CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>DNA damage theory of aging - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"391d29c4-1aab-4000-b311-442977706b3e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"DNA_damage_theory_of_aging","wgTitle":"DNA damage theory of aging","wgCurRevisionId":1259902919,"wgRevisionId":1259902919,"wgArticleId":17062920,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Citation overkill","Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from November 2024","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022","Articles lacking reliable references from July 2017","All articles lacking reliable references","DNA", "Programmed cell death","Proximate theories of biological ageing","Senescence","Theories of biological ageing","Theories of ageing"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"DNA_damage_theory_of_aging","wgRelevantArticleId":17062920,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition": "interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5205751","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready", "ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="DNA damage theory of aging - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage_theory_of_aging"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage_theory_of_aging"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-DNA_damage_theory_of_aging rootpage-DNA_damage_theory_of_aging skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=DNA+damage+theory+of+aging" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=DNA+damage+theory+of+aging" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=DNA+damage+theory+of+aging" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=DNA+damage+theory+of+aging" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-DNA_damage_and_mutation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNA_damage_and_mutation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 DNA damage and mutation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNA_damage_and_mutation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age-associated_accumulation_of_DNA_damage_and_changes_in_gene_expression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age-associated_accumulation_of_DNA_damage_and_changes_in_gene_expression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Age-associated accumulation of DNA damage and changes in gene expression </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Age-associated_accumulation_of_DNA_damage_and_changes_in_gene_expression-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Age-associated accumulation of DNA damage and changes in gene expression subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Age-associated_accumulation_of_DNA_damage_and_changes_in_gene_expression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Brain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muscle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muscle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Muscle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muscle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Liver </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kidney" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kidney"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Kidney </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kidney-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long-lived_stem_cells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-lived_stem_cells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Long-lived stem cells </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-lived_stem_cells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mutation_theories_of_aging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutation_theories_of_aging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Mutation theories of aging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutation_theories_of_aging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dietary_restriction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dietary_restriction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Dietary restriction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dietary_restriction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inherited_defects_that_cause_premature_aging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inherited_defects_that_cause_premature_aging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Inherited defects that cause premature aging </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Inherited_defects_that_cause_premature_aging-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Inherited defects that cause premature aging subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Inherited_defects_that_cause_premature_aging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Defects_in_DNA_repair_cause_features_of_premature_aging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defects_in_DNA_repair_cause_features_of_premature_aging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Defects in DNA repair cause features of premature aging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defects_in_DNA_repair_cause_features_of_premature_aging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increased_DNA_repair_and_extended_longevity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increased_DNA_repair_and_extended_longevity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Increased DNA repair and extended longevity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increased_DNA_repair_and_extended_longevity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifespan_in_different_mammalian_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifespan_in_different_mammalian_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Lifespan in different mammalian species </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lifespan_in_different_mammalian_species-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Lifespan in different mammalian species subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Lifespan_in_different_mammalian_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-DNA_repair_capacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNA_repair_capacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 DNA repair capacity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNA_repair_capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNA_damage_accumulation_and_repair_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNA_damage_accumulation_and_repair_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 DNA damage accumulation and repair decline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNA_damage_accumulation_and_repair_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Centenarians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centenarians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Centenarians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centenarians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Menopause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menopause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Menopause </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menopause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atherosclerosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atherosclerosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Atherosclerosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atherosclerosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNA_damage_and_the_epigenetic_clock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNA_damage_and_the_epigenetic_clock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 DNA damage and the epigenetic clock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNA_damage_and_the_epigenetic_clock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">DNA damage theory of aging</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 5 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-5" aria-hidden="true" > 5 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A" title="تلف الحمض النووي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تلف الحمض النووي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teor%C3%ADa_del_envejecimiento_por_da%C3%B1os_en_el_ADN" title="Teoría del envejecimiento por daños en el ADN – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Teoría del envejecimiento por daños en el ADN" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teor%C3%ADa_do_envellecemento_por_danos_no_ADN" title="Teoría do envellecemento por danos no ADN – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Teoría do envellecemento por danos no ADN" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_do_envelhecimento_por_les%C3%A3o_do_DNA" title="Teoria do envelhecimento por lesão do DNA – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teoria do envelhecimento por lesão do DNA" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage_theory_of_ageing" title="DNA damage theory of ageing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="DNA damage theory of ageing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5205751#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_theory_of_aging" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:DNA_damage_theory_of_aging" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_theory_of_aging">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_theory_of_aging">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/DNA_damage_theory_of_aging" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/DNA_damage_theory_of_aging" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&oldid=1259902919" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&id=1259902919&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDNA_damage_theory_of_aging">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDNA_damage_theory_of_aging">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5205751" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hypothesis that aging is caused by accumulated DNA damage</div> The DNA damage theory of aging proposes that <a href="/wiki/Aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging">aging</a> is a consequence of unrepaired accumulation of <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">naturally occurring DNA damage</a>. Damage in this context is a DNA alteration that has an abnormal structure. Although both <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nuclear</a> DNA damage can contribute to aging, nuclear DNA is the main subject of this analysis. Nuclear DNA damage can contribute to aging either indirectly (by increasing <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hayflick_limit" title="Hayflick limit">cellular senescence</a>) or directly (by increasing cell dysfunction).<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Freitas11-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18055498-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29141944-4">[4]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] Several review articles have shown that deficient DNA repair, allowing greater accumulation of DNA damage, causes premature aging; and that increased DNA repair facilitates greater longevity, e.g.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Mouse models of nucleotide-excision–repair syndromes reveal a striking correlation between the degree to which specific DNA repair pathways are compromised and the severity of accelerated aging, strongly suggesting a causal relationship.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19812404-7">[7]</a> Human population studies show that <a href="/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism" title="Single-nucleotide polymorphism">single-nucleotide polymorphisms</a> in DNA repair genes, causing up-regulation of their expression, correlate with increases in longevity.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25151201-8">[8]</a> Lombard et al. compiled a lengthy list of mouse mutational models with pathologic features of premature aging, all caused by different DNA repair defects.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15734682-9">[9]</a> Freitas and de Magalhães presented a comprehensive review and appraisal of the DNA damage theory of aging, including a detailed analysis of many forms of evidence linking DNA damage to aging.<a href="#cite_note-Freitas11-2">[2]</a> As an example, they described a study showing that centenarians of 100 to 107 years of age had higher levels of two DNA repair enzymes, <a href="/wiki/PARP1" title="PARP1">PARP1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ku70" title="Ku70">Ku70</a>, than general-population old individuals of 69 to 75 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-Chevanne-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Freitas11-2">[2]</a> Their analysis supported the hypothesis that improved DNA repair leads to longer life span. Overall, they concluded that while the complexity of responses to DNA damage remains only partly understood, the idea that DNA damage accumulation with age is the primary cause of aging remains an intuitive and powerful one.<a href="#cite_note-Freitas11-2">[2]</a> In humans and other mammals, DNA damage occurs frequently and <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> processes have evolved to compensate.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In estimates made for mice, DNA lesions occur on average 25 to 115 times per minute in each <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a>, or about 36,000 to 160,000 per cell per day.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Some DNA damage may remain in any cell despite the action of repair processes. The accumulation of unrepaired DNA damage is more prevalent in certain types of cells, particularly in non-replicating or slowly replicating cells, such as cells in the brain, skeletal and cardiac muscle.<a href="#cite_note-Holmes-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="DNA_damage_and_mutation">DNA damage and mutation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: DNA damage and mutation">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a>, <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">DNA damage (naturally occurring)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8-Oxo-2%27-deoxyguanosine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/8-Oxo-2%27-deoxyguanosine.svg/160px-8-Oxo-2%27-deoxyguanosine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/8-Oxo-2%27-deoxyguanosine.svg/240px-8-Oxo-2%27-deoxyguanosine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/8-Oxo-2%27-deoxyguanosine.svg/320px-8-Oxo-2%27-deoxyguanosine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine</figcaption></figure> To understand the DNA damage theory of aging it is important to distinguish between DNA damage and mutation, the two major types of errors that occur in DNA. <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">Damage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a> are fundamentally different. DNA damage is any physical abnormality in the DNA, such as single and double strand breaks, <a href="/wiki/8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine" class="mw-redirect" title="8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine">8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine</a> residues and <a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a> adducts. DNA damage can be recognized by enzymes, and thus can be correctly repaired using the complementary undamaged strand in DNA as a template or an undamaged sequence in a homologous chromosome if it is available for copying. If a cell retains DNA damage, transcription of a gene can be prevented and thus translation into a protein will also be blocked. Replication may also be blocked and/or the cell may die. Descriptions of reduced function, characteristic of aging and associated with accumulation of DNA damage, are described in the next section.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In contrast to DNA damage, a mutation is a change in the base sequence of the DNA. A mutation cannot be recognized by enzymes once the base change is present in both DNA strands, and thus a mutation cannot be repaired. At the cellular level, mutations can cause alterations in protein function and regulation. Mutations are replicated when the cell replicates. In a population of cells, mutant cells will increase or decrease in frequency according to the effects of the mutation on the ability of the cell to survive and reproduce. Although distinctly different from each other, DNA damages and mutations are related because DNA damages often cause errors of DNA synthesis during replication or repair and these errors are a major source of mutation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Given these properties of DNA damage and mutation, it can be seen that DNA damages are a special problem in <a href="/wiki/G0_phase" title="G0 phase">non-dividing or slowly dividing cells</a>, where unrepaired damages will tend to accumulate over time. On the other hand, in rapidly <a href="/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division">dividing cells</a>, unrepaired DNA damages that do not kill the cell by blocking replication will tend to cause replication errors and thus mutation. The great majority of mutations that are not neutral in their effect are deleterious to a cell's survival. Thus, in a population of cells comprising a tissue with replicating cells, mutant cells will tend to be lost. However, infrequent mutations that provide a survival advantage will tend to clonally expand at the expense of neighboring cells in the tissue. This advantage to the cell is disadvantageous to the whole organism, because such mutant cells can give rise to <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>. Thus, DNA damages in frequently dividing cells, because they give rise to mutations, are a prominent cause of cancer. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">DNA damages</a> in <a href="/wiki/G0_phase" title="G0 phase">infrequently dividing cells</a> are likely a prominent cause of aging.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The first person to suggest that DNA damage, as distinct from mutation, is the primary cause of aging was Alexander in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> By the early 1980s there was significant experimental support for this idea in the literature.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> By the early 1990s experimental support for this idea was substantial, and furthermore it had become increasingly evident that oxidative DNA damage, in particular, is a major cause of aging.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holmes-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] In a series of articles from 1970 to 1977, PV Narasimh Acharya, Phd. (1924–1993) theorized and presented evidence that cells undergo "irreparable DNA damage", whereby DNA crosslinks occur when both normal cellular repair processes fail and cellular apoptosis does not occur. Specifically, Acharya noted that double-strand breaks and a "cross-linkage joining both strands at the same point is irreparable because neither strand can then serve as a template for repair. The cell will die in the next mitosis or in some rare instances, mutate."<a href="#cite_note-pmid5055816-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Age-associated_accumulation_of_DNA_damage_and_changes_in_gene_expression">Age-associated accumulation of DNA damage and changes in gene expression</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Age-associated accumulation of DNA damage and changes in gene expression">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">DNA damage (naturally occurring)</a></div> In tissues composed of non- or infrequently replicating cells, DNA damage can accumulate with age and lead either to loss of cells, or, in surviving cells, loss of gene expression. Accumulated DNA damage is usually measured directly. Numerous studies of this type have indicated that oxidative damage to DNA is particularly important.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The loss of expression of specific genes can be detected at both the mRNA level and protein level. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other form of age-associated changes in gene expression is increased transcriptional variability, that was found first in a selected panel of genes in heart cells <a href="#cite_note-Bahar06-26">[26]</a> and, more recently, in the whole transcriptomes of immune cells,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> and human pancreas cells.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brain">Brain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Brain">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Aging_brain" title="Aging brain">Aging brain</a></div> The adult brain is composed in large part of terminally differentiated non-dividing neurons. Many of the conspicuous features of aging reflect a decline in neuronal function. Accumulation of DNA damage with age in the mammalian brain has been reported during the period 1971 to 2008 in at least 29 studies.<a href="#cite_note-Bernstein2008-29">[29]</a> This DNA damage includes the oxidized nucleoside <a href="/wiki/8-oxo-2%27-deoxyguanosine" class="mw-redirect" title="8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine">8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine</a> (8-oxo-dG), <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair#Single_strand_damage" title="DNA repair">single-</a> and <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair#Double-strand_breaks" title="DNA repair">double-strand breaks</a>, DNA-protein crosslinks and malondialdehyde adducts (reviewed in Bernstein et al.<a href="#cite_note-Bernstein2008-29">[29]</a>). Increasing DNA damage with age has been reported in the brains of the mouse, rat, gerbil, rabbit, dog, and human.<a href="#cite_note-Holmes-13">[13]</a> Rutten et al.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> showed that single-strand breaks accumulate in the <a href="/wiki/Mouse_brain" title="Mouse brain">mouse brain</a> with age. Young 4-day-old rats have about 3,000 single-strand breaks and 156 double-strand breaks per neuron, whereas in rats older than 2 years the level of damage increases to about 7,400 single-strand breaks and 600 double-strand breaks per neuron.<a href="#cite_note-pmid8858940-31">[31]</a> Sen et al.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> showed that DNA damages which block the polymerase chain reaction in rat brain accumulate with age. Swain and Rao observed marked increases in several types of DNA damages in aging rat brain, including single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks and modified bases (8-OHdG and uracil).<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Wolf et al.<a href="#cite_note-Wolf-34">[34]</a> also showed that the oxidative DNA damage <a href="/wiki/8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine" class="mw-redirect" title="8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine">8-OHdG</a> accumulates in rat brain with age. Similarly, it was shown that as humans age from 48 to 97 years, 8-OHdG accumulates in the brain.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Lu et al.<a href="#cite_note-Lu-36">[36]</a> studied the transcriptional profiles of the human frontal cortex of individuals ranging from 26 to 106 years of age. This led to the identification of a set of genes whose expression was altered after age 40. These genes play central roles in synaptic plasticity, vesicular transport and mitochondrial function. In the brain, promoters of genes with reduced expression have markedly increased DNA damage.<a href="#cite_note-Lu-36">[36]</a> In cultured human neurons, these gene promoters are selectively damaged by <a href="/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species" title="Reactive oxygen species">oxidative stress</a>. Thus Lu et al.<a href="#cite_note-Lu-36">[36]</a> concluded that DNA damage may reduce the expression of selectively vulnerable genes involved in learning, memory and neuronal survival, initiating a program of brain aging that starts early in adult life.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muscle">Muscle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Muscle">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscle</a></div> Muscle strength, and stamina for sustained physical effort, decline in function with age in humans and other species. <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_striated_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeletal striated muscle">Skeletal muscle</a> is a tissue composed largely of multinucleated myofibers, elements that arise from the fusion of mononucleated myoblasts. Accumulation of DNA damage with age in mammalian muscle has been reported in at least 18 studies since 1971.<a href="#cite_note-Bernstein2008-29">[29]</a> Hamilton et al.<a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-37">[37]</a> reported that the oxidative DNA damage 8-OHdG accumulates in heart and skeletal muscle (as well as in brain, kidney and liver) of both mouse and rat with age. In humans, increases in 8-OHdG with age were reported for skeletal muscle.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Catalase is an enzyme that removes hydrogen peroxide, a reactive oxygen species, and thus limits oxidative DNA damage. In mice, when catalase expression is increased specifically in mitochondria, oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG) in skeletal muscle is decreased and lifespan is increased by about 20%.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> These findings suggest that mitochondria are a significant source of the oxidative damages contributing to aging.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Protein synthesis and protein degradation decline with age in skeletal and heart muscle, as would be expected, since DNA damage blocks gene transcription. In 2005, Piec et al.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> found numerous changes in protein expression in rat skeletal muscle with age, including lower levels of several proteins related to myosin and actin. Force is generated in striated muscle by the interactions between myosin thick filaments and actin thin filaments.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liver">Liver</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Liver">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a></div> Liver hepatocytes do not ordinarily divide and appear to be terminally differentiated, but they retain the ability to proliferate when injured. With age, the mass of the liver decreases, blood flow is reduced, metabolism is impaired, and alterations in microcirculation occur. At least 21 studies have reported an increase in DNA damage with age in liver.<a href="#cite_note-Bernstein2008-29">[29]</a> For instance, Helbock et al.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> estimated that the steady state level of oxidative DNA base alterations increased from 24,000 per cell in the liver of young rats to 66,000 per cell in the liver of old rats. One or two months after inducing DNA double-strand breaks in the livers of young mice, the mice showed multiple symptoms of aging similar to those seen in untreated livers of normally aged control mice.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kidney">Kidney</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kidney">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></div> In kidney, changes with age include reduction in both renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate, and impairment in the ability to concentrate urine and to conserve sodium and water. DNA damages, particularly oxidative DNA damages, increase with age (at least 8 studies).<a href="#cite_note-Bernstein2008-29">[29]</a> For instance Hashimoto et al.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> showed that 8-OHdG accumulates in rat kidney DNA with age.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long-lived_stem_cells">Long-lived stem cells</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Long-lived stem cells">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">Stem cell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_theory_of_aging" title="Stem cell theory of aging">Stem cell theory of aging</a></div> Tissue-specific stem cells produce differentiated cells through a series of increasingly more committed progenitor intermediates. In hematopoiesis (blood cell formation), the process begins with long-term hematopoietic stem cells that self-renew and also produce progeny cells that upon further replication go through a series of stages leading to differentiated cells without self-renewal capacity. In mice, deficiencies in DNA repair appear to limit the capacity of hematopoietic stem cells to proliferate and self-renew with age.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Sharpless and Depinho reviewed evidence that hematopoietic stem cells, as well as stem cells in other tissues, undergo intrinsic aging.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> They speculated that stem cells grow old, in part, as a result of DNA damage. DNA damage may trigger signalling pathways, such as apoptosis, that contribute to depletion of stem cell stocks. This has been observed in several cases of accelerated aging and may occur in normal aging too.<a href="#cite_note-Freitas11-2">[2]</a> A key aspect of hair loss with age is the aging of the hair follicle.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26912687-47">[47]</a> Ordinarily, hair follicle renewal is maintained by the stem cells associated with each follicle. Aging of the hair follicle appears to be due to the DNA damage that accumulates in renewing stem cells during aging.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26912707-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mutation_theories_of_aging">Mutation theories of aging</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mutation theories of aging">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_ageing" title="Evolution of ageing">Evolution of ageing</a></div> A related theory is that mutation, as distinct from DNA damage, is the primary cause of aging. A comparison of somatic mutation rate across several mammal species found that the total number of accumulated mutations at the end of lifespan was roughly equal across a broad range of lifespans.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The authors state that this strong relationship between somatic mutation rate and lifespan across different mammalian species suggests that evolution may constrain somatic mutation rates, perhaps by selection acting on different DNA repair pathways.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As discussed above, mutations tend to arise in frequently replicating cells as a result of errors of DNA synthesis when template DNA is damaged, and can give rise to cancer. However, in mice there is no increase in mutation in the brain with aging.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Mice defective in a gene (Pms2) that ordinarily corrects base mispairs in DNA have about a 100-fold elevated mutation frequency in all tissues, but do not appear to age more rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> On the other hand, mice defective in one particular DNA repair pathway show clear premature aging, but do not have elevated mutation.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> One variation of the idea that mutation is the basis of aging, that has received much attention, is that mutations specifically in mitochondrial DNA are the cause of aging. Several studies have shown that mutations accumulate in mitochondrial DNA in infrequently replicating cells with age. DNA polymerase gamma is the enzyme that replicates mitochondrial DNA. A mouse mutant with a defect in this DNA polymerase is only able to replicate its mitochondrial DNA inaccurately, so that it sustains a 500-fold higher mutation burden than normal mice. These mice showed no clear features of rapidly accelerated aging.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Overall, the observations discussed in this section indicate that mutations are not the primary cause of aging.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dietary_restriction">Dietary restriction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dietary restriction">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Calorie_restriction" title="Calorie restriction">Calorie restriction</a></div> In rodents, caloric restriction slows aging and extends lifespan. At least 4 studies have shown that caloric restriction reduces 8-OHdG damages in various organs of rodents. One of these studies showed that caloric restriction reduced accumulation of 8-OHdG with age in rat brain, heart and skeletal muscle, and in mouse brain, heart, kidney and liver.<a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-37">[37]</a> More recently, Wolf et al.<a href="#cite_note-Wolf-34">[34]</a> showed that dietary restriction reduced accumulation of 8-OHdG with age in rat brain, heart, skeletal muscle, and liver. Thus reduction of oxidative DNA damage is associated with a slower rate of aging and increased lifespan.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inherited_defects_that_cause_premature_aging">Inherited defects that cause premature aging</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Inherited defects that cause premature aging">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair-deficiency_disorder" title="DNA repair-deficiency disorder">DNA repair-deficiency disorder</a></div> If DNA damage is the underlying cause of aging, it would be expected that humans with inherited defects in the ability to repair DNA damages should age at a faster pace than persons without such a defect. Numerous examples of rare inherited conditions with DNA repair defects are known. Several of these show multiple striking features of premature aging, and others have fewer such features. Perhaps the most striking premature aging conditions are <a href="/wiki/Werner_syndrome" title="Werner syndrome">Werner syndrome</a> (mean lifespan 47 years), <a href="/wiki/Huchinson%E2%80%93Gilford_progeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Huchinson–Gilford progeria">Huchinson–Gilford progeria</a> (mean lifespan 13 years), and <a href="/wiki/Cockayne_syndrome" title="Cockayne syndrome">Cockayne syndrome</a> (mean lifespan 13 years).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Werner syndrome is due to an inherited defect in an enzyme (a helicase and exonuclease) that acts in <a href="/wiki/Base_excision_repair" title="Base excision repair">base excision repair</a> of DNA (e.g. see Harrigan et al.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a>). <a href="/wiki/Huchinson%E2%80%93Gilford_progeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Huchinson–Gilford progeria">Huchinson–Gilford progeria</a> is due to a defect in <a href="/wiki/Lamin" title="Lamin">Lamin</a> A protein which forms a scaffolding within the cell nucleus to organize chromatin and is needed for repair of double-strand breaks in DNA.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> A-type <a href="/wiki/Lamin" title="Lamin">lamins</a> promote genetic stability by maintaining levels of proteins that have key roles in the DNA repair processes of <a href="/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining" title="Non-homologous end joining">non-homologous end joining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">homologous recombination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21701264-58">[58]</a> Mouse cells deficient for maturation of prelamin A show increased DNA damage and chromosome aberrations and are more sensitive to DNA damaging agents.<a href="#cite_note-Liu_B-59">[59]</a> Cockayne Syndrome is due to a defect in a protein necessary for the repair process, transcription coupled nucleotide excision repair, which can remove damages, particularly oxidative DNA damages, that block transcription.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In addition to these three conditions, several other human syndromes, that also have defective DNA repair, show several features of premature aging. These include <a href="/wiki/Ataxia%E2%80%93telangiectasia" title="Ataxia–telangiectasia">ataxia–telangiectasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen_breakage_syndrome" title="Nijmegen breakage syndrome">Nijmegen breakage syndrome</a>, some subgroups of <a href="/wiki/Xeroderma_pigmentosum" title="Xeroderma pigmentosum">xeroderma pigmentosum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trichothiodystrophy" title="Trichothiodystrophy">trichothiodystrophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fanconi_anemia" title="Fanconi anemia">Fanconi anemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloom_syndrome" title="Bloom syndrome">Bloom syndrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rothmund%E2%80%93Thomson_syndrome" title="Rothmund–Thomson syndrome">Rothmund–Thomson syndrome</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ku_bound_to_DNA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ku_bound_to_DNA.png/220px-Ku_bound_to_DNA.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ku_bound_to_DNA.png/330px-Ku_bound_to_DNA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Ku_bound_to_DNA.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Ku bound to DNA</figcaption></figure> In addition to human inherited syndromes, experimental mouse models with genetic defects in DNA repair show features of premature aging and reduced lifespan.(e.g. refs.<a href="#cite_note-Vogel-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mostoslavsky-63">[63]</a>) In particular, mutant mice defective in <a href="/wiki/Ku70" title="Ku70">Ku70</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ku80" title="Ku80">Ku80</a>, or double mutant mice deficient in both Ku70 and Ku80 exhibit early aging.<a href="#cite_note-Li-64">[64]</a> The mean lifespans of the three mutant mouse strains were similar to each other, at about 37 weeks, compared to 108 weeks for the wild-type control. Six specific signs of aging were examined, and the three mutant mice were found to display the same aging signs as the control mice, but at a much earlier age. Cancer incidence was not increased in the mutant mice. Ku70 and Ku80 form the heterodimer <a href="/wiki/Ku_(protein)" title="Ku (protein)">Ku protein</a> essential for the <a href="/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining" title="Non-homologous end joining">non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)</a> pathway of DNA repair, active in repairing DNA double-strand breaks. This suggests an important role of NHEJ in longevity assurance.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defects_in_DNA_repair_cause_features_of_premature_aging">Defects in DNA repair cause features of premature aging</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Defects in DNA repair cause features of premature aging">edit</a>]</div> Many authors have noted an association between defects in the DNA damage response and premature aging (see e.g.<a href="#cite_note-Bonsignore-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ruzankina-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holcomb-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dollé-68">[68]</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] If a DNA repair protein is deficient, unrepaired DNA damages tend to accumulate.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22103522-69">[69]</a> Such accumulated DNA damages appear to cause features of premature aging (<a href="/wiki/Progeroid_syndromes" title="Progeroid syndromes">segmental progeria</a>). Table 1 lists 18 DNA repair proteins which, when deficient, cause numerous features of premature aging. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Table 1. DNA repair proteins that, when deficient, cause features of accelerated aging (<a href="/wiki/Progeroid_syndromes" title="Progeroid syndromes">segmental progeria</a>). </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Protein</th> <th>Pathway</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ataxia_telangiectasia_and_Rad3_related" title="Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related">ATR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_excision_repair" title="Nucleotide excision repair">Nucleotide excision repair</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27827925-70">[70]</a></td> <td>deletion of ATR in adult mice leads to a number of disorders including hair loss and graying, kyphosis, osteoporosis, premature involution of the thymus, fibrosis of the heart and kidney and decreased spermatogenesis<a href="#cite_note-Ruzankina-66">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DNA-PKcs" title="DNA-PKcs">DNA-PKcs</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining" title="Non-homologous end joining">Non-homologous end joining</a></td> <td>shorter lifespan, earlier onset of aging related pathologies;<a href="#cite_note-pmid15105825-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24740260-72">[72]</a> higher level of DNA damage persistence<a href="#cite_note-pmid20193758-73">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ERCC1" title="ERCC1">ERCC1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_excision_repair" title="Nucleotide excision repair">Nucleotide excision repair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crosslinking_of_DNA" title="Crosslinking of DNA">Interstrand cross link repair</a><a href="#cite_note-Gregg-74">[74]</a></td> <td>deficient <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_excision_repair#Transcription_coupled_repair_(TC-NER)" title="Nucleotide excision repair">transcription coupled NER</a> with time-dependent accumulation of transcription-blocking damages;<a href="#cite_note-pmid27556946-75">[75]</a> mouse life span reduced from 2.5 years to 5 months;<a href="#cite_note-Dollé-68">[68]</a> Ercc1−/− mice are leukopenic and thrombocytopenic, and there is extensive adipose transformation of the bone marrow, hallmark features of normal aging in mice<a href="#cite_note-Gregg-74">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ERCC2" title="ERCC2">ERCC2</a> (XPD) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_excision_repair" title="Nucleotide excision repair">Nucleotide excision repair</a> (also transcription as part of <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor_II_H" title="Transcription factor II H">TFIIH</a>) </td> <td>some mutations in ERCC2 cause <a href="/wiki/Cockayne_syndrome" title="Cockayne syndrome">Cockayne syndrome</a> in which patients have segmental progeria with reduced stature, mental retardation, cachexia (loss of subcutaneous fat tissue), sensorineural deafness, retinal degeneration, and calcification of the central nervous system; other mutations in ERCC2 cause <a href="/wiki/Trichothiodystrophy" title="Trichothiodystrophy">trichothiodystrophy</a> in which patients have segmental progeria with brittle hair, short stature, progressive cognitive impairment and abnormal face shape; still other mutations in ERCC2 cause <a href="/wiki/Xeroderma_pigmentosum" title="Xeroderma pigmentosum">xeroderma pigmentosum</a> (without a <a href="/wiki/Progeroid_syndromes" title="Progeroid syndromes">progeroid syndrome</a>) and with extreme sun-mediated skin cancer predisposition<a href="#cite_note-pmid21571596-76">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ERCC4" title="ERCC4">ERCC4</a> (XPF) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_excision_repair" title="Nucleotide excision repair">Nucleotide excision repair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crosslinking_of_DNA" title="Crosslinking of DNA">Interstrand cross link repair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination#SSA_pathway" title="Homologous recombination">Single-strand annealing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microhomology-mediated_end_joining" title="Microhomology-mediated end joining">Microhomology-mediated end joining</a><a href="#cite_note-Gregg-74">[74]</a> </td> <td>mutations in ERCC4 cause symptoms of accelerated aging that affect the neurologic, hepatobiliary, musculoskeletal, and hematopoietic systems, and cause an old, wizened appearance, loss of subcutaneous fat, liver dysfunction, vision and hearing loss, renal insufficiency, muscle wasting, osteopenia, kyphosis and cerebral atrophy<a href="#cite_note-Gregg-74">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ERCC5" title="ERCC5">ERCC5</a> (XPG) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_excision_repair" title="Nucleotide excision repair">Nucleotide excision repair</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid14993263-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">Homologous recombinational repair</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid26833090-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Base_excision_repair" title="Base excision repair">Base excision repair</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9927729-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid11554293-80">[80]</a> </td> <td>mice with deficient ERCC5 show loss of subcutaneous fat, kyphosis, osteoporosis, retinal photoreceptor loss, liver aging, extensive neurodegeneration, and a short lifespan of 4–5 months </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ERCC6_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="ERCC6 (gene)">ERCC6</a> (Cockayne syndrome B or CS-B) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_excision_repair" title="Nucleotide excision repair">Nucleotide excision repair</a> [especially transcription coupled repair (TC-NER) and interstrand crosslink repair] </td> <td>premature aging features with shorter life span and photosensitivity,<a href="#cite_note-Iyama-81">[81]</a> deficient <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_excision_repair#Transcription_coupled_repair_(TC-NER)" title="Nucleotide excision repair">transcription coupled NER</a> with accumulation of unrepaired DNA damages,<a href="#cite_note-Pascucci-82">[82]</a> also defective repair of oxidatively generated DNA damages including <a href="/wiki/8-oxoguanine" class="mw-redirect" title="8-oxoguanine">8-oxoguanine</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-hydroxycytosine" class="mw-redirect" title="5-hydroxycytosine">5-hydroxycytosine</a> and cyclopurines<a href="#cite_note-Pascucci-82">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ERCC8_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="ERCC8 (gene)">ERCC8</a> (Cockayne syndrome A or CS-A) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_excision_repair" title="Nucleotide excision repair">Nucleotide excision repair</a> [especially transcription coupled repair (TC-NER) and interstrand crosslink repair] </td> <td>premature aging features with shorter life span and photosensitivity,<a href="#cite_note-Iyama-81">[81]</a> deficient <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_excision_repair#Transcription_coupled_repair_(TC-NER)" title="Nucleotide excision repair">transcription coupled NER</a> with accumulation of unrepaired DNA damages,<a href="#cite_note-Pascucci-82">[82]</a> also defective repair of oxidatively generated DNA damages including <a href="/wiki/8-oxoguanine" class="mw-redirect" title="8-oxoguanine">8-oxoguanine</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-hydroxycytosine" class="mw-redirect" title="5-hydroxycytosine">5-hydroxycytosine</a> and cyclopurines<a href="#cite_note-Pascucci-82">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/GTF2H5" title="GTF2H5">GTF2H5</a> (TTDA) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_excision_repair" title="Nucleotide excision repair">Nucleotide excision repair</a> </td> <td>deficiency causes trichothiodystrophy (TTD) a premature-ageing and neuroectodermal disease; humans with GTF2H5 mutations have a partially inactivated protein<a href="#cite_note-pmid23637614-83">[83]</a> with retarded repair of <a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine_dimer" title="Pyrimidine dimer">6-4-photoproducts</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21730288-84">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ku70" title="Ku70">Ku70</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining" title="Non-homologous end joining">Non-homologous end joining</a></td> <td>shorter lifespan, earlier onset of aging related pathologies;<a href="#cite_note-Holcomb-67">[67]</a> persistent foci of DNA double-strand break repair proteins<a href="#cite_note-pmid27136939-85">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ku80" title="Ku80">Ku80</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining" title="Non-homologous end joining">Non-homologous end joining</a></td> <td>shorter lifespan, earlier onset of aging related pathologies;<a href="#cite_note-Li-64">[64]</a> defective repair of spontaneous DNA damage<a href="#cite_note-Holcomb-67">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/LMNA" class="mw-redirect" title="LMNA">Lamin A</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining" title="Non-homologous end joining">Non-homologous end joining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">Homologous recombination</a></td> <td>increased DNA damage and chromosome aberrations; <a href="/wiki/Progeria" title="Progeria">progeria</a>; aspects of premature aging; altered expression of numerous DNA repair factors<a href="#cite_note-pmid27147057-86">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>NRMT1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_excision_repair" title="Nucleotide excision repair">Nucleotide excision repair</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24753253-87">[87]</a></td> <td>mutation in NRMT1 causes decreased body size, female-specific infertility, kyphosis, decreased mitochondrial function, and early-onset liver degeneration<a href="#cite_note-Bonsignore-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RECQL4" title="RECQL4">RECQL4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Base_excision_repair" title="Base excision repair">Base excision repair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_excision_repair" title="Nucleotide excision repair">Nucleotide excision repair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">Homologous recombination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining" title="Non-homologous end joining">Non-homologous end joining</a><a href="#cite_note-Jin-88">[88]</a></td> <td>mutations in RECQL4 cause Rothmund–Thomson syndrome, with alopecia, sparse eyebrows and lashes, cataracts and osteoporosis<a href="#cite_note-Jin-88">[88]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SIRT6" class="mw-redirect" title="SIRT6">SIRT6</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Base_excision_repair" title="Base excision repair">Base excision repair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_excision_repair" title="Nucleotide excision repair">Nucleotide excision repair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">Homologous recombination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining" title="Non-homologous end joining">Non-homologous end joining</a><a href="#cite_note-Chalkiadaki-89">[89]</a></td> <td>SIRT6-deficient mice develop profound lymphopenia, loss of subcutaneous fat and lordokyphosis, and these defects overlap with aging-associated degenerative processes<a href="#cite_note-Mostoslavsky-63">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SIRT7" class="mw-redirect" title="SIRT7">SIRT7</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining" title="Non-homologous end joining">Non-homologous end joining</a></td> <td>mice defective in SIRT7 show phenotypic and molecular signs of accelerated aging such as premature pronounced curvature of the spine, reduced life span, and reduced non-homologous end joining<a href="#cite_note-pmid27225932-90">[90]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Werner_syndrome_helicase" title="Werner syndrome helicase">Werner syndrome helicase</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">Homologous recombination</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid12242278-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25122754-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining" title="Non-homologous end joining">Non-homologous end joining</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid27922005-93">[93]</a><a href="/wiki/Base_excision_repair" title="Base excision repair">Base excision repair</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid17611195-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22753033-95">[95]</a> Replication arrest recovery<a href="#cite_note-pmid21389352-96">[96]</a> </td> <td>shorter lifespan, earlier onset of aging related pathologies, genome instability<a href="#cite_note-pmid20075015-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25555679-98">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ZMPSTE24" title="ZMPSTE24">ZMPSTE24</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">Homologous recombination</a></td> <td>lack of Zmpste24 prevents lamin A formation and causes progeroid phenotypes in mice and humans, increased DNA damage and chromosome aberrations, sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents and deficiency in homologous recombination<a href="#cite_note-Liu_B-59">[59]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increased_DNA_repair_and_extended_longevity">Increased DNA repair and extended longevity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Increased DNA repair and extended longevity">edit</a>]</div> Table 2 lists DNA repair proteins whose increased expression is connected to extended longevity. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Table 2. DNA repair proteins that, when highly- or over-expressed, cause (or are associated with) extended longevity. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Protein</th> <th>Pathway</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NDRG1" title="NDRG1">NDRG1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DNA_repair#Direct_reversal" title="DNA repair">Direct reversal</a></td> <td>long-lived Snell dwarf, GHRKO, and PAPPA-KO mice have increased expression of NDRG1; higher expression of NDRG1 can promote MGMT protein stability and enhanced DNA repair<a href="#cite_note-pmid27618784-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24367102-100">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NUDT1" class="mw-redirect" title="NUDT1">NUDT1</a> (MTH1) </td> <td>Oxidized nucleotide removal</td> <td>degrades 8-oxodGTP; prevents the age-dependent accumulation of DNA 8-oxoguanine<a href="#cite_note-DeLuca2013-101">[101]</a> A transgenic mouse in which the human hMTH1 8-oxodGTPase is expressed,<a href="#cite_note-pmid19023407-102">[102]</a> giving over-expression of hMTH1, increases the median lifespan of mice to 914 days vs. 790 days for wild-type mice.<a href="#cite_note-DeLuca2013-101">[101]</a> Mice with over-expressed hMTH1 have behavioral changes of reduced anxiety and enhanced investigation of environmental and social cues </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/PARP1" title="PARP1">PARP1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Base_excision_repair" title="Base excision repair">Base excision repair</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid17337257-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_excision_repair" title="Nucleotide excision repair">Nucleotide excision repair</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid23045548-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Microhomology-mediated_end_joining" title="Microhomology-mediated end joining">Microhomology-mediated end joining</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid17088286-105">[105]</a> Single-strand break repair<a href="#cite_note-pmid12748298-106">[106]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/PARP1#Aging" title="PARP1">PARP1</a> activity in blood cells of thirteen mammalian species (rat, guinea pig, rabbit, marmoset, sheep, pig, cattle, pigmy chimpanzee, horse, donkey, gorilla, elephant and man) correlates with maximum lifespan of the species.<a href="#cite_note-pmid1465394-107">[107]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SIRT1" class="mw-redirect" title="SIRT1">SIRT1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_excision_repair" title="Nucleotide excision repair">Nucleotide excision repair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">Homologous recombination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining" title="Non-homologous end joining">Non-homologous end joining</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27916001-108">[108]</a></td> <td>Increased expression of SIRT1 in male mice extends the lifespan of mice fed a standard diet, accompanied by improvements in health, including enhanced motor coordination, performance, bone mineral density, and insulin sensitivity<a href="#cite_note-pmid24931715-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24582957-110">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SIRT6" class="mw-redirect" title="SIRT6">SIRT6</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Base_excision_repair" title="Base excision repair">Base excision repair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_excision_repair" title="Nucleotide excision repair">Nucleotide excision repair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">Homologous recombination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining" title="Non-homologous end joining">Non-homologous end joining</a><a href="#cite_note-Chalkiadaki-89">[89]</a></td> <td>male, but not female, transgenic mice overexpressing Sirt6 have a significantly longer lifespan than wild-type mice<a href="#cite_note-pmid22367546-111">[111]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lifespan_in_different_mammalian_species">Lifespan in different mammalian species</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lifespan in different mammalian species">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Maximum_life_span" title="Maximum life span">Maximum life span</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNA_repair_capacity">DNA repair capacity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: DNA repair capacity">edit</a>]</div> Studies comparing DNA repair capacity in different mammalian species have shown that repair capacity correlates with lifespan. The initial study of this type, by Hart and Setlow,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> showed that the ability of skin fibroblasts of seven mammalian species to perform DNA repair after exposure to a DNA damaging agent correlated with lifespan of the species. The species studied were shrew, mouse, rat, hamster, cow, elephant and human. This initial study stimulated many additional studies involving a wide variety of mammalian species, and the correlation between repair capacity and lifespan generally held up. In one of the more recent studies, Burkle et al.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> studied the level of a particular enzyme, <a href="/wiki/Poly_ADP_ribose_polymerase" class="mw-redirect" title="Poly ADP ribose polymerase">Poly ADP ribose polymerase</a>, which is involved in repair of single-strand breaks in DNA. They found that the lifespan of 13 mammalian species correlated with the activity of this enzyme.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The DNA repair <a href="/wiki/Transcriptome" title="Transcriptome">transcriptomes</a> of the liver of humans, <a href="/wiki/Naked_mole-rat" title="Naked mole-rat">naked mole-rats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mice</a> were compared.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26729707-114">[114]</a> The maximum lifespans of humans, <a href="/wiki/Naked_mole-rat" title="Naked mole-rat">naked mole-rat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mouse</a> are respectively ~120, 30 and 3 years. The longer-lived species, humans and naked mole rats expressed DNA repair genes, including core genes in several DNA repair pathways, at a higher level than did mice. In addition, several DNA repair pathways in humans and naked mole-rats were up-regulated compared with mouse. These findings suggest that increased DNA repair facilitates greater longevity.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Over the past decade, a series of papers have shown that the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) base composition correlates with animal species maximum life span.<a href="#cite_note-Lehmann_et_al.,_2006-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lehmann_et_al.,_2008-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lehmann_et_al.,_2013-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] The mitochondrial DNA base composition is thought to reflect its nucleotide-specific (guanine, cytosine, thymidine and adenine) different mutation rates (i.e., accumulation of guanine in the mitochondrial DNA of an animal species is due to low guanine mutation rate in the mitochondria of that species).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNA_damage_accumulation_and_repair_decline">DNA damage accumulation and repair decline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: DNA damage accumulation and repair decline">edit</a>]</div> The rate of accumulation of <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">DNA damage</a> (double-strand breaks) in the <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">leukocytes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_flamingo" title="American flamingo">American flamingos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_griffon_vulture" title="Eurasian griffon vulture">griffon vultures</a> was compared to the longevity of individuals of these different species.<a href="#cite_note-Whittemore2019-119">[119]</a> The species with longer lifespans were found to have slower accumulation of DNA damage, a finding consistent with the DNA damage theory of aging.<a href="#cite_note-Whittemore2019-119">[119]</a> In healthy humans after age 50, endogenous <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">DNA single- and double-strand breaks</a> increase linearly, and other forms of DNA damage also increase with age in blood mononuclear cells.<a href="#cite_note-Vlachogiannis2023-120">[120]</a> Also, after age 50 <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> capability decreases with age.<a href="#cite_note-Vlachogiannis2023-120">[120]</a> In mice, the <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> process of non-homologous end-joining that repairs DNA double strand breaks, declines in efficiency from 1.8-3.8-fold, depending on the specific tissue, when 5 month old animals are compared to 24 month old animals.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> A study of <a href="/wiki/Fibroblast" title="Fibroblast">fibroblast</a> cells from humans varying in age from 16-75 years showed that the efficiency and fidelity of non-homologous end joining, and the efficiency of homologous recombinational DNA repair decline with age leading to increased sensitivity to <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a> in older individuals.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In middle aged human adults, oxidative DNA damage was found to be greater among individuals who were both frail and living in poverty.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Centenarians">Centenarians</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Centenarians">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a>. Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22DNA+damage+theory+of+aging%22">"DNA damage theory of aging"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22DNA+damage+theory+of+aging%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22DNA+damage+theory+of+aging%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22DNA+damage+theory+of+aging%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22DNA+damage+theory+of+aging%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22DNA+damage+theory+of+aging%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (July 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Lymphoblastoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphoblastoid">Lymphoblastoid</a> cell lines established from blood samples of humans who lived past 100 years (<a href="/wiki/Centenarian" title="Centenarian">centenarians</a>) have significantly higher activity of the DNA repair protein <a href="/wiki/Poly_(ADP-ribose)_polymerase" title="Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase">Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase</a> (PARP) than cell lines from younger individuals (20 to 70 years old).<a href="#cite_note-pmid9587069-124">[124]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">unreliable medical source?</a>] The lymphocytic cells of centenarians have characteristics typical of cells from young people, both in their capability of priming the mechanism of repair after <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">H2O2</a> sublethal oxidative DNA damage and in their <a href="/wiki/Poly_ADP_ribose_polymerase" class="mw-redirect" title="Poly ADP ribose polymerase">PARP</a> capacity.<a href="#cite_note-Chevanne-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Among <a href="/wiki/Centenarian" title="Centenarian">centenarians</a>, those with the most severe cognitive impairment have the lowest activity of the central DNA repair enzyme <a href="/wiki/AP_endonuclease" title="AP endonuclease">apurinic/apyrimidinc (AP) endonuclease</a> 1.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> AP endonuclease I is employed in the <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> <a href="/wiki/Base_excision_repair" title="Base excision repair">base excision repair</a> pathway and its main role is the repair of damaged or mismatched <a href="/wiki/Nucleotides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleotides">nucleotides</a> in DNA. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Menopause">Menopause</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Menopause">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a>. Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22DNA+damage+theory+of+aging%22">"DNA damage theory of aging"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22DNA+damage+theory+of+aging%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22DNA+damage+theory+of+aging%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22DNA+damage+theory+of+aging%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22DNA+damage+theory+of+aging%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22DNA+damage+theory+of+aging%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (July 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> As women age, they experience a decline in reproductive performance leading to <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a>. This decline is tied to a decline in the number of <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_follicle" title="Ovarian follicle">ovarian follicles</a>. Although 6 to 7 million <a href="/wiki/Oocyte" title="Oocyte">oocytes</a> are present at mid-gestation in the human <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovary</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid27382229-127">[127]</a> only about 500 (about 0.05%) of these <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulate</a>, and the rest are lost. The decline in <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_reserve" title="Ovarian reserve">ovarian reserve</a> appears to occur at an increasing rate with age,<a href="#cite_note-pmid18192670-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27382229-127">[127]</a> and leads to nearly complete exhaustion of the reserve by about age 51. As ovarian reserve and <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a> decline with age, there is also a parallel increase in pregnancy failure and <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiotic</a> errors resulting in <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_abnormality" title="Chromosome abnormality">chromosomally abnormal</a> conceptions. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are homologous recombination repair genes. The role of declining ATM-Mediated DNA double strand DNA break (DSB) repair in oocyte aging was first proposed by Kutluk Oktay, MD, PhD based on his observations that women with BRCA mutations produced fewer oocytes in response to ovarian stimulation repair.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> His laboratory has further studied this hypothesis and provided an explanation for the decline in <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_reserve" title="Ovarian reserve">ovarian reserve</a> with age.<a href="#cite_note-Titus-132">[132]</a> They showed that as women age, double-strand breaks accumulate in the DNA of their <a href="/wiki/Folliculogenesis#Phases_of_development" title="Folliculogenesis">primordial follicles</a>. Primordial follicles are immature primary oocytes surrounded by a single layer of <a href="/wiki/Granulosa_cell" title="Granulosa cell">granulosa cells</a>. An enzyme system is present in oocytes that normally accurately repairs DNA double-strand breaks. This repair system is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">homologous recombinational</a> repair, and it is especially active during <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>. Titus et al.<a href="#cite_note-Titus-132">[132]</a> from Oktay Laboratory also showed that expression of four key DNA repair genes that are necessary for homologous recombinational repair (<a href="/wiki/BRCA1" title="BRCA1">BRCA1</a>, <a href="/wiki/MRE11A" title="MRE11A">MRE11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rad51" class="mw-redirect" title="Rad51">Rad51</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ataxia_telangiectasia_mutated" class="mw-redirect" title="Ataxia telangiectasia mutated">ATM</a>) decline in <a href="/wiki/Oocyte" title="Oocyte">oocytes</a> with age. This age-related decline in ability to repair double-strand damages can account for the accumulation of these damages, which then likely contributes to the decline in ovarian reserve as further explained by Turan and Oktay.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Women with an inherited mutation in the DNA repair gene <a href="/wiki/BRCA1" title="BRCA1">BRCA1</a> undergo menopause prematurely,<a href="#cite_note-pmid16773440-134">[134]</a> suggesting that naturally occurring DNA damages in oocytes are repaired less efficiently in these women, and this inefficiency leads to early reproductive failure. Genomic data from about 70,000 women were analyzed to identify protein-coding variation associated with age at natural menopause.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26414677-135">[135]</a> Pathway analyses identified a major association with DNA damage response genes, particularly those expressed during meiosis and including a common coding variant in the BRCA1 gene. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atherosclerosis">Atherosclerosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Atherosclerosis">edit</a>]</div> The most important risk factor for cardiovascular problems is chronological <a href="/wiki/Aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging">aging</a>. Several research groups have reviewed evidence for a key role of <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">DNA damage</a> in vascular aging.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23953979-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27213333-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28347738-138">[138]</a> Atherosclerotic plaque contains <a href="/wiki/Vascular_smooth_muscle" title="Vascular smooth muscle">vascular smooth muscle</a> cells, <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelial cells</a> and these have been found to accumulate <a href="/wiki/8-Oxoguanine" title="8-Oxoguanine">8-oxoG</a>, a common type of oxidative DNA damage.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26174609-139">[139]</a> DNA strand breaks also increased in atherosclerotic plaques, thus linking DNA damage to plaque formation.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26174609-139">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Werner_syndrome" title="Werner syndrome">Werner syndrome</a> (WS), a premature aging condition in humans, is caused by a genetic defect in a <a href="/wiki/RecQ_helicase" title="RecQ helicase">RecQ helicase</a> that is employed in several <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> processes. WS patients develop a substantial burden of atherosclerotic plaques in their <a href="/wiki/Coronary_circulation" title="Coronary circulation">coronary arteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27213333-137">[137]</a> These findings link excessive unrepaired DNA damage to premature aging and early atherosclerotic plaque development.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="DNA_damage_and_the_epigenetic_clock">DNA damage and the epigenetic clock</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: DNA damage and the epigenetic clock">edit</a>]</div> Endogenous, <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">naturally occurring DNA damages</a> are frequent, and in humans include an average of about 10,000 oxidative damages per day and 50 double-strand DNA breaks per cell cycle.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Several reviews<a href="#cite_note-Haganreview-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chiba-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26280003-142">[142]</a> summarize evidence that the methylation enzyme <a href="/wiki/DNMT1" title="DNMT1">DNMT1</a> is recruited to sites of oxidative DNA damage. Recruitment of DNMT1 leads to DNA methylation at the promoters of genes to inhibit transcription during repair. In addition, the 2018 review<a href="#cite_note-Haganreview-140">[140]</a> describes recruitment of DNMT1 during repair of DNA double-strand breaks. DNMT1 localization results in increased DNA methylation near the site of recombinational repair, associated with altered expression of the repaired gene. In general, repair-associated hyper-methylated promoters are restored to their former methylation level after DNA repair is complete. However, these reviews also indicate that transient recruitment of epigenetic modifiers can occasionally result in subsequent stable epigenetic alterations and gene silencing after DNA repair has been completed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mouse</a> DNA, cytosine followed by guanine (CpG) is the least frequent <a href="/wiki/Dinucleotide" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinucleotide">dinucleotide</a>, making up less than 1% of all dinucleotides (see <a href="/wiki/CG_suppression" title="CG suppression">CG suppression</a>). At most CpG sites <a href="/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine">cytosine</a> is <a href="/wiki/DNA_methylation" title="DNA methylation">methylated</a> to form <a href="/wiki/5-methylcytosine" class="mw-redirect" title="5-methylcytosine">5-methylcytosine</a>. As indicated in the article <a href="/wiki/CpG_site" title="CpG site">CpG site</a>, in mammals, 70% to 80% of CpG cytosines are methylated. However, in <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> there are <a href="/wiki/CpG_site#CpG_islands" title="CpG site">CpG islands</a>, about 300 to 3,000 base pairs long, with interspersed DNA sequences that deviate significantly from the average genomic pattern by being CpG-rich. These CpG islands are predominantly nonmethylated.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21576262-143">[143]</a> In humans, about 70% of <a href="/wiki/Promoter_(genetics)" title="Promoter (genetics)">promoters</a> located near the <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcription</a> start site of a gene (proximal promoters) contain a <a href="/wiki/CpG_site#CpG_islands" title="CpG site">CpG island</a> (see <a href="/wiki/CpG_site#CpG_islands_in_promoters" title="CpG site">CpG islands in promoters</a>). If the initially nonmethylated CpG sites in a CpG island become largely methylated, this causes stable silencing of the associated gene.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] For humans, after adulthood is reached and during subsequent aging, the majority of CpG sequences slowly lose methylation (called epigenetic drift). However, the CpG islands that control promoters tend to gain methylation with age.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25913071-144">[144]</a> The gain of methylation at CpG islands in promoter regions is correlated with age, and has been used to create an <a href="/wiki/Epigenetic_clock" title="Epigenetic clock">epigenetic clock</a> (see article <a href="/wiki/Epigenetic_clock" title="Epigenetic clock">Epigenetic clock</a>). There may be some relationship between the epigenetic clock and epigenetic alterations accumulating after DNA repair. Both unrepaired DNA damage accumulated with age and accumulated methylation of CpG islands would silence genes in which they occur, interfere with protein expression, and contribute to the aging <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_theory_of_ageing" title="Mitochondrial theory of ageing">Mitochondrial theory of ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aging_brain" title="Aging brain">Aging brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_immortality" title="Biological immortality">Biological immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">DNA damage (naturally occurring)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">Longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity_quotient" title="Longevity quotient">Longevity quotient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_life_span" title="Maximum life span">Maximum life span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejuvenation" title="Rejuvenation">Rejuvenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">Senescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telomere" title="Telomere">Telomere</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBest,_BP2009" class="citation journal cs1">Best, BP (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115192509/http://www.benbest.com/lifeext/Nuclear_DNA_in_Aging.pdf">"Nuclear DNA damage as a direct cause of aging"</a> (PDF). Rejuvenation Research. 12 (3): 199–208. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.318.738">10.1.1.318.738</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Frej.2009.0847">10.1089/rej.2009.0847</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19594328">19594328</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.benbest.com/lifeext/Nuclear_DNA_in_Aging.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2017-11-15. Retrieved 2009-08-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rejuvenation+Research&rft.atitle=Nuclear+DNA+damage+as+a+direct+cause+of+aging&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=199-208&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.318.738%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19594328&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Frej.2009.0847&rft.au=Best%2C+BP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.benbest.com%2Flifeext%2FNuclear_DNA_in_Aging.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freitas11-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Freitas11_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freitas11_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freitas11_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freitas11_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freitas11_2-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreitas_AA,_de_Magalhães_JP2011" class="citation journal cs1">Freitas AA, de Magalhães JP (2011). "A review and appraisal of the DNA damage theory of ageing". <a href="/wiki/Mutation_Research_(journal)" title="Mutation Research (journal)">Mutation Research</a>. 728 (1–2): 12–22. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MRRMR.728...12F">2011MRRMR.728...12F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mrrev.2011.05.001">10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.05.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21600302">21600302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mutation+Research&rft.atitle=A+review+and+appraisal+of+the+DNA+damage+theory+of+ageing&rft.volume=728&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=12-22&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21600302&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mrrev.2011.05.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011MRRMR.728...12F&rft.au=Freitas+AA%2C+de+Magalh%C3%A3es+JP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18055498-3"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18055498_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurhans_WC,_Weinberger_M2007" class="citation journal cs1">Burhans WC, Weinberger M (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2190710">"DNA replication stress, genome instability and aging"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_Acids_Research" title="Nucleic Acids Research">Nucleic Acids Research</a>. 35 (22): 7545–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkm1059">10.1093/nar/gkm1059</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2190710">2190710</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18055498">18055498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&rft.atitle=DNA+replication+stress%2C+genome+instability+and+aging&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=7545-56&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2190710%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18055498&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkm1059&rft.au=Burhans+WC%2C+Weinberger+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2190710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29141944-4"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid29141944_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOu_HL,_Schumacher_B2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ou HL, Schumacher B (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6839964">"DNA damage responses and p53 in the aging process"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Blood_(journal)" title="Blood (journal)">Blood</a>. 131 (5): 488–495. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood-2017-07-746396">10.1182/blood-2017-07-746396</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6839964">6839964</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29141944">29141944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Blood&rft.atitle=DNA+damage+responses+and+p53+in+the+aging+process&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=488-495&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6839964%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29141944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1182%2Fblood-2017-07-746396&rft.au=Ou+HL%2C+Schumacher+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6839964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijg2021" class="citation journal cs1">Vijg, J. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10018438">"From DNA damage to mutations: All roads lead to aging"</a>. Ageing Research Reviews. 68: 101316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.arr.2021.101316">10.1016/j.arr.2021.101316</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10018438">10018438</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33711511">33711511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ageing+Research+Reviews&rft.atitle=From+DNA+damage+to+mutations%3A+All+roads+lead+to+aging&rft.volume=68&rft.pages=101316&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10018438%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33711511&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.arr.2021.101316&rft.aulast=Vijg&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10018438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiedernhoferGurkarWangVijg2018" class="citation journal cs1">Niedernhofer, L. J.; Gurkar, A. U.; Wang, Y.; Vijg, J.; Hoeijmakers JHJ; Robbins, P. D. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-biochem-062917-012239">"Nuclear Genomic Instability and Aging"</a>. Annual Review of Biochemistry. 87: 295–322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-biochem-062917-012239">10.1146/annurev-biochem-062917-012239</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29925262">29925262</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49343005">49343005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Genomic+Instability+and+Aging&rft.volume=87&rft.pages=295-322&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A49343005%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29925262&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-biochem-062917-012239&rft.aulast=Niedernhofer&rft.aufirst=L.+J.&rft.au=Gurkar%2C+A.+U.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Y.&rft.au=Vijg%2C+J.&rft.au=Hoeijmakers+JHJ&rft.au=Robbins%2C+P.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-biochem-062917-012239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19812404-7"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19812404_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoeijmakers2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hoeijmakers JH (2009). "DNA damage, aging, and cancer". N. Engl. J. Med. 361 (15): 1475–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMra0804615">10.1056/NEJMra0804615</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19812404">19812404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=N.+Engl.+J.+Med.&rft.atitle=DNA+damage%2C+aging%2C+and+cancer&rft.volume=361&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=1475-85&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMra0804615&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19812404&rft.aulast=Hoeijmakers&rft.aufirst=JH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid25151201-8"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid25151201_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoSuh2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cho M, Suh Y (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4254320">"Genome maintenance and human longevity"</a>. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 26: 105–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gde.2014.07.002">10.1016/j.gde.2014.07.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4254320">4254320</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25151201">25151201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr.+Opin.+Genet.+Dev.&rft.atitle=Genome+maintenance+and+human+longevity&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=105-15&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4254320%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25151201&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gde.2014.07.002&rft.aulast=Cho&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Suh%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4254320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15734682-9"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15734682_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLombardChuaMostoslavskyFranco2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lombard DB, Chua KF, Mostoslavsky R, Franco S, Gostissa M, Alt FW (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2005.01.028">"DNA repair, genome stability, and aging"</a>. Cell. 120 (4): 497–512. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2005.01.028">10.1016/j.cell.2005.01.028</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15734682">15734682</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18469405">18469405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=DNA+repair%2C+genome+stability%2C+and+aging&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=497-512&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18469405%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15734682&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2005.01.028&rft.aulast=Lombard&rft.aufirst=DB&rft.au=Chua%2C+KF&rft.au=Mostoslavsky%2C+R&rft.au=Franco%2C+S&rft.au=Gostissa%2C+M&rft.au=Alt%2C+FW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cell.2005.01.028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chevanne-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chevanne_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chevanne_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChevanneCaliaZampieriCecchinelli2007" class="citation journal cs1">Chevanne M, Calia C, Zampieri M, Cecchinelli B, Caldini R, Monti D, Bucci L, Franceschi C, Caiafa P (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6313423">"Oxidative DNA damage repair and parp 1 and parp 2 expression in Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized B lymphocyte cells from young subjects, old subjects, and centenarians"</a>. Rejuvenation Res. 10 (2): 191–204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Frej.2006.0514">10.1089/rej.2006.0514</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17518695">17518695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rejuvenation+Res&rft.atitle=Oxidative+DNA+damage+repair+and+parp+1+and+parp+2+expression+in+Epstein-Barr+virus-immortalized+B+lymphocyte+cells+from+young+subjects%2C+old+subjects%2C+and+centenarians&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=191-204&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Frej.2006.0514&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17518695&rft.aulast=Chevanne&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Calia%2C+C&rft.au=Zampieri%2C+M&rft.au=Cecchinelli%2C+B&rft.au=Caldini%2C+R&rft.au=Monti%2C+D&rft.au=Bucci%2C+L&rft.au=Franceschi%2C+C&rft.au=Caiafa%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F6313423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaranjawalaLieber2004" class="citation journal cs1">Karanjawala ZE, Lieber MR (June 2004). "DNA damage and aging". Mech Ageing Dev. 125 (6): 405–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mad.2004.04.003">10.1016/j.mad.2004.04.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15272504">15272504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mech+Ageing+Dev&rft.atitle=DNA+damage+and+aging&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=405-16&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mad.2004.04.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15272504&rft.aulast=Karanjawala&rft.aufirst=ZE&rft.au=Lieber%2C+MR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilenchikKnudson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Vilenchik, MM; Knudson, AG (May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC25837">"Inverse radiation dose-rate effects on somatic and germ-line mutations and DNA damage rates"</a>. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 97 (10): 5381–6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PNAS...97.5381V">2000PNAS...97.5381V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.090099497">10.1073/pnas.090099497</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC25837">25837</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10792040">10792040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A&rft.atitle=Inverse+radiation+dose-rate+effects+on+somatic+and+germ-line+mutations+and+DNA+damage+rates&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=5381-6&rft.date=2000-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC25837%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10792040&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.090099497&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000PNAS...97.5381V&rft.aulast=Vilenchik&rft.aufirst=MM&rft.au=Knudson%2C+AG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC25837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmes-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holmes_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holmes_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holmes_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmesBernsteinBernstein1992" class="citation journal cs1">Holmes GE, Bernstein C, Bernstein H (September 1992). "Oxidative and other DNA damages as the basis of aging: a review". Mutat Res. 275 (3–6): 305–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0921-8734%2892%2990034-m">10.1016/0921-8734(92)90034-m</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1383772">1383772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mutat+Res&rft.atitle=Oxidative+and+other+DNA+damages+as+the+basis+of+aging%3A+a+review&rft.volume=275&rft.issue=3%E2%80%936&rft.pages=305-15&rft.date=1992-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0921-8734%2892%2990034-m&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1383772&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=GE&rft.au=Bernstein%2C+C&rft.au=Bernstein%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1967" class="citation conference cs1">Alexander, P. (1967). The role of DNA lesions in the processes leading to aging in mice. Symp Soc Exp Biol. Vol. 21. pp. 29–50. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4860956">4860956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=Symp+Soc+Exp+Biol&rft.atitle=The+role+of+DNA+lesions+in+the+processes+leading+to+aging+in+mice&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=29-50&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4860956&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenslerBernstein1981" class="citation journal cs1">Gensler, H. L.; Bernstein, H. (September 1981). "DNA damage as the primary cause of aging". Q Rev Biol. 56 (3): 279–303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F412317">10.1086/412317</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7031747">7031747</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20822805">20822805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Q+Rev+Biol&rft.atitle=DNA+damage+as+the+primary+cause+of+aging&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=279-303&rft.date=1981-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20822805%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7031747&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F412317&rft.aulast=Gensler&rft.aufirst=H.+L.&rft.au=Bernstein%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernsteinBernstein1991" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, C.; Bernstein, H. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BaXYYUXy71cC&pg=PA3">Aging, Sex, and DNA Repair</a>. San Diego: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-092860-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-092860-6"><bdi>978-0-12-092860-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aging%2C+Sex%2C+and+DNA+Repair&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-12-092860-6&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Bernstein%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBaXYYUXy71cC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmesGold1991" class="citation journal cs1">Ames, B. N.; Gold, L. S. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1258240">"Endogenous mutagens and the causes of aging and cancer"</a>. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 250 (1–2): 3–16. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991MRFMM.250....3A">1991MRFMM.250....3A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0027-5107%2891%2990157-j">10.1016/0027-5107(91)90157-j</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1944345">1944345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mutation+Research%2FFundamental+and+Molecular+Mechanisms+of+Mutagenesis&rft.atitle=Endogenous+mutagens+and+the+causes+of+aging+and+cancer&rft.volume=250&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=3-16&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1944345&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0027-5107%2891%2990157-j&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991MRFMM.250....3A&rft.aulast=Ames&rft.aufirst=B.+N.&rft.au=Gold%2C+L.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1258240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaoLoeb1992" class="citation journal cs1">Rao, K. S.; Loeb, L. A. (September 1992). "DNA damage and repair in brain: relationship to aging". Mutation Research/DNAging. 275 (3–6): 317–329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0921-8734%2892%2990035-N">10.1016/0921-8734(92)90035-N</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1383773">1383773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mutation+Research%2FDNAging&rft.atitle=DNA+damage+and+repair+in+brain%3A+relationship+to+aging&rft.volume=275&rft.issue=3%E2%80%936&rft.pages=317-329&rft.date=1992-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0921-8734%2892%2990035-N&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1383773&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=K.+S.&rft.au=Loeb%2C+L.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmesShigenagaHagen1993" class="citation journal cs1">Ames, B. N.; Shigenaga, M. K.; Hagen, T. M. (September 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC47258">"Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 90 (17): 7915–22. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993PNAS...90.7915A">1993PNAS...90.7915A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.90.17.7915">10.1073/pnas.90.17.7915</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC47258">47258</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8367443">8367443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Oxidants%2C+antioxidants%2C+and+the+degenerative+diseases+of+aging&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=7915-22&rft.date=1993-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC47258%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8367443&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.90.17.7915&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993PNAS...90.7915A&rft.aulast=Ames&rft.aufirst=B.+N.&rft.au=Shigenaga%2C+M.+K.&rft.au=Hagen%2C+T.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC47258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid5055816-20"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid5055816_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcharya1972" class="citation journal cs1">Acharya, P. V. (1972). "The isolation and partial characterization of age-correlated oligo-deoxyribo-ribonucleotides with covalently linked aspartyl-glutamyl polypeptides". Johns Hopkins Med. J. Suppl. (1): 254–260. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5055816">5055816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Johns+Hopkins+Med.+J.+Suppl.&rft.atitle=The+isolation+and+partial+characterization+of+age-correlated+oligo-deoxyribo-ribonucleotides+with+covalently+linked+aspartyl-glutamyl+polypeptides&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=254-260&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5055816&rft.aulast=Acharya&rft.aufirst=P.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcharyaAshmanBjorksten1972" class="citation journal cs1">Acharya, P. V.; Ashman, S. M.; Bjorksten, J (1972). "The isolation and partial characterization of age-correlated oligo-deoxyribo-ribo nucleo peptides". Finska Kemists Medd. 81 (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Finska+Kemists+Medd&rft.atitle=The+isolation+and+partial+characterization+of+age-correlated+oligo-deoxyribo-ribo+nucleo+peptides&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Acharya&rft.aufirst=P.+V.&rft.au=Ashman%2C+S.+M.&rft.au=Bjorksten%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcharya1971" class="citation conference cs1">Acharya, P. V. N. (June 19, 1971). Isolation and Partial Characterization of Age-Correlated Oligo-nucleotides with Covalently Bound Peptides. 14th Nordic Congress. Umeå, Sweden.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=14th+Nordic+Congress&rft.atitle=Isolation+and+Partial+Characterization+of+Age-Correlated+Oligo-nucleotides+with+Covalently+Bound+Peptides&rft.date=1971-06-19&rft.aulast=Acharya&rft.aufirst=P.+V.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcharya1973" class="citation conference cs1">Acharya, P. V. N. (July 1–7, 1973). DNA-damage: The Cause of Aging. Ninth International Congress of Biochemistry. Stockholm.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=Ninth+International+Congress+of+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=DNA-damage%3A+The+Cause+of+Aging&rft.date=1973-07-01%2F1973-07-07&rft.aulast=Acharya&rft.aufirst=P.+V.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcharya1977" class="citation journal cs1">Acharya, P. V. N. (1977). "Irreparable DNA-damage by Industrial Pollutants in Pre-mature Aging, Chemical Carcinogenesis and Cardiac Hypertrophy: Experiments and Theory". Israel Journal of Medical Sciences. 13: 441.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Journal+of+Medical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Irreparable+DNA-damage+by+Industrial+Pollutants+in+Pre-mature+Aging%2C+Chemical+Carcinogenesis+and+Cardiac+Hypertrophy%3A+Experiments+and+Theory&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=441&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Acharya&rft.aufirst=P.+V.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinhaGhoshSwainGiridharan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sinha, Jitendra Kumar; Ghosh, Shampa; Swain, Umakanta; Giridharan, Nappan Veethil; Raghunath, Manchala (2014). "Increased macromolecular damage due to oxidative stress in the neocortex and hippocampus of WNIN/Ob, a novel rat model of premature aging". Neuroscience. 269: 256–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuroscience.2014.03.040">10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.040</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24709042">24709042</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9934178">9934178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Increased+macromolecular+damage+due+to+oxidative+stress+in+the+neocortex+and+hippocampus+of+WNIN%2FOb%2C+a+novel+rat+model+of+premature+aging&rft.volume=269&rft.pages=256-64&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9934178%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24709042&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuroscience.2014.03.040&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Jitendra+Kumar&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+Shampa&rft.au=Swain%2C+Umakanta&rft.au=Giridharan%2C+Nappan+Veethil&rft.au=Raghunath%2C+Manchala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bahar06-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Bahar06_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaharHartmannRodriguezDenny2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bahar R, Hartmann CH, Rodriguez KA, Denny AD, Busuttil RA, Dollé ME, Calder RB, Chisholm GB, Pollock BH, Klein CA, Vijg J (June 2006). "Increased cell-to-cell variation in gene expression in ageing mouse heart". Nature. 441 (7096): 1011–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04844">10.1038/nature04844</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16791200">16791200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Increased+cell-to-cell+variation+in+gene+expression+in+ageing+mouse+heart&rft.volume=441&rft.issue=7096&rft.pages=1011-4&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature04844&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16791200&rft.aulast=Bahar&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+CH&rft.au=Rodriguez%2C+KA&rft.au=Denny%2C+AD&rft.au=Busuttil%2C+RA&rft.au=Doll%C3%A9%2C+ME&rft.au=Calder%2C+RB&rft.au=Chisholm%2C+GB&rft.au=Pollock%2C+BH&rft.au=Klein%2C+CA&rft.au=Vijg%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez-JimenezElingChenVallejos2017" class="citation journal cs1">Martinez-Jimenez CP, Eling N, Chen HC, Vallejos CA, Kolodziejczyk AA, Connor F, Stojic L, Rayner TF, Stubbington MJ, Teichmann SA, de la Roche M, Marioni JC, Odom DT (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5405862">"Aging increases cell-to-cell transcriptional variability upon immune stimulation"</a>. Science. 355 (6332): 1433–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aah4115">10.1126/science.aah4115</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5405862">5405862</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28360329">28360329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Aging+increases+cell-to-cell+transcriptional+variability+upon+immune+stimulation&rft.volume=355&rft.issue=6332&rft.pages=1433-6&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5405862%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28360329&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aah4115&rft.aulast=Martinez-Jimenez&rft.aufirst=CP&rft.au=Eling%2C+N&rft.au=Chen%2C+HC&rft.au=Vallejos%2C+CA&rft.au=Kolodziejczyk%2C+AA&rft.au=Connor%2C+F&rft.au=Stojic%2C+L&rft.au=Rayner%2C+TF&rft.au=Stubbington%2C+MJ&rft.au=Teichmann%2C+SA&rft.au=de+la+Roche%2C+M&rft.au=Marioni%2C+JC&rft.au=Odom%2C+DT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5405862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngeArdaMignardiBeausang2017" class="citation journal cs1">Enge M, Arda HE, Mignardi M, Beausang J, Bottino R, Kim SK, Quake SR (October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6047899">"Single-Cell Analysis of Human Pancreas Reveals Transcriptional Signatures of Aging and Somatic Mutation Patterns"</a>. Cell. 171 (2): 321–330.e14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2017.09.004">10.1016/j.cell.2017.09.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6047899">6047899</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28965763">28965763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Single-Cell+Analysis+of+Human+Pancreas+Reveals+Transcriptional+Signatures+of+Aging+and+Somatic+Mutation+Patterns&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=321-330.e14&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6047899%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28965763&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2017.09.004&rft.aulast=Enge&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Arda%2C+HE&rft.au=Mignardi%2C+M&rft.au=Beausang%2C+J&rft.au=Bottino%2C+R&rft.au=Kim%2C+SK&rft.au=Quake%2C+SR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6047899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernstein2008-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein2008_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein2008_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein2008_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein2008_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein2008_29-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernsteinPayneBernsteinGarewal2008" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein H, Payne CM, Bernstein C, Garewal H, Dvorak K (2008). "1. Cancer and aging as consequences of un-repaired DNA damage". In Kimura H, Suzuki A (eds.). New Research on DNA Damages. Nova Science. pp. 1–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60456-581-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60456-581-2"><bdi>978-1-60456-581-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/213848806">213848806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+Cancer+and+aging+as+consequences+of+un-repaired+DNA+damage&rft.btitle=New+Research+on+DNA+Damages&rft.pages=1-47&rft.pub=Nova+Science&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F213848806&rft.isbn=978-1-60456-581-2&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Payne%2C+CM&rft.au=Bernstein%2C+C&rft.au=Garewal%2C+H&rft.au=Dvorak%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuttenSchmitzGerlachOyen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rutten, BP; Schmitz, C; Gerlach, OH; Oyen, HM; de Mesquita, EB; Steinbusch, HW; Korr, H (Jan 2007). "The aging brain: accumulation of DNA damage or neuron loss?". Neurobiol Aging. 28 (1): 91–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neurobiolaging.2005.10.019">10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.10.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16338029">16338029</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14620944">14620944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurobiol+Aging&rft.atitle=The+aging+brain%3A+accumulation+of+DNA+damage+or+neuron+loss%3F&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=91-8&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14620944%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16338029&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neurobiolaging.2005.10.019&rft.aulast=Rutten&rft.aufirst=BP&rft.au=Schmitz%2C+C&rft.au=Gerlach%2C+OH&rft.au=Oyen%2C+HM&rft.au=de+Mesquita%2C+EB&rft.au=Steinbusch%2C+HW&rft.au=Korr%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8858940-31"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8858940_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandavilliRao1996" class="citation journal cs1">Mandavilli BS, Rao KS (1996). "Accumulation of DNA damage in aging neurons occurs through a mechanism other than apoptosis". J. Neurochem. 67 (4): 1559–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1471-4159.1996.67041559.x">10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67041559.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8858940">8858940</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42442582">42442582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Neurochem.&rft.atitle=Accumulation+of+DNA+damage+in+aging+neurons+occurs+through+a+mechanism+other+than+apoptosis&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1559-65&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42442582%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8858940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1471-4159.1996.67041559.x&rft.aulast=Mandavilli&rft.aufirst=BS&rft.au=Rao%2C+KS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenJanaSreetamaChatterjee2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sen, T; Jana, S; Sreetama, S; Chatterjee, U; Chakrabarti, S (Mar 2007). "Gene-specific oxidative lesions in aged rat brain detected by polymerase chain reaction inhibition assay". Free Radic. Res. 41 (3): 288–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10715760601083722">10.1080/10715760601083722</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17364957">17364957</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23610941">23610941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Free+Radic.+Res.&rft.atitle=Gene-specific+oxidative+lesions+in+aged+rat+brain+detected+by+polymerase+chain+reaction+inhibition+assay&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=288-94&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23610941%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17364957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10715760601083722&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Jana%2C+S&rft.au=Sreetama%2C+S&rft.au=Chatterjee%2C+U&rft.au=Chakrabarti%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwainSubba_Rao2011" class="citation journal cs1">Swain, U; Subba Rao, K (Aug 2011). "Study of DNA damage via the comet assay and base excision repair activities in rat brain neurons and astrocytes during aging". Mech Ageing Dev. 132 (8–9): 374–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mad.2011.04.012">10.1016/j.mad.2011.04.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21600238">21600238</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22466782">22466782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mech+Ageing+Dev&rft.atitle=Study+of+DNA+damage+via+the+comet+assay+and+base+excision+repair+activities+in+rat+brain+neurons+and+astrocytes+during+aging&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=8%E2%80%939&rft.pages=374-81&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22466782%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21600238&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mad.2011.04.012&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.aufirst=U&rft.au=Subba+Rao%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolf-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolf_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolf_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfFasanellaTedescoCavallini2005" class="citation journal cs1">Wolf, FI; Fasanella, S; Tedesco, B; Cavallini, G; Donati, A; Bergamini, E; Cittadini, A (Mar 2005). "Peripheral lymphocyte 8-OHdG levels correlate with age-associated increase of tissue oxidative DNA damage in Sprague-Dawley rats. Protective effects of caloric restriction". Exp Gerontol. 40 (3): 181–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.exger.2004.11.002">10.1016/j.exger.2004.11.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15763395">15763395</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23752647">23752647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Exp+Gerontol&rft.atitle=Peripheral+lymphocyte+8-OHdG+levels+correlate+with+age-associated+increase+of+tissue+oxidative+DNA+damage+in+Sprague-Dawley+rats.+Protective+effects+of+caloric+restriction&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=181-8&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23752647%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15763395&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.exger.2004.11.002&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=FI&rft.au=Fasanella%2C+S&rft.au=Tedesco%2C+B&rft.au=Cavallini%2C+G&rft.au=Donati%2C+A&rft.au=Bergamini%2C+E&rft.au=Cittadini%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMecocciMacGarveyKaufmanKoontz1993" class="citation journal cs1">Mecocci, P; MacGarvey, U; Kaufman, AE; Koontz, D; Shoffner, JM; Wallace, DC; Beal, MF (Oct 1993). "Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA shows marked age-dependent increases in human brain". Ann Neurol. 34 (4): 609–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fana.410340416">10.1002/ana.410340416</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8215249">8215249</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25479410">25479410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann+Neurol&rft.atitle=Oxidative+damage+to+mitochondrial+DNA+shows+marked+age-dependent+increases+in+human+brain&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=609-16&rft.date=1993-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25479410%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8215249&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fana.410340416&rft.aulast=Mecocci&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=MacGarvey%2C+U&rft.au=Kaufman%2C+AE&rft.au=Koontz%2C+D&rft.au=Shoffner%2C+JM&rft.au=Wallace%2C+DC&rft.au=Beal%2C+MF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lu-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lu_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lu_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lu_36-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuPanKaoLi2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lu, T; Pan, Y; Kao, SY; Li, C; Kohane, I; Chan, J; Yankner, BA (Jun 2004). "Gene regulation and DNA damage in the ageing human brain". Nature. 429 (6994): 883–91. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Natur.429..883L">2004Natur.429..883L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02661">10.1038/nature02661</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15190254">15190254</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1867993">1867993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Gene+regulation+and+DNA+damage+in+the+ageing+human+brain&rft.volume=429&rft.issue=6994&rft.pages=883-91&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature02661&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1867993%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15190254&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Natur.429..883L&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Pan%2C+Y&rft.au=Kao%2C+SY&rft.au=Li%2C+C&rft.au=Kohane%2C+I&rft.au=Chan%2C+J&rft.au=Yankner%2C+BA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamiltonVan_RemmenDrakeYang2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hamilton, M. L.; Van Remmen, H.; Drake, J. A.; Yang, H.; Guo, Z. M.; Kewitt, K.; Walter, C. A.; Richardson, A. (August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC56984">"Does oxidative damage to DNA increase with age?"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (18): 10469–74. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PNAS...9810469H">2001PNAS...9810469H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.171202698">10.1073/pnas.171202698</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC56984">56984</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11517304">11517304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Does+oxidative+damage+to+DNA+increase+with+age%3F&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=10469-74&rft.date=2001-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC56984%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11517304&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.171202698&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001PNAS...9810469H&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft.au=Van+Remmen%2C+H.&rft.au=Drake%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Yang%2C+H.&rft.au=Guo%2C+Z.+M.&rft.au=Kewitt%2C+K.&rft.au=Walter%2C+C.+A.&rft.au=Richardson%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC56984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMecocciFanóFulleMacGarvey1999" class="citation journal cs1">Mecocci, P.; Fanó, G.; Fulle, S.; MacGarvey, U.; Shinobu, L.; Polidori, M. C.; Cherubini, A; Vecchiet, J.; Senin, U.; Beal, M. F. (February 1999). "Age-dependent increases in oxidative damage to DNA, lipids, and proteins in human skeletal muscle". Free Radic Biol Med. 26 (3–4): 303–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0891-5849%2898%2900208-1">10.1016/s0891-5849(98)00208-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9895220">9895220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Free+Radic+Biol+Med&rft.atitle=Age-dependent+increases+in+oxidative+damage+to+DNA%2C+lipids%2C+and+proteins+in+human+skeletal+muscle.&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=303-8&rft.date=1999-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0891-5849%2898%2900208-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9895220&rft.aulast=Mecocci&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Fan%C3%B3%2C+G.&rft.au=Fulle%2C+S.&rft.au=MacGarvey%2C+U.&rft.au=Shinobu%2C+L.&rft.au=Polidori%2C+M.+C.&rft.au=Cherubini%2C+A&rft.au=Vecchiet%2C+J.&rft.au=Senin%2C+U.&rft.au=Beal%2C+M.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrinerLinfordMartinTreuting2005" class="citation journal cs1">Schriner, S. E.; Linford, NJ; Martin, G. M.; Treuting, P.; Ogburn, C. E.; Emond, M.; Coskun, P. E.; Ladiges, W.; Wolf, N.; Van Remmen, H.; Wallace, D. C.; Rabinovitch, P. S. (June 2005). "Extension of murine life span by overexpression of catalase targeted to mitochondria". Science. 308 (5730): 1909–11. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...308.1909S">2005Sci...308.1909S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1106653">10.1126/science.1106653</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15879174">15879174</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38568666">38568666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Extension+of+murine+life+span+by+overexpression+of+catalase+targeted+to+mitochondria&rft.volume=308&rft.issue=5730&rft.pages=1909-11&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1106653&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38568666%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15879174&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Sci...308.1909S&rft.aulast=Schriner&rft.aufirst=S.+E.&rft.au=Linford%2C+NJ&rft.au=Martin%2C+G.+M.&rft.au=Treuting%2C+P.&rft.au=Ogburn%2C+C.+E.&rft.au=Emond%2C+M.&rft.au=Coskun%2C+P.+E.&rft.au=Ladiges%2C+W.&rft.au=Wolf%2C+N.&rft.au=Van+Remmen%2C+H.&rft.au=Wallace%2C+D.+C.&rft.au=Rabinovitch%2C+P.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinfordSchrinerRabinovitch2006" class="citation journal cs1">Linford, N. J.; Schriner, S. E.; Rabinovitch, P. S. (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-05-3163">"Oxidative damage and aging: spotlight on mitochondria"</a>. Cancer Res. 66 (5): 2497–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-05-3163">10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-3163</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16510562">16510562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Res.&rft.atitle=Oxidative+damage+and+aging%3A+spotlight+on+mitochondria&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2497-9&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-05-3163&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16510562&rft.aulast=Linford&rft.aufirst=N.+J.&rft.au=Schriner%2C+S.+E.&rft.au=Rabinovitch%2C+P.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1158%252F0008-5472.CAN-05-3163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiecListratAlliotChambon2005" class="citation journal cs1">Piec, I.; Listrat, A.; Alliot, J.; Chambon, C.; Taylor, R. G.; Bechet, D. (July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.04-3084fje">"Differential proteome analysis of aging in rat skeletal muscle"</a>. FASEB J. 19 (9): 1143–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.04-3084fje">10.1096/fj.04-3084fje</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15831715">15831715</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33187815">33187815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FASEB+J&rft.atitle=Differential+proteome+analysis+of+aging+in+rat+skeletal+muscle&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1143-5&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33187815%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15831715&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1096%2Ffj.04-3084fje&rft.aulast=Piec&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Listrat%2C+A.&rft.au=Alliot%2C+J.&rft.au=Chambon%2C+C.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+R.+G.&rft.au=Bechet%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1096%252Ffj.04-3084fje&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelbockBeckmanShigenaga1998" class="citation journal cs1">Helbock, HJ; Beckman, KB; Shigenaga, MK (January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC18204">"DNA oxidation matters: the HPLC-electrochemical detection assay of 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine and 8-oxo-guanine"</a>. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (1): 288–93. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PNAS...95..288H">1998PNAS...95..288H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.95.1.288">10.1073/pnas.95.1.288</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC18204">18204</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9419368">9419368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.atitle=DNA+oxidation+matters%3A+the+HPLC-electrochemical+detection+assay+of+8-oxo-deoxyguanosine+and+8-oxo-guanine&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=288-93&rft.date=1998-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC18204%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9419368&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.95.1.288&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998PNAS...95..288H&rft.aulast=Helbock&rft.aufirst=HJ&rft.au=Beckman%2C+KB&rft.au=Shigenaga%2C+MK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC18204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteMilhollandde_BruinCurran2015" class="citation journal cs1">White RR, Milholland B, de Bruin A, Curran S, Laberge RM, van Steeg H, Campisi J, Maslov AY, Vijg J (April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4394211">"Controlled induction of DNA double-strand breaks in the mouse liver induces features of tissue ageing"</a>. Nat Commun. 6: 6790. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms7790">10.1038/ncomms7790</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4394211">4394211</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25858675">25858675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat+Commun&rft.atitle=Controlled+induction+of+DNA+double-strand+breaks+in+the+mouse+liver+induces+features+of+tissue+ageing&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=6790&rft.date=2015-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4394211%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25858675&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms7790&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=RR&rft.au=Milholland%2C+B&rft.au=de+Bruin%2C+A&rft.au=Curran%2C+S&rft.au=Laberge%2C+RM&rft.au=van+Steeg%2C+H&rft.au=Campisi%2C+J&rft.au=Maslov%2C+AY&rft.au=Vijg%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4394211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHashimotoTakasakiSatoTsuda2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hashimoto, K; Takasaki, W; Sato, I; Tsuda, S (Aug 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2131%2Fjts.32.249">"DNA damage measured by comet assay and 8-OH-dG formation related to blood chemical analyses in aged rats"</a>. J Toxicol Sci. 32 (3): 249–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2131%2Fjts.32.249">10.2131/jts.32.249</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17785942">17785942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Toxicol+Sci&rft.atitle=DNA+damage+measured+by+comet+assay+and+8-OH-dG+formation+related+to+blood+chemical+analyses+in+aged+rats.&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=249-59&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2131%2Fjts.32.249&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17785942&rft.aulast=Hashimoto&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Takasaki%2C+W&rft.au=Sato%2C+I&rft.au=Tsuda%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2131%252Fjts.32.249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossiBryderSeitaNussenzweig2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rossi, DJ; Bryder, D; Seita, J; Nussenzweig, A; Hoeijmakers, J; Weissman, IL (Jun 2007). "Deficiencies in DNA damage repair limit the function of haematopoietic stem cells with age". Nature. 447 (7145): 725–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.447..725R">2007Natur.447..725R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05862">10.1038/nature05862</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17554309">17554309</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4416445">4416445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Deficiencies+in+DNA+damage+repair+limit+the+function+of+haematopoietic+stem+cells+with+age&rft.volume=447&rft.issue=7145&rft.pages=725-9&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature05862&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4416445%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17554309&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Natur.447..725R&rft.aulast=Rossi&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft.au=Bryder%2C+D&rft.au=Seita%2C+J&rft.au=Nussenzweig%2C+A&rft.au=Hoeijmakers%2C+J&rft.au=Weissman%2C+IL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharplessDePinho2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sharpless, NE; DePinho, RA (Sep 2007). "How stem cells age and why this makes us grow old". Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 8 (9): 703–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrm2241">10.1038/nrm2241</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717515">17717515</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36305591">36305591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat+Rev+Mol+Cell+Biol&rft.atitle=How+stem+cells+age+and+why+this+makes+us+grow+old&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=703-13&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36305591%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17717515&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrm2241&rft.aulast=Sharpless&rft.aufirst=NE&rft.au=DePinho%2C+RA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26912687-47"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid26912687_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeiChuong2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lei M, <a href="/wiki/Cheng-Ming_Chuong" title="Cheng-Ming Chuong">Chuong CM</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aaf1635">"STEM CELLS. Aging, alopecia, and stem cells"</a>. Science. 351 (6273): 559–60. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Sci...351..559L">2016Sci...351..559L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aaf1635">10.1126/science.aaf1635</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26912687">26912687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=STEM+CELLS.+Aging%2C+alopecia%2C+and+stem+cells&rft.volume=351&rft.issue=6273&rft.pages=559-60&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26912687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aaf1635&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Sci...351..559L&rft.aulast=Lei&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Chuong%2C+CM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.aaf1635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26912707-48"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid26912707_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatsumuraMohriBinhMorinaga2016" class="citation journal cs1">Matsumura H, Mohri Y, Binh NT, Morinaga H, Fukuda M, Ito M, Kurata S, Hoeijmakers J, Nishimura EK (2016). "Hair follicle aging is driven by transepidermal elimination of stem cells via COL17A1 proteolysis". Science. 351 (6273): aad4395. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aad4395">10.1126/science.aad4395</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26912707">26912707</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5078019">5078019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Hair+follicle+aging+is+driven+by+transepidermal+elimination+of+stem+cells+via+COL17A1+proteolysis&rft.volume=351&rft.issue=6273&rft.pages=aad4395&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5078019%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26912707&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aad4395&rft.aulast=Matsumura&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Mohri%2C+Y&rft.au=Binh%2C+NT&rft.au=Morinaga%2C+H&rft.au=Fukuda%2C+M&rft.au=Ito%2C+M&rft.au=Kurata%2C+S&rft.au=Hoeijmakers%2C+J&rft.au=Nishimura%2C+EK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaganBaez-OrtegaBrzozowskaAbascal2022" class="citation journal cs1">Cagan, Alex; Baez-Ortega, Adrian; Brzozowska, Natalia; Abascal, Federico; Coorens, Tim H. H.; Sanders, Mathijs A.; Lawson, Andrew R. J.; Harvey, Luke M. R.; Bhosle, Shriram; Jones, David; Alcantara, Raul E. (April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9021023">"Somatic mutation rates scale with lifespan across mammals"</a>. Nature. 604 (7906): 517–524. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Natur.604..517C">2022Natur.604..517C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-022-04618-z">10.1038/s41586-022-04618-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9021023">9021023</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35418684">35418684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Somatic+mutation+rates+scale+with+lifespan+across+mammals&rft.volume=604&rft.issue=7906&rft.pages=517-524&rft.date=2022-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9021023%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Natur.604..517C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35418684&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-022-04618-z&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft.aulast=Cagan&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Baez-Ortega%2C+Adrian&rft.au=Brzozowska%2C+Natalia&rft.au=Abascal%2C+Federico&rft.au=Coorens%2C+Tim+H.+H.&rft.au=Sanders%2C+Mathijs+A.&rft.au=Lawson%2C+Andrew+R.+J.&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Luke+M.+R.&rft.au=Bhosle%2C+Shriram&rft.au=Jones%2C+David&rft.au=Alcantara%2C+Raul+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9021023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolléGieseHopkinsMartus1997" class="citation journal cs1">Dollé, ME; Giese, H; Hopkins, CL; Martus, HJ; Hausdorff, JM; Vijg, J (Dec 1997). "Rapid accumulation of genome rearrangements in liver but not in brain of old mice". Nat Genet. 17 (4): 431–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1297-431">10.1038/ng1297-431</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9398844">9398844</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20773771">20773771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat+Genet&rft.atitle=Rapid+accumulation+of+genome+rearrangements+in+liver+but+not+in+brain+of+old+mice&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=431-4&rft.date=1997-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20773771%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9398844&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fng1297-431&rft.aulast=Doll%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=ME&rft.au=Giese%2C+H&rft.au=Hopkins%2C+CL&rft.au=Martus%2C+HJ&rft.au=Hausdorff%2C+JM&rft.au=Vijg%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuartOdade_BoerGlickman2000" class="citation journal cs1">Stuart, GR; Oda, Y; de Boer, JG; Glickman, BW (March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1460990">"Mutation frequency and specificity with age in liver, bladder and brain of lacI transgenic mice"</a>. Genetics. 154 (3): 1291–300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F154.3.1291">10.1093/genetics/154.3.1291</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1460990">1460990</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10757770">10757770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=Mutation+frequency+and+specificity+with+age+in+liver%2C+bladder+and+brain+of+lacI+transgenic+mice&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1291-300&rft.date=2000-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1460990%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10757770&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F154.3.1291&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=GR&rft.au=Oda%2C+Y&rft.au=de+Boer%2C+JG&rft.au=Glickman%2C+BW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1460990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillHalangodaHeinmoellerGonzalez2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hill, KA; Halangoda, A; Heinmoeller, PW; Gonzalez, K; Chitaphan, C; Longmate, J; Scaringe, WA; Wang, JC; Sommer, SS (Jun 2005). "Tissue-specific time courses of spontaneous mutation frequency and deviations in mutation pattern are observed in middle to late adulthood in Big Blue mice". Environ Mol Mutagen. 45 (5): 442–54. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005EnvMM..45..442H">2005EnvMM..45..442H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fem.20119">10.1002/em.20119</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15690342">15690342</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32204458">32204458</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environ+Mol+Mutagen&rft.atitle=Tissue-specific+time+courses+of+spontaneous+mutation+frequency+and+deviations+in+mutation+pattern+are+observed+in+middle+to+late+adulthood+in+Big+Blue+mice&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=442-54&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fem.20119&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32204458%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15690342&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005EnvMM..45..442H&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=KA&rft.au=Halangoda%2C+A&rft.au=Heinmoeller%2C+PW&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+K&rft.au=Chitaphan%2C+C&rft.au=Longmate%2C+J&rft.au=Scaringe%2C+WA&rft.au=Wang%2C+JC&rft.au=Sommer%2C+SS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarayananFritzellBakerLiskay1997" class="citation journal cs1">Narayanan, L; Fritzell, JA; Baker, SM; Liskay, RM; Glazer, PM (Apr 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20332">"Elevated levels of mutation in multiple tissues of mice deficient in the DNA mismatch repair gene Pms2"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 94 (7): 3122–7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PNAS...94.3122N">1997PNAS...94.3122N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.94.7.3122">10.1073/pnas.94.7.3122</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20332">20332</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9096356">9096356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Elevated+levels+of+mutation+in+multiple+tissues+of+mice+deficient+in+the+DNA+mismatch+repair+gene+Pms2.&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=3122-7&rft.date=1997-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC20332%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9096356&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.94.7.3122&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997PNAS...94.3122N&rft.aulast=Narayanan&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Fritzell%2C+JA&rft.au=Baker%2C+SM&rft.au=Liskay%2C+RM&rft.au=Glazer%2C+PM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC20332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolléBusuttilGarciaWijnhoven2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dollé, ME; Busuttil, RA; Garcia, AM; Wijnhoven, S; van Drunen, E; Niedernhofer, LJ; van der Horst, G; Hoeijmakers, JH; van Steeg, H; Vijg, J (Apr 2006). "Increased genomic instability is not a prerequisite for shortened lifespan in DNA repair deficient mice". Mutat. Res. 596 (1–2): 22–35. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MRFMM.596...22D">2006MRFMM.596...22D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mrfmmm.2005.11.008">10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.11.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16472827">16472827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mutat.+Res.&rft.atitle=Increased+genomic+instability+is+not+a+prerequisite+for+shortened+lifespan+in+DNA+repair+deficient+mice&rft.volume=596&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=22-35&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16472827&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mrfmmm.2005.11.008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006MRFMM.596...22D&rft.aulast=Doll%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=ME&rft.au=Busuttil%2C+RA&rft.au=Garcia%2C+AM&rft.au=Wijnhoven%2C+S&rft.au=van+Drunen%2C+E&rft.au=Niedernhofer%2C+LJ&rft.au=van+der+Horst%2C+G&rft.au=Hoeijmakers%2C+JH&rft.au=van+Steeg%2C+H&rft.au=Vijg%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermulstBielasKujothLadiges2007" class="citation journal cs1">Vermulst, M; Bielas, JH; Kujoth, GC; Ladiges, WC; Rabinovitch, PS; Prolla, TA; Loeb, LA (Apr 2007). "Mitochondrial point mutations do not limit the natural lifespan of mice". Nat Genet. 39 (4): 540–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1988">10.1038/ng1988</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17334366">17334366</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:291780">291780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat+Genet&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+point+mutations+do+not+limit+the+natural+lifespan+of+mice&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=540-3&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A291780%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17334366&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fng1988&rft.aulast=Vermulst&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Bielas%2C+JH&rft.au=Kujoth%2C+GC&rft.au=Ladiges%2C+WC&rft.au=Rabinovitch%2C+PS&rft.au=Prolla%2C+TA&rft.au=Loeb%2C+LA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarriganWilsonPrasadOpresko2006" class="citation journal cs1">Harrigan, JA; Wilson, DM; Prasad, R; Opresko, PL; Beck, G; May, A; Wilson, SH; Bohr, VA (Jan 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356534">"The Werner syndrome protein operates in base excision repair and cooperates with DNA polymerase beta"</a>. Nucleic Acids Res. 34 (2): 745–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkj475">10.1093/nar/gkj475</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356534">1356534</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16449207">16449207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res.&rft.atitle=The+Werner+syndrome+protein+operates+in+base+excision+repair+and+cooperates+with+DNA+polymerase+beta&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=745-54&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1356534%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16449207&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkj475&rft.aulast=Harrigan&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=Wilson%2C+DM&rft.au=Prasad%2C+R&rft.au=Opresko%2C+PL&rft.au=Beck%2C+G&rft.au=May%2C+A&rft.au=Wilson%2C+SH&rft.au=Bohr%2C+VA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1356534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuWangRusinolSinensky2008" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Y; Wang, Y; Rusinol, AE; Sinensky, MS; Liu, J; Shell, SM; Zou, Y (Feb 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3116236">"Involvement of xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA) in progeria arising from defective maturation of prelamin A"</a>. FASEB J. 22 (2): 603–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.07-8598com">10.1096/fj.07-8598com</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3116236">3116236</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17848622">17848622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FASEB+J&rft.atitle=Involvement+of+xeroderma+pigmentosum+group+A+%28XPA%29+in+progeria+arising+from+defective+maturation+of+prelamin+A&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=603-11&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3116236%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17848622&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1096%2Ffj.07-8598com&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Wang%2C+Y&rft.au=Rusinol%2C+AE&rft.au=Sinensky%2C+MS&rft.au=Liu%2C+J&rft.au=Shell%2C+SM&rft.au=Zou%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3116236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21701264-58"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21701264_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedwoodPerkinsVanderwaalFeng2011" class="citation journal cs1">Redwood AB, Perkins SM, Vanderwaal RP, Feng Z, Biehl KJ, Gonzalez-Suarez I, Morgado-Palacin L, Shi W, Sage J, Roti-Roti JL, Stewart CL, Zhang J, Gonzalo S (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3180193">"A dual role for A-type lamins in DNA double-strand break repair"</a>. Cell Cycle. 10 (15): 2549–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4161%2Fcc.10.15.16531">10.4161/cc.10.15.16531</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3180193">3180193</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21701264">21701264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell+Cycle&rft.atitle=A+dual+role+for+A-type+lamins+in+DNA+double-strand+break+repair&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=2549-60&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3180193%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21701264&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4161%2Fcc.10.15.16531&rft.aulast=Redwood&rft.aufirst=AB&rft.au=Perkins%2C+SM&rft.au=Vanderwaal%2C+RP&rft.au=Feng%2C+Z&rft.au=Biehl%2C+KJ&rft.au=Gonzalez-Suarez%2C+I&rft.au=Morgado-Palacin%2C+L&rft.au=Shi%2C+W&rft.au=Sage%2C+J&rft.au=Roti-Roti%2C+JL&rft.au=Stewart%2C+CL&rft.au=Zhang%2C+J&rft.au=Gonzalo%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3180193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liu_B-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liu_B_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liu_B_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuWangChanTjia2005" class="citation journal cs1">Liu B, Wang J, Chan KM, Tjia WM, Deng W, Guan X, Huang JD, Li KM, Chau PY, Chen DJ, Pei D, Pendas AM, Cadiñanos J, López-Otín C, Tse HF, Hutchison C, Chen J, Cao Y, Cheah KS, Tryggvason K, Zhou Z (2005). "Genomic instability in laminopathy-based premature aging". Nat. Med. 11 (7): 780–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnm1266">10.1038/nm1266</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15980864">15980864</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11798376">11798376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat.+Med.&rft.atitle=Genomic+instability+in+laminopathy-based+premature+aging&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=780-5&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11798376%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15980864&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnm1266&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Wang%2C+J&rft.au=Chan%2C+KM&rft.au=Tjia%2C+WM&rft.au=Deng%2C+W&rft.au=Guan%2C+X&rft.au=Huang%2C+JD&rft.au=Li%2C+KM&rft.au=Chau%2C+PY&rft.au=Chen%2C+DJ&rft.au=Pei%2C+D&rft.au=Pendas%2C+AM&rft.au=Cadi%C3%B1anos%2C+J&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-Ot%C3%ADn%2C+C&rft.au=Tse%2C+HF&rft.au=Hutchison%2C+C&rft.au=Chen%2C+J&rft.au=Cao%2C+Y&rft.au=Cheah%2C+KS&rft.au=Tryggvason%2C+K&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'ErricoParlantiTesonDegan2007" class="citation journal cs1">D'Errico, M; Parlanti, E; Teson, M; Degan, P; Lemma, T; Calcagnile, A; Iavarone, I; Jaruga, P; Ropolo, M; Pedrini, AM; Orioli, D; Frosina, G; Zambruno, G; Dizdaroglu, M; Stefanini, M; Dogliotti, E (Jun 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1210232">"The role of CSA in the response to oxidative DNA damage in human cells"</a>. Oncogene. 26 (30): 4336–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1210232">10.1038/sj.onc.1210232</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17297471">17297471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oncogene&rft.atitle=The+role+of+CSA+in+the+response+to+oxidative+DNA+damage+in+human+cells&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=4336-43&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1210232&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17297471&rft.aulast=D%27Errico&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Parlanti%2C+E&rft.au=Teson%2C+M&rft.au=Degan%2C+P&rft.au=Lemma%2C+T&rft.au=Calcagnile%2C+A&rft.au=Iavarone%2C+I&rft.au=Jaruga%2C+P&rft.au=Ropolo%2C+M&rft.au=Pedrini%2C+AM&rft.au=Orioli%2C+D&rft.au=Frosina%2C+G&rft.au=Zambruno%2C+G&rft.au=Dizdaroglu%2C+M&rft.au=Stefanini%2C+M&rft.au=Dogliotti%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fsj.onc.1210232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vogel-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Vogel_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogelLimKarsentyFinegold1999" class="citation journal cs1">Vogel H, Lim DS, Karsenty G, Finegold M, Hasty P (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC17958">"Deletion of Ku86 causes early onset of senescence in mice"</a>. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (19): 10770–5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PNAS...9610770V">1999PNAS...9610770V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.19.10770">10.1073/pnas.96.19.10770</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC17958">17958</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10485901">10485901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.atitle=Deletion+of+Ku86+causes+early+onset+of+senescence+in+mice&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=10770-5&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC17958%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10485901&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.96.19.10770&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999PNAS...9610770V&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Lim%2C+DS&rft.au=Karsenty%2C+G&rft.au=Finegold%2C+M&rft.au=Hasty%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC17958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiedernhoferGarinisRaamsLalai2006" class="citation journal cs1">Niedernhofer, LJ; Garinis, GA; Raams, A; Lalai, AS; Robinson, AR; Appeldoorn, E; Odijk, H; Oostendorp, R; Ahmad, A; van Leeuwen, W; Theil, AF; Vermeulen, W; van der Horst, GT; Meinecke, P; Kleijer, WJ; Vijg, J; Jaspers, NG; Hoeijmakers, JH (Dec 2006). "A new progeroid syndrome reveals that genotoxic stress suppresses the somatotroph axis". Nature. 444 (7122): 1038–43. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.444.1038N">2006Natur.444.1038N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05456">10.1038/nature05456</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17183314">17183314</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4358515">4358515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+new+progeroid+syndrome+reveals+that+genotoxic+stress+suppresses+the+somatotroph+axis&rft.volume=444&rft.issue=7122&rft.pages=1038-43&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature05456&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4358515%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17183314&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Natur.444.1038N&rft.aulast=Niedernhofer&rft.aufirst=LJ&rft.au=Garinis%2C+GA&rft.au=Raams%2C+A&rft.au=Lalai%2C+AS&rft.au=Robinson%2C+AR&rft.au=Appeldoorn%2C+E&rft.au=Odijk%2C+H&rft.au=Oostendorp%2C+R&rft.au=Ahmad%2C+A&rft.au=van+Leeuwen%2C+W&rft.au=Theil%2C+AF&rft.au=Vermeulen%2C+W&rft.au=van+der+Horst%2C+GT&rft.au=Meinecke%2C+P&rft.au=Kleijer%2C+WJ&rft.au=Vijg%2C+J&rft.au=Jaspers%2C+NG&rft.au=Hoeijmakers%2C+JH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mostoslavsky-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mostoslavsky_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mostoslavsky_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMostoslavskyChuaLombardPang2006" class="citation journal cs1">Mostoslavsky, R; Chua, KF; Lombard, DB; Pang, WW; Fischer, MR; Gellon, L; Liu, P; Mostoslavsky, G; Franco, S; Murphy, MM; Mills, KD; Patel, P; Hsu, JT; Hong, AL; Ford, E; Cheng, HL; Kennedy, C; Nunez, N; Bronson, R; Frendewey, D; Auerbach, W; Valenzuela, D; Karow, M; Hottiger, MO; Hursting, S; Barrett, JC; Guarente, L; Mulligan, R; Demple, B; Yancopoulos, GD; Alt, FW (Jan 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2005.11.044">"Genomic instability and aging-like phenotype in the absence of mammalian SIRT6"</a>. Cell. 124 (2): 315–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2005.11.044">10.1016/j.cell.2005.11.044</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16439206">16439206</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18517518">18517518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Genomic+instability+and+aging-like+phenotype+in+the+absence+of+mammalian+SIRT6&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=315-29&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18517518%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16439206&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2005.11.044&rft.aulast=Mostoslavsky&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Chua%2C+KF&rft.au=Lombard%2C+DB&rft.au=Pang%2C+WW&rft.au=Fischer%2C+MR&rft.au=Gellon%2C+L&rft.au=Liu%2C+P&rft.au=Mostoslavsky%2C+G&rft.au=Franco%2C+S&rft.au=Murphy%2C+MM&rft.au=Mills%2C+KD&rft.au=Patel%2C+P&rft.au=Hsu%2C+JT&rft.au=Hong%2C+AL&rft.au=Ford%2C+E&rft.au=Cheng%2C+HL&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+C&rft.au=Nunez%2C+N&rft.au=Bronson%2C+R&rft.au=Frendewey%2C+D&rft.au=Auerbach%2C+W&rft.au=Valenzuela%2C+D&rft.au=Karow%2C+M&rft.au=Hottiger%2C+MO&rft.au=Hursting%2C+S&rft.au=Barrett%2C+JC&rft.au=Guarente%2C+L&rft.au=Mulligan%2C+R&rft.au=Demple%2C+B&rft.au=Yancopoulos%2C+GD&rft.au=Alt%2C+FW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cell.2005.11.044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Li-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Li_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiVogelHolcombGu2007" class="citation journal cs1">Li H, Vogel H, Holcomb VB, Gu Y, Hasty P (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2169178">"Deletion of Ku70, Ku80, or both causes early aging without substantially increased cancer"</a>. Mol. Cell. Biol. 27 (23): 8205–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.00785-07">10.1128/MCB.00785-07</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2169178">2169178</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17875923">17875923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol.+Cell.+Biol.&rft.atitle=Deletion+of+Ku70%2C+Ku80%2C+or+both+causes+early+aging+without+substantially+increased+cancer&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=8205-14&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2169178%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17875923&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FMCB.00785-07&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Vogel%2C+H&rft.au=Holcomb%2C+VB&rft.au=Gu%2C+Y&rft.au=Hasty%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2169178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonsignore-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bonsignore_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonsignore_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonsignoreTooleyVan_HooseWang2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bonsignore LA, Tooley JG, Van Hoose PM, Wang E, Cheng A, Cole MP, Schaner Tooley CE (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4457563">"NRMT1 knockout mice exhibit phenotypes associated with impaired DNA repair and premature aging"</a>. Mech. Ageing Dev. 146–148: 42–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mad.2015.03.012">10.1016/j.mad.2015.03.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4457563">4457563</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25843235">25843235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mech.+Ageing+Dev.&rft.atitle=NRMT1+knockout+mice+exhibit+phenotypes+associated+with+impaired+DNA+repair+and+premature+aging&rft.volume=146%E2%80%93148&rft.pages=42-52&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4457563%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25843235&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mad.2015.03.012&rft.aulast=Bonsignore&rft.aufirst=LA&rft.au=Tooley%2C+JG&rft.au=Van+Hoose%2C+PM&rft.au=Wang%2C+E&rft.au=Cheng%2C+A&rft.au=Cole%2C+MP&rft.au=Schaner+Tooley%2C+CE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4457563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruzankina-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruzankina_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruzankina_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuzankinaPinzon-GuzmanAsareOng2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ruzankina Y, Pinzon-Guzman C, Asare A, Ong T, Pontano L, Cotsarelis G, Zediak VP, Velez M, Bhandoola A, Brown EJ (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2920603">"Deletion of the developmentally essential gene ATR in adult mice leads to age-related phenotypes and stem cell loss"</a>. Cell Stem Cell. 1 (1): 113–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.stem.2007.03.002">10.1016/j.stem.2007.03.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2920603">2920603</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18371340">18371340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell+Stem+Cell&rft.atitle=Deletion+of+the+developmentally+essential+gene+ATR+in+adult+mice+leads+to+age-related+phenotypes+and+stem+cell+loss&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=113-26&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2920603%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18371340&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.stem.2007.03.002&rft.aulast=Ruzankina&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Pinzon-Guzman%2C+C&rft.au=Asare%2C+A&rft.au=Ong%2C+T&rft.au=Pontano%2C+L&rft.au=Cotsarelis%2C+G&rft.au=Zediak%2C+VP&rft.au=Velez%2C+M&rft.au=Bhandoola%2C+A&rft.au=Brown%2C+EJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2920603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holcomb-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holcomb_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holcomb_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holcomb_67-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolcombVogelHasty2007" class="citation journal cs1">Holcomb VB, Vogel H, Hasty P (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2692937">"Deletion of Ku80 causes early aging independent of chronic inflammation and Rag-1-induced DSBs"</a>. Mech. Ageing Dev. 128 (11–12): 601–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mad.2007.08.006">10.1016/j.mad.2007.08.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2692937">2692937</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17928034">17928034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mech.+Ageing+Dev.&rft.atitle=Deletion+of+Ku80+causes+early+aging+independent+of+chronic+inflammation+and+Rag-1-induced+DSBs&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=11%E2%80%9312&rft.pages=601-8&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2692937%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17928034&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mad.2007.08.006&rft.aulast=Holcomb&rft.aufirst=VB&rft.au=Vogel%2C+H&rft.au=Hasty%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2692937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dollé-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dollé_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dollé_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolléKuiperRoodbergenRobinson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Dollé ME, Kuiper RV, Roodbergen M, Robinson J, de Vlugt S, Wijnhoven SW, Beems RB, de la Fonteyne L, de With P, van der Pluijm I, Niedernhofer LJ, Hasty P, Vijg J, Hoeijmakers JH, van Steeg H (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3417667">"Broad segmental progeroid changes in short-lived Ercc1(-/Δ7) mice"</a>. Pathobiol Aging Age Relat Dis. 1: 7219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3402%2Fpba.v1i0.7219">10.3402/pba.v1i0.7219</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3417667">3417667</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22953029">22953029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pathobiol+Aging+Age+Relat+Dis&rft.atitle=Broad+segmental+progeroid+changes+in+short-lived+Ercc1%28-%2F%CE%947%29+mice&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=7219&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3417667%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22953029&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3402%2Fpba.v1i0.7219&rft.aulast=Doll%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=ME&rft.au=Kuiper%2C+RV&rft.au=Roodbergen%2C+M&rft.au=Robinson%2C+J&rft.au=de+Vlugt%2C+S&rft.au=Wijnhoven%2C+SW&rft.au=Beems%2C+RB&rft.au=de+la+Fonteyne%2C+L&rft.au=de+With%2C+P&rft.au=van+der+Pluijm%2C+I&rft.au=Niedernhofer%2C+LJ&rft.au=Hasty%2C+P&rft.au=Vijg%2C+J&rft.au=Hoeijmakers%2C+JH&rft.au=van+Steeg%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3417667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22103522-69"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22103522_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusichZou2011" class="citation journal cs1">Musich PR, Zou Y (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4271832">"DNA-damage accumulation and replicative arrest in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome"</a>. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 39 (6): 1764–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1042%2FBST20110687">10.1042/BST20110687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4271832">4271832</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22103522">22103522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochem.+Soc.+Trans.&rft.atitle=DNA-damage+accumulation+and+replicative+arrest+in+Hutchinson-Gilford+progeria+syndrome&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1764-9&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4271832%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22103522&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1042%2FBST20110687&rft.aulast=Musich&rft.aufirst=PR&rft.au=Zou%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4271832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27827925-70"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid27827925_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkKang2016" class="citation journal cs1">Park JM, Kang TH (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5133840">"Transcriptional and Posttranslational Regulation of Nucleotide Excision Repair: The Guardian of the Genome against Ultraviolet Radiation"</a>. Int J Mol Sci. 17 (11): 1840. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms17111840">10.3390/ijms17111840</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5133840">5133840</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27827925">27827925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int+J+Mol+Sci&rft.atitle=Transcriptional+and+Posttranslational+Regulation+of+Nucleotide+Excision+Repair%3A+The+Guardian+of+the+Genome+against+Ultraviolet+Radiation&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1840&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5133840%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27827925&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijms17111840&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Kang%2C+TH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5133840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15105825-71"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15105825_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspejelMartínKlattMartín-Caballero2004" class="citation journal cs1">Espejel S, Martín M, Klatt P, Martín-Caballero J, Flores JM, Blasco MA (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1299048">"Shorter telomeres, accelerated ageing and increased lymphoma in DNA-PKcs-deficient mice"</a>. EMBO Rep. 5 (5): 503–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.embor.7400127">10.1038/sj.embor.7400127</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1299048">1299048</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15105825">15105825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EMBO+Rep.&rft.atitle=Shorter+telomeres%2C+accelerated+ageing+and+increased+lymphoma+in+DNA-PKcs-deficient+mice&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=503-9&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1299048%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15105825&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.embor.7400127&rft.aulast=Espejel&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADn%2C+M&rft.au=Klatt%2C+P&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADn-Caballero%2C+J&rft.au=Flores%2C+JM&rft.au=Blasco%2C+MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1299048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24740260-72"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24740260_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReilingDolléYoussefLee2014" class="citation journal cs1">Reiling E, Dollé ME, Youssef SA, Lee M, Nagarajah B, Roodbergen M, de With P, de Bruin A, Hoeijmakers JH, Vijg J, van Steeg H, Hasty P (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3989187">"The progeroid phenotype of Ku80 deficiency is dominant over DNA-PKCS deficiency"</a>. PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e93568. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...993568R">2014PLoSO...993568R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0093568">10.1371/journal.pone.0093568</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3989187">3989187</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24740260">24740260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+progeroid+phenotype+of+Ku80+deficiency+is+dominant+over+DNA-PKCS+deficiency&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e93568&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3989187%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24740260&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0093568&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...993568R&rft.aulast=Reiling&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Doll%C3%A9%2C+ME&rft.au=Youssef%2C+SA&rft.au=Lee%2C+M&rft.au=Nagarajah%2C+B&rft.au=Roodbergen%2C+M&rft.au=de+With%2C+P&rft.au=de+Bruin%2C+A&rft.au=Hoeijmakers%2C+JH&rft.au=Vijg%2C+J&rft.au=van+Steeg%2C+H&rft.au=Hasty%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3989187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20193758-73"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20193758_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeddiLoftinDickeyHair2010" class="citation journal cs1">Peddi P, Loftin CW, Dickey JS, Hair JM, Burns KJ, Aziz K, Francisco DC, Panayiotidis MI, Sedelnikova OA, Bonner WM, Winters TA, Georgakilas AG (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901171">"DNA-PKcs deficiency leads to persistence of oxidatively induced clustered DNA lesions in human tumor cells"</a>. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 48 (10): 1435–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.freeradbiomed.2010.02.033">10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.02.033</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901171">2901171</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20193758">20193758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Free+Radic.+Biol.+Med.&rft.atitle=DNA-PKcs+deficiency+leads+to+persistence+of+oxidatively+induced+clustered+DNA+lesions+in+human+tumor+cells&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1435-43&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2901171%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20193758&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.freeradbiomed.2010.02.033&rft.aulast=Peddi&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Loftin%2C+CW&rft.au=Dickey%2C+JS&rft.au=Hair%2C+JM&rft.au=Burns%2C+KJ&rft.au=Aziz%2C+K&rft.au=Francisco%2C+DC&rft.au=Panayiotidis%2C+MI&rft.au=Sedelnikova%2C+OA&rft.au=Bonner%2C+WM&rft.au=Winters%2C+TA&rft.au=Georgakilas%2C+AG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2901171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregg-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gregg_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gregg_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gregg_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gregg_74-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreggRobinsonNiedernhofer2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gregg SQ, Robinson AR, Niedernhofer LJ (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3139823">"Physiological consequences of defects in ERCC1-XPF DNA repair endonuclease"</a>. DNA Repair (Amst.). 10 (7): 781–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dnarep.2011.04.026">10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.04.026</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3139823">3139823</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21612988">21612988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DNA+Repair+%28Amst.%29&rft.atitle=Physiological+consequences+of+defects+in+ERCC1-XPF+DNA+repair+endonuclease&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=781-91&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3139823%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21612988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.dnarep.2011.04.026&rft.aulast=Gregg&rft.aufirst=SQ&rft.au=Robinson%2C+AR&rft.au=Niedernhofer%2C+LJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3139823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27556946-75"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid27556946_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermeijDolléReilingJaarsma2016" class="citation journal cs1">Vermeij WP, Dollé ME, Reiling E, Jaarsma D, Payan-Gomez C, Bombardieri CR, Wu H, Roks AJ, Botter SM, van der Eerden BC, Youssef SA, Kuiper RV, Nagarajah B, van Oostrom CT, Brandt RM, Barnhoorn S, Imholz S, Pennings JL, de Bruin A, Gyenis Á, Pothof J, Vijg J, van Steeg H, Hoeijmakers JH (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5161687">"Restricted diet delays accelerated ageing and genomic stress in DNA-repair-deficient mice"</a>. Nature. 537 (7620): 427–431. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.537..427V">2016Natur.537..427V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature19329">10.1038/nature19329</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5161687">5161687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27556946">27556946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Restricted+diet+delays+accelerated+ageing+and+genomic+stress+in+DNA-repair-deficient+mice&rft.volume=537&rft.issue=7620&rft.pages=427-431&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5161687%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27556946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature19329&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Natur.537..427V&rft.aulast=Vermeij&rft.aufirst=WP&rft.au=Doll%C3%A9%2C+ME&rft.au=Reiling%2C+E&rft.au=Jaarsma%2C+D&rft.au=Payan-Gomez%2C+C&rft.au=Bombardieri%2C+CR&rft.au=Wu%2C+H&rft.au=Roks%2C+AJ&rft.au=Botter%2C+SM&rft.au=van+der+Eerden%2C+BC&rft.au=Youssef%2C+SA&rft.au=Kuiper%2C+RV&rft.au=Nagarajah%2C+B&rft.au=van+Oostrom%2C+CT&rft.au=Brandt%2C+RM&rft.au=Barnhoorn%2C+S&rft.au=Imholz%2C+S&rft.au=Pennings%2C+JL&rft.au=de+Bruin%2C+A&rft.au=Gyenis%2C+%C3%81&rft.au=Pothof%2C+J&rft.au=Vijg%2C+J&rft.au=van+Steeg%2C+H&rft.au=Hoeijmakers%2C+JH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5161687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21571596-76"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21571596_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFussTainer2011" class="citation journal cs1">Fuss JO, Tainer JA (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3234290">"XPB and XPD helicases in TFIIH orchestrate DNA duplex opening and damage verification to coordinate repair with transcription and cell cycle via CAK kinase"</a>. DNA Repair (Amst.). 10 (7): 697–713. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dnarep.2011.04.028">10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.04.028</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3234290">3234290</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21571596">21571596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DNA+Repair+%28Amst.%29&rft.atitle=XPB+and+XPD+helicases+in+TFIIH+orchestrate+DNA+duplex+opening+and+damage+verification+to+coordinate+repair+with+transcription+and+cell+cycle+via+CAK+kinase&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=697-713&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3234290%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21571596&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.dnarep.2011.04.028&rft.aulast=Fuss&rft.aufirst=JO&rft.au=Tainer%2C+JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3234290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid14993263-77"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid14993263_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTianJonesSmithShinkura2004" class="citation journal cs1">Tian M, Jones DA, Smith M, Shinkura R, Alt FW (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC355871">"Deficiency in the nuclease activity of xeroderma pigmentosum G in mice leads to hypersensitivity to UV irradiation"</a>. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24 (6): 2237–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.24.6.2237-2242.2004">10.1128/MCB.24.6.2237-2242.2004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC355871">355871</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14993263">14993263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol.+Cell.+Biol.&rft.atitle=Deficiency+in+the+nuclease+activity+of+xeroderma+pigmentosum+G+in+mice+leads+to+hypersensitivity+to+UV+irradiation&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2237-42&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC355871%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14993263&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FMCB.24.6.2237-2242.2004&rft.aulast=Tian&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Jones%2C+DA&rft.au=Smith%2C+M&rft.au=Shinkura%2C+R&rft.au=Alt%2C+FW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC355871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26833090-78"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid26833090_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTregoGroesserDavalosParplys2016" class="citation journal cs1">Trego KS, Groesser T, Davalos AR, Parplys AC, Zhao W, Nelson MR, Hlaing A, Shih B, Rydberg B, Pluth JM, Tsai MS, Hoeijmakers JH, Sung P, Wiese C, Campisi J, Cooper PK (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4761302">"Non-catalytic Roles for XPG with BRCA1 and BRCA2 in Homologous Recombination and Genome Stability"</a>. Mol. Cell. 61 (4): 535–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2015.12.026">10.1016/j.molcel.2015.12.026</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4761302">4761302</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26833090">26833090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol.+Cell&rft.atitle=Non-catalytic+Roles+for+XPG+with+BRCA1+and+BRCA2+in+Homologous+Recombination+and+Genome+Stability&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=535-46&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4761302%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26833090&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2015.12.026&rft.aulast=Trego&rft.aufirst=KS&rft.au=Groesser%2C+T&rft.au=Davalos%2C+AR&rft.au=Parplys%2C+AC&rft.au=Zhao%2C+W&rft.au=Nelson%2C+MR&rft.au=Hlaing%2C+A&rft.au=Shih%2C+B&rft.au=Rydberg%2C+B&rft.au=Pluth%2C+JM&rft.au=Tsai%2C+MS&rft.au=Hoeijmakers%2C+JH&rft.au=Sung%2C+P&rft.au=Wiese%2C+C&rft.au=Campisi%2C+J&rft.au=Cooper%2C+PK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4761302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9927729-79"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9927729_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBessho1999" class="citation journal cs1">Bessho T (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC148276">"Nucleotide excision repair 3' endonuclease XPG stimulates the activity of base excision repair enzyme thymine glycol DNA glycosylase"</a>. Nucleic Acids Res. 27 (4): 979–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F27.4.979">10.1093/nar/27.4.979</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC148276">148276</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9927729">9927729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res.&rft.atitle=Nucleotide+excision+repair+3%27+endonuclease+XPG+stimulates+the+activity+of+base+excision+repair+enzyme+thymine+glycol+DNA+glycosylase&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=979-83&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC148276%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9927729&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2F27.4.979&rft.aulast=Bessho&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC148276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11554293-80"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11554293_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinfeldXingLeeLeadon2001" class="citation book cs1">Weinfeld M, Xing JZ, Lee J, Leadon SA, Cooper PK, Le XC (2001). "Factors influencing the removal of thymine glycol from DNA in γ-irradiated human cells". Base Excision Repair. Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology. Vol. 68. pp. 139–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0079-6603%2801%2968096-6">10.1016/S0079-6603(01)68096-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-540068-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-540068-8"><bdi>978-0-12-540068-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11554293">11554293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Factors+influencing+the+removal+of+thymine+glycol+from+DNA+in+%CE%B3-irradiated+human+cells&rft.btitle=Base+Excision+Repair&rft.series=Progress+in+Nucleic+Acid+Research+and+Molecular+Biology&rft.pages=139-49&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11554293&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0079-6603%2801%2968096-6&rft.isbn=978-0-12-540068-8&rft.aulast=Weinfeld&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Xing%2C+JZ&rft.au=Lee%2C+J&rft.au=Leadon%2C+SA&rft.au=Cooper%2C+PK&rft.au=Le%2C+XC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iyama-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iyama_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iyama_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyamaWilson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Iyama T, Wilson DM (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4738086">"Elements That Regulate the DNA Damage Response of Proteins Defective in Cockayne Syndrome"</a>. J. Mol. Biol. 428 (1): 62–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmb.2015.11.020">10.1016/j.jmb.2015.11.020</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4738086">4738086</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26616585">26616585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Mol.+Biol.&rft.atitle=Elements+That+Regulate+the+DNA+Damage+Response+of+Proteins+Defective+in+Cockayne+Syndrome&rft.volume=428&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=62-78&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4738086%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26616585&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jmb.2015.11.020&rft.aulast=Iyama&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Wilson%2C+DM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4738086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pascucci-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pascucci_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pascucci_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pascucci_82-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pascucci_82-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'ErricoPascucciIorioVan_Houten2013" class="citation journal cs1">D'Errico M, Pascucci B, Iorio E, Van Houten B, Dogliotti E (2013). "The role of CSA and CSB protein in the oxidative stress response". Mech. Ageing Dev. 134 (5–6): 261–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mad.2013.03.006">10.1016/j.mad.2013.03.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23562424">23562424</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25146054">25146054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mech.+Ageing+Dev.&rft.atitle=The+role+of+CSA+and+CSB+protein+in+the+oxidative+stress+response&rft.volume=134&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=261-9&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25146054%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23562424&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mad.2013.03.006&rft.aulast=D%27Errico&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Pascucci%2C+B&rft.au=Iorio%2C+E&rft.au=Van+Houten%2C+B&rft.au=Dogliotti%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23637614-83"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23637614_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheilNonnekensSteurerMari2013" class="citation journal cs1">Theil AF, Nonnekens J, Steurer B, Mari PO, de Wit J, Lemaitre C, Marteijn JA, Raams A, Maas A, Vermeij M, Essers J, Hoeijmakers JH, Giglia-Mari G, Vermeulen W (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3630102">"Disruption of TTDA results in complete nucleotide excision repair deficiency and embryonic lethality"</a>. PLOS Genet. 9 (4): e1003431. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1003431">10.1371/journal.pgen.1003431</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3630102">3630102</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23637614">23637614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genet.&rft.atitle=Disruption+of+TTDA+results+in+complete+nucleotide+excision+repair+deficiency+and+embryonic+lethality&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e1003431&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3630102%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23637614&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1003431&rft.aulast=Theil&rft.aufirst=AF&rft.au=Nonnekens%2C+J&rft.au=Steurer%2C+B&rft.au=Mari%2C+PO&rft.au=de+Wit%2C+J&rft.au=Lemaitre%2C+C&rft.au=Marteijn%2C+JA&rft.au=Raams%2C+A&rft.au=Maas%2C+A&rft.au=Vermeij%2C+M&rft.au=Essers%2C+J&rft.au=Hoeijmakers%2C+JH&rft.au=Giglia-Mari%2C+G&rft.au=Vermeulen%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3630102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21730288-84"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21730288_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheilNonnekensWijgersVermeulen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Theil AF, Nonnekens J, Wijgers N, Vermeulen W, Giglia-Mari G (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165551">"Slowly progressing nucleotide excision repair in trichothiodystrophy group A patient fibroblasts"</a>. Mol. Cell. Biol. 31 (17): 3630–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.01462-10">10.1128/MCB.01462-10</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165551">3165551</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21730288">21730288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol.+Cell.+Biol.&rft.atitle=Slowly+progressing+nucleotide+excision+repair+in+trichothiodystrophy+group+A+patient+fibroblasts&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=3630-8&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3165551%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21730288&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FMCB.01462-10&rft.aulast=Theil&rft.aufirst=AF&rft.au=Nonnekens%2C+J&rft.au=Wijgers%2C+N&rft.au=Vermeulen%2C+W&rft.au=Giglia-Mari%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3165551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27136939-85"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid27136939_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmedVélazRosemannGilbertz2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmed EA, Vélaz E, Rosemann M, Gilbertz KP, Scherthan H (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5371645">"DNA repair kinetics in SCID mice Sertoli cells and DNA-PKcs-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts"</a>. Chromosoma. 126 (2): 287–298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00412-016-0590-9">10.1007/s00412-016-0590-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5371645">5371645</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27136939">27136939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chromosoma&rft.atitle=DNA+repair+kinetics+in+SCID+mice+Sertoli+cells+and+DNA-PKcs-deficient+mouse+embryonic+fibroblasts&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=287-298&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5371645%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27136939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00412-016-0590-9&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=EA&rft.au=V%C3%A9laz%2C+E&rft.au=Rosemann%2C+M&rft.au=Gilbertz%2C+KP&rft.au=Scherthan%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5371645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27147057-86"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid27147057_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzaloKreienkamp2016" class="citation book cs1">Gonzalo S, Kreienkamp R (2016). "Methods to Monitor DNA Repair Defects and Genomic Instability in the Context of a Disrupted Nuclear Lamina". The Nuclear Envelope. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1411. pp. 419–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4939-3530-7_26">10.1007/978-1-4939-3530-7_26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4939-3528-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4939-3528-4"><bdi>978-1-4939-3528-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5044759">5044759</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27147057">27147057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Methods+to+Monitor+DNA+Repair+Defects+and+Genomic+Instability+in+the+Context+of+a+Disrupted+Nuclear+Lamina&rft.btitle=The+Nuclear+Envelope&rft.series=Methods+in+Molecular+Biology&rft.pages=419-37&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5044759%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27147057&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4939-3530-7_26&rft.isbn=978-1-4939-3528-4&rft.aulast=Gonzalo&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Kreienkamp%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24753253-87"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24753253_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaiFuWangGan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cai Q, Fu L, Wang Z, Gan N, Dai X, Wang Y (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4047379">"α-N-methylation of damaged DNA-binding protein 2 (DDB2) and its function in nucleotide excision repair"</a>. J. Biol. Chem. 289 (23): 16046–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M114.558510">10.1074/jbc.M114.558510</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4047379">4047379</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24753253">24753253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Biol.+Chem.&rft.atitle=%CE%B1-N-methylation+of+damaged+DNA-binding+protein+2+%28DDB2%29+and+its+function+in+nucleotide+excision+repair&rft.volume=289&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=16046-56&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4047379%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24753253&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.M114.558510&rft.aulast=Cai&rft.aufirst=Q&rft.au=Fu%2C+L&rft.au=Wang%2C+Z&rft.au=Gan%2C+N&rft.au=Dai%2C+X&rft.au=Wang%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4047379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jin-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jin_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jin_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuJinWang2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lu L, Jin W, Wang LL (2017). "Aging in Rothmund–Thomson syndrome and related RECQL4 genetic disorders". Ageing Res. Rev. 33: 30–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.arr.2016.06.002">10.1016/j.arr.2016.06.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27287744">27287744</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28321025">28321025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ageing+Res.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Aging+in+Rothmund%E2%80%93Thomson+syndrome+and+related+RECQL4+genetic+disorders&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=30-35&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28321025%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27287744&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.arr.2016.06.002&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Jin%2C+W&rft.au=Wang%2C+LL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chalkiadaki-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chalkiadaki_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chalkiadaki_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalkiadakiGuarente2015" class="citation journal cs1">Chalkiadaki A, Guarente L (2015). "The multifaceted functions of sirtuins in cancer". Nat. Rev. Cancer. 15 (10): 608–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrc3985">10.1038/nrc3985</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26383140">26383140</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3195442">3195442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat.+Rev.+Cancer&rft.atitle=The+multifaceted+functions+of+sirtuins+in+cancer&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=608-24&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3195442%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26383140&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrc3985&rft.aulast=Chalkiadaki&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Guarente%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27225932-90"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid27225932_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVazquezThackraySimonetKane-Goldsmith2016" class="citation journal cs1">Vazquez BN, Thackray JK, Simonet NG, Kane-Goldsmith N, Martinez-Redondo P, Nguyen T, Bunting S, Vaquero A, Tischfield JA, Serrano L (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4884211">"SIRT7 promotes genome integrity and modulates non-homologous end joining DNA repair"</a>. EMBO J. 35 (14): 1488–503. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15252%2Fembj.201593499">10.15252/embj.201593499</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4884211">4884211</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27225932">27225932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EMBO+J.&rft.atitle=SIRT7+promotes+genome+integrity+and+modulates+non-homologous+end+joining+DNA+repair&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=1488-503&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4884211%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27225932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15252%2Fembj.201593499&rft.aulast=Vazquez&rft.aufirst=BN&rft.au=Thackray%2C+JK&rft.au=Simonet%2C+NG&rft.au=Kane-Goldsmith%2C+N&rft.au=Martinez-Redondo%2C+P&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+T&rft.au=Bunting%2C+S&rft.au=Vaquero%2C+A&rft.au=Tischfield%2C+JA&rft.au=Serrano%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4884211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12242278-91"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12242278_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaintignyMakienkoSwansonEmond2002" class="citation journal cs1">Saintigny Y, Makienko K, Swanson C, Emond MJ, Monnat RJ (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139822">"Homologous recombination resolution defect in werner syndrome"</a>. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22 (20): 6971–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.22.20.6971-6978.2002">10.1128/mcb.22.20.6971-6978.2002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139822">139822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12242278">12242278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol.+Cell.+Biol.&rft.atitle=Homologous+recombination+resolution+defect+in+werner+syndrome&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=6971-8&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC139822%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12242278&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2Fmcb.22.20.6971-6978.2002&rft.aulast=Saintigny&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Makienko%2C+K&rft.au=Swanson%2C+C&rft.au=Emond%2C+MJ&rft.au=Monnat%2C+RJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC139822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid25122754-92"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid25122754_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturzeneggerBurdovaKanagarajLevikova2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sturzenegger A, Burdova K, Kanagaraj R, Levikova M, Pinto C, Cejka P, Janscak P (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4175362">"DNA2 cooperates with the WRN and BLM RecQ helicases to mediate long-range DNA end resection in human cells"</a>. J. Biol. Chem. 289 (39): 27314–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M114.578823">10.1074/jbc.M114.578823</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4175362">4175362</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25122754">25122754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Biol.+Chem.&rft.atitle=DNA2+cooperates+with+the+WRN+and+BLM+RecQ+helicases+to+mediate+long-range+DNA+end+resection+in+human+cells&rft.volume=289&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=27314-26&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4175362%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25122754&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.M114.578823&rft.aulast=Sturzenegger&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Burdova%2C+K&rft.au=Kanagaraj%2C+R&rft.au=Levikova%2C+M&rft.au=Pinto%2C+C&rft.au=Cejka%2C+P&rft.au=Janscak%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4175362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27922005-93"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid27922005_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShamannaLude_FreitasTian2016" class="citation journal cs1">Shamanna RA, Lu H, de Freitas JK, Tian J, Croteau DL, Bohr VA (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5150655">"WRN regulates pathway choice between classical and alternative non-homologous end joining"</a>. Nat Commun. 7: 13785. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...713785S">2016NatCo...713785S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms13785">10.1038/ncomms13785</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5150655">5150655</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27922005">27922005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat+Commun&rft.atitle=WRN+regulates+pathway+choice+between+classical+and+alternative+non-homologous+end+joining&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=13785&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5150655%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27922005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms13785&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatCo...713785S&rft.aulast=Shamanna&rft.aufirst=RA&rft.au=Lu%2C+H&rft.au=de+Freitas%2C+JK&rft.au=Tian%2C+J&rft.au=Croteau%2C+DL&rft.au=Bohr%2C+VA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5150655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17611195-94"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17611195_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasBoldoghLeeHarrigan2007" class="citation journal cs1">Das A, Boldogh I, Lee JW, Harrigan JA, Hegde ML, Piotrowski J, de Souza Pinto N, Ramos W, Greenberg MM, Hazra TK, Mitra S, Bohr VA (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M703343200">"The human Werner syndrome protein stimulates repair of oxidative DNA base damage by the DNA glycosylase NEIL1"</a>. J. Biol. Chem. 282 (36): 26591–602. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M703343200">10.1074/jbc.M703343200</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17611195">17611195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Biol.+Chem.&rft.atitle=The+human+Werner+syndrome+protein+stimulates+repair+of+oxidative+DNA+base+damage+by+the+DNA+glycosylase+NEIL1&rft.volume=282&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=26591-602&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.M703343200&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17611195&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Boldogh%2C+I&rft.au=Lee%2C+JW&rft.au=Harrigan%2C+JA&rft.au=Hegde%2C+ML&rft.au=Piotrowski%2C+J&rft.au=de+Souza+Pinto%2C+N&rft.au=Ramos%2C+W&rft.au=Greenberg%2C+MM&rft.au=Hazra%2C+TK&rft.au=Mitra%2C+S&rft.au=Bohr%2C+VA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1074%252Fjbc.M703343200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22753033-95"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22753033_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanagarajParasuramanMihaljevicvan_Loon2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kanagaraj R, Parasuraman P, Mihaljevic B, van Loon B, Burdova K, König C, Furrer A, Bohr VA, Hübscher U, Janscak P (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3458577">"Involvement of Werner syndrome protein in MUTYH-mediated repair of oxidative DNA damage"</a>. Nucleic Acids Res. 40 (17): 8449–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgks648">10.1093/nar/gks648</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3458577">3458577</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22753033">22753033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res.&rft.atitle=Involvement+of+Werner+syndrome+protein+in+MUTYH-mediated+repair+of+oxidative+DNA+damage&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=8449-59&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3458577%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22753033&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgks648&rft.aulast=Kanagaraj&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Parasuraman%2C+P&rft.au=Mihaljevic%2C+B&rft.au=van+Loon%2C+B&rft.au=Burdova%2C+K&rft.au=K%C3%B6nig%2C+C&rft.au=Furrer%2C+A&rft.au=Bohr%2C+VA&rft.au=H%C3%BCbscher%2C+U&rft.au=Janscak%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3458577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21389352-96"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21389352_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPichierriAmmazzalorsoBignamiFranchitto2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pichierri P, Ammazzalorso F, Bignami M, Franchitto A (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3091524">"The Werner syndrome protein: linking the replication checkpoint response to genome stability"</a>. Aging. 3 (3): 311–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18632%2Faging.100293">10.18632/aging.100293</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3091524">3091524</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21389352">21389352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aging&rft.atitle=The+Werner+syndrome+protein%3A+linking+the+replication+checkpoint+response+to+genome+stability&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=311-8&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3091524%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21389352&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18632%2Faging.100293&rft.aulast=Pichierri&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Ammazzalorso%2C+F&rft.au=Bignami%2C+M&rft.au=Franchitto%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3091524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20075015-97"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20075015_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossiGhoshBohr2010" class="citation journal cs1">Rossi ML, Ghosh AK, Bohr VA (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2827637">"Roles of Werner syndrome protein in protection of genome integrity"</a>. DNA Repair (Amst.). 9 (3): 331–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dnarep.2009.12.011">10.1016/j.dnarep.2009.12.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2827637">2827637</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20075015">20075015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DNA+Repair+%28Amst.%29&rft.atitle=Roles+of+Werner+syndrome+protein+in+protection+of+genome+integrity&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=331-44&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2827637%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20075015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.dnarep.2009.12.011&rft.aulast=Rossi&rft.aufirst=ML&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+AK&rft.au=Bohr%2C+VA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2827637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid25555679-98"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid25555679_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeithMangerich2015" class="citation journal cs1">Veith S, Mangerich A (2015). "RecQ helicases and PARP1 team up in maintaining genome integrity". Ageing Res. Rev. 23 (Pt A): 12–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.arr.2014.12.006">10.1016/j.arr.2014.12.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25555679">25555679</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29498397">29498397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ageing+Res.+Rev.&rft.atitle=RecQ+helicases+and+PARP1+team+up+in+maintaining+genome+integrity&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=Pt+A&rft.pages=12-28&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29498397%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25555679&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.arr.2014.12.006&rft.aulast=Veith&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Mangerich%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27618784-99"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid27618784_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominickBowmanLiMiller2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dominick G, Bowman J, Li X, Miller RA, Garcia GG (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5242303">"mTOR regulates the expression of DNA damage response enzymes in long-lived Snell dwarf, GHRKO, and PAPPA-KO mice"</a>. Aging Cell. 16 (1): 52–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Facel.12525">10.1111/acel.12525</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5242303">5242303</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27618784">27618784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aging+Cell&rft.atitle=mTOR+regulates+the+expression+of+DNA+damage+response+enzymes+in+long-lived+Snell+dwarf%2C+GHRKO%2C+and+PAPPA-KO+mice&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=52-60&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5242303%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27618784&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Facel.12525&rft.aulast=Dominick&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Bowman%2C+J&rft.au=Li%2C+X&rft.au=Miller%2C+RA&rft.au=Garcia%2C+GG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5242303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24367102-100"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24367102_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeilerBlaesPuschSahm2014" class="citation journal cs1">Weiler M, Blaes J, Pusch S, Sahm F, Czabanka M, Luger S, Bunse L, Solecki G, Eichwald V, Jugold M, Hodecker S, Osswald M, Meisner C, Hielscher T, Rübmann P, Pfenning PN, Ronellenfitsch M, Kempf T, Schnölzer M, Abdollahi A, Lang F, Bendszus M, von Deimling A, Winkler F, Weller M, Vajkoczy P, Platten M, Wick W (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890826">"mTOR target NDRG1 confers MGMT-dependent resistance to alkylating chemotherapy"</a>. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111 (1): 409–14. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..111..409W">2014PNAS..111..409W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1314469111">10.1073/pnas.1314469111</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890826">3890826</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24367102">24367102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.atitle=mTOR+target+NDRG1+confers+MGMT-dependent+resistance+to+alkylating+chemotherapy&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=409-14&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3890826%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24367102&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1314469111&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PNAS..111..409W&rft.aulast=Weiler&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Blaes%2C+J&rft.au=Pusch%2C+S&rft.au=Sahm%2C+F&rft.au=Czabanka%2C+M&rft.au=Luger%2C+S&rft.au=Bunse%2C+L&rft.au=Solecki%2C+G&rft.au=Eichwald%2C+V&rft.au=Jugold%2C+M&rft.au=Hodecker%2C+S&rft.au=Osswald%2C+M&rft.au=Meisner%2C+C&rft.au=Hielscher%2C+T&rft.au=R%C3%BCbmann%2C+P&rft.au=Pfenning%2C+PN&rft.au=Ronellenfitsch%2C+M&rft.au=Kempf%2C+T&rft.au=Schn%C3%B6lzer%2C+M&rft.au=Abdollahi%2C+A&rft.au=Lang%2C+F&rft.au=Bendszus%2C+M&rft.au=von+Deimling%2C+A&rft.au=Winkler%2C+F&rft.au=Weller%2C+M&rft.au=Vajkoczy%2C+P&rft.au=Platten%2C+M&rft.au=Wick%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3890826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeLuca2013-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeLuca2013_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeLuca2013_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_LucaVenturaSanghezRusso2013" class="citation journal cs1">De Luca G, Ventura I, Sanghez V, Russo MT, Ajmone-Cat MA, Cacci E, Martire A, Popoli P, Falcone G, Michelini F, Crescenzi M, Degan P, Minghetti L, Bignami M, Calamandrei G (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Facel.12094">"Prolonged lifespan with enhanced exploratory behavior in mice overexpressing the oxidized nucleoside triphosphatase hMTH1"</a>. Aging Cell. 12 (4): 695–705. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Facel.12094">10.1111/acel.12094</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23648059">23648059</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43503856">43503856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aging+Cell&rft.atitle=Prolonged+lifespan+with+enhanced+exploratory+behavior+in+mice+overexpressing+the+oxidized+nucleoside+triphosphatase+hMTH1&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=695-705&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43503856%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23648059&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Facel.12094&rft.aulast=De+Luca&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Ventura%2C+I&rft.au=Sanghez%2C+V&rft.au=Russo%2C+MT&rft.au=Ajmone-Cat%2C+MA&rft.au=Cacci%2C+E&rft.au=Martire%2C+A&rft.au=Popoli%2C+P&rft.au=Falcone%2C+G&rft.au=Michelini%2C+F&rft.au=Crescenzi%2C+M&rft.au=Degan%2C+P&rft.au=Minghetti%2C+L&rft.au=Bignami%2C+M&rft.au=Calamandrei%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Facel.12094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19023407-102"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19023407_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_LucaRussoDeganTiveron2008" class="citation journal cs1">De Luca G, Russo MT, Degan P, Tiveron C, Zijno A, Meccia E, Ventura I, Mattei E, Nakabeppu Y, Crescenzi M, Pepponi R, Pèzzola A, Popoli P, Bignami M (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2580033">"A role for oxidized DNA precursors in Huntington's disease-like striatal neurodegeneration"</a>. PLOS Genet. 4 (11): e1000266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000266">10.1371/journal.pgen.1000266</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2580033">2580033</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19023407">19023407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genet.&rft.atitle=A+role+for+oxidized+DNA+precursors+in+Huntington%27s+disease-like+striatal+neurodegeneration&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e1000266&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2580033%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19023407&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000266&rft.aulast=De+Luca&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Russo%2C+MT&rft.au=Degan%2C+P&rft.au=Tiveron%2C+C&rft.au=Zijno%2C+A&rft.au=Meccia%2C+E&rft.au=Ventura%2C+I&rft.au=Mattei%2C+E&rft.au=Nakabeppu%2C+Y&rft.au=Crescenzi%2C+M&rft.au=Pepponi%2C+R&rft.au=P%C3%A8zzola%2C+A&rft.au=Popoli%2C+P&rft.au=Bignami%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2580033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17337257-103"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17337257_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmeidaSobol2007" class="citation journal cs1">Almeida KH, Sobol RW (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1995033">"A unified view of base excision repair: lesion-dependent protein complexes regulated by post-translational modification"</a>. DNA Repair (Amst.). 6 (6): 695–711. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dnarep.2007.01.009">10.1016/j.dnarep.2007.01.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1995033">1995033</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17337257">17337257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DNA+Repair+%28Amst.%29&rft.atitle=A+unified+view+of+base+excision+repair%3A+lesion-dependent+protein+complexes+regulated+by+post-translational+modification&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=695-711&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1995033%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17337257&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.dnarep.2007.01.009&rft.aulast=Almeida&rft.aufirst=KH&rft.au=Sobol%2C+RW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1995033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23045548-104"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23045548_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinesVrouweMarteijnTypas2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pines A, Vrouwe MG, Marteijn JA, Typas D, Luijsterburg MS, Cansoy M, Hensbergen P, Deelder A, de Groot A, Matsumoto S, Sugasawa K, Thoma N, Vermeulen W, Vrieling H, Mullenders L (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3471223">"PARP1 promotes nucleotide excision repair through DDB2 stabilization and recruitment of ALC1"</a>. J. Cell Biol. 199 (2): 235–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.201112132">10.1083/jcb.201112132</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3471223">3471223</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23045548">23045548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Cell+Biol.&rft.atitle=PARP1+promotes+nucleotide+excision+repair+through+DDB2+stabilization+and+recruitment+of+ALC1&rft.volume=199&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=235-49&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3471223%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23045548&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1083%2Fjcb.201112132&rft.aulast=Pines&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Vrouwe%2C+MG&rft.au=Marteijn%2C+JA&rft.au=Typas%2C+D&rft.au=Luijsterburg%2C+MS&rft.au=Cansoy%2C+M&rft.au=Hensbergen%2C+P&rft.au=Deelder%2C+A&rft.au=de+Groot%2C+A&rft.au=Matsumoto%2C+S&rft.au=Sugasawa%2C+K&rft.au=Thoma%2C+N&rft.au=Vermeulen%2C+W&rft.au=Vrieling%2C+H&rft.au=Mullenders%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3471223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17088286-105"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17088286_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangWuWuRosidi2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wang M, Wu W, Wu W, Rosidi B, Zhang L, Wang H, Iliakis G (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693894">"PARP-1 and Ku compete for repair of DNA double strand breaks by distinct NHEJ pathways"</a>. Nucleic Acids Res. 34 (21): 6170–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkl840">10.1093/nar/gkl840</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693894">1693894</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17088286">17088286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res.&rft.atitle=PARP-1+and+Ku+compete+for+repair+of+DNA+double+strand+breaks+by+distinct+NHEJ+pathways&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=6170-82&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1693894%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17088286&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkl840&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Wu%2C+W&rft.au=Wu%2C+W&rft.au=Rosidi%2C+B&rft.au=Zhang%2C+L&rft.au=Wang%2C+H&rft.au=Iliakis%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1693894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12748298-106"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12748298_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkanoLanCaldecottMori2003" class="citation journal cs1">Okano S, Lan L, Caldecott KW, Mori T, Yasui A (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC155230">"Spatial and temporal cellular responses to single-strand breaks in human cells"</a>. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23 (11): 3974–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.23.11.3974-3981.2003">10.1128/mcb.23.11.3974-3981.2003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC155230">155230</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12748298">12748298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol.+Cell.+Biol.&rft.atitle=Spatial+and+temporal+cellular+responses+to+single-strand+breaks+in+human+cells&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=3974-81&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC155230%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12748298&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2Fmcb.23.11.3974-3981.2003&rft.aulast=Okano&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Lan%2C+L&rft.au=Caldecott%2C+KW&rft.au=Mori%2C+T&rft.au=Yasui%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC155230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid1465394-107"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid1465394_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrubeBürkle1992" class="citation journal cs1">Grube K, Bürkle A (Dec 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC50636">"Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity in mononuclear leukocytes of 13 mammalian species correlates with species-specific life span"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 89 (24): 11759–63. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992PNAS...8911759G">1992PNAS...8911759G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.89.24.11759">10.1073/pnas.89.24.11759</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC50636">50636</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1465394">1465394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Poly%28ADP-ribose%29+polymerase+activity+in+mononuclear+leukocytes+of+13+mammalian+species+correlates+with+species-specific+life+span&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=11759-63&rft.date=1992-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC50636%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1465394&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.89.24.11759&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992PNAS...8911759G&rft.aulast=Grube&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=B%C3%BCrkle%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC50636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27916001-108"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid27916001_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeiZhangYiHuang2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mei Z, Zhang X, Yi J, Huang J, He J, Tao Y (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5137222">"Sirtuins in metabolism, DNA repair and cancer"</a>. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 35 (1): 182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13046-016-0461-5">10.1186/s13046-016-0461-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5137222">5137222</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27916001">27916001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Exp.+Clin.+Cancer+Res.&rft.atitle=Sirtuins+in+metabolism%2C+DNA+repair+and+cancer&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=182&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5137222%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27916001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13046-016-0461-5&rft.aulast=Mei&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Zhang%2C+X&rft.au=Yi%2C+J&rft.au=Huang%2C+J&rft.au=He%2C+J&rft.au=Tao%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5137222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24931715-109"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24931715_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerckenMitchellMartin-MontalvoMinor2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mercken EM, Mitchell SJ, Martin-Montalvo A, Minor RK, Almeida M, Gomes AP, Scheibye-Knudsen M, Palacios HH, Licata JJ, Zhang Y, Becker KG, Khraiwesh H, González-Reyes JA, Villalba JM, Baur JA, Elliott P, Westphal C, Vlasuk GP, Ellis JL, Sinclair DA, Bernier M, de Cabo R (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4172519">"SRT2104 extends survival of male mice on a standard diet and preserves bone and muscle mass"</a>. Aging Cell. 13 (5): 787–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Facel.12220">10.1111/acel.12220</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4172519">4172519</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24931715">24931715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aging+Cell&rft.atitle=SRT2104+extends+survival+of+male+mice+on+a+standard+diet+and+preserves+bone+and+muscle+mass&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=787-96&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4172519%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24931715&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Facel.12220&rft.aulast=Mercken&rft.aufirst=EM&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+SJ&rft.au=Martin-Montalvo%2C+A&rft.au=Minor%2C+RK&rft.au=Almeida%2C+M&rft.au=Gomes%2C+AP&rft.au=Scheibye-Knudsen%2C+M&rft.au=Palacios%2C+HH&rft.au=Licata%2C+JJ&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Y&rft.au=Becker%2C+KG&rft.au=Khraiwesh%2C+H&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez-Reyes%2C+JA&rft.au=Villalba%2C+JM&rft.au=Baur%2C+JA&rft.au=Elliott%2C+P&rft.au=Westphal%2C+C&rft.au=Vlasuk%2C+GP&rft.au=Ellis%2C+JL&rft.au=Sinclair%2C+DA&rft.au=Bernier%2C+M&rft.au=de+Cabo%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4172519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24582957-110"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24582957_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchellMartin-MontalvoMerckenPalacios2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell SJ, Martin-Montalvo A, Mercken EM, Palacios HH, Ward TM, Abulwerdi G, Minor RK, Vlasuk GP, Ellis JL, Sinclair DA, Dawson J, Allison DB, Zhang Y, Becker KG, Bernier M, de Cabo R (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4010117">"The SIRT1 activator SRT1720 extends lifespan and improves health of mice fed a standard diet"</a>. Cell Rep. 6 (5): 836–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.celrep.2014.01.031">10.1016/j.celrep.2014.01.031</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4010117">4010117</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24582957">24582957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell+Rep&rft.atitle=The+SIRT1+activator+SRT1720+extends+lifespan+and+improves+health+of+mice+fed+a+standard+diet&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=836-43&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4010117%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24582957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.celrep.2014.01.031&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft.au=Martin-Montalvo%2C+A&rft.au=Mercken%2C+EM&rft.au=Palacios%2C+HH&rft.au=Ward%2C+TM&rft.au=Abulwerdi%2C+G&rft.au=Minor%2C+RK&rft.au=Vlasuk%2C+GP&rft.au=Ellis%2C+JL&rft.au=Sinclair%2C+DA&rft.au=Dawson%2C+J&rft.au=Allison%2C+DB&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Y&rft.au=Becker%2C+KG&rft.au=Bernier%2C+M&rft.au=de+Cabo%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4010117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22367546-111"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22367546_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanfiNaimanAmirPeshti2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kanfi Y, Naiman S, Amir G, Peshti V, Zinman G, Nahum L, Bar-Joseph Z, Cohen HY (2012). "The sirtuin SIRT6 regulates lifespan in male mice". Nature. 483 (7388): 218–21. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.483..218K">2012Natur.483..218K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10815">10.1038/nature10815</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22367546">22367546</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4417564">4417564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+sirtuin+SIRT6+regulates+lifespan+in+male+mice&rft.volume=483&rft.issue=7388&rft.pages=218-21&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature10815&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4417564%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22367546&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Natur.483..218K&rft.aulast=Kanfi&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Naiman%2C+S&rft.au=Amir%2C+G&rft.au=Peshti%2C+V&rft.au=Zinman%2C+G&rft.au=Nahum%2C+L&rft.au=Bar-Joseph%2C+Z&rft.au=Cohen%2C+HY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartSetlow1974" class="citation journal cs1">Hart, RW; Setlow, RB (Jun 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC388412">"Correlation between deoxyribonucleic acid excision-repair and life-span in a number of mammalian species"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 71 (6): 2169–73. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974PNAS...71.2169H">1974PNAS...71.2169H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.71.6.2169">10.1073/pnas.71.6.2169</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC388412">388412</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4526202">4526202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Correlation+between+deoxyribonucleic+acid+excision-repair+and+life-span+in+a+number+of+mammalian+species.&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2169-73&rft.date=1974-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC388412%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4526202&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.71.6.2169&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974PNAS...71.2169H&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=RW&rft.au=Setlow%2C+RB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC388412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBürkleBrabeckDiefenbachBeneke2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bürkle, A; Brabeck, C; Diefenbach, J; Beneke, S (May 2005). "The emerging role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in longevity". Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 37 (5): 1043–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocel.2004.10.006">10.1016/j.biocel.2004.10.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15743677">15743677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int+J+Biochem+Cell+Biol&rft.atitle=The+emerging+role+of+poly%28ADP-ribose%29+polymerase-1+in+longevity&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1043-53&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biocel.2004.10.006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15743677&rft.aulast=B%C3%BCrkle&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Brabeck%2C+C&rft.au=Diefenbach%2C+J&rft.au=Beneke%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26729707-114"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid26729707_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacRaeCrokenCalderAliper2015" class="citation journal cs1">MacRae SL, Croken MM, Calder RB, Aliper A, Milholland B, White RR, Zhavoronkov A, Gladyshev VN, Seluanov A, Gorbunova V, Zhang ZD, Vijg J (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712340">"DNA repair in species with extreme lifespan differences"</a>. Aging. 7 (12): 1171–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18632%2Faging.100866">10.18632/aging.100866</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712340">4712340</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26729707">26729707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aging&rft.atitle=DNA+repair+in+species+with+extreme+lifespan+differences&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1171-84&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4712340%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26729707&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18632%2Faging.100866&rft.aulast=MacRae&rft.aufirst=SL&rft.au=Croken%2C+MM&rft.au=Calder%2C+RB&rft.au=Aliper%2C+A&rft.au=Milholland%2C+B&rft.au=White%2C+RR&rft.au=Zhavoronkov%2C+A&rft.au=Gladyshev%2C+VN&rft.au=Seluanov%2C+A&rft.au=Gorbunova%2C+V&rft.au=Zhang%2C+ZD&rft.au=Vijg%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4712340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lehmann_et_al.,_2006-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Lehmann_et_al.,_2006_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmannBudovskyMuradianFraifeld2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lehmann, Gilad; Budovsky, Arie; Muradian, K. Muradian; Fraifeld, Vadim E. (2006). "Mitochondrial genome anatomy and species-specific lifespan". Rejuvenation Res. 9 (2): 223–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Frej.2006.9.223">10.1089/rej.2006.9.223</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16706648">16706648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rejuvenation+Res&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+genome+anatomy+and+species-specific+lifespan&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223-6&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Frej.2006.9.223&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16706648&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Gilad&rft.au=Budovsky%2C+Arie&rft.au=Muradian%2C+K.+Muradian&rft.au=Fraifeld%2C+Vadim+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lehmann_et_al.,_2008-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Lehmann_et_al.,_2008_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmannSegalMuradianFraifeld2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lehmann, Gilad; Segal, Elena; Muradian, K. Muradian; Fraifeld, Vadim E. (2008). "Do mitochondrial DNA and metabolic rate complement each other in determination of the mammalian maximum longevity?". Rejuvenation Res. 11 (2): 409–417. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Frej.2008.0676">10.1089/rej.2008.0676</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18442324">18442324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rejuvenation+Res&rft.atitle=Do+mitochondrial+DNA+and+metabolic+rate+complement+each+other+in+determination+of+the+mammalian+maximum+longevity%3F&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=409-417&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Frej.2008.0676&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18442324&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Gilad&rft.au=Segal%2C+Elena&rft.au=Muradian%2C+K.+Muradian&rft.au=Fraifeld%2C+Vadim+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lehmann_et_al.,_2013-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Lehmann_et_al.,_2013_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmannMuradianFraifeld2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lehmann, Gilad; Muradian, K. Muradian; Fraifeld, Vadim E. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3680702">"Telomere length and body temperature-independent determinants of mammalian longevity?"</a>. Front Genet. 4 (111): 111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffgene.2013.00111">10.3389/fgene.2013.00111</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3680702">3680702</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23781235">23781235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Front+Genet&rft.atitle=Telomere+length+and+body+temperature-independent+determinants+of+mammalian+longevity%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=111&rft.pages=111&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3680702%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23781235&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffgene.2013.00111&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Gilad&rft.au=Muradian%2C+K.+Muradian&rft.au=Fraifeld%2C+Vadim+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3680702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorenBarzilayTacutuLehmann2016" class="citation journal cs1">Toren, Dmitri; Barzilay, Thomer; Tacutu, Robi; Lehmann, Gilad; Muradian, Khachik K.; Fraifeld, Vadim E. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702847">"MitoAge: a database for comparative analysis of mitochondrial DNA, with a special focus on animal longevity"</a>. Nucleic Acids Res. 44 (D1): D1262–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkv1187">10.1093/nar/gkv1187</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702847">4702847</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26590258">26590258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&rft.atitle=MitoAge%3A+a+database+for+comparative+analysis+of+mitochondrial+DNA%2C+with+a+special+focus+on+animal+longevity.&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=D1&rft.pages=D1262-5&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4702847%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26590258&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkv1187&rft.aulast=Toren&rft.aufirst=Dmitri&rft.au=Barzilay%2C+Thomer&rft.au=Tacutu%2C+Robi&rft.au=Lehmann%2C+Gilad&rft.au=Muradian%2C+Khachik+K.&rft.au=Fraifeld%2C+Vadim+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4702847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whittemore2019-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whittemore2019_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whittemore2019_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittemoreMartínez-NevadoBlasco2019" class="citation journal cs1">Whittemore K, Martínez-Nevado E, Blasco MA (November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6874430">"Slower rates of accumulation of DNA damage in leukocytes correlate with longer lifespans across several species of birds and mammals"</a>. Aging (Albany NY). 11 (21): 9829–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18632%2Faging.102430">10.18632/aging.102430</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6874430">6874430</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31730540">31730540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aging+%28Albany+NY%29&rft.atitle=Slower+rates+of+accumulation+of+DNA+damage+in+leukocytes+correlate+with+longer+lifespans+across+several+species+of+birds+and+mammals&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=9829-45&rft.date=2019-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6874430%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31730540&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18632%2Faging.102430&rft.aulast=Whittemore&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Nevado%2C+E&rft.au=Blasco%2C+MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6874430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vlachogiannis2023-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vlachogiannis2023_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vlachogiannis2023_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVlachogiannisNtourosPappaKravvariti2023" class="citation journal cs1">Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Pappa M, Kravvariti E, Kostaki EG, Fragoulis GE, Papanikolaou C, Mavroeidi D, Bournia VK, Panopoulos S, Laskari K, Arida A, Gorgoulis VG, Tektonidou MG, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP, Souliotis VL (April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10138488">"Chronological Age and DNA Damage Accumulation in Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Linear Association in Healthy Humans after 50 Years of Age"</a>. Int J Mol Sci. 24 (8): 7148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms24087148">10.3390/ijms24087148</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10138488">10138488</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37108309">37108309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int+J+Mol+Sci&rft.atitle=Chronological+Age+and+DNA+Damage+Accumulation+in+Blood+Mononuclear+Cells%3A+A+Linear+Association+in+Healthy+Humans+after+50+Years+of+Age&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=7148&rft.date=2023-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10138488%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37108309&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijms24087148&rft.aulast=Vlachogiannis&rft.aufirst=NI&rft.au=Ntouros%2C+PA&rft.au=Pappa%2C+M&rft.au=Kravvariti%2C+E&rft.au=Kostaki%2C+EG&rft.au=Fragoulis%2C+GE&rft.au=Papanikolaou%2C+C&rft.au=Mavroeidi%2C+D&rft.au=Bournia%2C+VK&rft.au=Panopoulos%2C+S&rft.au=Laskari%2C+K&rft.au=Arida%2C+A&rft.au=Gorgoulis%2C+VG&rft.au=Tektonidou%2C+MG&rft.au=Paraskevis%2C+D&rft.au=Sfikakis%2C+PP&rft.au=Souliotis%2C+VL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10138488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaidyaMaoTianSpencer2014" class="citation journal cs1">Vaidya A, Mao Z, Tian X, Spencer B, Seluanov A, Gorbunova V (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4102425">"Knock-in reporter mice demonstrate that DNA repair by non-homologous end joining declines with age"</a>. PLOS Genet. 10 (7): e1004511. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1004511">10.1371/journal.pgen.1004511</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4102425">4102425</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25033455">25033455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genet&rft.atitle=Knock-in+reporter+mice+demonstrate+that+DNA+repair+by+non-homologous+end+joining+declines+with+age&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e1004511&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4102425%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25033455&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1004511&rft.aulast=Vaidya&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Mao%2C+Z&rft.au=Tian%2C+X&rft.au=Spencer%2C+B&rft.au=Seluanov%2C+A&rft.au=Gorbunova%2C+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4102425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiZhangChenGuo2016" class="citation journal cs1">Li Z, Zhang W, Chen Y, Guo W, Zhang J, Tang H, Xu Z, Zhang H, Tao Y, Wang F, Jiang Y, Sun FL, Mao Z (November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5071568">"Impaired DNA double-strand break repair contributes to the age-associated rise of genomic instability in humans"</a>. Cell Death Differ. 23 (11): 1765–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fcdd.2016.65">10.1038/cdd.2016.65</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5071568">5071568</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27391797">27391797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell+Death+Differ&rft.atitle=Impaired+DNA+double-strand+break+repair+contributes+to+the+age-associated+rise+of+genomic+instability+in+humans&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1765-77&rft.date=2016-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5071568%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27391797&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fcdd.2016.65&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Zhang%2C+W&rft.au=Chen%2C+Y&rft.au=Guo%2C+W&rft.au=Zhang%2C+J&rft.au=Tang%2C+H&rft.au=Xu%2C+Z&rft.au=Zhang%2C+H&rft.au=Tao%2C+Y&rft.au=Wang%2C+F&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Y&rft.au=Sun%2C+FL&rft.au=Mao%2C+Z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5071568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithNoren_HootenModeZonderman2023" class="citation journal cs1">Smith JT, Noren Hooten N, Mode NA, Zonderman AB, Ezike N, Kaushal S, Evans MK (September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10807508">"Frailty, sex, and poverty are associated with DNA damage and repair in frail, middle-aged urban adults"</a>. DNA Repair (Amst). 129: 103530. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dnarep.2023.103530">10.1016/j.dnarep.2023.103530</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10807508">10807508</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37437502">37437502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DNA+Repair+%28Amst%29&rft.atitle=Frailty%2C+sex%2C+and+poverty+are+associated+with+DNA+damage+and+repair+in+frail%2C+middle-aged+urban+adults&rft.volume=129&rft.pages=103530&rft.date=2023-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10807508%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37437502&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.dnarep.2023.103530&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=JT&rft.au=Noren+Hooten%2C+N&rft.au=Mode%2C+NA&rft.au=Zonderman%2C+AB&rft.au=Ezike%2C+N&rft.au=Kaushal%2C+S&rft.au=Evans%2C+MK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10807508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9587069-124"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9587069_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuirasMüllerSchächterBürkle1998" class="citation journal cs1">Muiras ML, Müller M, Schächter F, Bürkle A (1998). "Increased poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity in lymphoblastoid cell lines from centenarians". J. Mol. Med. 76 (5): 346–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs001090050226">10.1007/s001090050226</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9587069">9587069</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24616650">24616650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Mol.+Med.&rft.atitle=Increased+poly%28ADP-ribose%29+polymerase+activity+in+lymphoblastoid+cell+lines+from+centenarians&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=346-54&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24616650%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9587069&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs001090050226&rft.aulast=Muiras&rft.aufirst=ML&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+M&rft.au=Sch%C3%A4chter%2C+F&rft.au=B%C3%BCrkle%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagnerCameron-SmithWessnerFranzke2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wagner KH, Cameron-Smith D, Wessner B, Franzke B (2 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4924179">"Biomarkers of aging: from function to molecular biology"</a>. Nutrients. 8 (6): 338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu8060338">10.3390/nu8060338</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4924179">4924179</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27271660">27271660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrients&rft.atitle=Biomarkers+of+aging%3A+from+function+to+molecular+biology&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=338&rft.date=2016-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4924179%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27271660&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fnu8060338&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=KH&rft.au=Cameron-Smith%2C+D&rft.au=Wessner%2C+B&rft.au=Franzke%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4924179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanchez-RomanFerrandoHolstMengel-From2022" class="citation journal cs1">Sanchez-Roman I, Ferrando B, Holst CM, Mengel-From J, Rasmussen SH, Thinggaard M, Bohr VA, Christensen K, Stevnsner T (February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8810979">"Molecular markers of DNA repair and brain metabolism correlate with cognition in centenarians"</a>. Geroscience. 44 (1): 103–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11357-021-00502-2">10.1007/s11357-021-00502-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8810979">8810979</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34966960">34966960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geroscience&rft.atitle=Molecular+markers+of+DNA+repair+and+brain+metabolism+correlate+with+cognition+in+centenarians&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=103-125&rft.date=2022-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8810979%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34966960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11357-021-00502-2&rft.aulast=Sanchez-Roman&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Ferrando%2C+B&rft.au=Holst%2C+CM&rft.au=Mengel-From%2C+J&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+SH&rft.au=Thinggaard%2C+M&rft.au=Bohr%2C+VA&rft.au=Christensen%2C+K&rft.au=Stevnsner%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8810979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27382229-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27382229_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27382229_127-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJirge_PR2016" class="citation journal cs1">Jirge PR (Apr–Jun 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4915288">"Poor ovarian reserve"</a>. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences. 9 (2): 63–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0974-1208.183514">10.4103/0974-1208.183514</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4915288">4915288</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27382229">27382229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Reproductive+Sciences&rft.atitle=Poor+ovarian+reserve&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=63-9&rft.date=2016-04%2F2016-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4915288%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27382229&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0974-1208.183514&rft.au=Jirge+PR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4915288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18192670-128"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18192670_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenKnowltonThyerCharleston2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen KR, Knowlton NS, Thyer AC, Charleston JS, Soules MR, Klein NA (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhumrep%2Fdem408">"A new model of reproductive aging: the decline in ovarian non-growing follicle number from birth to menopause"</a>. Hum. Reprod. 23 (3): 699–708. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhumrep%2Fdem408">10.1093/humrep/dem408</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18192670">18192670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hum.+Reprod.&rft.atitle=A+new+model+of+reproductive+aging%3A+the+decline+in+ovarian+non-growing+follicle+number+from+birth+to+menopause&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=699-708&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhumrep%2Fdem408&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18192670&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=KR&rft.au=Knowlton%2C+NS&rft.au=Thyer%2C+AC&rft.au=Charleston%2C+JS&rft.au=Soules%2C+MR&rft.au=Klein%2C+NA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fhumrep%252Fdem408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOktayKimBaradBabayev2010" class="citation journal cs1">Oktay, Kutluk; Kim, Ja Yeon; Barad, David; Babayev, Samir N. (2010-01-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3040011">"Association of BRCA1 mutations with occult primary ovarian insufficiency: a possible explanation for the link between infertility and breast/ovarian cancer risks"</a>. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 28 (2): 240–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2009.24.2057">10.1200/JCO.2009.24.2057</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-7755">1527-7755</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3040011">3040011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19996028">19996028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Oncology&rft.atitle=Association+of+BRCA1+mutations+with+occult+primary+ovarian+insufficiency%3A+a+possible+explanation+for+the+link+between+infertility+and+breast%2Fovarian+cancer+risks&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=240-4&rft.date=2010-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3040011%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1527-7755&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19996028&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1200%2FJCO.2009.24.2057&rft.aulast=Oktay&rft.aufirst=Kutluk&rft.au=Kim%2C+Ja+Yeon&rft.au=Barad%2C+David&rft.au=Babayev%2C+Samir+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3040011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOktayTuranTitusStobezki2015" class="citation journal cs1">Oktay, Kutluk; Turan, Volkan; Titus, Shiny; Stobezki, Robert; Liu, Lin (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4710189">"BRCA Mutations, DNA Repair Deficiency, and Ovarian Aging"</a>. Biology of Reproduction. 93 (3): 67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1095%2Fbiolreprod.115.132290">10.1095/biolreprod.115.132290</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3363">0006-3363</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4710189">4710189</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26224004">26224004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+of+Reproduction&rft.atitle=BRCA+Mutations%2C+DNA+Repair+Deficiency%2C+and+Ovarian+Aging&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=67&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4710189%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0006-3363&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26224004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1095%2Fbiolreprod.115.132290&rft.aulast=Oktay&rft.aufirst=Kutluk&rft.au=Turan%2C+Volkan&rft.au=Titus%2C+Shiny&rft.au=Stobezki%2C+Robert&rft.au=Liu%2C+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4710189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinTitusMoyGinsburg2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lin, Wayne; Titus, Shiny; Moy, Fred; Ginsburg, Elizabeth S.; Oktay, Kutluk (October 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5630253">"Ovarian Aging in Women With BRCA Germline Mutations"</a>. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 102 (10): 3839–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjc.2017-00765">10.1210/jc.2017-00765</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1945-7197">1945-7197</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5630253">5630253</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28938488">28938488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Endocrinology+and+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Ovarian+Aging+in+Women+With+BRCA+Germline+Mutations&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=3839-47&rft.date=2017-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5630253%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1945-7197&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28938488&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fjc.2017-00765&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft.au=Titus%2C+Shiny&rft.au=Moy%2C+Fred&rft.au=Ginsburg%2C+Elizabeth+S.&rft.au=Oktay%2C+Kutluk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5630253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Titus-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Titus_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Titus_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTitusLiStobezkiAkula2013" class="citation journal cs1">Titus S, Li F, Stobezki R, Akula K, Unsal E, Jeong K, Dickler M, Robson M, Moy F, Goswami S, Oktay K (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5130338">"Impairment of BRCA1-related DNA double-strand break repair leads to ovarian aging in mice and humans"</a>. Sci Transl Med. 5 (172): 172ra21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscitranslmed.3004925">10.1126/scitranslmed.3004925</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5130338">5130338</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23408054">23408054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sci+Transl+Med&rft.atitle=Impairment+of+BRCA1-related+DNA+double-strand+break+repair+leads+to+ovarian+aging+in+mice+and+humans&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=172&rft.pages=172ra21&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5130338%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23408054&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscitranslmed.3004925&rft.aulast=Titus&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Li%2C+F&rft.au=Stobezki%2C+R&rft.au=Akula%2C+K&rft.au=Unsal%2C+E&rft.au=Jeong%2C+K&rft.au=Dickler%2C+M&rft.au=Robson%2C+M&rft.au=Moy%2C+F&rft.au=Goswami%2C+S&rft.au=Oktay%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5130338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuranOktay2020" class="citation journal cs1">Turan, Volkan; Oktay, Kutluk (2020-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6935693">"BRCA-related ATM-mediated DNA double-strand break repair and ovarian aging"</a>. Human Reproduction Update. 26 (1): 43–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhumupd%2Fdmz043">10.1093/humupd/dmz043</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1355-4786">1355-4786</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6935693">6935693</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31822904">31822904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Reproduction+Update&rft.atitle=BRCA-related+ATM-mediated+DNA+double-strand+break+repair+and+ovarian+aging&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-57&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6935693%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1355-4786&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31822904&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhumupd%2Fdmz043&rft.aulast=Turan&rft.aufirst=Volkan&rft.au=Oktay%2C+Kutluk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6935693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16773440-134"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16773440_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRzepka-GórskaTarnowskiChudecka-GłazGórski2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rzepka-Górska I, Tarnowski B, Chudecka-Głaz A, Górski B, Zielińska D, Tołoczko-Grabarek A (2006). "Premature menopause in patients with BRCA1 gene mutation". Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 100 (1): 59–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10549-006-9220-1">10.1007/s10549-006-9220-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16773440">16773440</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19572648">19572648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Breast+Cancer+Res.+Treat.&rft.atitle=Premature+menopause+in+patients+with+BRCA1+gene+mutation&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-63&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19572648%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16773440&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10549-006-9220-1&rft.aulast=Rzepka-G%C3%B3rska&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Tarnowski%2C+B&rft.au=Chudecka-G%C5%82az%2C+A&rft.au=G%C3%B3rski%2C+B&rft.au=Zieli%C5%84ska%2C+D&rft.au=To%C5%82oczko-Grabarek%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26414677-135"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid26414677_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDayRuthThompson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Day FR, Ruth KS, Thompson DJ, et al. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4661791">"Large-scale genomic analyses link reproductive aging to hypothalamic signaling, breast cancer susceptibility and BRCA1-mediated DNA repair"</a>. Nat. Genet. 47 (11): 1294–303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.3412">10.1038/ng.3412</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4661791">4661791</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26414677">26414677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat.+Genet.&rft.atitle=Large-scale+genomic+analyses+link+reproductive+aging+to+hypothalamic+signaling%2C+breast+cancer+susceptibility+and+BRCA1-mediated+DNA+repair&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1294-303&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4661791%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26414677&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fng.3412&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=FR&rft.au=Ruth%2C+KS&rft.au=Thompson%2C+DJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4661791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23953979-136"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23953979_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuRoks2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wu H, Roks AJ (2014). "Genomic instability and vascular aging: a focus on nucleotide excision repair". Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 24 (2): 61–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tcm.2013.06.005">10.1016/j.tcm.2013.06.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23953979">23953979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Cardiovasc.+Med.&rft.atitle=Genomic+instability+and+vascular+aging%3A+a+focus+on+nucleotide+excision+repair&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=61-8&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tcm.2013.06.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23953979&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Roks%2C+AJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27213333-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27213333_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27213333_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBautista-NiñoPortilla-FernandezVaughanDanser2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bautista-Niño PK, Portilla-Fernandez E, Vaughan DE, Danser AH, Roks AJ (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4881569">"DNA damage: a main determinant of vascular aging"</a>. Int J Mol Sci. 17 (5): 748. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms17050748">10.3390/ijms17050748</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4881569">4881569</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27213333">27213333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int+J+Mol+Sci&rft.atitle=DNA+damage%3A+a+main+determinant+of+vascular+aging&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=748&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4881569%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27213333&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijms17050748&rft.aulast=Bautista-Ni%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=PK&rft.au=Portilla-Fernandez%2C+E&rft.au=Vaughan%2C+DE&rft.au=Danser%2C+AH&rft.au=Roks%2C+AJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4881569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid28347738-138"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid28347738_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahBennett2017" class="citation journal cs1">Shah AV, Bennett MR (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/264776">"DNA damage-dependent mechanisms of ageing and disease in the macro- and microvasculature"</a>. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 816: 116–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejphar.2017.03.050">10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.03.050</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28347738">28347738</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1034518">1034518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eur.+J.+Pharmacol.&rft.atitle=DNA+damage-dependent+mechanisms+of+ageing+and+disease+in+the+macro-+and+microvasculature&rft.volume=816&rft.pages=116-128&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1034518%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28347738&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ejphar.2017.03.050&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=AV&rft.au=Bennett%2C+MR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.cam.ac.uk%2Fhandle%2F1810%2F264776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26174609-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26174609_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26174609_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrygaBennett2016" class="citation journal cs1">Uryga AK, Bennett MR (15 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4933105">"Ageing induced vascular smooth muscle cell senescence in atherosclerosis"</a>. J Physiol. 594 (8): 2115–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1113%2FJP270923">10.1113/JP270923</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4933105">4933105</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26174609">26174609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Physiol&rft.atitle=Ageing+induced+vascular+smooth+muscle+cell+senescence+in+atherosclerosis&rft.volume=594&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2115-24&rft.date=2016-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4933105%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26174609&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1113%2FJP270923&rft.aulast=Uryga&rft.aufirst=AK&rft.au=Bennett%2C+MR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4933105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haganreview-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haganreview_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haganreview_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDingMaiurio'Hagan2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ding, Ning; Maiuri, Ashley R.; o'Hagan, Heather M. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6690501">"The emerging role of epigenetic modifiers in repair of DNA damage associated with chronic inflammatory diseases"</a>. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research. 780: 69–81. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019MRRMR.780...69D">2019MRRMR.780...69D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mrrev.2017.09.005">10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.09.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6690501">6690501</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31395351">31395351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mutation+Research%2FReviews+in+Mutation+Research&rft.atitle=The+emerging+role+of+epigenetic+modifiers+in+repair+of+DNA+damage+associated+with+chronic+inflammatory+diseases&rft.volume=780&rft.pages=69-81&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6690501%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31395351&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mrrev.2017.09.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019MRRMR.780...69D&rft.aulast=Ding&rft.aufirst=Ning&rft.au=Maiuri%2C+Ashley+R.&rft.au=o%27Hagan%2C+Heather+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6690501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chiba-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Chiba_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChibaMarusawaUshijima2012" class="citation journal cs1">Chiba T, Marusawa H, Ushijima T (2012). "Inflammation-associated cancer development in digestive organs: mechanisms and roles for genetic and epigenetic modulation". Gastroenterology. 143 (3): 550–563. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2012.07.009">10.1053/j.gastro.2012.07.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2433%2F160134">2433/160134</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22796521">22796521</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206226588">206226588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Inflammation-associated+cancer+development+in+digestive+organs%3A+mechanisms+and+roles+for+genetic+and+epigenetic+modulation&rft.volume=143&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=550-563&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2433%2F160134&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206226588%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22796521&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2012.07.009&rft.aulast=Chiba&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Marusawa%2C+H&rft.au=Ushijima%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26280003-142"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid26280003_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishidaKudo2014" class="citation journal cs1">Nishida N, Kudo M (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4531427">"Alteration of Epigenetic Profile in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Clinical Implications"</a>. Liver Cancer. 3 (3–4): 417–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000343860">10.1159/000343860</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4531427">4531427</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26280003">26280003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liver+Cancer&rft.atitle=Alteration+of+Epigenetic+Profile+in+Human+Hepatocellular+Carcinoma+and+Its+Clinical+Implications&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=417-27&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4531427%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26280003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000343860&rft.aulast=Nishida&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Kudo%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4531427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21576262-143"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21576262_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeatonBird2011" class="citation journal cs1">Deaton AM, Bird A (May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093116">"CpG islands and the regulation of transcription"</a>. Genes Dev. 25 (10): 1010–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgad.2037511">10.1101/gad.2037511</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093116">3093116</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21576262">21576262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genes+Dev.&rft.atitle=CpG+islands+and+the+regulation+of+transcription&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1010-22&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3093116%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21576262&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fgad.2037511&rft.aulast=Deaton&rft.aufirst=AM&rft.au=Bird%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3093116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid25913071-144"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid25913071_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesGoodmanKobor2015" class="citation journal cs1">Jones MJ, Goodman SJ, Kobor MS (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4693469">"DNA methylation and healthy human aging"</a>. Aging Cell. 14 (6): 924–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Facel.12349">10.1111/acel.12349</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4693469">4693469</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25913071">25913071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aging+Cell&rft.atitle=DNA+methylation+and+healthy+human+aging&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=924-32&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4693469%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25913071&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Facel.12349&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=MJ&rft.au=Goodman%2C+SJ&rft.au=Kobor%2C+MS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4693469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+damage+theory+of+aging" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Senescence_(biology_of_ageing)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Senescence" title="Template:Senescence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Senescence" title="Template talk:Senescence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Senescence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Senescence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Senescence_(biology_of_ageing)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">Senescence</a> (biology of ageing)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">Senescence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antagonistic_pleiotropy_hypothesis" title="Antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis">Antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catabiosis" title="Catabiosis">Catabiosis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DNA damage theory of aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_ageing" title="Evolution of ageing">Evolution of ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-radical_theory_of_aging" title="Free-radical theory of aging">Free-radical theory of aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayflick_limit" title="Hayflick limit">Hayflick limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunosenescence" title="Immunosenescence">Immunosenescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligible_senescence" title="Negligible senescence">Negligible senescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_theory_of_aging" title="Network theory of aging">Network theory of aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_senescence" title="Plant senescence">Plant senescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_theory_of_aging_and_longevity" title="Reliability theory of aging and longevity">Reliability theory of aging and longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_shadow" title="Selection shadow">Selection shadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_theory_of_aging" title="Stem cell theory of aging">Stem cell theory of aging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_mutation" title="Adaptive mutation">Adaptive mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_immortality" title="Biological immortality">Biological immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGK733_fraud" title="CGK733 fraud">CGK733 fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indefinite_lifespan" class="mw-redirect" title="Indefinite lifespan">Indefinite lifespan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">Life extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-living_organisms" title="List of longest-living organisms">List of longest-living organisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_life_span" title="Maximum life span">Maximum life span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(biology)" title="Regeneration (biology)">Regeneration (biology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejuvenation_(aging)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejuvenation (aging)">Rejuvenation (aging)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategies_for_engineered_negligible_senescence" title="Strategies for engineered negligible senescence">Strategies for engineered negligible senescence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&oldid=1259902919">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&oldid=1259902919</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:DNA" title="Category:DNA">DNA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Programmed_cell_death" title="Category:Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Proximate_theories_of_biological_ageing" title="Category:Proximate theories of biological ageing">Proximate theories of biological ageing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Senescence" title="Category:Senescence">Senescence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_biological_ageing" title="Category:Theories of biological ageing">Theories of biological ageing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_ageing" title="Category:Theories of ageing">Theories of ageing</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_overkill" title="Category:Citation overkill">Citation overkill</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_tagged_with_the_inline_citation_overkill_template_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from November 2024">Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_July_2017" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from July 2017">Articles lacking reliable references from July 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 18:43 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_damage_theory_of_aging&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5767f597fb-vrm7n","wgBackendResponseTime":224,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.912","walltime":"2.030","ppvisitednodes":{"value":14083,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":507569,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":18728,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":631501,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1831.283 1 -total"," 64.94% 1189.168 1 Template:Reflist"," 55.48% 1016.076 137 Template:Cite_journal"," 12.12% 221.959 28 Template:Fix"," 9.98% 182.819 22 Template:Cn"," 5.26% 96.400 55 Template:Category_handler"," 4.50% 82.371 1 Template:Senescence"," 4.43% 81.156 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.42% 80.910 5 Template:Overcite"," 4.39% 80.388 1 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.297","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7048619,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","260","17.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","13.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","8.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","8.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","5.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","4.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","2.7"],["ORIGIN \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:807\u003E","40","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","2.7"],["[others]","440","30.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5566db54f9-2b444","timestamp":"20241127184358","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"DNA damage theory of aging","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DNA_damage_theory_of_aging","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5205751","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5205751","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-04-22T20:39:22Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T18:43:46Z","headline":"hypothesis that aging is caused by accumulated DNA damage"}</script> </body> </html>