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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Macro_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macro_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Macro approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macro_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marxist_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marxist_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Marxist view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marxist_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ted_Gurr:_Roots_of_political_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ted_Gurr:_Roots_of_political_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Ted Gurr: Roots of political violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ted_Gurr:_Roots_of_political_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charles_Tilly:_Centrality_of_collective_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charles_Tilly:_Centrality_of_collective_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Charles Tilly: Centrality of collective action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charles_Tilly:_Centrality_of_collective_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chalmers_Johnson_and_societal_values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chalmers_Johnson_and_societal_values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Chalmers Johnson and societal values</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chalmers_Johnson_and_societal_values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theda_Skocpol_and_the_autonomy_of_the_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theda_Skocpol_and_the_autonomy_of_the_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Theda Skocpol and the autonomy of the state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theda_Skocpol_and_the_autonomy_of_the_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microfoundational_evidence_on_causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microfoundational_evidence_on_causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Microfoundational evidence on causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microfoundational_evidence_on_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Rational_Peasant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Rational_Peasant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span><i>The Rational Peasant</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Rational_Peasant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opportunity_cost_of_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opportunity_cost_of_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.1</span> <span>Opportunity cost of rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opportunity_cost_of_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selective_incentives_based_on_group_membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selective_incentives_based_on_group_membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.2</span> <span>Selective incentives based on group membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selective_incentives_based_on_group_membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greed_vs_grievance_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greed_vs_grievance_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.3</span> <span>Greed vs grievance model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greed_vs_grievance_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Moral_Economy_of_the_Peasant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Moral_Economy_of_the_Peasant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span><i>The Moral Economy of the Peasant</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Moral_Economy_of_the_Peasant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_conceptualization:_E._P._Thompson_and_bread_riots_in_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_conceptualization:_E._P._Thompson_and_bread_riots_in_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.1</span> <span>Early conceptualization: E. P. Thompson and bread riots in England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_conceptualization:_E._P._Thompson_and_bread_riots_in_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-James_C._Scott_and_the_formalization_of_the_moral_economy_argument" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#James_C._Scott_and_the_formalization_of_the_moral_economy_argument"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.2</span> <span>James C. Scott and the formalization of the moral economy argument</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-James_C._Scott_and_the_formalization_of_the_moral_economy_argument-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_non-material_incentives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_non-material_incentives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.3</span> <span>Other non-material incentives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_non-material_incentives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recruitment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recruitment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Recruitment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recruitment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebel_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebel_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rebel governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebel_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Peace agreements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rebellion</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opstand" title="Opstand – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Opstand" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="تمرد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تمرد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%B3n" title="Rebelión – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Rebelión" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%B3n" title="Rebelión – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rebelión" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayt%27awi" title="Sayt'awi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Sayt'awi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Csyan" title="Üsyan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Üsyan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عوصیان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عوصیان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Паўстанне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўстанне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Въстание – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въстание" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel%C2%B7li%C3%B3" title="Rebel·lió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rebel·lió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%83%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Пăлхав – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пăлхав" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Povstání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Povstání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chindunduma" title="Chindunduma – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chindunduma" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwrthryfel" title="Gwrthryfel – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwrthryfel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opr%C3%B8r" title="Oprør – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oprør" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufstand" title="Aufstand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aufstand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4ss" title="Mäss – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mäss" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%B3n" title="Rebelión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rebelión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribelo" title="Ribelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ribelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matxinada" title="Matxinada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Matxinada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85" title="قیام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قیام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volte" title="Révolte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opst%C3%A2n" title="Opstân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Opstân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%B3n" title="Rebelión – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rebelión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EB%9E%80" title="반란 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반란" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ապստամբություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ապստամբություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9" title="विद्रोह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विद्रोह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustanak" title="Ustanak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ustanak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberontakan" title="Pemberontakan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemberontakan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppreisn" title="Uppreisn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Uppreisn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribellione" title="Ribellione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ribellione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93" title="מרד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86" title="ದಂಗೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದಂಗೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81" title="Көтеріліс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көтеріліс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1zad%C3%A1s" title="Lázadás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lázadás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Бослого – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бослого" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opstand" title="Opstand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Opstand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E4%B9%B1" title="反乱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="反乱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppr%C3%B8r" title="Opprør – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Opprør" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppreist" title="Oppreist – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oppreist" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rebellion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA_%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="بغاوت يا پاڅون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بغاوت يا پاڅون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie" title="Powstanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powstanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%A3o" title="Rebelião – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rebelião" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Восстание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восстание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebelimi" title="Rebelimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rebelimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rebellion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بغاوت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بغاوت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povstanie" title="Povstanie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Povstanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Устанак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Устанак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustanak" title="Ustanak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ustanak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapina" title="Kapina – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kapina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppror" title="Uppror – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Uppror" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="கிளர்ச்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிளர்ச்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Гыйсъян – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гыйсъян" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8F" title="การกบฏ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การกบฏ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0syan_(toplumsal)" title="İsyan (toplumsal) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İsyan (toplumsal)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Повстання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Повстання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بغاوت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بغاوت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BB%95i_lo%E1%BA%A1n" title="Nổi loạn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nổi loạn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1" title="叛乱 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="叛乱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Violent resistance against government</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about civil disorder. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rebellion (disambiguation)">Rebellion (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Revolt", "Insurrection", and "Uprising" redirect here. 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Revolutions" title="Category:Revolutions">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Political revolution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French Revolution"><img alt="French Revolution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/250px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/375px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/500px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5946" data-file-height="4771" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By class</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_revolution" title="Bourgeois revolution">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_revolution" title="Democratic revolution">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By other characteristic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_from_above" title="Revolution from above">From above</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_revolution" title="Nonviolent revolution">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_revolution" title="Passive revolution">Passive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">Permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_wave" title="Revolutionary wave">Wave</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Methods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disorder" title="Civil disorder">Civil disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentious_politics" title="Contentious politics">Contentious politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_chain_(politics)" title="Human chain (politics)">Human chain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mobilization" title="Mass mobilization">Mass mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">Resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Disobedience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">Samizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_terror" title="Revolutionary terror">Terror</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Examples</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Revolution" title="English Revolution">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Revolutions" title="Atlantic Revolutions">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabant_Revolution" title="Brabant Revolution">Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Revolution" title="Liège Revolution">Liège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1820">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830" title="Revolutions of 1830">1830</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">1848</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states">Italian states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in Germany">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_unification" title="Bulgarian unification">Bulgarian unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine</a></li> <li>Iranian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Xinhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">1917–1923</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_Revolution_of_1932" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamese Revolution of 1932">Siamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Revolution" title="Guatemalan Revolution">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">1989</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">Yogurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" 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title="Second Arab Spring">Second Arab Spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_revolution" title="Sudanese revolution">Sudanese</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Revolution_sidebar" title="Template:Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Revolution_sidebar" title="Template talk:Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Revolution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rebellion</b> is a violent uprising against one's government.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <b>rebel</b> is a person who engages in a rebellion. A <b>rebel group</b> is a consciously coordinated group that seeks to gain political control over an entire state or a portion of a state.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rebellion is often caused by political, religious, or social grievances that originate from a perceived inequality or marginalization. </p><p>The word "rebellion" comes from Latin "re" + "bellum,"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in Lockian philosophy, refers to the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_revolution" title="Right of revolution">responsibility of the people to overthrow unjust government</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_revolutions_and_rebellions" title="List of revolutions and rebellions">List of revolutions and rebellions</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/250px-Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/375px-Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/500px-Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8133" data-file-height="6181" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">storming of the Bastille</a>, 14 July 1789, during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marsigli_Filippo_-_The_Death_of_Markos_Botsaris_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Marsigli_Filippo_-_The_Death_of_Markos_Botsaris_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/250px-Marsigli_Filippo_-_The_Death_of_Markos_Botsaris_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Marsigli_Filippo_-_The_Death_of_Markos_Botsaris_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/375px-Marsigli_Filippo_-_The_Death_of_Markos_Botsaris_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Marsigli_Filippo_-_The_Death_of_Markos_Botsaris_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/500px-Marsigli_Filippo_-_The_Death_of_Markos_Botsaris_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3705" data-file-height="2540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>, (1821–30), rebellion of Greeks within the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, a struggle which resulted in the establishment of an independent <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>insurrection</b> is an armed rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <b>revolt</b> is a rebellion with an aim to replace a government, authority figure, law, or policy.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a government does not recognize rebels as <i><a href="/wiki/Belligerent" title="Belligerent">belligerents</a></i> then they are <i>insurgents</i> and the revolt is an <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a larger conflict the <i>rebels</i> may be recognized as <i>belligerents</i> without their government being recognized by the established government, in which case the conflict becomes a <i><a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil resistance</a></b> movements have often aimed at, and brought about, the fall of a government or head of state, and in these cases could be considered a form of <i>rebellion</i>. In many of these cases, the opposition movement saw itself not only as nonviolent, but also as upholding their country's constitutional system against a government that was unlawful, for example, if it had refused to acknowledge its defeat in an election.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Thus the term <i>rebel</i> does not always capture the element in some of these movements of acting to defend the rule of law and constitutionalism.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kings_Proclamation_1775_08_23.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kings_Proclamation_1775_08_23.png/220px-Kings_Proclamation_1775_08_23.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kings_Proclamation_1775_08_23.png/330px-Kings_Proclamation_1775_08_23.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kings_Proclamation_1775_08_23.png/440px-Kings_Proclamation_1775_08_23.png 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macro_approach">Macro approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Macro approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following theories broadly build on the Marxist interpretation of rebellion. Rebellion is studied, in <a href="/wiki/Theda_Skocpol" title="Theda Skocpol">Theda Skocpol</a>'s words, by analyzing "objective relationships and conflicts among variously situated groups and nations, rather than the interests, outlooks, or ideologies of particular actors in revolutions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkocpol1979291_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkocpol1979291-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marxist_view">Marxist view</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marxist view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>'s analysis of revolutions sees such expression of <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a> not as anomic, episodic outbursts of discontents but rather the symptomatic expression of a particular set of objective but fundamentally contradicting class-based relations of power. The central tenet of Marxist philosophy, as expressed in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i></span>, is the analysis of society's mode of production (societal organization of technology and labor) and the relationships between people and their material conditions. Marx writes about "the hidden structure of society" that must be elucidated through an examination of "the direct relationship of the owners of the conditions of production to the direct producers". The conflict that arises from producers being dispossessed of the means of production, and therefore subject to the possessors who may appropriate their products, is at the origin of the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkocpol19797_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkocpol19797-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inner imbalance within these modes of production is derived from the conflicting modes of organization, such as capitalism emerging within feudalism, or more contemporarily socialism arising within capitalism. The dynamics engineered by these class frictions help class consciousness root itself in the collective imaginary. For example, the development of the bourgeoisie class went from an oppressed merchant class to urban independence, eventually gaining enough power to represent the state as a whole. Social movements, thus, are determined by an exogenous set of circumstances. The proletariat must also, according to Marx, go through the same process of self-determination which can only be achieved by friction against the bourgeoisie. In Marx's theory, revolutions are the "locomotives of history" because revolution ultimately leads to the overthrow of a parasitic ruling class and its antiquated mode of production. Later, rebellion attempts to replace it with a new system of political economy, one that is better suited to the new ruling class, thus enabling societal progress. The cycle of revolution, thus, replaces one mode of production with another through the constant class friction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkocpol19798_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkocpol19798-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ted_Gurr:_Roots_of_political_violence">Ted Gurr: Roots of political violence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ted Gurr: Roots of political violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his book <i>Why Men Rebel</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ted_Robert_Gurr" title="Ted Robert Gurr">Ted Gurr</a> looks at the roots of political violence itself applied to a rebellion framework. He defines political violence as: "all collective attacks within a political community against the <a href="/wiki/Political_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Political regime">political regime</a>, its actors [...] or its policies. The concept represents a set of events, a common property of which is the actual or threatened use of violence".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurr19703_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurr19703-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gurr sees in violence a voice of anger that manifests itself against the established order. More precisely, individuals become angry when they feel what Gurr labels as <a href="/wiki/Relative_deprivation_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative deprivation thesis">relative deprivation</a>, meaning the feeling of getting less than one is entitled to. He labels it formally as the "perceived discrepancy between value expectations and value capabilities".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurr197037_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurr197037-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gurr differentiates between three types of relative deprivation: </p> <ol><li><i>Decremental deprivation</i>: one's capacities decrease when expectations remain high. One example of this is the proliferation and thus depreciation of the value of higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurr197047_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurr197047-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Aspirational Deprivation</i>: one's capacities stay the same when expectations rise. An example would be a first-generation college student lacking the contacts and network to obtain a higher paying job while watching her better-prepared colleagues bypass her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurr197052_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurr197052-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Progressive deprivation</i>: expectation and capabilities increase but the former cannot keep up. A good example would be an automotive worker being increasingly marginalized by the automatization of the assembly line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurr197053_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurr197053-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Anger is thus comparative. One of his key insights is that "The potential for collective violence varies strongly with the intensity and scope of relative deprivation among members of a collectivity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurr197024_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurr197024-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that different individuals within society will have different propensities to rebel based on the particular internalization of their situation. As such, Gurr differentiates between three types of political violence:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurr197011_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurr197011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i>Turmoil</i> when only the mass population encounters relative deprivation;</li> <li><i>Conspiracy</i> when the population but especially the elite encounters relative deprivation;</li> <li><i>Internal War</i>, which includes revolution. In this case, the degree of organization is much higher than turmoil, and the revolution is intrinsically spread to all sections of society, unlike the conspiracy.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charles_Tilly:_Centrality_of_collective_action">Charles Tilly: Centrality of collective action</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Charles Tilly: Centrality of collective action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>From Mobilization to Revolution</i>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tilly" title="Charles Tilly">Charles Tilly</a> argues that political violence is a normal and endogenous reaction to competition for power between different groups within society. "Collective violence", Tilly writes, "is the product of just normal processes of competition among groups in order to obtain the power and implicitly to fulfill their desires".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETilly197854_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETilly197854-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proposes two models to analyze political violence: </p> <ol><li>The <i>polity</i> model takes into account government and groups jockeying for control over power. Thus, both the organizations holding power and the ones challenging them are included.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETilly1978ch3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETilly1978ch3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tilly labels those two groups "members" and "challengers".</li> <li>The <i>mobilization</i> model aims to describe the behavior of one single party to the political struggle for power. Tilly further divides the model into two sub-categories, one that deals with the internal dynamics of the group, and the other that is concerned with the "external relations" of the entity with other organizations and/or the government. According to Tilly, the cohesiveness of a group mainly relies on the strength of common interests and the degree of organization. Thus, to answer Gurr, anger alone does not automatically create political violence. Political action is contingent on the capacity to organize and unite. It is far from irrational and spontaneous.</li></ol> <p>Revolutions are included in this theory, although they remain for Tilly particularly extreme since the challenger(s) aim for nothing less than full control over power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETilly1978ch7_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETilly1978ch7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "revolutionary moment occurs when the population needs to choose to obey either the government or an alternative body who is engaged with the government in a zero-sum game. This is what Tilly calls "multiple sovereignty".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETilly1978213_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETilly1978213-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of a revolutionary movement hinges on "the formation of coalitions between members of the polity and the contenders advancing exclusive alternative claims to control over Government.".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETilly1978213_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETilly1978213-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chalmers_Johnson_and_societal_values">Chalmers Johnson and societal values</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chalmers Johnson and societal values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For Chalmers Johnson, rebellions are not so much the product of political violence or collective action but in "the analysis of viable, functioning societies".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19663_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson19663-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a quasi-biological manner, Johnson sees revolutions as symptoms of pathologies within the societal fabric. A healthy society, meaning a "value-coordinated social system"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson196636_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson196636-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> does not experience political violence. Johnson's equilibrium is at the intersection between the need for society to adapt to changes but at the same time firmly grounded in selective fundamental values. The legitimacy of political order, he posits, relies exclusively on its compliance with these societal values and in its capacity to integrate and adapt to any change. Rigidity is, in other words, inadmissible. Johnson writes "to make a revolution is to accept violence for the purpose of causing the system to change; more exactly, it is the purposive implementation of a strategy of violence in order to effect a change in social structure".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson196657_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson196657-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aim of a revolution is to re-align a political order on new societal values introduced by an externality that the system itself has not been able to process. Rebellions automatically must face a certain amount of coercion because by becoming "de-synchronized", the now illegitimate political order will have to use coercion to maintain its position. A simplified example would be the French Revolution when the Parisian Bourgeoisie did not recognize the core values and outlook of the King as synchronized with its own orientations. More than the King itself, what really sparked the violence was the uncompromising intransigence of the ruling class. Johnson emphasizes "the necessity of investigating a system's value structure and its problems in order to conceptualize the revolutionary situation in any meaningful way".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson196632_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson196632-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theda_Skocpol_and_the_autonomy_of_the_state">Theda Skocpol and the autonomy of the state</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Theda Skocpol and the autonomy of the state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Skocpol introduces the concept of the social revolution, to be contrasted with a political revolution. While the latter aims to change the polity, the former is "rapid, basic transformations of a society's state and class structures; and they are accompanied and in part carried through by class-based revolts from below".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkocpol19794_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkocpol19794-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social revolutions are a grassroots movement by nature because they do more than change the modalities of power, they aim to transform the fundamental social structure of society. As a corollary, this means that some "revolutions" may cosmetically change the organization of the monopoly over power without engineering any true change in the social fabric of society. Her analysis is limited to studying the French, Russian, and Chinese revolutions. Skocpol identifies three stages of the revolution in these cases (which she believes can be extrapolated and generalized), each accordingly accompanied by specific structural factors which in turn influence the social results of the political action: </p> <ol><li><i>The Collapse of the Old-Regime State</i>: this is an automatic consequence of certain structural conditions. She highlights the importance of international military and economic competition as well as the pressure of the misfunctioning of domestic affairs. More precisely, she sees the breakdown of the governing structures of society influenced by two theoretical actors, the "landed upper class" and the "imperial state".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkocpol197949_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkocpol197949-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both could be considered as "partners in exploitation" but in reality competed for resources: the state (monarchs) seek to build up military and economic power to ascertain their geopolitical influence. The upper class works in a logic of <a href="/wiki/Profit_maximization" title="Profit maximization">profit maximization</a>, meaning preventing as much as possible the state to extract resources. All three revolutions occurred, Skocpol argues, because states failed to be able to "mobilize extraordinary resources from the society and implement in the process reforms requiring structural transformations".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkocpol197950_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkocpol197950-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The apparently contradicting policies were mandated by a unique set of geopolitical competition and modernization. "Revolutionary political crises occurred because of the unsuccessful attempts of the Bourbon, Romanov, and Manchu regimes to cope with foreign pressures."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkocpol197950_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkocpol197950-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skocpol further concludes "the upshot was the disintegration of centralized administrative and military machinery that had theretofore provided the solely unified bulwark of social and political order".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkocpol197951_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkocpol197951-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Peasant Uprisings</i>: more than simply a challenge by the landed upper class in a difficult context, the state needs to be challenged by mass peasant uprisings in order to fall. These uprisings must be aimed not at the political structures <i>per se</i> but at the upper class itself so that the political revolution becomes a social one as well. Skocpol quotes Barrington Moore who famously wrote: "peasants [...] provided the dynamite to bring down the old building".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkocpol1979112_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkocpol1979112-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peasant uprisings are more effective depending on two given structural socioeconomic conditions: the level of autonomy (from both an economic and political point of view) peasant communities enjoy, and the degree of direct control the upper class on local politics. In other words, peasants must be able to have some degree of agency in order to be able to rebel. If the coercive structures of the state and/or the landowners keep a very close check on peasant activity, then there is no space to foment dissent.</li> <li><i>Societal Transformation</i>: this is the third and decisive step after the state organization has been seriously weakened and peasant revolts become widespread against landlords. The paradox of the three revolutions Skocpol studies is that stronger centralized and bureaucratic states emerge after the revolts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkocpol1979162_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkocpol1979162-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact parameters depend, again, on structural factors as opposed to voluntarist factors: in Russia, the new state found most support in the industrial base, rooting itself in cities. In China, most of the support for the revolt had been in the countryside, thus the new polity was grounded in rural areas. In France, the peasantry was not organized enough, and the urban centers not potent enough so that the new state was not firmly grounded in anything, partially explaining its artificiality.</li></ol> <p>Here is a summary of the causes and consequences of social revolutions in these three countries, according to Skocpol:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkocpol1979155_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkocpol1979155-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Conditions for political crises (A) </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th><i>Power structure</i> </th> <th><i>State of agrarian economy</i> </th> <th><i>International pressures</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th>France </th> <td>Landed-commercial upper class has moderate influence on the absolutist monarchy via bureaucracy </td> <td>Moderate growth </td> <td>Moderate, pressure from England </td></tr> <tr> <th>Russia </th> <td>Landed nobility has no influence in absolutist state </td> <td>Extensive growth, geographically unbalanced </td> <td>Extreme, string of defeats culminating with World War I </td></tr> <tr> <th>China </th> <td>Landed-commercial upper class has moderate influence on absolutist state via bureaucracy </td> <td>Slow growth </td> <td>Strong, imperialist intrusions </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Conditions for peasant insurrections (B) </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><i>Organization of agrarian communities</i> </th> <th><i>Autonomy of agrarian communities</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th>France </th> <td colspan="2">Peasants own 30–40% of the land and must pay tribute to the feudal landlord </td> <td>Relatively autonomous, distant control from royal officials </td></tr> <tr> <th>Russia </th> <td colspan="2">Peasants own 60% of the land, pay rent to landowners that are part of the community </td> <td>Sovereign, supervised by the bureaucracy </td></tr> <tr> <th>China </th> <td colspan="2">Peasants own 50% of the land and pay rent to the landowners, work exclusively on small plots, no real peasant community </td> <td>Landlords dominate local politics under the supervision of Imperial officials </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="3">Societal transformations (A + B) </th></tr> <tr> <th>France </th> <td colspan="3">Breakdown of absolutist state, important peasant revolts against feudal system </td></tr> <tr> <th>Russia </th> <td colspan="3">Failure of top-down bureaucratic reforms, eventual dissolution of the state and widespread peasant revolts against all privately owned land </td></tr> <tr> <th>China </th> <td colspan="3">Breakdown of absolutist state, disorganized peasant upheavals but no autonomous revolts against landowners </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microfoundational_evidence_on_causes">Microfoundational evidence on causes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Microfoundational evidence on causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following theories are all based on <a href="/wiki/Mancur_Olson" title="Mancur Olson">Mancur Olson</a>'s work in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Logic_of_Collective_Action" title="The Logic of Collective Action">The Logic of Collective Action</a></i>, a 1965 book that conceptualizes the inherent <a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">problem</a> with an activity that has concentrated costs and diffuse benefits. In this case, the benefits of rebellion are seen as a <a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">public good</a>, meaning one that is non-excludable and non-rivalrous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson19659_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson19659-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, the political benefits are generally shared by all in society if a rebellion is successful, not just the individuals that have partaken in the rebellion itself. Olson thus challenges the assumption that simple interests in common are all that is necessary for <a href="/wiki/Collective_action_theory" title="Collective action theory">collective action</a>. In fact, he argues the "<a href="/wiki/Free_rider_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Free rider problem">free rider</a>" possibility, a term that means to reap the benefits without paying the price, will deter rational individuals from collective action. That is, unless there is a clear benefit, a rebellion will not happen en masse. Thus, Olson shows that "selective incentives", only made accessible to individuals participating in the collective effort, can solve the free rider problem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson196576_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson196576-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Rational_Peasant"><i>The Rational Peasant</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Rational Peasant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Rational_Peasant:_The_Political_Economy_of_Rural_Society_in_Vietnam" title="The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam">The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam</a></div> <p>Samuel L. Popkin builds on Olson's argument in <i>The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam.</i> His theory is based on the figure of a hyper rational peasant that bases his decision to join (or not) a rebellion uniquely on a cost-benefit analysis. This formalist view of the collective action problem stresses the importance of individual economic rationality and self-interest: a peasant, according to Popkin, will disregard the ideological dimension of a social movement and focus instead on whether or not it will bring any practical benefit to him. According to Popkin, peasant society is based on a precarious structure of economic instability. Social norms, he writes, are "malleable, renegotiated, and shifting in accord with considerations of power and strategic interaction among individuals"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopkin197922_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopkin197922-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, the constant insecurity and inherent risk to the peasant condition, due to the peculiar nature of the patron-client relationship that binds the peasant to his landowner, forces the peasant to look inwards when he has a choice to make. Popkin argues that peasants rely on their "private, family investment for their long run security and that they will be interested in short term gain vis-à-vis the village. They will attempt to improve their long-run security by moving to a position with higher income and less variance".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopkin197923_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopkin197923-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popkin stresses this "investor logic" that one may not expect in agrarian societies, usually seen as pre-capitalist communities where traditional social and power structures prevent the accumulation of capital. Yet, the selfish determinants of collective action are, according to Popkin, a direct product of the inherent instability of peasant life. The goal of a laborer, for example, will be to move to a tenant position, then <a href="/wiki/Smallholding" title="Smallholding">smallholder</a>, then landlord; where there is less variance and more income. Voluntarism is thus non-existent in such communities. </p><p>Popkin singles out four variables that impact individual participation: </p> <ol><li>Contribution to the expenditure of resources: collective action has a cost in terms of contribution, and especially if it fails (an important consideration with regards to rebellion)</li> <li>Rewards : the direct (more income) and indirect (less oppressive central state) rewards for collective action</li> <li>Marginal impact of the peasant's contribution to the success of collective action</li> <li>Leadership "viability and trust" : to what extent the resources pooled will be effectively used.</li></ol> <p>Without any moral commitment to the community, this situation will engineer free riders. Popkin argues that selective incentives are necessary to overcome this problem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopkin197934_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopkin197934-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Opportunity_cost_of_rebellion">Opportunity cost of rebellion</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Opportunity cost of rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Political Scientist Christopher Blattman and World Bank economist Laura Ralston identify rebellious activity as an "occupational choice".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattmanRalston201522_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattmanRalston201522-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They draw a parallel between criminal activity and rebellion, arguing that the risks and potential payoffs an individual must calculate when making the decision to join such a movement remains similar between the two activities. In both cases, only a selected few reap important benefits, while most of the members of the group do not receive similar payoffs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattmanRalston201523_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattmanRalston201523-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The choice to rebel is inherently linked with its <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_cost" title="Opportunity cost">opportunity cost</a>, namely what an individual is ready to give up in order to rebel. Thus, the available options beside rebellious or criminal activity matter just as much as the rebellion itself when the individual makes the decision. Blattman and Ralston, however, recognize that "a poor person's best strategy" might be both rebellion illicit and legitimate activities at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattmanRalston201523_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattmanRalston201523-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals, they argue, can often have a varied "portofolio" of activities, suggesting that they all operate on a rational, profit maximizing logic. The authors conclude that the best way to fight rebellion is to increase its opportunity cost, both by more enforcement but also by minimizing the potential material gains of a rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattmanRalston201523_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattmanRalston201523-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Selective_incentives_based_on_group_membership">Selective incentives based on group membership</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Selective incentives based on group membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The decision to join a rebellion can be based on the prestige and social status associated with membership in the rebellious group. More than material incentives for the individual, rebellions offer their members <a href="/wiki/Club_good" title="Club good">club goods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">public goods</a> that are reserved only for the members inside that group. Economist <a href="/wiki/Eli_Berman" title="Eli Berman">Eli Berman</a> and Political Scientist David D. Laitin's study of radical religious groups show that the appeal of club goods can help explain individual membership. Berman and Laitin discuss <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide</a> operations, meaning acts that have the highest cost for an individual. They find that in such a framework, the real danger to an organization is not volunteering but preventing defection. Furthermore, the decision to enroll in such high stakes organization can be rationalized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBermanLaitin20081965_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBermanLaitin20081965-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berman and Laitin show that religious organizations supplant the state when it fails to provide an acceptable quality of public goods such a public safety, basic infrastructure, access to utilities, or schooling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBermanLaitin20081944_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBermanLaitin20081944-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suicide operations "can be explained as a costly signal of "commitment" to the community".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBermanLaitin20081943_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBermanLaitin20081943-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They further note "Groups less adept at extracting signals of commitment (sacrifices) may not be able to consistently enforce incentive compatibility."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBermanLaitin20081954_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBermanLaitin20081954-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, rebellious groups can organize themselves to <i>ask</i> of members proof of commitment to the cause. Club goods serve not so much to coax individuals into joining but to prevent defection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Greed_vs_grievance_model">Greed vs grievance model</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Greed vs grievance model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greed_versus_grievance" title="Greed versus grievance">Greed versus grievance</a></div> <p>World Bank economists <a href="/wiki/Paul_Collier" title="Paul Collier">Paul Collier</a> and Anke Hoeffler compare two dimensions of incentives: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a> rebellion: "motivated by predation of the rents from primary commodity exports, subject to an economic calculus of costs and a military survival constraint".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollierHoeffler200226_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollierHoeffler200226-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grievance" title="Grievance">Grievance</a> rebellion: "motivated by hatreds which might be intrinsic to ethnic and religious differences, or reflected objective resentments such as domination by an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic</a> majority, political repression, or <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollierHoeffler200226_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollierHoeffler200226-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two main sources of grievance are political exclusion and inequality.</li></ol> <p>Vollier and Hoeffler find that the model based on grievance variables systematically fails to predict past conflicts, while the model based on greed performs well. The authors posit that the high cost of risk to society is not taken into account seriously by the grievance model: individuals are fundamentally risk-averse. However, they allow that conflicts create grievances, which in turn can become risk factors. Contrary to established beliefs, they also find that a multiplicity of ethnic communities make society safer, since individuals will be automatically more cautious, at the opposite of the grievance model predictions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollierHoeffler200226_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollierHoeffler200226-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, the authors also note that the grievances expressed by members of the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> of a community in turmoil has an important on the continuation of violence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollierHoeffler200227_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollierHoeffler200227-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both greed and grievance thus need to be included in the reflection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Moral_Economy_of_the_Peasant"><i>The Moral Economy of the Peasant</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Moral Economy of the Peasant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Moral_Economy_of_the_Peasant" title="The Moral Economy of the Peasant">The Moral Economy of the Peasant</a></div> <p>Spearheaded by political scientist and anthropologist <a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. Scott">James C. Scott</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Moral_Economy_of_the_Peasant" title="The Moral Economy of the Peasant">The Moral Economy of the Peasant</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Moral_economy" title="Moral economy">moral economy</a> school considers moral variables such as social norms, moral values, interpretation of justice, and conception of duty to the community as the prime influencers of the decision to rebel. This perspective still adheres to Olson's framework, but it considers different variables to enter the cost/benefit analysis: the individual is still believed to be rational, albeit not on material but moral grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott19766_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott19766-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Early_conceptualization:_E._P._Thompson_and_bread_riots_in_England">Early conceptualization: E. P. Thompson and bread riots in England</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Early conceptualization: E. P. Thompson and bread riots in England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British historian <a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E.P. Thompson</a> is often cited as being the first to use the term "moral economy", he said in his 1991 publication that the term had been in use since the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_1991_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson_1991-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_1971_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson_1971-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1971 <i><a href="/wiki/Past_%26_Present_(journal)" title="Past & Present (journal)">Past & Present</a></i> journal article, <i>Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century</i>, he discussed English bread riots, and other localized form of rebellion by English peasants throughout the 18th century. He said that these events have been routinely dismissed as "riotous", with the connotation of being disorganized, spontaneous, undirected, and undisciplined. He wrote that, on the contrary, such riots involved a coordinated peasant action, from the pillaging of food convoys to the seizure of grain shops. A scholar such as Popkin has argued that peasants were trying to gain material benefits, such as more food. Thompson sees a legitimization factor, meaning "a belief that [the peasants] were defending traditional rights and customs". Thompson goes on to write: "[the riots were] legitimized by the assumptions of an older moral economy, which taught the immorality of any unfair method of forcing up the price of provisions by profiteering upon the necessities of the people". In 1991, twenty years after his original publication, Thompson said that his, "object of analysis was the <i>mentalité</i>, or, as [he] would prefer, the political culture, the expectations, traditions, and indeed, superstitions of the working population most frequently involved in actions in the market".<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_1991_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson_1991-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opposition between a traditional, paternalist, and the communitarian set of values clashing with the inverse liberal, capitalist, and market-derived ethics is central to explain rebellion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="James_C._Scott_and_the_formalization_of_the_moral_economy_argument">James C. Scott and the formalization of the moral economy argument</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: James C. Scott and the formalization of the moral economy argument"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 1976 book <i>The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia</i>, James C. Scott looks at the impact of exogenous economic and political shocks on peasant communities in Southeast Asia. Scott finds that peasants are mostly in the business of surviving and producing enough to subsist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott197615_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott197615-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, any extractive regime needs to respect this careful equilibrium. He labels this phenomenon the "subsistence ethic".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott197613_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott197613-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A landowner operating in such communities is seen to have the moral duty to prioritize the peasant's subsistence over his constant benefit. According to Scott, the powerful colonial state accompanied by market capitalism did not respect this fundamental hidden law in peasant societies. Rebellious movements occurred as the reaction to an emotional grief, a moral outrage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1976193_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1976193-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Other_non-material_incentives">Other non-material incentives</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other non-material incentives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chris_Blattman" title="Chris Blattman">Blattman</a> and Ralston recognize the importance of immaterial selective incentives, such as anger, outrage, and injustice ("grievance") in the roots of rebellions. These variables, they argue, are far from being irrational, as they are sometimes presented. They identify three main types of grievance arguments: </p> <ol><li><i>Intrinsic <a href="/wiki/Incentive" title="Incentive">incentives</a></i> holds that "<a href="/wiki/Injustice" title="Injustice">injustice</a> or perceived transgression generates an intrinsic willingness to punish or seek retribution".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattmanRalston201524_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattmanRalston201524-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than material rewards, individuals are naturally and automatically prompted to fight for justice if they feel they have been wronged. The <a href="/wiki/Ultimatum_game" title="Ultimatum game">ultimatum game</a> is an excellent illustration: player one receives $10 and must split it with another player who does not get the chance to determine how much he receives, but only if the deal is made or not (if he refuses, everyone loses their money). Rationally, player 2 should take whatever the deal is because it is better in absolute term ($1 more remains $1 more). However, player 2 is most likely unwilling to accept less than 2 or 2 dollars, meaning that they are willing to pay a-$2 for justice to be respected. This game, according to Blattman and Ralston, represents "the expressive pleasure people gain from punishing an injustice".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattmanRalston201524_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattmanRalston201524-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loss_aversion" title="Loss aversion">Loss aversion</a></i> holds that "people tend to evaluate their satisfaction relative to a reference point, and that they are 'loss adverse".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattmanRalston201525_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattmanRalston201525-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals prefer not losing over the risky strategy of making gains. There is a substantial <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjective</a> part to this, however, as some may realize alone and decide that they are comparatively less well off than a neighbor, for example. To "fix" this gap, individuals will in turn be ready to take great risks so as to not enshrine a loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattmanRalston201525_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattmanRalston201525-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Frustration-aggression</i>: this model holds that the immediate emotional reactions to highly stressful environments do not obey to any "direct utility benefit but rather a more impulsive and emotional response to a threat".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattmanRalston201525_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattmanRalston201525-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are limits to this theory: violent action is to a large extent a product of goals by an individual which are in turn determined by a set of <a href="/wiki/Preference" title="Preference">preferences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattmanRalston201526_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattmanRalston201526-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, this approach shows that contextual elements like economic precarity have a non-negligible impact on the conditions of the decisions to rebel at minimum.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recruitment">Recruitment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Recruitment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stathis N. Kalyvas, a political science professor at Yale University, argues that political violence is heavily influenced by hyperlocal socio-economic factors, from the mundane traditional family rivalries to repressed grudges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalyvas2003476_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvas2003476-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rebellion, or any sort of political violence, are not binary conflicts but must be understood as interactions between public and private identities and actions. The "convergence of local motives and supralocal imperatives" make studying and theorizing rebellion a very complex affair, at the intersection between the political and the private, the collective and the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalyvas2003475_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvas2003475-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kalyvas argues that we often try to group political conflicts according to two structural paradigms: </p> <ol><li>The idea that political violence, and more specifically rebellion, is characterized by a complete breakdown of authority and an anarchic state. This is inspired by Thomas Hobbes' views. The approach sees rebellion as being motivated by greed and loot, using violence to break down the power structures of society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalyvas2003476_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvas2003476-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The idea that all political violence is inherently motivated by an abstract group of loyalties and beliefs, "whereby the political enemy becomes a private adversary only by virtue of prior collective and impersonal enmity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalyvas2003476_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvas2003476-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Violence is thus not a "man to man" affair as much as a "state to state" struggle, if not an "idea vs idea" conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalyvas2003476_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvas2003476-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Kalyvas' key insight is that the central vs periphery dynamic is fundamental in political conflicts. Any individual actor, Kalyvas posits, enters into a calculated <i>alliance</i> with the collective.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalyvas2003486_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvas2003486-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rebellions thus cannot be analyzed in molar categories, nor should we assume that individuals are automatically in line with the rest of the actors simply by virtue of ideological, religious, ethnic, or class cleavage. The agency is located both within the collective and in the individual, in the universal and the local.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalyvas2003486_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvas2003486-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kalyvas writes: "Alliance entails a <i>transaction</i> between supralocal and local actors, whereby the former supply the later with external muscle, thus allowing them to win decisive local advantage, in exchange the former rely on local conflicts to recruit and motivate supporters and obtain local control, resources, and information- even when their ideological agenda is opposed to localism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalyvas2003486_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvas2003486-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals will thus aim to use the rebellion in order to gain some sort of local advantage, while the collective actors will aim to gain power. Violence is a mean as opposed to a goal, according to Kalyvas. </p><p>The greater takeaway from this central/local analytical lens is that violence is not an anarchic tactic or a manipulation by an ideology, but a conversation between the two. Rebellions are "concatenations of multiple and often disparate local cleavages, more or less loosely arranged around the master cleavage".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalyvas2003486_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvas2003486-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any pre-conceived explanation or theory of a conflict must not be placated on a situation, lest one will construct a reality that adapts itself to his pre-conceived idea. Kalyvas thus argues that political conflict is not always political in the sense that they cannot be reduced to a certain discourse, decisions, or ideologies from the "center" of collective action. Instead, the focus must be on "local cleavages and intracommunity dynamics".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalyvas2003487_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvas2003487-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, rebellion is not "a mere mechanism that opens up the floodgates to random and anarchical private violence".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalyvas2003487_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvas2003487-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather, it is the result of a careful and precarious alliance between local motivations and collective vectors to help the individual cause. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rebel_governance">Rebel governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Rebel governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rebel governance is the development of institutions, rules and norms by rebel groups with an intent to regulate civilians' social, economic and political life, usually in areas under the territorial control of the rebel groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rebel governance may include systems of taxation, regulations on social conduct, judicial systems, and public goods provision. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peace_agreements">Peace agreements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Peace agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One third of rebel leaders who sign peace agreements with the state experience exile, imprisonment, or unnatural death while two thirds go into regular politics or pursue further rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revolutions_and_rebellions" title="List of revolutions and rebellions">List of revolutions and rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_rebel_groups" title="List of active rebel groups">List of active rebel groups</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In supporting <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> on this issue, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> upheld his theory of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> as an <i>insurrection</i> against the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> government that could be suppressed according to the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">rules of war</a>. In this way, the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">United States</a> was able to fight the war as if it were an international war, without actually having to recognize the <i>de jure</i> existence of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoswellDixon1990" class="citation journal cs1">Boswell, Terry; Dixon, William J. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2095806">"Dependency and Rebellion: A Cross-National Analysis"</a>. <i>American Sociological Review</i>. <b>55</b> (4): 540–559. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2095806">10.2307/2095806</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1224">0003-1224</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2095806">2095806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Dependency+and+Rebellion%3A+A+Cross-National+Analysis&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=540-559&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0003-1224&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2095806%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2095806&rft.aulast=Boswell&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Dixon%2C+William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2095806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasfir2015" class="citation cs2">Kasfir, Nelson (2015), Arjona, Ana; Kasfir, Nelson; Mampilly, Zachariah (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/rebel-governance-in-civil-war/rebel-governance-constructing-a-field-of-inquiry-definitions-scope-patterns-order-causes/79377BBCB3E7A314EA9FFCDEE3902203">"Rebel Governance – Constructing a Field of Inquiry: Definitions, Scope, Patterns, Order, Causes"</a>, <i>Rebel Governance in Civil War</i>, Cambridge University Press, p. 24, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-10222-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-10222-4"><bdi>978-1-107-10222-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rebel+Governance+in+Civil+War&rft.atitle=Rebel+Governance+%E2%80%93+Constructing+a+Field+of+Inquiry%3A+Definitions%2C+Scope%2C+Patterns%2C+Order%2C+Causes&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-10222-4&rft.aulast=Kasfir&rft.aufirst=Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Frebel-governance-in-civil-war%2Frebel-governance-constructing-a-field-of-inquiry-definitions-scope-patterns-order-causes%2F79377BBCB3E7A314EA9FFCDEE3902203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rebel">"Definition of REBEL"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. 13 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+REBEL&rft.date=2024-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Frebel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Insurrection". <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 1989. <q><i><b>Insurrection</b></i>: The action of rising in arms or open resistance against established authority or governmental restraint; <i>with pl.</i>, an instance of this, an armed rising, a revolt; an incipient or limited rebellion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Insurrection&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/revolt">"revolt"</a>. <i>Cambridge Dictionary</i>. Cambridge University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.atitle=revolt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Frevolt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Insurgent". <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 1989. <q><i><b>Insurgent</b></i>: One who rises in revolt against constituted authority; a <i>rebel</i> who is not recognized as a <i>belligerent</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Insurgent&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2001" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Kermit L. (2001). <i>The Oxford Guide to United States Supreme Court Decisions</i>. U.S.: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nO093wNz1PoC&dq=insurrection+civil+war&pg=RA1-PA246">246–247</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513924-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513924-2"><bdi>978-0-19-513924-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+United+States+Supreme+Court+Decisions&rft.place=U.S.&rft.pages=246-247&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513924-2&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Kermit+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARebellion" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsAsh2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(scholar)" title="Adam Roberts (scholar)">Roberts, Adam</a>; <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Ash, Timothy Garton</a>, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BxOQKrCe7UUC&q=Civil+resistance+and+power+politics"><i>Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The experience of non-violent action from Gandhi to the present</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199552016" title="Special:BookSources/9780199552016"><bdi>9780199552016</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Resistance+and+Power+Politics%3A+The+experience+of+non-violent+action+from+Gandhi+to+the+present&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199552016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBxOQKrCe7UUC%26q%3DCivil%2Bresistance%2Band%2Bpower%2Bpolitics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkocpol1979291-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkocpol1979291_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkocpol1979">Skocpol 1979</a>, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkocpol19797-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkocpol19797_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkocpol1979">Skocpol 1979</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkocpol19798-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkocpol19798_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkocpol1979">Skocpol 1979</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurr19703-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurr19703_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGurr1970">Gurr 1970</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurr197037-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurr197037_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGurr1970">Gurr 1970</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurr197047-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurr197047_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGurr1970">Gurr 1970</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurr197052-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurr197052_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGurr1970">Gurr 1970</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurr197053-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurr197053_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGurr1970">Gurr 1970</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurr197024-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurr197024_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGurr1970">Gurr 1970</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurr197011-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurr197011_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGurr1970">Gurr 1970</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETilly197854-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETilly197854_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTilly1978">Tilly 1978</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETilly1978ch3-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETilly1978ch3_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTilly1978">Tilly 1978</a>, p. ch3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETilly1978ch7-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETilly1978ch7_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTilly1978">Tilly 1978</a>, p. ch7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETilly1978213-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETilly1978213_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETilly1978213_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTilly1978">Tilly 1978</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson19663-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19663_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1966">Johnson 1966</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson196636-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson196636_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1966">Johnson 1966</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson196657-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson196657_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1966">Johnson 1966</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson196632-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson196632_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1966">Johnson 1966</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkocpol19794-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkocpol19794_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkocpol1979">Skocpol 1979</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkocpol197949-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkocpol197949_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkocpol1979">Skocpol 1979</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkocpol197950-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkocpol197950_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkocpol197950_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkocpol1979">Skocpol 1979</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkocpol197951-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkocpol197951_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkocpol1979">Skocpol 1979</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkocpol1979112-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkocpol1979112_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkocpol1979">Skocpol 1979</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkocpol1979162-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkocpol1979162_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkocpol1979">Skocpol 1979</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkocpol1979155-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkocpol1979155_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkocpol1979">Skocpol 1979</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson19659-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson19659_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlson1965">Olson 1965</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson196576-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson196576_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlson1965">Olson 1965</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopkin197922-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopkin197922_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopkin1979">Popkin 1979</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopkin197923-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopkin197923_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopkin1979">Popkin 1979</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopkin197934-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopkin197934_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopkin1979">Popkin 1979</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattmanRalston201522-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattmanRalston201522_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlattmanRalston2015">Blattman & Ralston 2015</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattmanRalston201523-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattmanRalston201523_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattmanRalston201523_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattmanRalston201523_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlattmanRalston2015">Blattman & Ralston 2015</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBermanLaitin20081965-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBermanLaitin20081965_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBermanLaitin2008">Berman & Laitin 2008</a>, p. 1965.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBermanLaitin20081944-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBermanLaitin20081944_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBermanLaitin2008">Berman & Laitin 2008</a>, p. 1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBermanLaitin20081943-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBermanLaitin20081943_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBermanLaitin2008">Berman & Laitin 2008</a>, p. 1943.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBermanLaitin20081954-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBermanLaitin20081954_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBermanLaitin2008">Berman & Laitin 2008</a>, p. 1954.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollierHoeffler200226-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollierHoeffler200226_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollierHoeffler200226_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollierHoeffler200226_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollierHoeffler2002">Collier & Hoeffler 2002</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollierHoeffler200227-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollierHoeffler200227_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollierHoeffler2002">Collier & Hoeffler 2002</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott19766-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott19766_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1976">Scott 1976</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson_1991-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_1991_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_1991_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1991" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, E. 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Laitin, David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econweb.ucsd.edu/~elib/tc.pdf">"Religion, terrorism and public goods: Testing the club model"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Public Economics</i>. <b>92</b> (10–11): 1942–1967. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.178.8147">10.1.1.178.8147</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpubeco.2008.03.007">10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.03.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1698386">1698386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Economics&rft.atitle=Religion%2C+terrorism+and+public+goods%3A+Testing+the+club+model&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=10%E2%80%9311&rft.pages=1942-1967&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.178.8147%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1698386%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpubeco.2008.03.007&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Eli&rft.au=Laitin%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconweb.ucsd.edu%2F~elib%2Ftc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARebellion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlattmanRalston2015" class="citation journal cs1">Blattman, Christopher; 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"Generating employment in Poor and Fragile States: Evidence from labor market and entrepreneurship programs". <i>World Bank Development Impact Evaluation (DIME)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Bank+Development+Impact+Evaluation+%28DIME%29&rft.atitle=Generating+employment+in+Poor+and+Fragile+States%3A+Evidence+from+labor+market+and+entrepreneurship+programs&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Blattman&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Ralston%2C+Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARebellion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollierHoeffler2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Collier" title="Paul Collier">Collier, Paul</a>; Hoeffler, Anke (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2000/06/17/000094946_00060205420011/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf"><i>Greed and Grievance in Civil War</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper. Vol. 2355.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greed+and+Grievance+in+Civil+War&rft.series=The+World+Bank+Policy+Research+Working+Paper&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Hoeffler%2C+Anke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-wds.worldbank.org%2Fservlet%2FWDSContentServer%2FWDSP%2FIB%2F2000%2F06%2F17%2F000094946_00060205420011%2FRendered%2FPDF%2Fmulti_page.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARebellion" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurr1970" class="citation book cs1">Gurr, Ted Robert (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whymenrebel00gurr"><i>Why Men Rebel</i></a></span>. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691075280" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691075280"><bdi>978-0691075280</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Men+Rebel&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0691075280&rft.aulast=Gurr&rft.aufirst=Ted+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhymenrebel00gurr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARebellion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1966" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Chalmers (1966). <i>Revolutionary Change</i>. Boston: Little Brown.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Change&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little+Brown&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Chalmers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARebellion" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalyvas2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kalyvas, Stathis N. (1 January 2003). "The Ontology of 'Political Violence': Action and Identity in Civil Wars". <i>Perspectives on Politics</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 475–494. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1537592703000355">10.1017/s1537592703000355</a> (inactive 3 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3688707">3688707</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15205813">15205813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Ontology+of+%27Political+Violence%27%3A+Action+and+Identity+in+Civil+Wars&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=475-494&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15205813%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3688707%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs1537592703000355&rft.aulast=Kalyvas&rft.aufirst=Stathis+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARebellion" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx1967" class="citation book cs1">Marx, Karl (1967). <i>Capital Vol. 3: The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole</i>. New York: International Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+Vol.+3%3A+The+Process+of+Capitalist+Production+as+a+Whole&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=International+Publishers&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARebellion" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1965" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Mancur (1965). <i>The Logic of Collective Action:Public Groups and Theories of Groups</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Logic+of+Collective+Action%3APublic+Groups+and+Theories+of+Groups&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Mancur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARebellion" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopkin1979" class="citation book cs1">Popkin, Samuel L. (1979). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rational_Peasant:_The_Political_Economy_of_Rural_Society_in_Vietnam" title="The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam">The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rational+Peasant%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+Rural+Society+in+Vietnam&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Popkin&rft.aufirst=Samuel+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARebellion" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1976" class="citation book cs1">Scott, James C. (1976). <i>The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moral+Economy+of+the+Peasant%3A+Rebellion+and+Subsistence+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARebellion" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkocpol1979" class="citation book cs1">Skocpol, Theda (1979). <i>States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=States+and+Social+Revolutions%3A+A+Comparative+Analysis+of+France%2C+Russia%2C+and+China&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Skocpol&rft.aufirst=Theda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARebellion" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilly1978" class="citation book cs1">Tilly, Charles (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frommobilization00till"><i>From Mobilization to Revolution</i></a></span>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0201075717" title="Special:BookSources/978-0201075717"><bdi>978-0201075717</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Mobilization+to+Revolution&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0201075717&rft.aulast=Tilly&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrommobilization00till&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARebellion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebellion&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conformity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conformity" title="Template:Conformity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conformity" title="Template talk:Conformity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conformity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conformity"><abbr title="Edit this 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href="/wiki/Homo_sacer" title="Homo sacer">Homo sacer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blacklisting" title="Blacklisting">Blacklisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_death" title="Civil death">Civil death</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vogelfrei" title="Vogelfrei">Vogelfrei</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Persona_non_grata" title="Persona non grata">Persona non grata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_enemy" title="Public enemy">Public enemy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_state" title="Enemy of the state">Enemy of the state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Group pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">Brainwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closure_(sociology)" title="Closure (sociology)">Closure (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_reality" title="Consensus reality">Consensus reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_shock" title="Culture shock">Culture shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">Echo chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consensus_effect" title="False consensus effect">False consensus effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_missing_out" title="Fear of missing out">Fear of missing out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing">Hazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd_mentality" title="Herd mentality">Herd mentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_(psychology)" title="Identification (psychology)">Identification (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invented_tradition" title="Invented tradition">Invented tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_conformity" title="Memory conformity">Memory conformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_exposure_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Mere exposure effect">Mere exposure effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milieu_control" title="Milieu control">Milieu control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_(sociology)" title="Normalization (sociology)">Normalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_social_influence" title="Normative social influence">Normative social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(sociology)" title="Passing (sociology)">Passing (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralistic_ignorance" title="Pluralistic ignorance">Pluralistic ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosocial" title="Psychosocial">Psychosocial issue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purity_spiral" title="Purity spiral">Purity spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operant_conditioning" title="Operant conditioning">Operant conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_%27round_the_flag_effect" title="Rally 'round the flag effect">Rally 'round the flag effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contagion" title="Social contagion">Social contagion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_addiction" title="Behavioral addiction">Addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_contagion" title="Behavioral contagion">Behavioral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_Contagion_Models" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime Contagion Models">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterical_contagion" title="Hysterical contagion">Hysterical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copycat_suicide" title="Copycat suicide">Suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">Emotional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_of_silence" title="Spiral of silence">Spiral of silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teasing" title="Teasing">Teasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_positivity" title="Toxic positivity">Toxic positivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_personality" title="Authoritarian personality">Authoritarian personality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_leadership_style" title="Authoritarian leadership style">Authoritarian leadership style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarian_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing authoritarian personality">Right-wing authoritarian personality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_freak" title="Control freak">Control freak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_personality_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder">Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conformity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compliance_(psychology)" title="Compliance (psychology)">Compliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countersignaling" title="Countersignaling">Countersignaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creeping_normality" title="Creeping normality">Creeping normality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd_behavior" title="Herd behavior">Herd behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalization_(sociology)" title="Internalization (sociology)">Internalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_of_deviance" title="Normalization of deviance">Normalization of deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preference_falsification" title="Preference falsification">Preference falsification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_proof" title="Social proof">Social proof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_reality" title="Social reality">Social reality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asch_conformity_experiments" title="Asch conformity experiments">Asch conformity experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaching_experiment" title="Breaching experiment">Breaching experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milgram_experiment" title="Milgram experiment">Milgram experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment" title="Stanford prison experiment">Stanford prison experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anticonformity_(psychology)" title="Anticonformity (psychology)">Anticonformity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">Anti-social behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto-segregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-segregation">Auto-segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_advocate" title="Devil's advocate">Devil's advocate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">Dissent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissent" title="Political dissent">Political</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccentricity_(behavior)" title="Eccentricity (behavior)">Eccentricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism" title="Eclecticism">Eclecticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiosyncrasy" title="Idiosyncrasy">Idiosyncrasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insubordination" title="Insubordination">Insubordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_clown" title="Pueblo clown">Pueblo clown</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_team" title="Red team">Red team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_value" title="Shock value">Shock value</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" 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