it was only during the rule of Bhima I (c.892–921) that these Chalukyas were able to celebrate a measure of independence. After the death of Bhima I, the Andhra region once again saw succession disputes and interference in Vengi affairs by the Rashtrakutas.<sup id="cite_ref-subordinate_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subordinate-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fortunes of the Eastern Chalukyas took a turn around 1000. Danarnava, their king, was killed in battle in 973 by the Telugu Choda King Bhima who then imposed his rule over the region for twenty-seven years. During this time, Danarnava's two sons took refuge in the <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Chola</a> kingdom. Choda Bhima's invasion of Tondaimandalam, a Chola territory, and his subsequent death on the battlefield opened up a new era in Chola–Chalukya relations. Saktivarman I, the elder son of Danarnava was crowned as the ruler of Vengi in 1000, though under the control of king <a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaraja Chola I">Rajaraja Chola I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rajaraja_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rajaraja-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new relationship between the Cholas and the coastal Andhra kingdom was unacceptable to the Western Chalukyas, who had by then replaced the Rashtrakutas as the main power in the western Deccan. The Western Chalukyas sought to brook the growing Chola influence in the Vengi region but were unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-subordinate_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subordinate-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brook_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brook-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, the Eastern Chalukyas had encouraged Kannada language and literature, though, after a period of time, local factors took over and they gave importance to <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stock_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stock-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stock1_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stock1-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telugu literature owes its growth to the Eastern Chalukyas.<sup id="cite_ref-born_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-born-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukya_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukya Architecture">Badami Chalukya Architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_architecture" title="Western Chalukya architecture">Western Chalukya architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badami_Cave_Temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Cave Temples">Badami Cave Temples</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virupaksha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Virupaksha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg/220px-Virupaksha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Virupaksha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg/330px-Virupaksha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Virupaksha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg/440px-Virupaksha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Virupaksha temple in <i>Dravidian</i> style at <a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a>, built 740 CE</figcaption></figure> <p>The Badami Chalukya era was an important period in the development of South Indian architecture. The kings of this dynasty were called <i>Umapati Varlabdh</i> and built many temples for the Hindu god Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-Tartakov_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tartakov-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their style of architecture is called "Chalukyan architecture" or "Karnata Dravida architecture".<sup id="cite_ref-dravida_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dravida-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-monuments1_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monuments1-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly a hundred monuments built by them, rock cut (cave) and structural, are found in the <a href="/wiki/Malaprabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaprabha">Malaprabha</a> river basin in modern <a href="/wiki/Bagalkot_district" title="Bagalkot district">Bagalkot district</a> of northern Karnataka.<sup id="cite_ref-arch_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arch-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building material they used was a reddish-golden <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a> found locally. These cave temples are basically excavations, cut out of the living rock sites they occupy. They were not built as their structural counterparts were, rather created by a special technique known as "subtraction" and are basically sculptural.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though they ruled a vast empire, the Chalukyan workshops concentrated most of their temple building activity in a relatively small area within the Chalukyan heartland – <a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badami_Cave_Temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Cave Temples">Badami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahakuta_group_of_temples" title="Mahakuta group of temples">Mahakuta</a> in modern Karnataka state.<sup id="cite_ref-mahakuta_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahakuta-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their temple building activity can be categorised into three phases. The early phase began in the last quarter of the 6th century and resulted in many cave temples, prominent among which are three elementary cave temples at Aihole (one <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Vedic</a>, one Jain and one Buddhist which is incomplete), followed by four developed cave temples at Badami (of which cave 3, a Vaishnava temple, is dated accurately to 578 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-alam_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alam-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cave temples at Badami are similar, in that, each has a plain exterior but an exceptionally well finished interior consisting of a pillared <a href="/wiki/Verandah" class="mw-redirect" title="Verandah">verandah</a>, a columned hall (<i><a href="/wiki/Mandapa" title="Mandapa">mantapa</a></i>) and a cella (shrine, cut deep into rock) which contains the deity of worship.<sup id="cite_ref-motif_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motif-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Badami, three caves temples are Vedic and one in Jain. The Vedic temples contain large well sculpted images of <a href="/wiki/Harihara" title="Harihara">Harihara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Mahishasuramardhini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a>, Trivikrama, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> seated on <a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Anantha</a> (the snake) and <a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a> (dancing <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-trivikrama_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trivikrama-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second phase of temple building was at Aihole (where some seventy structures exist and has been called "one of the cradles of Indian temple architecture"<sup id="cite_ref-cradle_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cradle-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and Badami. Though the exact dating of these temples has been debated, there is consensus that the beginnings of these constructions are from c. 600.<sup id="cite_ref-struct_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-struct-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-victory_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victory-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-debate_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debate-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are the <a href="/wiki/Lad_Khan_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Lad Khan Temple">Lad Khan Temple</a> (dated by some to c. 450 but more accurately to 620) with its interesting perforated stone windows and sculptures of river goddesses; the Meguti Jain Temple (634) which shows progress in structural design; the Durga Temple with its northern Indian style tower (8th century) and experiments to adapt a Buddhist <i>Chaitya</i> design to a brahminical one (its stylistic framework is overall a hybrid of north and south Indian styles.<sup id="cite_ref-Tartakov_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tartakov-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); the Huccimalli Gudi Temple with a new inclusion, a <a href="/wiki/Vestibule_(architecture)" title="Vestibule (architecture)">vestibule</a>, connecting the sanctum to the hall.<sup id="cite_ref-hucci_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hucci-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <i>dravida</i> style temples from this period are the Naganatha Temple at Nagaral; the Banantigudi Temple, the Mahakutesvara Temple and the Mallikarjuna Temple at Mahakuta; and the Lower Sivalaya Temple, the Malegitti Sivalaya Temple (upper) and the Jambulingesvara Temple at Badami.<sup id="cite_ref-victory_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victory-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Located outside the Chalukyan architectural heartland, 140 km south-east of Badami, with a structure related to the Early Chalukya style is the unusual Parvati Temple at <a href="/wiki/Sanduru" title="Sanduru">Sanduru</a> which dates to the late 7th century. It is medium-sized, 48 ft long and 37 ft wide. It has a <i>nagara</i> (north Indian) style <i>vimana</i> (tower) and <i>dravida</i> (south Indian) style parts, has no <a href="/wiki/Mantapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantapa">mantapa</a> (hall) and consists of an <i><a href="/wiki/Antarala" title="Antarala">antarala</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Antechamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Antechamber">vestibule</a>) crowned with a barrel-vaulted tower (<i>sukhanasi</i>). The "staggered" base plan of the temple became popular much later, in the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-parvati_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parvati-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sand_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sand-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The structural temples at Pattadakal, built in the 8th century and now a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, marks the culmination and mature phase of Badami Chalukyan architecture. The Bhutanatha group of temples at Badami are also from this period. There are ten temples at Pattadakal, six in southern <i>dravida</i> style and four in the northern <i>nagara</i> style. Well known among these are the Sangamesvara Temple (725), the Virupaksha Temple (740–745) and the Mallikarjuna Temple (740–745) in the southern style. The Papanatha temple (680) and Galaganatha Temple (740) are early attempts in the <i>nagara</i> – <i>dravida</i> fusion style.<sup id="cite_ref-fuse_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuse-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inscriptional evidence suggests that the Virupaksha and the Mallikarjuna Temples were commissioned by the two queens of King Vikramaditya II after his military success over the Pallavas of Kanchipuram.<sup id="cite_ref-victory_118-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victory-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some well known names of Chalukyan architects are Revadi Ovajja, Narasobba and <a href="/wiki/Gundan_Anivaritachari" title="Gundan Anivaritachari">Anivarita Gunda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-artist_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artist-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reign of Western Chalukyas was an important period in the development of Deccan architecture. Their architecture served as a conceptual link between the Badami Chalukya architecture of the 8th century and the <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_architecture" title="Hoysala architecture">Hoysala architecture</a> popularised in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-indianart_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indianart-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-indianart1_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indianart1-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The centre of their cultural and temple-building activity lay in the <a href="/wiki/Tungabhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungabhadra">Tungabhadra</a> region of modern Karnataka state, encompassing the present-day <a href="/wiki/Dharwad_district" title="Dharwad district">Dharwad district</a>; it included areas of present-day <a href="/wiki/Haveri_district" title="Haveri district">Haveri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gadag_district" title="Gadag district">Gadag</a> districts.<sup id="cite_ref-heart_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heart-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gad_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gad-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, large medieval workshops built numerous monuments.<sup id="cite_ref-workshop_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-workshop-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These monuments, regional variants of pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">dravida</a> temples, defined the <i>Karnata dravida</i> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-kardra_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kardra-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most notable of the many buildings dating from this period are the <a href="/wiki/Mahadeva_Temple_(Itagi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahadeva Temple (Itagi)">Mahadeva Temple</a> at Itagi in the <a href="/wiki/Koppal_district" title="Koppal district">Koppal district</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-maha_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maha-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hardy10_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy10-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Kasivisvesvara Temple at <a href="/wiki/Lakkundi" title="Lakkundi">Lakkundi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gadag_district" title="Gadag district">Gadag district</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-kasi_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kasi-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hardy11_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy11-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Mallikarjuna Temple at Kuruvatti,<sup id="cite_ref-hardy11_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy11-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Kallesvara Temple at Bagali,<sup id="cite_ref-hardy13_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy13-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both in the <a href="/wiki/Davangere_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Davangere district">Davangere district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kal_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kal-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable constructions are the <a href="/wiki/Dodda_Basappa_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodda Basappa Temple">Dodda Basappa Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dambal" title="Dambal">Dambal</a> (Gadag district),<sup id="cite_ref-dam1_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dam1-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hardy14_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy14-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Siddhesvara_Temple" title="Siddhesvara Temple">Siddhesvara Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Haveri" title="Haveri">Haveri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haveri_district" title="Haveri district">Haveri district</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-sidd_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sidd-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hardy15_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy15-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Amrtesvara Temple at Annigeri (<a href="/wiki/Dharwad_district" title="Dharwad district">Dharwad district</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-amrtesh_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amrtesh-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hardy16_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy16-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Eastern Chalukyas built some fine temples at Alampur, in modern eastern Andhra Pradesh.<sup id="cite_ref-alam_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alam-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-alampur_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alampur-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Badami,_H%C3%B6hle_4,_Bahubali_(1999).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bahubali at Jain Cave temple No. 4 at Badami, 6th century"><img alt="Bahubali at Jain Cave temple No. 4 at Badami, 6th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Badami%2C_H%C3%B6hle_4%2C_Bahubali_%281999%29.jpg/80px-Badami%2C_H%C3%B6hle_4%2C_Bahubali_%281999%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Badami%2C_H%C3%B6hle_4%2C_Bahubali_%281999%29.jpg/120px-Badami%2C_H%C3%B6hle_4%2C_Bahubali_%281999%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Badami%2C_H%C3%B6hle_4%2C_Bahubali_%281999%29.jpg/160px-Badami%2C_H%C3%B6hle_4%2C_Bahubali_%281999%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="2760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bahubali" title="Bahubali">Bahubali</a> at Jain Cave temple No. 4 at Badami, 6th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_image_inside_cave_number_3_in_Badami.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vishnu image in Cave temple No. 3"><img alt="Vishnu image in Cave temple No. 3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Vishnu_image_inside_cave_number_3_in_Badami.jpg/90px-Vishnu_image_inside_cave_number_3_in_Badami.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Vishnu_image_inside_cave_number_3_in_Badami.jpg/135px-Vishnu_image_inside_cave_number_3_in_Badami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Vishnu_image_inside_cave_number_3_in_Badami.jpg/180px-Vishnu_image_inside_cave_number_3_in_Badami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vishnu image in Cave temple No. 3</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutanatha_temple_complex_in_Badami.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bhutanatha group of temples facing the Badami tank"><img alt="Bhutanatha group of temples facing the Badami tank" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bhutanatha_temple_complex_in_Badami.jpg/120px-Bhutanatha_temple_complex_in_Badami.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bhutanatha_temple_complex_in_Badami.jpg/180px-Bhutanatha_temple_complex_in_Badami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bhutanatha_temple_complex_in_Badami.jpg/240px-Bhutanatha_temple_complex_in_Badami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bhutanatha group of temples facing the <a href="/wiki/Badami" title="Badami">Badami</a> tank</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parvati_temple_at_Krauncha_Giri_near_Sandur,_Ballary_district.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Parvati Temple, located about 140 km southeast to the Badami"><img alt="The Parvati Temple, located about 140 km southeast to the Badami" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Parvati_temple_at_Krauncha_Giri_near_Sandur%2C_Ballary_district.jpg/67px-Parvati_temple_at_Krauncha_Giri_near_Sandur%2C_Ballary_district.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Parvati_temple_at_Krauncha_Giri_near_Sandur%2C_Ballary_district.jpg/101px-Parvati_temple_at_Krauncha_Giri_near_Sandur%2C_Ballary_district.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Parvati_temple_at_Krauncha_Giri_near_Sandur%2C_Ballary_district.jpg/135px-Parvati_temple_at_Krauncha_Giri_near_Sandur%2C_Ballary_district.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Parvati Temple, located about 140 km southeast to the Badami</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aihole – Durga Temple Front View"><img alt="Aihole – Durga Temple Front View" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Durga_Temple.jpg/120px-Durga_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Durga_Temple.jpg/180px-Durga_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Durga_Temple.jpg/240px-Durga_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3357" data-file-height="1925" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a> – Durga Temple Front View</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_basadi.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Aihole – Meguti Jain Temple"><img alt="Aihole – Meguti Jain Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Jain_basadi.JPG/120px-Jain_basadi.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Jain_basadi.JPG/180px-Jain_basadi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Jain_basadi.JPG/240px-Jain_basadi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aihole – Meguti Jain Temple</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mallikarjuna_and_Kasivisvanatha_temples_at_Pattadakal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mallikarjuna temple in dravidian style and Kashi Vishwanatha temple in nagara style at Pattadakal, built 740 CE"><img alt="Mallikarjuna temple in dravidian style and Kashi Vishwanatha temple in nagara style at Pattadakal, built 740 CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mallikarjuna_and_Kasivisvanatha_temples_at_Pattadakal.jpg/120px-Mallikarjuna_and_Kasivisvanatha_temples_at_Pattadakal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mallikarjuna_and_Kasivisvanatha_temples_at_Pattadakal.jpg/180px-Mallikarjuna_and_Kasivisvanatha_temples_at_Pattadakal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mallikarjuna_and_Kasivisvanatha_temples_at_Pattadakal.jpg/240px-Mallikarjuna_and_Kasivisvanatha_temples_at_Pattadakal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mallikarjuna temple in <i>dravidian</i> style and Kashi Vishwanatha temple in <i>nagara</i> style at <a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a>, built 740 CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Badami-shiva.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dancing Shiva in cave no. 1 in Badami"><img alt="Dancing Shiva in cave no. 1 in Badami" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Badami-shiva.JPG/120px-Badami-shiva.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Badami-shiva.JPG/180px-Badami-shiva.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Badami-shiva.JPG/240px-Badami-shiva.JPG 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="241" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dancing Shiva in cave no. 1 in Badami</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Papanatha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Papanatha temple at Pattadakal – fusion of southern and northern Indian styles, 680 CE"><img alt="Papanatha temple at Pattadakal – fusion of southern and northern Indian styles, 680 CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Papanatha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg/120px-Papanatha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Papanatha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg/180px-Papanatha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Papanatha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg/240px-Papanatha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Papanatha temple at Pattadakal – fusion of southern and northern Indian styles, 680 CE</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Chalukya literature">Western Chalukya literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aihole_inscription_of_Ravi_Kirti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Aihole_inscription_of_Ravi_Kirti.jpg/220px-Aihole_inscription_of_Ravi_Kirti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Aihole_inscription_of_Ravi_Kirti.jpg/330px-Aihole_inscription_of_Ravi_Kirti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Aihole_inscription_of_Ravi_Kirti.jpg/440px-Aihole_inscription_of_Ravi_Kirti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1764" data-file-height="1161" /></a><figcaption>Poetry on stone at the Meguti temple (<a href="/wiki/Aihole_inscription" title="Aihole inscription">Aihole inscription</a>) dated 634 AD, in Sanskrit language and old Kannada script, with a Kannada language endorsement of about the same date at the bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-south_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-south-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Aihole_inscription" title="Aihole inscription">Aihole inscription</a> of Pulakeshin II (634) written by his court poet Ravikirti in Sanskrit language and Kannada script is considered as a classical piece of poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-language_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-language-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kirti_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirti-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few verses of a poet named Vijayanaka who describes herself as the "dark <a href="/wiki/Sarasvati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarasvati">Sarasvati</a>" have been preserved. It is possible that she may have been a queen of prince <a href="/wiki/Chandraditya_(Chalukya_dynasty)" title="Chandraditya (Chalukya dynasty)">Chandraditya</a> (a son of Pulakeshin II).<sup id="cite_ref-jayakirti_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jayakirti-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Famous writers in Sanskrit from the Western Chalukya period are <a href="/wiki/Vijnaneshwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijnaneshwara">Vijnaneshwara</a> who achieved fame by writing <a href="/wiki/Mitakshara" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitakshara">Mitakshara</a>, a book on Hindu law, and King <a href="/wiki/Someshvara_III" title="Someshvara III">Someshvara III</a>, a noted scholar, who compiled an <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia">encyclopaedia</a> of all arts and sciences called <i>Manasollasa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-science_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the period of the Badami Chalukyas, references are made to the existence of Kannada literature, though not much has survived.<sup id="cite_ref-survive10_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survive10-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inscriptions however refer to Kannada as the "natural language".<sup id="cite_ref-survive_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survive-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kappe_Arabhatta" title="Kappe Arabhatta">Kappe Arabhatta</a> record of c. 700 in <i><a href="/wiki/Tripadi" title="Tripadi">tripadi</a></i> (three line) metre is the earliest available work in Kannada poetics.<sup id="cite_ref-tri_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tri-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-karnateshwara_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karnateshwara-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Karnateshwara Katha</i>, which was quoted later by Jayakirti, is believed to be a eulogy of Pulakeshin II and to have belonged to this period.<sup id="cite_ref-karnateshwara_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karnateshwara-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other probable Kannada writers, whose works are not extant now but titles of which are known from independent references<sup id="cite_ref-inde_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inde-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are Syamakundacharya (650), who is said to have authored the <i>Prabhrita</i>, and Srivaradhadeva (also called Tumubuluracharya, 650 or earlier), the possible author of the <i>Chudamani</i> ("Crest Jewel"), a lengthy commentary on <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-survive10_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survive10-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tumbu_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tumbu-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-srivarada_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srivarada-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-extinct1_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extinct1-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rule of the Western and Eastern Chalukyas, however, is a major event in the history of Kannada and Telugu literatures respectively. By the 9th–10th centuries, Kannada language had already seen some of its most notable writers. The "three gems" of <a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adikavi_Pampa" title="Adikavi Pampa">Adikavi Pampa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Ponna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Ponna">Sri Ponna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranna_(Kannada_poet)" title="Ranna (Kannada poet)">Ranna</a> belonged to this period.<sup id="cite_ref-gems_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gems-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gems1_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gems1-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 11th century, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_literature" title="Telugu literature">Telugu literature</a> was born under the patronage of the Eastern Chalukyas with Nannaya Bhatta as its first writer.<sup id="cite_ref-gems1_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gems1-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-begin_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-begin-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Badami_Chalukya_country">Badami Chalukya country</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Army">Army</h3></div> <p>The army was well organised and this was the reason for Pulakeshin II's success beyond the Vindyas.<sup id="cite_ref-vindya_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vindya-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consisted of an infantry, a cavalry, an elephant corps and a powerful navy. The Chinese traveller <a href="/wiki/Hiuen-Tsiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiuen-Tsiang">Hiuen-Tsiang</a> wrote that the Chalukyan army had hundreds of elephants which were intoxicated with liquor prior to battle.<sup id="cite_ref-persia1_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-persia1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elephant_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elephant-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was with their navy that they conquered <i>Revatidvipa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a> on east coast of India. Rashtrakuta inscriptions use the term <i>Karnatakabala</i> when referring to the powerful Chalukya armies.<sup id="cite_ref-bala_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bala-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_governance">Land governance</h3></div> <p>The government, at higher levels, was closely modelled after the <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadhan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satavahana" class="mw-redirect" title="Satavahana">Satavahana</a> administrative machinery.<sup id="cite_ref-persia1_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-persia1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The empire was divided into <i>Maharashtrakas</i> (provinces), then into smaller <i>Rashtrakas</i> (<i>Mandala</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Vishaya" title="Vishaya">Vishaya</a></i> (district), <i>Bhoga</i> (group of 10 villages) which is similar to the <i>Dasagrama</i> unit used by the <a href="/wiki/Kadambas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadambas">Kadambas</a>. At the lower levels of administration, the Kadamba style prevailed fully. The Sanjan plates of Vikramaditya I even mentions a land unit called <i>Dasagrama</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-grama_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grama-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to imperial provinces, there were autonomous regions ruled by feudatories such as the Alupas, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ganga Dynasty">Gangas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bana_kingdom" title="Bana kingdom">Banas</a> and the Sendrakas.<sup id="cite_ref-bana_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bana-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local assemblies and guilds looked after local issues. Groups of <i><a href="/wiki/Mahajan" title="Mahajan">mahajanas</a></i> (learned <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">brahmins</a>) looked after <i>agraharas</i> (called <i>ghatika</i> or "place of higher learning") such as at Badami which was served by 2000 <i>mahajans</i> and Aihole which was served by 500 <i>mahajanas</i>. Taxes were levied and were called the <i>herjunka</i> – tax on loads, the <i>kirukula</i> – tax on retail goods in transit, the <i>bilkode</i> – sales tax, the <i>pannaya</i> – betel tax, <i>siddaya</i> – land tax and the <i>vaddaravula</i> – tax levied to support royalty.<sup id="cite_ref-bana_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bana-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coinage">Coinage</h3></div> <p>The Badami Chalukyas minted coins that were of a different standard compared to the coins of the northern kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Varaha_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varaha-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coins had <i><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Nagari</a></i> and Kannada legends.<sup id="cite_ref-south1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-south1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coins of Mangalesha had the symbol of a temple on the obverse and a 'sceptre between lamps' or a temple on the reverse. Pulakeshin II's coins had a caparisoned lion facing right on the obverse and a temple on the reverse. The coins weighed 4 grams and were called, in old-Kannada, <i>hun</i> (or <i>honnu</i>) and had fractions such as <i>fana</i> (or <i>fanam</i>) and the <i>quarter fana</i> (the modern day Kannada equivalent being <i>hana</i> – which literally means "money").<sup id="cite_ref-hana_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hana-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A gold coin called <i>gadyana</i> is mentioned in a record at the Vijayeshwara Temple at <a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a>, which later came to be known as <i><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">varaha</a></i> (their royal emblem).<sup id="cite_ref-Varaha_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varaha-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg/220px-Cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg/330px-Cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg/440px-Cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Vaishnava Cave temple No. 3 at Badami, 578 AD</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background:lightyellow"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Karnataka" title="Category:History of Karnataka">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0 5px; background: #EEDC82; font-size:135%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Karnataka" title="History of Karnataka">History of Karnataka</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GBerunda.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/GBerunda.JPG/135px-GBerunda.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/GBerunda.JPG/203px-GBerunda.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/GBerunda.JPG/270px-GBerunda.JPG 2x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="335" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_medieval_Karnataka" title="Political history of medieval Karnataka">Political history of medieval Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Karnataka" title="Etymology of Karnataka">Origin of Karnataka's name</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Polities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadambas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Gangas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chalukya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Kalyani" title="Kalachuris of Kalyani">Southern Kalachuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Kingdom" title="Hoysala Kingdom">Hoysala Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bijapur" title="Sultanate of Bijapur">Sultanate of Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi" title="Nayakas of Keladi">Nayakas of Keladi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Chitradurga" title="Nayakas of Chitradurga">Nayakas of Chitradurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haleri_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Haleri Kingdom">Haleri Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Karnataka" title="Unification of Karnataka">Unification of Karnataka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Architecture of Karnataka">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Forts in Karnataka">Forts</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_economies_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Historical economies of Karnataka">Economies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_Societies_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Historical Societies of Karnataka">Societies</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Karnataka_History" title="Template:Karnataka History"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Karnataka_History" title="Template talk:Karnataka History"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Karnataka_History" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Karnataka History"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Both <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> flourished during the Badami Chalukya period, though it seems the former was more popular.<sup id="cite_ref-popular_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popular-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Famous temples were built in places such as Pattadakal, Aihole and Mahakuta, and priests (<i>archakas</i>) were invited from northern India. Vedic sacrifices, religious vows (<i>vrata</i>) and the giving of gifts (<i>dana</i>) was important.<sup id="cite_ref-dana_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dana-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Badami kings were followers of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Vedic</a> Hinduism and dedicated temples to popular Hindu deities in Aihole. Sculptures of deities testify to the popularity of Hindu Gods such as <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganapathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganapathi">Ganapathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Sapta Matrikas</a></i> ("seven mothers"). The Badami kings also performed the <a href="/wiki/Ashwamedha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashwamedha">Ashwamedha</a> ("horse sacrifice").<sup id="cite_ref-deity_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deity-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The worship of <a href="/wiki/Lajja_Gauri" title="Lajja Gauri">Lajja Gauri</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fertility_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility goddess">fertility goddess</a> is known. <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> too was a prominent religion during this period. The kings of the dynasty were however secular and actively encouraged <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>. One of the Badami Cave temples is dedicated to the Jain faith. Jain temples were also erected in the Aihole complex, the temple at Maguti being one such example.<sup id="cite_ref-maguti_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maguti-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ravikirti, the court poet of Pulakeshin II was a Jain. Queen Vinayavati consecrated a temple for the <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> ("Hindu trinity") at Badami. Sculptures of the Trimurti, <a href="/wiki/Harihara" title="Harihara">Harihara</a> (half Vishnu, half Shiva) and <i>Ardhanarishwara</i> (half Shiva, half woman) provide ample evidence of their tolerance.<sup id="cite_ref-deity_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deity-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhism was on a decline, having made its ingress into Southeast Asia. This is confirmed by the writings of Hiuen-Tsiang. Badami, Aihole, Kurtukoti and Puligere (modern <a href="/wiki/Lakshmeshwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshmeshwar">Lakshmeshwar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gadag_district" title="Gadag district">Gadag district</a>) were primary places of learning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society">Society</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hindu_caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu caste system">Hindu caste system</a> was present and devadasis were recognised by the government. Some kings had concubines (<i>ganikas</i>) who were given much respect,<sup id="cite_ref-ganikas_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ganikas-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a> was perhaps absent since widows like Vinayavathi and Vijayanka are mentioned in records. <a href="/wiki/Devadasi" title="Devadasi">Devadasis</a> were however present in temples. Sage <a href="/wiki/Bharata_Muni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Muni">Bharata</a>'s <i>Natyashastra</i>, the precursor to <a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a>, the classical dance of South India, was popular and is seen in many sculptures and is mentioned in inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-natyasastra_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natyasastra-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some women from the royal family enjoyed political power in administration. Queen Vijayanka was a noted Sanskrit poet,<sup id="cite_ref-jayakirti_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jayakirti-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kumkumadevi, the younger sister of Vijayaditya (and queen of Alupa King Chitravahana) made several grants and had a Jain <a href="/wiki/Basadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Basadi">basadi</a> called Anesajjebasadi constructed at Puligere,<sup id="cite_ref-grant_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grant-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the queens of Vikramaditya II, Lokamahadevi and Trailokyamahadevi made grants and possibly consecrated the Lokesvara Temple (now called Virupaksha temple) but also and the Mallikarjuna temple respectively at Pattadakal.<sup id="cite_ref-sanga_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanga-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <p>The Chalukya era may be seen as the beginning of the fusion of cultures of northern and southern India, making way for the transmission of ideas between the two regions. This is seen clearly in the field of architecture. The Chalukyas spawned the <i>Vesara</i> style of architecture which includes elements of the northern <i>nagara</i> and southern <i>dravida</i> styles. During this period, the expanding Sanskritic culture mingled with local <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian people">Dravidian</a> vernaculars which were already popular.<sup id="cite_ref-politics_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politics-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a> maintain these influences even today. This influence helped to enrich literature in these languages.<sup id="cite_ref-enrich_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enrich-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hindu legal system owes much to the Sanskrit work <i>Mitakshara</i> by Vijnaneshwara in the court of Western Chalukya King Vikramaditya VI. Perhaps the greatest work in legal literature, <i>Mitakshara</i> is a commentary on <i>Yajnavalkya</i> and is a treatise on law based on earlier writings and has found acceptance in most parts of India. Englishman <a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Colebrooke" title="Henry Thomas Colebrooke">Henry Thomas Colebrooke</a> later translated into English the section on inheritance, giving it currency in the British Indian court system.<sup id="cite_ref-legal_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legal-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during the Western Chalukya rule that the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> movement gained momentum in South India, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Ramanujacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramanujacharya">Ramanujacharya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basavanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Basavanna">Basavanna</a>, later spreading into northern India. </p><p>A celebration called <i>Chalukya utsava</i>, a three-day festival of music and dance, organised by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Karnataka" title="Government of Karnataka">Government of Karnataka</a>, is held every year at Pattadakal, Badami and Aihole.<sup id="cite_ref-utsav_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utsav-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event is a celebration of the achievements of the Chalukyas in the realm of art, craft, music and dance. The program, which starts at Pattadakal and ends in Aihole, is inaugurated by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Karnataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Karnataka">Chief Minister of Karnataka</a>. Singers, dancers, poets and other artists from all over the country take part in this event. In the <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2006 celebration, 400 art troupes took part in the festivities. Colorful cutouts of the <i><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></i> the Chalukya emblem, <i>Satyashraya</i> Pulakeshin (Pulakeshin II), famous sculptural masterpieces such as <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Mahishasuramardhini</a> (Durga killing demon <a href="/wiki/Mahishasura" title="Mahishasura">Mahishasura</a>) were present everywhere. The program at Pattadakal is named <i>Anivaritacharigund vedike</i> after the famous architect of the Virupaksha temple, <a href="/wiki/Gundan_Anivaritachari" title="Gundan Anivaritachari">Gundan Anivaritachari</a>. At Badami it is called <i>Chalukya Vijayambika Vedike</i> and at Aihole, <i>Ravikirti Vedike</i> after the famous poet and minister (Ravikirti) in the court of Pulakeshin II. <i><a href="/wiki/Immadi_Pulikeshi_(film)" title="Immadi Pulikeshi (film)">Immadi Pulikeshi</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> movie of the 1960s starring <a href="/wiki/Dr._Rajkumar" title="Dr. Rajkumar">Dr. Rajkumar</a> celebrates the life and times of the great king.<sup id="cite_ref-utsav_176-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utsav-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Chalukyas">Western Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukya Cholas">Chalukya Cholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamboi" title="Kamboi">Kamboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamboja_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamboja Kingdom">Kamboja</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_places_of_Chalukyas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_places_of_Chalukyas" title="Template:Historical places of Chalukyas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_places_of_Chalukyas" title="Template talk:Historical places of Chalukyas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_places_of_Chalukyas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical places of Chalukyas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_places_of_Chalukyas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical places of <a href="/wiki/Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukyas">Chalukyas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badami" title="Badami">Badami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakuta_group_of_temples" title="Mahakuta group of temples">Mahakuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudi,_India" title="Sudi, India">Sudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banashankari_Amma_Temple" title="Banashankari Amma Temple">Banashankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkundi" title="Lakkundi">Lakkundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambal" title="Dambal">Dambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadag-Betageri" title="Gadag-Betageri">Gadag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadeva_Temple,_Itagi" title="Mahadeva Temple, Itagi">Mahadeva Temple, Itagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmeshwara" title="Lakshmeshwara">Lakshmeshwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annigeri" title="Annigeri">Annigeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundgol" title="Kundgol">Kundgol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudayyadanapura" title="Chaudayyadanapura">Chaudayyadanapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaganatha" title="Galaganatha">Galaganatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangal" title="Hangal">Hangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooli" title="Hooli">Hooli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalasangvi" title="Jalasangvi">Jalasangvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basavakalyan" title="Basavakalyan">Basavakalyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manyakheta" class="mw-redirect" title="Manyakheta">Manyakheta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandramouleshwara_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandramouleshwara Temple"> Chandramouleshwara Temple Unkal Hubli-Dharwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haveri" title="Haveri">Haveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuruvathi_Basaveshwara_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuruvathi Basaveshwara temple">Kuruvatti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephanta_Caves" title="Elephanta Caves">Elephanta Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulakesi_II#Pulakesin's_death_and_legacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulakesi II">Ajanta cave #1 paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangli" title="Sangli">Sangli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangli_State" title="Sangli State">Sangli State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deglur" title="Deglur">Hottal near Deglur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolhapur" title="Kolhapur">Kolhapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latur_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Latur City">Latur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhule" title="Dhule">Dhule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solapur" title="Solapur">Solapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solapur_district,_Maharashtra#Ancient" class="mw-redirect" title="Solapur district, Maharashtra">Manapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mumbai_under_indigenous_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mumbai under indigenous empires">Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akola#History" title="Akola">Akola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanded" title="Nanded">Nanded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanded#History" title="Nanded">Hottal in Nanded District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naldurg" title="Naldurg">Naldurg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurad#History" title="Aurad">Aurad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omerga" class="mw-redirect" title="Omerga">Omerga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonar_crater_lake#Daitya_Sudan_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Lonar crater lake">Daitya Sudan temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen,_India#History" title="Pen, India">Shiva temples at Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naldurg" title="Naldurg">Naldurg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrakali_Temple,_Warangal" title="Bhadrakali Temple, Warangal">Bhadrakali Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warangal" title="Warangal">Warangal</a></li> <li>Someshwara temple in <a href="/wiki/Warangal" title="Warangal">Warangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Pillar_Temple" title="Thousand Pillar Temple">Thousand Pillar Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hanamakonda" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanamakonda">Hanamakonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramappa_Temple" title="Ramappa Temple">Ramappa Temple</a> near <a href="/wiki/Warangal" title="Warangal">Warangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alampur,_Mahbubnagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Alampur, Mahbubnagar">Alampur, Mahbubnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagal,_Nalgonda_district" title="Panagal, Nalgonda district">Panagal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuvanagiri,_Andhra_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhuvanagiri, Andhra Pradesh">Bhuvanagiri Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulpakji" title="Kulpakji">Kulpakji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jangaon,_Warangal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jangaon, Warangal">Jangaon, Warangal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chebrolu,_Guntur_district" title="Chebrolu, Guntur district">Chebrolu, Guntur district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluru" title="Eluru">Eluru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolletikota" title="Kolletikota">Kolletikota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nidumolu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nidumolu (page does not exist)">Nidumolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajahmundry" title="Rajahmundry">Rajahmundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengi" title="Vengi">Vengi</a></li> <li>Terela village in Durgi mandal in <a href="/wiki/Guntur_district" title="Guntur district">Guntur district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_kingdoms_of_India" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Template:Middle kingdoms of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Template talk:Middle kingdoms of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle kingdoms of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_kingdoms_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:100%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2">Timeline and<br />cultural period </td> <td rowspan="2">Northwestern India<br />(<a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sapta_Sindhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapta Sindhu">Sapta Sindhu</a>) </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Central India </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">Southern India</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cdcdcd"> <td>Upper Gangetic Plain <br />(<a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Ganga-Yamuna doab</a>) </td> <td>Middle Gangetic Plain </td> <td>Lower Gangetic Plain </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">IRON AGE</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Srauta" class="mw-redirect" title="Srauta">Srauta</a> culture)<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware culture</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Shramanic culture</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 6th century BCE</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru</a>-<a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchala</a> </td> <td>Magadha </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Persian_and_Greek_conquests" title="History of India">Persian-Greek influences</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>"<a href="/wiki/History_of_India#"Second_urbanisation"_(800-200_BCE)" title="History of India">Second Urbanisation</a>"</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Shramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramana">Rise of Shramana movements</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> - <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> - <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a> - <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 5th century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Persian conquests</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 4th century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Greek_conquests_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek conquests in India">Greek conquests</a>) </td> <td colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Dynasty">Nanda empire</a></b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">HISTORICAL AGE</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="4"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Spread of Buddhism</a></b> </td> <td><b>Pre-history</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 3rd century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></b><br />(300 BCE – 200 CE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="5"><b>Preclassical Hinduism</b><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - <b>"Hindu Synthesis"</b><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ca. 200 BC - 300 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Epics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> - <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a> - <a href="/wiki/Smarta_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarta Tradition">Smarta Tradition</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 2nd century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maha-Meghavahana_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty">Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></b><br />(300 BCE – 200 CE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 1st century BCE</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 1st century CE</b> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"> <p><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthians</a> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 2nd century</b> </td> <td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 3rd century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a> kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="6"><b>"Golden Age of Hinduism"</b>(ca. CE 320-650)<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a><br />Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 4th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty" title="Varman dynasty">Varman dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvakus" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra Ikshvakus">Andhra Ikshvakus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadamba Dynasty">Kadamba Dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ganga Dynasty">Western Ganga Dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 5th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 6th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak Huns</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maitraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitraka">Maitraka</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="6"><b>Late-Classical Hinduism</b> (ca. CE 650-1100)<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> - <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Buddhism in India">Decline of Buddhism in India</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 7th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Sassanids">Indo-Sassanids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Harsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Harsha">Empire of Harsha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mlechchha_dynasty" title="Mlechchha dynasty">Mlechchha dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom (revival)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 8th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Mahishmati" title="Kalachuris of Mahishmati">Kalachuri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 9th century</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty#Chera_Perumals_of_Makkotai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>10th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pala_dynasty_(Kamarupa)" title="Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)">Pala dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kamboja-Pala_Dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamboja-Pala Dynasty of Bengal">Kamboja-Pala dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyani Chalukyas">Kalyani Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">References and sources for table</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <p><b>References</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.41</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2">Flood, Gavin D. (1996), <i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Hiltebeitel, Alf</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=nl#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"</i></a>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+In%3A+Joseph+Kitagawa%2C+%22The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hiltebeitel&rft.aufirst=Alf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfyzAAAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26hl%3Dnl%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Michaels, Axel (2004), <i>Hinduism. Past and present</i>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+Past+and+present&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), <i>The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Yoga+and+Tantra.+Indic+Religions+to+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamath2001" class="citation book cs1">Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dv-MnQEACAAJ"><i>A Concise History of Karnataka: (from Pre-historic Times to the Present)</i></a>. Jupiter Books. p. 327.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Karnataka%3A+%28from+Pre-historic+Times+to+the+Present%29&rft.pages=327&rft.pub=Jupiter+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Kamath&rft.aufirst=Suryanath+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDv-MnQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buddha-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-buddha_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An inscription dated 1095 AD of Vikramaditya VI mentions grants to a <i>Vihara</i> of Buddha and Arya-Taradevi (Cousens 1926, p11)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historians-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-historians_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Laxminarayana Rao and Dr. S. C. Nandinath have claimed the Chalukyas were <i><a href="/wiki/Kannadigas" title="Kannadigas">Kannadigas</a></i> (Kannada speakers) and very much the natives of Karnataka (Kamath 2001, p. 57)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sir-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sir_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Chalukyas were Kannadigas (D.C. Sircar in Mahajan V.D., 1960, Reprint 2007, Ancient India, Chand and Company, New Delhi, p. 690, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-219-0887-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-219-0887-6">81-219-0887-6</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hans-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hans_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Natives of Karnataka (Hans Raj, 2007, Advanced history of India: From earliest times to present times, Part-1, Surgeet publications, New Delhi, p. 339)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historians1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-historians1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Chalukyas hailed from Karnataka (John Keay, 2000, p. 168)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-karna-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-karna_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quote:"They belonged to Karnataka country and their mother tongue was Kannada" (Sen 1999, p. 360)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historians20-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-historians20_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Chalukyas of Badami seem to be of indigenous origin (Kamath 2001, p. 58)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historians2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-historians2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jayasimha and Ranaraga, the first members of the Chalukya family were possibly employees of the Kadambas in the northern part of the Kadamba kingdom (Fleet [in <i>Kanarese Dynasties</i>, p. 343] in <a href="/wiki/George_M._Moraes" title="George M. Moraes">Moraes</a>, 1931, pp. 51–52)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bad-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bad_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pulakesi I must have been an administrative official of the northern Kadamba territory centered in Badami (<a href="/wiki/George_M._Moraes" title="George M. Moraes">Moraes</a> 1931, pp. 51–52)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historians3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-historians3_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Chalukya base was Badami and Aihole (Thapar 2003, p. 328)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-field-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-field_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Inscriptional evidence proves the Chalukyas were native Kannadigas (Karmarkar, 1947, p. 26)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-identity-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-identity_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-identity_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramesh (1984), p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kadamba-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kadamba_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pulakesi I of Badami who was a feudatory of the Kadamba king Krishna Varman II, overpowered his overlord in c. 540 and took control of the Kadamba kingdom (Kamath 2001, p. 35)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sapta-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sapta_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jayasimha (Pulakesi I's grandfather) is known from the Kaira inscription of 472–473 CE. Both Jayasimha and Ranaraga (Pulakesi I's father) are known from Mahakuta inscription of 599 CE and Aihole record of 634 CE (Ramesh 1984, pp. 26–27, p. 30)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gotra-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gotra_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the Badami Cliff inscription of Pulakesi I and from the Hyderabad record of Pulakesi II which states their family ancestry (Kamath 2001, pp. 56–58)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gotra1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gotra1_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), p. 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-father-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-father_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chopra (2003), p. 73, part 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-legend-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-legend_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-silent-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-silent_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moraes (1931). pp. 10–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-migration-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-migration_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramesh (1984), p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sudra-Kshatriya-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sudra-Kshatriya_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bilhana, in his Sanskrit work <i>Vikramanakadevacharitam</i> claims the Early Chalukya family were born from the feet of Hindu God <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, implying they were Shudras by caste, while other sources claim they were born in the arms of Brahma, and hence were Kshatriyas (Ramesh 1984, p. 15)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jain_2011_p._266-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jain_2011_p._266_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2011" class="citation book cs1">Jain, S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N1EkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA266"><i>THE INDIA THEY SAW (VOL-1): THE INDIA THEY SAW (VOL-1) by SANDHYA JAIN: Perspectives on India</i></a>. The India They Saw: Foreign Accounts. Ocean Books. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8430-106-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8430-106-9"><bdi>978-81-8430-106-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+INDIA+THEY+SAW+%28VOL-1%29%3A+THE+INDIA+THEY+SAW+%28VOL-1%29+by+SANDHYA+JAIN%3A+Perspectives+on+India&rft.series=The+India+They+Saw%3A+Foreign+Accounts&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Ocean+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-8430-106-9&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN1EkBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-south-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-south_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-south_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sircar D.C. (1965), p. 48, <i>Indian Epigraphy</i>, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Delhi, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1166-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1166-6">81-208-1166-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-south1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-south1_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-south1_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-south2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-south2_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houben (1996), p. 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arasa-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arasa_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Professor N.L. Rao has pointed out that some of their family records in Sanskrit have also named the princes with "arasa", such as Kattiyarasa (<a href="/wiki/Kirtivarman_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirtivarman I">Kirtivarman I</a>), Bittarasa (<a href="/wiki/Kubja_Vishnuvardhana" title="Kubja Vishnuvardhana">Kubja Vishnuvardhana</a>) and Mangalarasa (<a href="/wiki/Mangalesha" title="Mangalesha">Mangalesha</a>, Kamath 2001, pp. 57–60)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arasa_1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arasa_1_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historians Shafaat Ahmad Khan and S. Krishnasvami Aiyangar clarify that <b>Arasa</b> is Kannada word, equivalent to Sanskrit word <b>Raja</b> – <i>Journal of Indian History</i> p. 102, Published by Department of Modern Indian History, University of Allahabad</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDikshit1968" class="citation book cs1">Dikshit, Durga Prasad (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12709/page/n281/mode/2up"><i>POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE CHALUKYAS OF BADAMI</i></a>. Abhinav Publications, New Delhi. <q>The Rashtrakuta inscriptions also praise the heroic nature of the Chalukyan army (Karṇāṭakabala, in their records)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=POLITICAL+HISTORY+OF+THE+CHALUKYAS+OF+BADAMI&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications%2C+New+Delhi&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Dikshit&rft.aufirst=Durga+Prasad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.12709%2Fpage%2Fn281%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chalki-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chalki_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chalki_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Hoernle suggests a non-Sanskrit origin of the dynastic name. Dr. S.C. Nandinath feels the Chalukyas were of agricultural background and of Kannada origin who later took up a martial career. He feels the word <i>Chalki</i> found in some of their records must have originated from <i>salki</i>, an agricultural implement (Kamath 2001, p. 57)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-root-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-root_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word <i>Chalukya</i> is derived from a Dravidian root (Kittel in Karmarkar 1947, p. 26)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kanisetti-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kanisetti_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanisetti_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnirudh_Kanisetti2022" class="citation book cs1">Anirudh Kanisetti (2022). <i>Lords of the Deccan: Southern India from the Chalukyas to the Cholas</i>. India: Juggernaut. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-91165-0-55" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-91165-0-55"><bdi>978-93-91165-0-55</bdi></a>. <q>there seems to have been some connection to the crowbar, chalke, pointing to very humble origins, likely as a leader of an agricultural group in the valley of the Malaprabha river, in the northern part of the modern state of Karnataka.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lords+of+the+Deccan%3A+Southern+India+from+the+Chalukyas+to+the+Cholas&rft.place=India&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Juggernaut&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-93-91165-0-55&rft.au=Anirudh+Kanisetti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chalukyalangauge-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chalukyalangauge_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), p. 6, p. 10, p. 57, p. 59, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chalukyalanguage1-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chalukyalanguage1_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramesh (1984), p. 76, p. 159, pp. 161–162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-language-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-language_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-language_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-language1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-language1_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzmathulla_Shariff" class="citation web cs1">Azmathulla Shariff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070210222449/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jul262005/spectrum1422512005725.asp">"Badami Chalukyans' magical transformation"</a>. <i>Deccan Herald, Spectrum, July 26, 2005</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jul262005/spectrum1422512005725.asp">the original</a> on 10 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald%2C+Spectrum%2C+July+26%2C+2005&rft.atitle=Badami+Chalukyans%27+magical+transformation&rft.au=Azmathulla+Shariff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fdeccanherald%2Fjul262005%2Fspectrum1422512005725.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-language2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-language2_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolon1979" class="citation journal cs1">Bolon, Carol Radcliffe (1 January 1979). "The Mahākuṭa Pillar and Its Temples". <i>Artibus Asiae</i>. <b>41</b> (2/3): 253–268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3249519">10.2307/3249519</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249519">3249519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae&rft.atitle=The+Mah%C4%81ku%E1%B9%ADa+Pillar+and+Its+Temples&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=253-268&rft.date=1979-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3249519&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3249519%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bolon&rft.aufirst=Carol+Radcliffe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peninsula-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peninsula_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thapar, (2003), p. 326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coins-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coins_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), pp. 12, 57, 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rastra-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rastra_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pulakesi II's <i>Maharashtra</i> extended from <a href="/wiki/Nerbudda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerbudda">Nerbudda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Narmada_River" title="Narmada River">Narmada</a> river) in the north to <a href="/wiki/Tungabhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungabhadra">Tungabhadra</a> in the south (Vaidya 1924, p. 171)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-actions-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-actions_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Persia-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Persia_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the notes of Arab traveller Tabari (Kamath 2001, p. 60)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-persia1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-persia1_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-persia1_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-persia1_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-persia1_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chopra (2003), p. 75, part 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion, Pia Brancaccio, BRILL, 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m_4pXm7dD78C&pg=PA82">p.82</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palm-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-palm_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramesh (1984), p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sen28-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sen28_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2013" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra (2013). <i>A Textbook of Medieval Indian History</i>. Primus Books. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-34-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-34-4"><bdi>978-93-80607-34-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textbook+of+Medieval+Indian+History&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-93-80607-34-4&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.R._BakshiS.G2005" class="citation book cs1">S.R. Bakshi; S.G (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ldo1QtQigosC&pg=PA325"><i>Early Aryans to Swaraj</i></a>. Sarup & Sons. p. 325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-537-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-537-0"><bdi>978-81-7625-537-0</bdi></a>. <q>It has been reported that the story of agnikula is mot mentioned at all in the original version of the Raso preserved in the Fort Library at Bikaner.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Aryans+to+Swaraj&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7625-537-0&rft.au=S.R.+Bakshi&rft.au=S.G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLdo1QtQigosC%26pg%3DPA325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ayodhya-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ayodhya_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath 2001, pp. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ayodhya1-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ayodhya1_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quote:"Another unhistorical trend met with in the epigraphical records of the 11th and subsequent centuries is the attempt, on the part of the court poets, no doubt, again, with the consent of their masters, to invent mythical genealogies which seek to carry back the antiquity of the royal families not merely to the periods of the epics and the Vedas but to the very moment of their creation in the heavens. As far as the Chalukyas of Vatapi are concerned, the blame of engineering such travesties attaches, once again, to the Western Chalukyas of Kalyani and their Eastern Chalukya contemporaries. The Eastern Chalukyas, for instance, have concocted the following long list of fifty-two names commencing with no less a personage than the divine preserver"(Ramesh 1984, p. 16)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKandavalli_Balendu_Sekaram" class="citation book cs1">Kandavalli Balendu Sekaram. <i>The Andhras through the ages</i>. Sri Saraswati Book Depot, 1973. p. 188.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Andhras+through+the+ages&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Sri+Saraswati+Book+Depot%2C+1973&rft.au=Kandavalli+Balendu+Sekaram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR.K._Pruthi" class="citation book cs1">R.K. Pruthi. <i>The Classical Age</i>. Discovery Publishing House, 2004 – India – 288 pages. p. 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Age&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Discovery+Publishing+House%2C+2004+%E2%80%93+India+%E2%80%93+288+pages&rft.au=R.K.+Pruthi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatyavrata_Ramdas_Patel" class="citation book cs1">Satyavrata Ramdas Patel. <i>The Soul of India</i>. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1974 – India – 220 pages. p. 177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soul+of+India&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers%2C+1974+%E2%80%93+India+%E2%80%93+220+pages&rft.au=Satyavrata+Ramdas+Patel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Lewis's theory has not found acceptance because the Pallavas were in constant conflict with the Kadambas, prior to the rise of Chalukyas (Kamath 2001, p. 57)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-politics-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-politics_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-politics_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thapar (2003), p. 326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-puli-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-puli_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Popular theories regarding the name are: <i>Puli</i> – "tiger" in Kannada and <i>Kesin</i> – "haried" in Sanskrit; <i>Pole</i> – "lustrous" in Kannada, from his earliest Badami cliff inscription that literally spells <i>Polekesi</i>; <i>Pole</i> – from Tamil word <i>Punai</i> (to tie a knot; Ramesh 1984, pp. 31–32)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pulikesi-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pulikesi_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name probably meant "the great lion" (Sastri 1955, p. 134)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-strength-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-strength_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name probably meant "One endowed with the strength of a great lion" (Chopra 2003, p. 73, part 1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coronate-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coronate_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), pp. 58–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ereya-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ereya_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramesh (1984), p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greatest-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-greatest_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chopra 2003, p. 74, part 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fame-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fame_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quote:"His fame spread far and wide even beyond India" (Chopra 2003, p. 75 part 1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Immadi-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Immadi_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quote:"One of the great kings of India". He successfully defied the expansion of king Harshavardhana of Northern India into the deccan. The Aihole inscription by Ravikirti describes how King Harsha lost his <i>Harsha</i> or cheerful disposition after his defeat. The Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsiang also confirms Pulakesi II's victory over King Harsha in his travelogue. Pulakesi II took titles such as <i>Prithvivallabha</i> and <i>Dakshinapatha Prithviswamy</i> (Kamath 2001, pp. 58–60)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Immadi1-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Immadi1_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quote:"Thus began one of the most colourful careers in Indian History" (Ramesh 1984, p. 76)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-son-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-son_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vikramaditya I, who later revived the Chalukya fortunes was born to Pulakesi II and the daughter of Western Ganga monarch <a href="/wiki/Durvinita" title="Durvinita">Durvinita</a> (Chopra 2003, p. 74, part 1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kadam-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kadam_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His other queen, an Alupa princess called Kadamba was the daughter of Aluka Maharaja (G.S. Gai in Kamath 2001, p. 94)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-super-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-super_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quote:"The Aihole record gives an impressive list of his military conquests and other achievements. According to the record, he conquered the Kadambas, the Western Gangas, the north Konkan by naval victory, Harsha of <a href="/wiki/Thanesar" title="Thanesar">Thanesar</a>, the Latas, the Malwas, the Gurjaras (thereby obtaining sovereignty over the Maharashtras), Berar, Maharashtra and Kuntala (with their nine and ninety thousand villages), the Kalingas and the Kosalas, Pishtapura (Pishtapuram in eastern Andhra) and Kanchipuram, whose king had opposed the rise of his power" (Chopra 2003, p. 74 part 1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harsha-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harsha_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramesh (1984), pp. 79–80, pp. 86–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-submit-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-submit_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Dr. <a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">R. C. Majumdar</a>, some principalities may have submitted to Pulakesi II out of fear of Harsha of Kanauj (Kamath 2001, p. 59)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-submit1-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-submit1_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), pp. 135–136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fell-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fell_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-occupy-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-occupy_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is attested to by an inscription behind the Mallikarjuna temple in Badami (Sastri 1955, p. 136)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-decline-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-decline_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chopra (2003), pp. 75–76, part 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pushout-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pushout_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the Gadval plates dated c. 674 of Vikramaditya I (Chopra 2003, p. 76, part 1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-activity-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-activity_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-activity_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chopra (2003), p. 76, part 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-temple-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-temple_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-capital1-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-capital1_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-capital1_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">From the Kannada inscription at the Kailasanatha temple in Kanchipuram (Sastri 1955, p. 140)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-behave-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-behave_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kanchi-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kanchi_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thapar (2003), p. 331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kanchi2-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kanchi2_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramesh (1984), pp. 159–160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dikshit, Durga Prasad (1980), p. 166–167, <i>Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami</i>, Abhinav Publications, New Delhi, OCLC 831387906</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kanchi3-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kanchi3_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramesh (1984), p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-overthrow-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-overthrow_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramesh (1984), pp. 173–174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-related-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-related_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Poet <a href="/wiki/Bilhana" title="Bilhana">Bilhanas</a> 12th century Sanskrit work <i> Vikramadeva Charitam</i> and <a href="/wiki/Ranna_(Kannada_poet)" title="Ranna (Kannada poet)">Ranna</a>'s Kannada work <i>Gadayuddha</i> (982) and inscriptions from Nilagunda, Yevvur, Kauthem and Miraj claim Tailapa II was son of Vikramaditya IV, seventh in descent from Bhima, brother of Badami Chalukya <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_II" title="Vikramaditya II">Vikramaditya II</a> (Kamath 2001, p. 100)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malla-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Malla_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kings of the Chalukya line of <a href="/wiki/Vemulwada,_Karimnagar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Vemulwada, Karimnagar District">Vemulavada</a>, who were certainly from the Badami Chalukya family line used the title "Malla" which is often used by the Western Chalukyas. Names such as "Satyashraya" which were used by the Badami Chalukya are also names of a Western Chalukya king, (Gopal B.R. in Kamath 2001, p. 100)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unrelated-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unrelated_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unlike the Badami Chalukyas, the Kalyani Chalukyas did not claim to be <i>Harithiputhras</i> of <i>Manavysya gotra</i> in lineage. The use of titles like <i>Tribhuvanamalla</i> marked them as of a distinct line (Fleet, Bhandarkar and Altekar in Kamath 2001, p. 100)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tailapa-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tailapa_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Later legends and tradition hailed Tailapa as an incarnation of the God <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> who fought 108 battles against the race of Ratta (<a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta">Rashtrakuta</a>) and captured 88 fortresses from them (Sastri 1955, p. 162)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indi-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-indi_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From his c. 957 and c.965 records (Kamath 2001, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vijnyan-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vijnyan_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vijnyaneshavara, the Sanskrit scholar in his court, eulogised him as "a king like none other" (Kamath 2001, p. 106)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-era2-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-era2_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The writing <i>Vikramankadevacharita</i> by Bilhana is a eulogy of the achievements of the king in 18 cantos (Sastri, 1955 p. 315)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Era-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Era_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cousens 1926, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-era1-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-era1_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vikrama–Chalukya era of 1075 CE (Thapar 2003, p. 469)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-end-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-end_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chopra (2003), p. 139, part 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dominant-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dominant_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-golden-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-golden_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), pp. 114–115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-golden1-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-golden1_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 18–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-disappear-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-disappear_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), p. 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kubja-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kubja_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pulakesi II made Vishnuvardhana the <i>Yuvaraja</i> or crown prince. Later Vishnuvardhana become the founder of the Eastern Chalukya empire (Sastri 1955, pp. 134–136, p. 312)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yuva-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yuva_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yuva_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chopra (2003), p. 132, part 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stock10-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stock10_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vengi-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vengi_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath 2001, p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-subordinate-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-subordinate_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-subordinate_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-subordinate_101-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chopra (2003), p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rajaraja-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rajaraja_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), pp. 164–165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brook-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brook_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stock-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stock_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stock1-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stock1_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Eastern Chalukya inscriptions show a gradual shift towards Telugu with the appearance of Telugu stanzas from the time of king Gunaga Vijayaditya (Vijayaditya III) in the middle of the 9th century, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._K.S.S._Seshan,_University_of_Hyderabad" class="citation web cs1">Dr. K.S.S. Seshan, University of Hyderabad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061206081329/http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/history_ancient.html#ChalukyasPart">"APOnline-History of Andhra Pradesh-ancient period-Eastern Chalukyas"</a>. <i>Revenue Department (Gazetteers), Government of Andhra Pradesh</i>. Tata Consultancy Services. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_ancient.html#ChalukyasPart">the original</a> on 6 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Revenue+Department+%28Gazetteers%29%2C+Government+of+Andhra+Pradesh&rft.atitle=APOnline-History+of+Andhra+Pradesh-ancient+period-Eastern+Chalukyas&rft.au=Dr.+K.S.S.+Seshan%2C+University+of+Hyderabad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aponline.gov.in%2Fquick%2520links%2Fhist-cult%2Fhistory_ancient.html%23ChalukyasPart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-born-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-born_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first work of Telugu literature is a translation of <i>Mahabharata</i> by Nannaya during the rule of Eastern Chalukya king Rajaraja Narendra (1019–1061; Sastri 1955, p. 367)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tartakov-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tartakov_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tartakov_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">by Tartakov, Gary Michael (1997), <i>The Durga Temple at Aihole: A Historiographical Study</i>, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563372-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563372-6">978-0-19-563372-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dravida-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dravida_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monuments1-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-monuments1_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quote"The Badami Chalukyas had introduced a glorious chapter, alike in heroism in battle and cultural magnificence in peace, in the western Deccan" (K.V. Sounder Rajan in Kamath 2001, p. 68)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arch-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arch_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath 2001, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tarr, Gary (1970), p.156, <i>Chronology and Development of the Chāḷukya Cave Temples</i>, Ars Orientalis, Vol. 8, pp. 155–184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mahakuta-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mahakuta_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alam-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alam_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alam_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-motif-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-motif_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), p. 406</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trivikrama-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trivikrama_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quote:"The Chalukyas cut rock like titans but finished like jewellers"(Sheshadri in Kamath 2001, pp. 68–69)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cradle-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cradle_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Percy_Brown_(scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Percy Brown (scholar)">Percy Brown</a> in Kamath (2001), p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-struct-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-struct_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), p. 407</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-victory-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-victory_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-victory_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-victory_118-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-debate-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-debate_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (2003), p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hucci-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hucci_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), pp. 407–408</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parvati-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-parvati_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carol Radcliffe Bolon, (1980) pp. 303–326, <i>The Pārvatī Temple, Sandur and Early Images of Agastya</i>, Artibus Asiae Vol. 42, No. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sand-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sand_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), p.342, p.278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fuse-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fuse_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), p. 408</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-artist-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-artist_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indianart-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-indianart_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quote:"Their creations have the pride of place in Indian art tradition" (Kamath 2001, p. 115)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indianart1-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-indianart1_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), p. 427</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heart-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heart_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cousens (1926, p 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gad-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gad_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (1996), p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-workshop-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-workshop_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kardra-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kardra_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), pp. 6–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maha-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maha_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cousens (1926), pp. 100–102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hardy10-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hardy10_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), p. 333</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kasi-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kasi_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cousens (1926), pp. 79–82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hardy11-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hardy11_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hardy11_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), p. 336</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hardy13-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hardy13_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), p. 323</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kal-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kal_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Mahadeva Temple at Itagi has been called the finest in Kannada country after the <a href="/wiki/Hoysaleswara_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysaleswara temple">Hoysaleswara temple</a> at Halebidu (Cousens in Kamath 2001, p 117)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dam1-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dam1_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cousens (1926), pp. 114–115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hardy14-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hardy14_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), p. 326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sidd-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sidd_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cousens (1926), pp. 85–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hardy15-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hardy15_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), p. 330</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amrtesh-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amrtesh_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (2003), p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hardy16-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hardy16_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), p. 321</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alampur-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alampur_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Badami Chalukyas influenced the art of the rulers of Vengi and those of Gujarat (Kamath 2001, pp. 68, 69)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kirti-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kirti_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quote:"He deemed himself the peer of Bharavi and Kalidasa". An earlier inscription in Mahakuta, in prose is comparable to the works of Bana (Sastri, 1955, p. 312)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jayakirti-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jayakirti_145-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jayakirti_145-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri, 1955, p. 312</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-science-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-science_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The writing is on various topics including traditional medicine, music, precious stones, dance etc. (Kamath 2001, p. 106)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-survive10-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-survive10_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-survive10_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sen (1999), p. 366</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-survive-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-survive_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thapar (2003), p. 345</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tri-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tri_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1717</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-karnateshwara-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-karnateshwara_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-karnateshwara_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chidananda Murthy in Kamath (2001), p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inde-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inde_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Such as Indranandi's <i>Srutavatara</i>, Devachandra's <i>Rajavalikathe</i> (Narasimhacharya, 1934, pp. 4–5); Bhattakalanka's <i>Sabdanusasana</i> of 1604 (Sastri 1955, p. 355)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tumbu-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tumbu_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), p. 355</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-srivarada-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-srivarada_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mugali (1975), p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-extinct1-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-extinct1_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gems-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gems_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri 1955, p. 356</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gems1-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gems1_156-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gems1_156-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chopra (2003), p. 196, part 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-begin-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-begin_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), p. 367</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vindya-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vindya_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chopra (2003), p. 77, part1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elephant-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-elephant_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bala-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bala_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath 2001, pp. 57, 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDikshit1968" class="citation book cs1">Dikshit, Durga Prasad (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12709/page/n281/mode/2up"><i>POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE CHALUKYAS OF BADAMI</i></a>. Abhinav Publications, New Delhi. <q>The Rashtrakuta inscriptions also praise the heroic nature of the Chalukyan army (Karṇāṭakabala, in their records)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=POLITICAL+HISTORY+OF+THE+CHALUKYAS+OF+BADAMI&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications%2C+New+Delhi&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Dikshit&rft.aufirst=Durga+Prasad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.12709%2Fpage%2Fn281%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grama-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grama_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The breakup of land into <i>mandalas</i>, <i>vishaya</i> existed in the Kadamba administrative machinery (Kamath 2001, pp. 36, 65, 66)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bana-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bana_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bana_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Varaha-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Varaha_164-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Varaha_164-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">However, they issued gold coins that weighed 120 grams, in imitation of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta dynasty</a> (A.V. Narasimha Murthy in Kamath 2001, p. 65)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hana-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hana_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovindaraya_Prabhu,_S2001" class="citation web cs1">Govindaraya Prabhu, S (1 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201142248/http://prabhu.50g.com/southind/chalukya/south_chalcoin.html">"The Southern India: Coinage of the Chalukyas"</a>. Prabhu's Web Page On Indian Coinage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prabhu.50g.com/southind/chalukya/south_chalcoin.html">the original</a> on 1 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Southern+India%3A+Coinage+of+the+Chalukyas&rft.pub=Prabhu%27s+Web+Page+On+Indian+Coinage&rft.date=2001-11-01&rft.au=Govindaraya+Prabhu%2C+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprabhu.50g.com%2Fsouthind%2Fchalukya%2Fsouth_chalcoin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-popular-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-popular_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chopra (2003), p. 191, part 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dana-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dana_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), p. 391</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deity-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deity_168-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deity_168-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath 2001, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maguti-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maguti_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chopra (2003), p. 78, part 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ganikas-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ganikas_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vinopoti, a concubine of King Vijayaditya is mentioned with due respect in an inscription (Kamath 2001, p. 67)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-natyasastra-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-natyasastra_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One record mentions an artist called Achala who was well versed in <i>Natyashastra</i> (Kamath 2001, p. 67)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grant-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grant_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the Shiggaon plates of c. 707 and Gudigeri inscription dated 1076 (Ramesh 1984, pp. 142, 144)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sanga-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sanga_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cousens (1926), p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-enrich-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-enrich_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), p. 309</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-legal-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-legal_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), p. 324</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-utsav-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-utsav_176-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-utsav_176-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092610/http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEK20060226013433&Topic=0&Title=Southern%20News%20-%20Karnataka&Page=K">"Chalukya Utsava: Depiction of grandeur and glory"</a>. NewIndia Press. 26 February 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEK20060226013433&Topic=0&Title=Southern%20News%20-%20Karnataka&Page=K">the original</a> on 29 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chalukya+Utsava%3A+Depiction+of+grandeur+and+glory&rft.pub=NewIndia+Press&rft.date=2006-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindpress.com%2FNewsItems.asp%3FID%3DIEK20060226013433%26Topic%3D0%26Title%3DSouthern%2520News%2520-%2520Karnataka%26Page%3DK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <p><b>Books</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolon1979" class="citation journal cs1">Bolon, Carol Radcliffe (1 January 1979). "The Mahākuṭa Pillar and Its Temples". <i>Artibus Asiae</i>. <b>41</b> (2/3): 253–268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3249519">10.2307/3249519</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249519">3249519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae&rft.atitle=The+Mah%C4%81ku%E1%B9%ADa+Pillar+and+Its+Temples&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=253-268&rft.date=1979-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3249519&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3249519%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bolon&rft.aufirst=Carol+Radcliffe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003" class="citation book cs1">Chopra, P.N.; Ravindran, T.K.; Subrahmanian, N (2003) [2003]. <i>History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1</i>. New Delhi: Chand Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-219-0153-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-219-0153-7"><bdi>81-219-0153-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+South+India+%28Ancient%2C+Medieval+and+Modern%29+Part+1&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Chand+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=81-219-0153-7&rft.aulast=Chopra&rft.aufirst=P.N.&rft.au=Ravindran%2C+T.K.&rft.au=Subrahmanian%2C+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCousens,_Henry1996" class="citation book cs1">Cousens, Henry (1996) [1926]. <i>The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese Districts</i>. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37526233">37526233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chalukyan+Architecture+of+Kanarese+Districts&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37526233&rft.au=Cousens%2C+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoekema1996" class="citation book cs1">Foekema, Gerard (1996). <i>Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples</i>. New Delhi: Abhinav. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-345-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-345-0"><bdi>81-7017-345-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Guide+to+Hoysala+Temples&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Abhinav&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=81-7017-345-0&rft.aulast=Foekema&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoekema2003" class="citation book cs1">Foekema, Gerard (2003) [2003]. <i>Architecture decorated with architecture: Later medieval temples of Karnataka, 1000–1300 AD</i>. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-1089-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-1089-9"><bdi>81-215-1089-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+decorated+with+architecture%3A+Later+medieval+temples+of+Karnataka%2C+1000%E2%80%931300+AD&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=81-215-1089-9&rft.aulast=Foekema&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy1995" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, Adam (1995) [1995]. <i>Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation-The Karnata Dravida Tradition 7th to 13th Centuries</i>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-312-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-312-4"><bdi>81-7017-312-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Temple+Architecture%3A+Form+and+Transformation-The+Karnata+Dravida+Tradition+7th+to+13th+Centuries&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=81-7017-312-4&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouben1996" class="citation book cs1">Houben, Jan E.M. (1996) [1996]. <i>Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit language</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10613-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10613-8"><bdi>90-04-10613-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideology+and+Status+of+Sanskrit%3A+Contributions+to+the+History+of+the+Sanskrit+language&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=90-04-10613-8&rft.aulast=Houben&rft.aufirst=Jan+E.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamath2001" class="citation book cs1">Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) [1980]. <i>A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present</i>. Bangalore: Jupiter books. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/80905179">80905179</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7796041">7796041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+Karnataka%3A+from+pre-historic+times+to+the+present&rft.place=Bangalore&rft.pub=Jupiter+books&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7796041&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F80905179&rft.aulast=Kamath&rft.aufirst=Suryanath+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarmarkar1947" class="citation book cs1">Karmarkar, A.P. (1947) [1947]. <i>Cultural history of Karnataka: ancient and medieval</i>. Dharwad: Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8221605">8221605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+history+of+Karnataka%3A+ancient+and+medieval&rft.place=Dharwad&rft.pub=Karnataka+Vidyavardhaka+Sangha&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8221605&rft.aulast=Karmarkar&rft.aufirst=A.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeay2000" class="citation book cs1">Keay, John (2000) [2000]. <i>India: A History</i>. New York: Grove Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3797-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-3797-0"><bdi>0-8021-3797-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Grove+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8021-3797-0&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichell2002" class="citation book cs1">Michell, George (2002) [2002]. <i>Pattadakal – Monumental Legacy</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-566057-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-566057-9"><bdi>0-19-566057-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pattadakal+%E2%80%93+Monumental+Legacy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-566057-9&rft.aulast=Michell&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoraes1990" class="citation book cs1">Moraes, George M. (1990) [1931]. <i>The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka</i>. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0595-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0595-0"><bdi>81-206-0595-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kadamba+Kula%2C+A+History+of+Ancient+and+Medieval+Karnataka&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+Madras&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=81-206-0595-0&rft.aulast=Moraes&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMugali1975" class="citation book cs1">Mugali, R.S. (1975) [1975]. <i>History of Kannada literature</i>. Sahitya Akademi. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2492406">2492406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Kannada+literature&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2492406&rft.aulast=Mugali&rft.aufirst=R.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarasimhacharya1988" class="citation book cs1">Narasimhacharya, R (1988) [1988]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489059"><i>History of Kannada Literature</i></a>. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0303-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0303-6"><bdi>81-206-0303-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Kannada+Literature&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+Madras&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=81-206-0303-6&rft.aulast=Narasimhacharya&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.489059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamesh1984" class="citation book cs1">Ramesh, K.V. (1984). <i>Chalukyas of Vatapi</i>. Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/567370037">567370037</a>. 3987-10333.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chalukyas+of+Vatapi&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Agam+Kala+Prakashan&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F567370037&rft.aulast=Ramesh&rft.aufirst=K.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSastri2002" class="citation book cs1">Sastri, Nilakanta K.A. (2002) [1955]. <i>A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar</i>. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-560686-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-560686-8"><bdi>0-19-560686-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+South+India+from+prehistoric+times+to+the+fall+of+Vijayanagar&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Indian+Branch%2C+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-560686-8&rft.aulast=Sastri&rft.aufirst=Nilakanta+K.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1999" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). <i>Ancient Indian History and Civilization</i>. New Age Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-224-1198-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-224-1198-3"><bdi>81-224-1198-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pub=New+Age+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=81-224-1198-3&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar2003" class="citation book cs1">Thapar, Romila (2003) [2003]. <i>The Penguin History of Early India</i>. New Delhi: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-302989-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-302989-4"><bdi>0-14-302989-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+History+of+Early+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-14-302989-4&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaidya" class="citation book cs1">Vaidya, C.V. <i>History of Mediaeval Hindu India (Being a History of India from 600 to 1200 A.D.)</i>. Poona: Oriental Book Supply Agency. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6814734">6814734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mediaeval+Hindu+India+%28Being+a+History+of+India+from+600+to+1200+A.D.%29&rft.place=Poona&rft.pub=Oriental+Book+Supply+Agency&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6814734&rft.aulast=Vaidya&rft.aufirst=C.V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarious1988" class="citation book cs1">Various (1988) [1988]. <i>Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 2</i>. Sahitya Akademi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-260-1194-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-260-1194-7"><bdi>81-260-1194-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+literature+%E2%80%93+vol+2&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=81-260-1194-7&rft.au=Various&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Web</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061206081329/http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/history_ancient.html#ChalukyasPart">"APOnline – History of Andhra Pradesh-ancient period-Eastern Chalukyas by Tata Consultancy Services"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_ancient.html#ChalukyasPart">the original</a> on 6 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APOnline+%E2%80%93+History+of+Andhra+Pradesh-ancient+period-Eastern+Chalukyas+by+Tata+Consultancy+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aponline.gov.in%2Fquick%2520links%2Fhist-cult%2Fhistory_ancient.html%23ChalukyasPart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indoarch.org/place.php?placelink=R%3D5%2BS%3D18%2BP%3D0%2BM%3D0">"Architecture of Indian Subcontinent, Takeyo Kamiya, 20 September 1996, Published by Gerard da Cunha-Architecture Autonomous, Bardez, Goa, India"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092751/http://www.indoarch.org/place.php?placelink=R%3D5%2BS%3D18%2BP%3D0%2BM%3D0">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+Indian+Subcontinent%2C+Takeyo+Kamiya%2C+20+September+1996%2C+Published+by+Gerard+da+Cunha-Architecture+Autonomous%2C+Bardez%2C+Goa%2C+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indoarch.org%2Fplace.php%3Fplacelink%3DR%253D5%252BS%253D18%252BP%253D0%252BM%253D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070210222449/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jul262005/spectrum1422512005725.asp">"Badami Chalukyans' magical transformation, an article by Azmathulla Shariff in Deccan Herald, Spectrum, 26 July 2005"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jul262005/spectrum1422512005725.asp">the original</a> on 10 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Badami+Chalukyans%27+magical+transformation%2C+an+article+by+Azmathulla+Shariff+in+Deccan+Herald%2C+Spectrum%2C+26+July+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fdeccanherald%2Fjul262005%2Fspectrum1422512005725.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chalukya_Empire" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chalukya Empire">Chalukya Empire</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/chalukya/">"Chalukyan Art by Dr. Jyotsna Kamat, Kamat's Potpourri, 4 November 2006"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chalukyan+Art+by+Dr.+Jyotsna+Kamat%2C+Kamat%27s+Potpourri%2C+4+November+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kamat.com%2Fkalranga%2Fdeccan%2Fchalukya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050403213846/http://kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history1.htm">"History of the Kannada Literature, Dr. Jyotsna Kamat, on Kamat's Potpourri, Timeless Theater-Karnataka-History of Kannada, 4 November 2006"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history1.htm">the original</a> on 3 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Kannada+Literature%2C+Dr.+Jyotsna+Kamat%2C+on+Kamat%27s+Potpourri%2C+Timeless+Theater-Karnataka-History+of+Kannada%2C+4+November+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kamat.com%2Fkalranga%2Fkar%2Fliterature%2Fhistory1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/aihole/aihplan.html">"Aihole Temples, Photographs by Michael D. Gunther, 2002"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aihole+Temples%2C+Photographs+by+Michael+D.+Gunther%2C+2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.art-and-archaeology.com%2Findia%2Faihole%2Faihplan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/badami/baplan.html">"Badami Cave Temples, Photographs by Michael D. Gunther, 2002"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Badami+Cave+Temples%2C+Photographs+by+Michael+D.+Gunther%2C+2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.art-and-archaeology.com%2Findia%2Fbadami%2Fbaplan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/pattadakal/pat0.html">"Pattadakal Temples, Photographs by Michael D. Gunther, 2002"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pattadakal+Temples%2C+Photographs+by+Michael+D.+Gunther%2C+2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.art-and-archaeology.com%2Findia%2Fpattadakal%2Fpat0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/chalukya/kalyani.htm">Chalukyas of Kalyana (973–1198 CE)</a> by Dr. Jyotsna Kamat</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060815095514/http://prabhu.50g.com/southind/alupa/south_alupacat.html">"Coins of Alupas"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prabhu.50g.com/southind/alupa/south_alupacat.html">the original</a> on 15 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coins+of+Alupas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprabhu.50g.com%2Fsouthind%2Falupa%2Fsouth_alupacat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalukya+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;Seal_of_Karnataka_State_of_Karnataka" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Karnataka_topics" title="Template:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Karnataka_topics" title="Template talk:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Karnataka_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;Seal_of_Karnataka_State_of_Karnataka" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Karnataka,_India.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Karnataka"><img alt="Seal of Karnataka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/25px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/38px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/50px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="454" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Karnataka_state_symbols" title="List of Karnataka state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Karnataka" title="Emblem of Karnataka">Emblem of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_songs" title="List of Indian state songs">Song</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Bharata_Jananiya_Tanujate" title="Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate">Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indian_roller" title="Indian roller">Indian roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Santalum_album" title="Santalum album">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">Fruit</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mangifera_indica" title="Mangifera indica">Mango</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Hypselobarbus_carnaticus" title="Hypselobarbus carnaticus">Carnatic carp</a></li> <li>Insect: <a href="/wiki/Troides_minos" title="Troides minos">Southern birdwing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Karnataka" title="Category:Karnataka">Overviews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Karnataka" title="Architecture of Karnataka">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka#Climate" title="Karnataka">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Karnataka" title="Demographics of Karnataka">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Karnataka" title="Education in Karnataka">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_arts_of_Karnataka" title="Folk arts of Karnataka">Folk arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Karnataka" title="Geography of Karnataka">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Karnataka" title="History of Karnataka">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Karnataka" title="Media in Karnataka">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Karnataka" title="Sports in Karnataka">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Karnataka" title="Transport in Karnataka">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Karnataka" title="Wildlife of Karnataka">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Karnataka" title="Category:History of Karnataka">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alupa_dynasty" title="Alupa dynasty">Alupa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavarsha" title="Amoghavarsha">Amoghavarsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badami" title="Badami">Badami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banavasi" title="Banavasi">Banavasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balligavi" title="Balligavi">Balligavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belur,_Karnataka" title="Belur, Karnataka">Belur</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chalukya dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Chitradurga" title="Nayakas of Chitradurga">Chitradurga Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_Raya_II" title="Deva Raya II">Deva Raya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durvinita" title="Durvinita">Durvinita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halebidu" title="Halebidu">Halebidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Coorg" title="Kingdom of Coorg">Kingdom of Coorg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halmidi" title="Halmidi">Halmidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Kalyani Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi" title="Nayakas of Keladi">Keladi Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivappa_Nayaka" title="Shivappa Nayaka">Shivappa Nayaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittur_Chennamma" title="Kittur Chennamma">Kittur Chennamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayurasharma" title="Mayurasharma">Mayurasharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulakeshin_II" title="Pulakeshin II">Pulakeshin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sringeri" title="Sringeri">Sringeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srirangapatna" title="Srirangapatna">Srirangapatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Karnataka" title="Unification of Karnataka">Unification of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuvardhana" title="Vishnuvardhana">Vishnuvardhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veera_Ballala_II" title="Veera Ballala II">Veera Ballala II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_II" title="Vikramaditya II">Vikramaditya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_VI" title="Vikramaditya VI">Vikramaditya VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Karnataka" title="List of districts of Karnataka">Districts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Karnataka" title="Administrative divisions of Karnataka">divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_division" title="Bangalore division">Bangalore division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Urban_district" title="Bangalore Urban district">Bangalore Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Rural_district" title="Bangalore Rural district">Bangalore Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitradurga_district" title="Chitradurga district">Chitradurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davanagere_district" title="Davanagere district">Davanagere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolar_district" title="Kolar district">Kolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimoga_district" title="Shimoga district">Shimoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumakuru_district" title="Tumakuru district">Tumakuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanagara_district" title="Ramanagara district">Ramanagara </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikkaballapura_district" title="Chikkaballapura district">Chikkaballapura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Belagavi_division" title="Belagavi division">Belagavi division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagalkot_district" title="Bagalkot district">Bagalkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belagavi_district" title="Belagavi district">Belagavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijapur_district,_Karnataka" title="Bijapur district, Karnataka">Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharwad_district" title="Dharwad district">Dharwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haveri_district" title="Haveri district">Haveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadag_district" title="Gadag district">Gadag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kannada" title="Uttara Kannada">Uttara Kannada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Kalaburagi_division" title="Kalaburagi division">Kalaburagi division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballari_district" title="Ballari district">Ballari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidar_district" title="Bidar district">Bidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaburagi_district" title="Kalaburagi district">Kalaburagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koppal_district" title="Koppal district">Koppal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raichur_district" title="Raichur district">Raichur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_district" title="Vijayanagara district">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadgir_district" title="Yadgir district">Yadgir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Mysore_division" title="Mysore division">Mysore division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamarajanagar_district" title="Chamarajanagar district">Chamarajanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikmagalur_district" title="Chikmagalur district">Chikmagalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada" title="Dakshina Kannada">Dakshina Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_district" title="Hassan district">Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodagu_district" title="Kodagu district">Kodagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandya_district" title="Mandya district">Mandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_district" title="Mysore district">Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_district" title="Udupi district">Udupi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Karnataka" title="Geography of Karnataka">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Cities and towns in Karnataka">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Karnataka" title="List of districts of Karnataka">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Rivers of Karnataka">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Karnataka" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Karnataka">Dams and reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_taluks_of_Karnataka" title="List of taluks of Karnataka">Taluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Villages in Karnataka">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullayyana_Giri" title="Mullayyana Giri">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayalu_Seeme" title="Bayalu Seeme">Bayalu Seeme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malenadu" title="Malenadu">Malenadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanara" title="Kanara">Kanara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Culture of Karnataka">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buta_Kola" title="Buta Kola">Buta Kola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidriware" title="Bidriware">Bidriware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channapatna_toys" title="Channapatna toys">Channapatna toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Chitrakala_Parishath" title="Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath">Chitrakala Parishat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaarudi_Gombe" title="Gaarudi Gombe">Gaarudi Gombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkal_sari" title="Ilkal sari">Ilkal sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamsale" title="Kamsale">Kamsale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Karnatik music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasuti" title="Kasuti">Kasuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedda" title="Khedda">Khedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_Dasara" title="Mysore Dasara">Mysore Dasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togalu_gombeyaata" title="Togalu gombeyaata">Togalu gombeyaata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_cuisine" title="Udupi cuisine">Udupi cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeragase" title="Veeragase">Veeragase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicians_of_the_Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Musicians of the Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore musicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Literature of Karnataka">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_milestones_in_Kannada_literature" title="List of milestones in Kannada literature">Milestones</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_epics_in_the_Kannada_language" title="List of epics in the Kannada language">Epics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Kannada_literature" title="Medieval Kannada literature">Medieval</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_literature" title="Rashtrakuta literature">Rashtrakuta</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_literature" title="Western Ganga literature">Western Ganga</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_literature_in_Kannada" title="Western Chalukya literature in Kannada">Western Chalukya</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_literature" title="Hoysala literature">Hoysala</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_literature_in_Kannada" title="Vijayanagara literature in Kannada">Vijayanagara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vachana_sahitya" title="Vachana sahitya">Vachana</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mysore_literature_in_Kannada" title="Mysore literature in Kannada">Mysore</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yakshagana_plays_in_the_Kannada_language" title="List of Yakshagana plays in the Kannada language">Play</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Kannada_literature" title="Modern Kannada literature">Modern</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Sahitya_Parishat" title="Kannada Sahitya Parishat">Kannada Sahitya Parishat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Sahitya_Sammelana" title="Kannada Sahitya Sammelana">Kannada Sahitya Sammelana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Karnataka_literature" title="List of Karnataka literature">Karnataka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kannada_poets" title="Category:Kannada poets">Noted poets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaga" title="Asaga">Asaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunavarma_I" title="Gunavarma I">Gunavarma I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adikavi_Pampa" title="Adikavi Pampa">Adikavi Pampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponna_(poet)" title="Ponna (poet)">Sri Ponna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranna_(Kannada_poet)" title="Ranna (Kannada poet)">Ranna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devar_Dasimayya" title="Devar Dasimayya">Devar Dasimayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddharama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harihara_(poet)" title="Harihara (poet)">Harihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavanka" title="Raghavanka">Raghavanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrabhatta" title="Rudrabhatta">Rudrabhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janna" title="Janna">Janna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumara_Vyasa" title="Kumara Vyasa">Kumara Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamarasa" title="Chamarasa">Chamarasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijaguna_Shivayogi" title="Nijaguna Shivayogi">Nijaguna Shivayogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnakaravarni" title="Ratnakaravarni">Ratnakaravarni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Dasa" title="Vijaya Dasa">Vijaya Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopala_Dasa" title="Gopala Dasa">Gopala Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Kannada_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Kannada poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmisa" title="Lakshmisa">Lakshmisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvajna" title="Sarvajna">Sarvajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishunala_Sharif" title="Shishunala Sharif">Shishunala Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaraja_Wadiyar_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnaraja Wadiyar III">Krishnaraja Wadiyar III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._R._Bendre" title="D. R. Bendre">D. R. Bendre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalakrishna_Adiga" title="Gopalakrishna Adiga">Gopalakrishna Adiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Seetharamaiah" title="V. Seetharamaiah">V. Seetharamaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Narasimhaswamy" title="K. S. Narasimhaswamy">K. S. Narasimhaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Govinda_Pai" title="M. Govinda Pai">M. Govinda Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvempu" title="Kuvempu">Kuvempu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._V._Gundappa" title="D. V. Gundappa">D. V. Gundappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._S._Shivarudrappa" title="G. S. Shivarudrappa">G. S. Shivarudrappa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Karnataka" title="Category:People from Karnataka">People</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Karnataka_society" title="Category:Karnataka society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnataka ethnic groups">Karnataka ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Karnataka" title="List of people from Karnataka">List of people from Karnataka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Karnataka" title="Tourism in Karnataka">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Karnataka" title="List of beaches in Karnataka">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dams_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Dams in Karnataka">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Forts in Karnataka">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_parks_in_Karnataka" title="Category:National parks in Karnataka">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_temples_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Hindu temples in Karnataka">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jain_temples_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Jain temples in Karnataka">Jain temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Waterfalls of Karnataka">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_awards_and_decorations_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Civil awards and decorations of Karnataka">Awards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Ratna" title="Karnataka Ratna">Karnataka Ratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampa_Award" title="Pampa Award">Pampa Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nrupatunga_Award" title="Nrupatunga Award">Nrupatunga Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava_Puraskara" title="Basava Puraskara">Basava Puraskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajyotsava_Prashasti" title="Rajyotsava Prashasti">Rajyotsava Prashasti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakanachari_Award" title="Jakanachari Award">Jakanachari Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnashilpi_Venkatappa_Award" title="Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award">Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempegowda_Award" title="Kempegowda Award">Kempegowda Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Karnataka" title="Media in Karnataka">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_newspapers" title="List of Kannada-language newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_magazines" title="List of Kannada-language magazines">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_television_channels" title="List of Kannada-language television channels">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_radio_stations" title="List of Kannada-language radio stations">Radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Telangana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telangana" title="Template:Telangana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telangana" title="Template talk:Telangana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telangana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telangana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Telangana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Telangana" title="Architecture of Telangana">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_cuisine" title="Telangana cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Telangana" title="Culture of Telangana">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Telangana" title="Demographics of Telangana">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Telangana" title="Education in Telangana">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana#Geography" title="Telangana">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Telangana" title="Government of Telangana">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Telangana" title="History of Telangana">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_Language_Day" title="Telangana Language Day">Language day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Telangana" title="Politics of Telangana">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Telangana" title="List of people from Telangana">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Telangana" title="Tourism in Telangana">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynasties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina_dynasty" title="Vishnukundina dynasty">Vishnukundinas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rastrakutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musunuri_Nayakas" title="Musunuri Nayakas">Musunuri Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Golconda" title="Sultanate of Golconda">Qutb Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Asaf Jahi dynasty (Nizams)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Telangana" title="List of districts of Telangana">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adilabad_district" title="Adilabad district">Adilabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komaram_Bheem_Asifabad_district" title="Komaram Bheem Asifabad district">Komaram Bheem Asifabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadradri_Kothagudem_district" title="Bhadradri Kothagudem district">Bhadradri Kothagudem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanamkonda_district" title="Hanamkonda district">Hanamkonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_district,_India" title="Hyderabad district, India">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagtial_district" title="Jagtial district">Jagtial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangaon_district" title="Jangaon district">Jangaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayashankar_Bhupalpally_district" title="Jayashankar Bhupalpally district">Jayashankar Bhupalpally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogulamba_Gadwal_district" title="Jogulamba Gadwal district">Jogulamba Gadwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamareddy_district" title="Kamareddy district">Kamareddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimnagar_district" title="Karimnagar district">Karimnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khammam_district" title="Khammam district">Khammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabubabad_district" title="Mahabubabad district">Mahabubabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabubnagar_district" title="Mahabubnagar district">Mahabubnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mancherial_district" title="Mancherial district">Mancherial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medak_district" title="Medak district">Medak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medchal-Malkajgiri_district" title="Medchal-Malkajgiri district">Medchal-Malkajgiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulugu_district" title="Mulugu district">Mulugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarkurnool_district" title="Nagarkurnool district">Nagarkurnool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalgonda_district" title="Nalgonda district">Nalgonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayanpet_district" title="Narayanpet district">Narayanapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmal_district" title="Nirmal district">Nirmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizamabad_district" title="Nizamabad district">Nizamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peddapalli_district" title="Peddapalli district">Peddapalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajanna_Sircilla_district" title="Rajanna Sircilla district">Rajanna Sircilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranga_Reddy_district" title="Ranga Reddy district">Ranga Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangareddy_district" title="Sangareddy district">Sangareddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddipet_district" title="Siddipet district">Siddipet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suryapet_district" title="Suryapet district">Suryapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikarabad_district" title="Vikarabad district">Vikarabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanaparthy_district" title="Wanaparthy district">Wanaparthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warangal_district" title="Warangal district">Warangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadadri_Bhuvanagiri" title="Yadadri Bhuvanagiri">Y.Bhuvanagiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">Commissionerates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_City_Police" title="Hyderabad City Police">Hyderabad central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachakonda_Police_Commissionerate" title="Rachakonda Police Commissionerate">Rachakonda-Bhuvanagiri, Hyderabad East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberabad_Metropolitan_Police" title="Cyberabad Metropolitan Police">Cyberabad-Hyderabad West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimnagar_Police_Commissionerate" title="Karimnagar Police Commissionerate">Karimnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khammam_Police_Commissionerate" title="Khammam Police Commissionerate">Khammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizamabad_Police" title="Nizamabad Police">Nizamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramagundam_Police_Commissionerate" title="Ramagundam Police Commissionerate">Ramagundam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddipet_Police_Commissionerate" title="Siddipet Police Commissionerate">Siddipet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warangal_Police_Commissionerate" title="Warangal Police Commissionerate">Warangal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Telangana" title="List of cities and towns in Telangana">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warangal" title="Warangal">Warangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizamabad,_Telangana" title="Nizamabad, Telangana">Nizamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khammam" title="Khammam">Khammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimnagar" title="Karimnagar">Karimnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramagundam" title="Ramagundam">Ramagundam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahbubnagar" title="Mahbubnagar">Mahbubnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalgonda" title="Nalgonda">Nalgonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adilabad" title="Adilabad">Adilabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secunderabad" title="Secunderabad">Secunderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suryapet" title="Suryapet">Suryapet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Telangana" title="Tourism in Telangana">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Churches_in_Telangana" title="Category:Churches in Telangana">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dams_in_Telangana" title="Category:Dams in Telangana">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Telangana" title="Category:Forts in Telangana">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Temples_in_Telangana" title="Category:Temples in Telangana">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mosques_in_Telangana" title="Category:Mosques in Telangana">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Telangana" title="Category:Lakes of Telangana">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_parks_in_Telangana" title="Category:National parks in Telangana">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_Telangana" title="Category:Wildlife sanctuaries of Telangana">Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_Telangana" title="Category:Waterfalls of Telangana">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">Municipal corporations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Hyderabad_Municipal_Corporation" title="Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimnagar_Municipal_Corporation" title="Karimnagar Municipal Corporation">Karimnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khammam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Khammam Municipal Corporation">Khammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizamabad_Municipal_Corporation" title="Nizamabad Municipal Corporation">Nizamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramagundam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Ramagundam Municipal Corporation">Ramagundam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Warangal_Municipal_Corporation" title="Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation">Warangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boduppal" title="Boduppal">Boduppal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerzadiguda" title="Peerzadiguda">Peerzadiguda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharnagar,_Telangana" title="Jawaharnagar, Telangana">Jawaharnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizampet" title="Nizampet">Nizampet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badangpet" title="Badangpet">Badangpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandlaguda_Jagir" title="Bandlaguda Jagir">Bandlaguda Jagir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerpet%E2%80%93Jillelguda" title="Meerpet–Jillelguda">Meerpet–Jillelguda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Telangana" title="List of cities and towns in Telangana">List of cities in Telangana by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Telangana" title="List of cities and towns in Telangana">List of cities in Telangana by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_agglomerations_in_Telangana" title="List of urban agglomerations in Telangana">List of urban agglomerations in Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Telangana" title="List of districts of Telangana">List of districts in Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_local_bodies_in_Telangana" title="List of urban local bodies in Telangana">List of urban local bodies in Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1395011#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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