CINXE.COM

Articles tagged as Volcanoes | Smithsonian Magazine

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript">(()=>{"use strict";var t={455:(t,e,n)=>{n.d(e,{Z:()=>c});var r=n(81),o=n.n(r),i=n(645),a=n.n(i)()(o());a.push([t.id,'div._82u8vq{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;background:rgba(0,0,0,.4);z-index:999999}div._82u8vq *{box-sizing:border-box}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g{position:fixed;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%, -50%);display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:flex-start;min-height:25vh;width:50%;background-color:#fff;border:none;border-radius:1em;box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,.3);text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-weight:bold;line-height:2;color:#000}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g *:before,div._82u8vq div.onnj2g *:after{content:"";display:none}@media screen and (max-width: 479px){div._82u8vq div.onnj2g{font-size:13px;width:90%}}@media screen and (min-width: 480px){div._82u8vq div.onnj2g{font-size:14px;width:80%}}@media screen and (min-width: 608px){div._82u8vq div.onnj2g{font-size:14px;width:70%}}@media screen and (min-width: 960px){div._82u8vq div.onnj2g{font-size:16px;width:70%}}@media screen and (min-width: 1200px){div._82u8vq div.onnj2g{font-size:16px;width:840px}}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g header{width:100%;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);border:0;color:inherit;display:block;font-size:1em;font-family:inherit;letter-spacing:normal;margin:0;opacity:1;outline:none;padding:1em 2em;position:static;text-align:center}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g header img{display:inline;margin:0 0 16px 0;padding:0;max-width:240px;max-height:60px}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g header h2{display:block;line-height:1.3;padding:0;font-family:inherit;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-decoration:initial;text-align:center;font-size:1.75em;margin:0;color:inherit}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g header h2:not(img+*){margin-top:30px}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g header span._18hdrla{position:absolute;top:0;right:15px;font-size:2em;font-weight:normal;cursor:pointer;color:inherit}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g header span._18hdrla:hover{filter:brightness(115%)}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g section{width:100%;margin:0;padding:1em 2em;text-align:center;font-family:inherit;color:inherit;background:rgba(0,0,0,0)}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g section p{display:block;margin:0 0 1em 0;line-height:1.5;text-align:center;font-size:1em;font-family:inherit;color:inherit;overflow-wrap:break-word;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-decoration:initial}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g section p:last-of-type{margin:0 0 1.5em 0}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g section._1myx4a0{display:block}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g section._1myx4a0._18mgeh5{display:none}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g section._1myx4a0 a._1ajq4u1.q1a6v7{color:var(--q1a6v7)}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g section._1myx4a0 a._1ajq4u1.d8c6ui{text-decoration:var(--d8c6ui)}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g section._1myx4a0 a._1ajq4u1._1bva2lo:visited{color:var(--_1bva2lo)}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g section._1myx4a0 div.qcqk63{display:block;margin:.75em;padding:0}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g section._1myx4a0 div.qcqk63 p._1jy32sx{max-width:80%;margin:0 auto;padding:0;font-size:.85em;color:inherit;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;cursor:pointer}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g section.mjmqhi{display:block}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g section.mjmqhi._18mgeh5{display:none}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g section.mjmqhi h4.vza2sa{color:inherit;text-align:initial;font-weight:normal;font-family:inherit;font-size:1.125em;margin:0 0 .5em .5em}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g section.mjmqhi div._1n8syyr{display:flex;margin:1.5em 0}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g section.mjmqhi div._1n8syyr ul._12y6q83{max-height:300px;flex:2;list-style:none;overflow-y:auto;margin:0 1em 0 0;padding-inline-start:0}@media screen and (min-width: 608px){div._82u8vq div.onnj2g section.mjmqhi div._1n8syyr ul._12y6q83{flex:1;margin:0 2em 0 0}}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g section.mjmqhi div._1n8syyr ul._12y6q83 li{padding:.75em;cursor:pointer;background:rgba(0,0,0,.05);font-weight:bold}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g section.mjmqhi div._1n8syyr ul._12y6q83 li:hover{background:rgba(0,0,0,.075)}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g section.mjmqhi div._1n8syyr ul._12y6q83 li._2tqkhw{color:var(--_1s2p24r);background:var(--_1u8b67d)}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g section.mjmqhi div._1n8syyr div._10v9zkx{max-height:300px;overflow-y:auto;flex:3;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:space-between;text-align:initial}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g section.mjmqhi div._1n8syyr div._10v9zkx ol._1dz8w0r{display:none;list-style-type:decimal;text-align:initial;padding:0;margin:0 2em;font-weight:normal}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g section.mjmqhi div._1n8syyr div._10v9zkx ol._1dz8w0r._2tqkhw{display:block}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g section.mjmqhi div._1n8syyr div._10v9zkx p{margin:1em 0 0;text-align:inherit;font-style:italic}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g section.mjmqhi button.te00wf{font-size:1em;text-transform:initial}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g button._16i61up{width:auto;height:auto;max-width:90%;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;letter-spacing:normal;margin:.75em;opacity:1;outline:none;overflow-wrap:break-word;font-family:inherit;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-decoration:initial;text-transform:uppercase;text-align:center;color:#fff;font-size:1.15em;padding:.75em 2em;padding-inline:2em;padding-block:.75em;line-height:normal;background:#40c28a;border:none;border-radius:.25em;box-shadow:none}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g button._16i61up:hover{filter:brightness(115%);box-shadow:none}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g a._1o9k1ce{height:50px;width:50px;position:absolute;bottom:5px;right:5px}div._82u8vq div.onnj2g a._1o9k1ce img{position:initial;height:100%;width:100%;filter:drop-shadow(1px 1px 1px var(--_16xxoaz))}',""]);const c=a},645:t=>{t.exports=function(t){var e=[];return e.toString=function(){return this.map((function(e){var n="",r=void 0!==e[5];return e[4]&&(n+="@supports (".concat(e[4],") {")),e[2]&&(n+="@media ".concat(e[2]," {")),r&&(n+="@layer".concat(e[5].length>0?" ".concat(e[5]):""," {")),n+=t(e),r&&(n+="}"),e[2]&&(n+="}"),e[4]&&(n+="}"),n})).join("")},e.i=function(t,n,r,o,i){"string"==typeof t&&(t=[[null,t,void 0]]);var a={};if(r)for(var c=0;c<this.length;c++){var s=this[c][0];null!=s&&(a[s]=!0)}for(var u=0;u<t.length;u++){var l=[].concat(t[u]);r&&a[l[0]]||(void 0!==i&&(void 0===l[5]||(l[1]="@layer".concat(l[5].length>0?" ".concat(l[5]):""," {").concat(l[1],"}")),l[5]=i),n&&(l[2]?(l[1]="@media ".concat(l[2]," {").concat(l[1],"}"),l[2]=n):l[2]=n),o&&(l[4]?(l[1]="@supports (".concat(l[4],") {").concat(l[1],"}"),l[4]=o):l[4]="".concat(o)),e.push(l))}},e}},81:t=>{t.exports=function(t){return t[1]}},379:t=>{var e=[];function n(t){for(var n=-1,r=0;r<e.length;r++)if(e[r].identifier===t){n=r;break}return n}function r(t,r){for(var i={},a=[],c=0;c<t.length;c++){var s=t[c],u=r.base?s[0]+r.base:s[0],l=i[u]||0,d="".concat(u," ").concat(l);i[u]=l+1;var f=n(d),h={css:s[1],media:s[2],sourceMap:s[3],supports:s[4],layer:s[5]};if(-1!==f)e[f].references++,e[f].updater(h);else{var v=o(h,r);r.byIndex=c,e.splice(c,0,{identifier:d,updater:v,references:1})}a.push(d)}return a}function o(t,e){var n=e.domAPI(e);n.update(t);return function(e){if(e){if(e.css===t.css&&e.media===t.media&&e.sourceMap===t.sourceMap&&e.supports===t.supports&&e.layer===t.layer)return;n.update(t=e)}else n.remove()}}t.exports=function(t,o){var i=r(t=t||[],o=o||{});return function(t){t=t||[];for(var a=0;a<i.length;a++){var c=n(i[a]);e[c].references--}for(var s=r(t,o),u=0;u<i.length;u++){var l=n(i[u]);0===e[l].references&&(e[l].updater(),e.splice(l,1))}i=s}}},569:t=>{var e={};t.exports=function(t,n){var r=function(t){if(void 0===e[t]){var n=document.querySelector(t);if(window.HTMLIFrameElement&&n instanceof window.HTMLIFrameElement)try{n=n.contentDocument.head}catch(t){n=null}e[t]=n}return e[t]}(t);if(!r)throw new Error("Couldn't find a style target. This probably means that the value for the 'insert' parameter is invalid.");r.appendChild(n)}},216:t=>{t.exports=function(t){var e=document.createElement("style");return t.setAttributes(e,t.attributes),t.insert(e,t.options),e}},565:(t,e,n)=>{t.exports=function(t){var e=n.nc;e&&t.setAttribute("nonce",e)}},795:t=>{t.exports=function(t){if("undefined"==typeof document)return{update:function(){},remove:function(){}};var e=t.insertStyleElement(t);return{update:function(n){!function(t,e,n){var r="";n.supports&&(r+="@supports (".concat(n.supports,") {")),n.media&&(r+="@media ".concat(n.media," {"));var o=void 0!==n.layer;o&&(r+="@layer".concat(n.layer.length>0?" ".concat(n.layer):""," {")),r+=n.css,o&&(r+="}"),n.media&&(r+="}"),n.supports&&(r+="}");var i=n.sourceMap;i&&"undefined"!=typeof btoa&&(r+="\n/*# sourceMappingURL=data:application/json;base64,".concat(btoa(unescape(encodeURIComponent(JSON.stringify(i))))," */")),e.styleTagTransform(r,t,e.options)}(e,t,n)},remove:function(){!function(t){if(null===t.parentNode)return!1;t.parentNode.removeChild(t)}(e)}}}},589:t=>{t.exports=function(t,e){if(e.styleSheet)e.styleSheet.cssText=t;else{for(;e.firstChild;)e.removeChild(e.firstChild);e.appendChild(document.createTextNode(t))}}}},e={};function n(r){var o=e[r];if(void 0!==o)return o.exports;var i=e[r]={id:r,exports:{}};return t[r](i,i.exports,n),i.exports}n.n=t=>{var e=t&&t.__esModule?()=>t.default:()=>t;return n.d(e,{a:e}),e},n.d=(t,e)=>{for(var r in e)n.o(e,r)&&!n.o(t,r)&&Object.defineProperty(t,r,{enumerable:!0,get:e[r]})},n.o=(t,e)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(t,e),n.nc=void 0,(()=>{const t={randomUUID:"undefined"!=typeof crypto&&crypto.randomUUID&&crypto.randomUUID.bind(crypto)};let e;const r=new Uint8Array(16);function o(){if(!e&&(e="undefined"!=typeof crypto&&crypto.getRandomValues&&crypto.getRandomValues.bind(crypto),!e))throw new Error("crypto.getRandomValues() not supported. See https://github.com/uuidjs/uuid#getrandomvalues-not-supported");return e(r)}const i=[];for(let t=0;t<256;++t)i.push((t+256).toString(16).slice(1));function a(t,e=0){return(i[t[e+0]]+i[t[e+1]]+i[t[e+2]]+i[t[e+3]]+"-"+i[t[e+4]]+i[t[e+5]]+"-"+i[t[e+6]]+i[t[e+7]]+"-"+i[t[e+8]]+i[t[e+9]]+"-"+i[t[e+10]]+i[t[e+11]]+i[t[e+12]]+i[t[e+13]]+i[t[e+14]]+i[t[e+15]]).toLowerCase()}const c=function(e,n,r){if(t.randomUUID&&!n&&!e)return t.randomUUID();const i=(e=e||{}).random||(e.rng||o)();if(i[6]=15&i[6]|64,i[8]=63&i[8]|128,n){r=r||0;for(let t=0;t<16;++t)n[r+t]=i[t];return n}return a(i)};var s=n(379),u=n.n(s),l=n(795),d=n.n(l),f=n(569),h=n.n(f),v=n(565),p=n.n(v),m=n(216),y=n.n(m),g=n(589),w=n.n(g),b=n(455),x={};x.styleTagTransform=w(),x.setAttributes=p(),x.insert=h().bind(null,"head"),x.domAPI=d(),x.insertStyleElement=y();u()(b.Z,x);b.Z&&b.Z.locals&&b.Z.locals;function k(t){return k="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(t){return typeof t}:function(t){return t&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&t.constructor===Symbol&&t!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof t},k(t)}function L(){L=function(){return e};var t,e={},n=Object.prototype,r=n.hasOwnProperty,o=Object.defineProperty||function(t,e,n){t[e]=n.value},i="function"==typeof Symbol?Symbol:{},a=i.iterator||"@@iterator",c=i.asyncIterator||"@@asyncIterator",s=i.toStringTag||"@@toStringTag";function u(t,e,n){return Object.defineProperty(t,e,{value:n,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}),t[e]}try{u({},"")}catch(t){u=function(t,e,n){return t[e]=n}}function l(t,e,n,r){var i=e&&e.prototype instanceof y?e:y,a=Object.create(i.prototype),c=new Y(r||[]);return o(a,"_invoke",{value:A(t,n,c)}),a}function d(t,e,n){try{return{type:"normal",arg:t.call(e,n)}}catch(t){return{type:"throw",arg:t}}}e.wrap=l;var f="suspendedStart",h="suspendedYield",v="executing",p="completed",m={};function y(){}function g(){}function w(){}var b={};u(b,a,(function(){return this}));var x=Object.getPrototypeOf,j=x&&x(x(T([])));j&&j!==n&&r.call(j,a)&&(b=j);var E=w.prototype=y.prototype=Object.create(b);function C(t){["next","throw","return"].forEach((function(e){u(t,e,(function(t){return this._invoke(e,t)}))}))}function S(t,e){function n(o,i,a,c){var s=d(t[o],t,i);if("throw"!==s.type){var u=s.arg,l=u.value;return l&&"object"==k(l)&&r.call(l,"__await")?e.resolve(l.__await).then((function(t){n("next",t,a,c)}),(function(t){n("throw",t,a,c)})):e.resolve(l).then((function(t){u.value=t,a(u)}),(function(t){return n("throw",t,a,c)}))}c(s.arg)}var i;o(this,"_invoke",{value:function(t,r){function o(){return new e((function(e,o){n(t,r,e,o)}))}return i=i?i.then(o,o):o()}})}function A(e,n,r){var o=f;return function(i,a){if(o===v)throw new Error("Generator is already running");if(o===p){if("throw"===i)throw a;return{value:t,done:!0}}for(r.method=i,r.arg=a;;){var c=r.delegate;if(c){var s=I(c,r);if(s){if(s===m)continue;return s}}if("next"===r.method)r.sent=r._sent=r.arg;else if("throw"===r.method){if(o===f)throw o=p,r.arg;r.dispatchException(r.arg)}else"return"===r.method&&r.abrupt("return",r.arg);o=v;var u=d(e,n,r);if("normal"===u.type){if(o=r.done?p:h,u.arg===m)continue;return{value:u.arg,done:r.done}}"throw"===u.type&&(o=p,r.method="throw",r.arg=u.arg)}}}function I(e,n){var r=n.method,o=e.iterator[r];if(o===t)return n.delegate=null,"throw"===r&&e.iterator.return&&(n.method="return",n.arg=t,I(e,n),"throw"===n.method)||"return"!==r&&(n.method="throw",n.arg=new TypeError("The iterator does not provide a '"+r+"' method")),m;var i=d(o,e.iterator,n.arg);if("throw"===i.type)return n.method="throw",n.arg=i.arg,n.delegate=null,m;var a=i.arg;return a?a.done?(n[e.resultName]=a.value,n.next=e.nextLoc,"return"!==n.method&&(n.method="next",n.arg=t),n.delegate=null,m):a:(n.method="throw",n.arg=new TypeError("iterator result is not an object"),n.delegate=null,m)}function q(t){var e={tryLoc:t[0]};1 in t&&(e.catchLoc=t[1]),2 in t&&(e.finallyLoc=t[2],e.afterLoc=t[3]),this.tryEntries.push(e)}function P(t){var e=t.completion||{};e.type="normal",delete e.arg,t.completion=e}function Y(t){this.tryEntries=[{tryLoc:"root"}],t.forEach(q,this),this.reset(!0)}function T(e){if(e||""===e){var n=e[a];if(n)return n.call(e);if("function"==typeof e.next)return e;if(!isNaN(e.length)){var o=-1,i=function n(){for(;++o<e.length;)if(r.call(e,o))return n.value=e[o],n.done=!1,n;return n.value=t,n.done=!0,n};return i.next=i}}throw new TypeError(k(e)+" is not iterable")}return g.prototype=w,o(E,"constructor",{value:w,configurable:!0}),o(w,"constructor",{value:g,configurable:!0}),g.displayName=u(w,s,"GeneratorFunction"),e.isGeneratorFunction=function(t){var e="function"==typeof t&&t.constructor;return!!e&&(e===g||"GeneratorFunction"===(e.displayName||e.name))},e.mark=function(t){return Object.setPrototypeOf?Object.setPrototypeOf(t,w):(t.__proto__=w,u(t,s,"GeneratorFunction")),t.prototype=Object.create(E),t},e.awrap=function(t){return{__await:t}},C(S.prototype),u(S.prototype,c,(function(){return this})),e.AsyncIterator=S,e.async=function(t,n,r,o,i){void 0===i&&(i=Promise);var a=new S(l(t,n,r,o),i);return e.isGeneratorFunction(n)?a:a.next().then((function(t){return t.done?t.value:a.next()}))},C(E),u(E,s,"Generator"),u(E,a,(function(){return this})),u(E,"toString",(function(){return"[object Generator]"})),e.keys=function(t){var e=Object(t),n=[];for(var r in e)n.push(r);return n.reverse(),function t(){for(;n.length;){var r=n.pop();if(r in e)return t.value=r,t.done=!1,t}return t.done=!0,t}},e.values=T,Y.prototype={constructor:Y,reset:function(e){if(this.prev=0,this.next=0,this.sent=this._sent=t,this.done=!1,this.delegate=null,this.method="next",this.arg=t,this.tryEntries.forEach(P),!e)for(var n in this)"t"===n.charAt(0)&&r.call(this,n)&&!isNaN(+n.slice(1))&&(this[n]=t)},stop:function(){this.done=!0;var t=this.tryEntries[0].completion;if("throw"===t.type)throw t.arg;return this.rval},dispatchException:function(e){if(this.done)throw e;var n=this;function o(r,o){return c.type="throw",c.arg=e,n.next=r,o&&(n.method="next",n.arg=t),!!o}for(var i=this.tryEntries.length-1;i>=0;--i){var a=this.tryEntries[i],c=a.completion;if("root"===a.tryLoc)return o("end");if(a.tryLoc<=this.prev){var s=r.call(a,"catchLoc"),u=r.call(a,"finallyLoc");if(s&&u){if(this.prev<a.catchLoc)return o(a.catchLoc,!0);if(this.prev<a.finallyLoc)return o(a.finallyLoc)}else if(s){if(this.prev<a.catchLoc)return o(a.catchLoc,!0)}else{if(!u)throw new Error("try statement without catch or finally");if(this.prev<a.finallyLoc)return o(a.finallyLoc)}}}},abrupt:function(t,e){for(var n=this.tryEntries.length-1;n>=0;--n){var o=this.tryEntries[n];if(o.tryLoc<=this.prev&&r.call(o,"finallyLoc")&&this.prev<o.finallyLoc){var i=o;break}}i&&("break"===t||"continue"===t)&&i.tryLoc<=e&&e<=i.finallyLoc&&(i=null);var a=i?i.completion:{};return a.type=t,a.arg=e,i?(this.method="next",this.next=i.finallyLoc,m):this.complete(a)},complete:function(t,e){if("throw"===t.type)throw t.arg;return"break"===t.type||"continue"===t.type?this.next=t.arg:"return"===t.type?(this.rval=this.arg=t.arg,this.method="return",this.next="end"):"normal"===t.type&&e&&(this.next=e),m},finish:function(t){for(var e=this.tryEntries.length-1;e>=0;--e){var n=this.tryEntries[e];if(n.finallyLoc===t)return this.complete(n.completion,n.afterLoc),P(n),m}},catch:function(t){for(var e=this.tryEntries.length-1;e>=0;--e){var n=this.tryEntries[e];if(n.tryLoc===t){var r=n.completion;if("throw"===r.type){var o=r.arg;P(n)}return o}}throw new Error("illegal catch attempt")},delegateYield:function(e,n,r){return this.delegate={iterator:T(e),resultName:n,nextLoc:r},"next"===this.method&&(this.arg=t),m}},e}function j(t,e,n,r,o,i,a){try{var c=t[i](a),s=c.value}catch(t){return void n(t)}c.done?e(s):Promise.resolve(s).then(r,o)}var E="ZnMtYWRiLWVycg",C=function(){var t,e=(t=L().mark((function t(){var e,n,r,o,i;return L().wrap((function(t){for(;;)switch(t.prev=t.next){case 0:if(document.body){t.next=3;break}return t.next=3,new Promise((function(t){return document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",t)}));case 3:for(e=["YWQ=","YmFubmVyLWFk","YmFubmVyX2Fk","YmFubmVyLWFkLWNvbnRhaW5lcg==","YWQtc2lkZXJhaWw=","c3RpY2t5YWRz","aW1wcnRudC1jbnQ="],(n=document.createElement("div")).textContent=Math.random().toString(),n.setAttribute(atob("ZGF0YS1mcmVlc3Rhci1hZA=="),"123"),r=0;r<e.length;r++)n.classList.add(atob(e[r]));if(n.style.display="block",document.body.appendChild(n),o=window.getComputedStyle(n),i=null==o?void 0:o.display,n.remove(),"none"!==i){t.next=15;break}throw new Error(E);case 15:case"end":return t.stop()}}),t)})),function(){var e=this,n=arguments;return new Promise((function(r,o){var i=t.apply(e,n);function a(t){j(i,r,o,a,c,"next",t)}function c(t){j(i,r,o,a,c,"throw",t)}a(void 0)}))});return function(){return e.apply(this,arguments)}}(),S=function(t){return new Promise((function(e,n){var r=document.createElement("script");try{r.src=t,r.addEventListener("load",(function(){e()})),r.addEventListener("error",(function(){n(E)})),document.head.appendChild(r)}catch(t){n(t)}finally{r.remove()}}))};function A(t){return A="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(t){return typeof t}:function(t){return t&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&t.constructor===Symbol&&t!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof t},A(t)}function I(){I=function(){return e};var t,e={},n=Object.prototype,r=n.hasOwnProperty,o=Object.defineProperty||function(t,e,n){t[e]=n.value},i="function"==typeof Symbol?Symbol:{},a=i.iterator||"@@iterator",c=i.asyncIterator||"@@asyncIterator",s=i.toStringTag||"@@toStringTag";function u(t,e,n){return Object.defineProperty(t,e,{value:n,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}),t[e]}try{u({},"")}catch(t){u=function(t,e,n){return t[e]=n}}function l(t,e,n,r){var i=e&&e.prototype instanceof y?e:y,a=Object.create(i.prototype),c=new Y(r||[]);return o(a,"_invoke",{value:C(t,n,c)}),a}function d(t,e,n){try{return{type:"normal",arg:t.call(e,n)}}catch(t){return{type:"throw",arg:t}}}e.wrap=l;var f="suspendedStart",h="suspendedYield",v="executing",p="completed",m={};function y(){}function g(){}function w(){}var b={};u(b,a,(function(){return this}));var x=Object.getPrototypeOf,k=x&&x(x(T([])));k&&k!==n&&r.call(k,a)&&(b=k);var L=w.prototype=y.prototype=Object.create(b);function j(t){["next","throw","return"].forEach((function(e){u(t,e,(function(t){return this._invoke(e,t)}))}))}function E(t,e){function n(o,i,a,c){var s=d(t[o],t,i);if("throw"!==s.type){var u=s.arg,l=u.value;return l&&"object"==A(l)&&r.call(l,"__await")?e.resolve(l.__await).then((function(t){n("next",t,a,c)}),(function(t){n("throw",t,a,c)})):e.resolve(l).then((function(t){u.value=t,a(u)}),(function(t){return n("throw",t,a,c)}))}c(s.arg)}var i;o(this,"_invoke",{value:function(t,r){function o(){return new e((function(e,o){n(t,r,e,o)}))}return i=i?i.then(o,o):o()}})}function C(e,n,r){var o=f;return function(i,a){if(o===v)throw new Error("Generator is already running");if(o===p){if("throw"===i)throw a;return{value:t,done:!0}}for(r.method=i,r.arg=a;;){var c=r.delegate;if(c){var s=S(c,r);if(s){if(s===m)continue;return s}}if("next"===r.method)r.sent=r._sent=r.arg;else if("throw"===r.method){if(o===f)throw o=p,r.arg;r.dispatchException(r.arg)}else"return"===r.method&&r.abrupt("return",r.arg);o=v;var u=d(e,n,r);if("normal"===u.type){if(o=r.done?p:h,u.arg===m)continue;return{value:u.arg,done:r.done}}"throw"===u.type&&(o=p,r.method="throw",r.arg=u.arg)}}}function S(e,n){var r=n.method,o=e.iterator[r];if(o===t)return n.delegate=null,"throw"===r&&e.iterator.return&&(n.method="return",n.arg=t,S(e,n),"throw"===n.method)||"return"!==r&&(n.method="throw",n.arg=new TypeError("The iterator does not provide a '"+r+"' method")),m;var i=d(o,e.iterator,n.arg);if("throw"===i.type)return n.method="throw",n.arg=i.arg,n.delegate=null,m;var a=i.arg;return a?a.done?(n[e.resultName]=a.value,n.next=e.nextLoc,"return"!==n.method&&(n.method="next",n.arg=t),n.delegate=null,m):a:(n.method="throw",n.arg=new TypeError("iterator result is not an object"),n.delegate=null,m)}function q(t){var e={tryLoc:t[0]};1 in t&&(e.catchLoc=t[1]),2 in t&&(e.finallyLoc=t[2],e.afterLoc=t[3]),this.tryEntries.push(e)}function P(t){var e=t.completion||{};e.type="normal",delete e.arg,t.completion=e}function Y(t){this.tryEntries=[{tryLoc:"root"}],t.forEach(q,this),this.reset(!0)}function T(e){if(e||""===e){var n=e[a];if(n)return n.call(e);if("function"==typeof e.next)return e;if(!isNaN(e.length)){var o=-1,i=function n(){for(;++o<e.length;)if(r.call(e,o))return n.value=e[o],n.done=!1,n;return n.value=t,n.done=!0,n};return i.next=i}}throw new TypeError(A(e)+" is not iterable")}return g.prototype=w,o(L,"constructor",{value:w,configurable:!0}),o(w,"constructor",{value:g,configurable:!0}),g.displayName=u(w,s,"GeneratorFunction"),e.isGeneratorFunction=function(t){var e="function"==typeof t&&t.constructor;return!!e&&(e===g||"GeneratorFunction"===(e.displayName||e.name))},e.mark=function(t){return Object.setPrototypeOf?Object.setPrototypeOf(t,w):(t.__proto__=w,u(t,s,"GeneratorFunction")),t.prototype=Object.create(L),t},e.awrap=function(t){return{__await:t}},j(E.prototype),u(E.prototype,c,(function(){return this})),e.AsyncIterator=E,e.async=function(t,n,r,o,i){void 0===i&&(i=Promise);var a=new E(l(t,n,r,o),i);return e.isGeneratorFunction(n)?a:a.next().then((function(t){return t.done?t.value:a.next()}))},j(L),u(L,s,"Generator"),u(L,a,(function(){return this})),u(L,"toString",(function(){return"[object Generator]"})),e.keys=function(t){var e=Object(t),n=[];for(var r in e)n.push(r);return n.reverse(),function t(){for(;n.length;){var r=n.pop();if(r in e)return t.value=r,t.done=!1,t}return t.done=!0,t}},e.values=T,Y.prototype={constructor:Y,reset:function(e){if(this.prev=0,this.next=0,this.sent=this._sent=t,this.done=!1,this.delegate=null,this.method="next",this.arg=t,this.tryEntries.forEach(P),!e)for(var n in this)"t"===n.charAt(0)&&r.call(this,n)&&!isNaN(+n.slice(1))&&(this[n]=t)},stop:function(){this.done=!0;var t=this.tryEntries[0].completion;if("throw"===t.type)throw t.arg;return this.rval},dispatchException:function(e){if(this.done)throw e;var n=this;function o(r,o){return c.type="throw",c.arg=e,n.next=r,o&&(n.method="next",n.arg=t),!!o}for(var i=this.tryEntries.length-1;i>=0;--i){var a=this.tryEntries[i],c=a.completion;if("root"===a.tryLoc)return o("end");if(a.tryLoc<=this.prev){var s=r.call(a,"catchLoc"),u=r.call(a,"finallyLoc");if(s&&u){if(this.prev<a.catchLoc)return o(a.catchLoc,!0);if(this.prev<a.finallyLoc)return o(a.finallyLoc)}else if(s){if(this.prev<a.catchLoc)return o(a.catchLoc,!0)}else{if(!u)throw new Error("try statement without catch or finally");if(this.prev<a.finallyLoc)return o(a.finallyLoc)}}}},abrupt:function(t,e){for(var n=this.tryEntries.length-1;n>=0;--n){var o=this.tryEntries[n];if(o.tryLoc<=this.prev&&r.call(o,"finallyLoc")&&this.prev<o.finallyLoc){var i=o;break}}i&&("break"===t||"continue"===t)&&i.tryLoc<=e&&e<=i.finallyLoc&&(i=null);var a=i?i.completion:{};return a.type=t,a.arg=e,i?(this.method="next",this.next=i.finallyLoc,m):this.complete(a)},complete:function(t,e){if("throw"===t.type)throw t.arg;return"break"===t.type||"continue"===t.type?this.next=t.arg:"return"===t.type?(this.rval=this.arg=t.arg,this.method="return",this.next="end"):"normal"===t.type&&e&&(this.next=e),m},finish:function(t){for(var e=this.tryEntries.length-1;e>=0;--e){var n=this.tryEntries[e];if(n.finallyLoc===t)return this.complete(n.completion,n.afterLoc),P(n),m}},catch:function(t){for(var e=this.tryEntries.length-1;e>=0;--e){var n=this.tryEntries[e];if(n.tryLoc===t){var r=n.completion;if("throw"===r.type){var o=r.arg;P(n)}return o}}throw new Error("illegal catch attempt")},delegateYield:function(e,n,r){return this.delegate={iterator:T(e),resultName:n,nextLoc:r},"next"===this.method&&(this.arg=t),m}},e}function q(t,e,n,r,o,i,a){try{var c=t[i](a),s=c.value}catch(t){return void n(t)}c.done?e(s):Promise.resolve(s).then(r,o)}function P(t){return function(){var e=this,n=arguments;return new Promise((function(r,o){var i=t.apply(e,n);function a(t){q(i,r,o,a,c,"next",t)}function c(t){q(i,r,o,a,c,"throw",t)}a(void 0)}))}}function Y(t,e){for(var n=0;n<e.length;n++){var r=e[n];r.enumerable=r.enumerable||!1,r.configurable=!0,"value"in r&&(r.writable=!0),Object.defineProperty(t,(o=r.key,i=void 0,i=function(t,e){if("object"!==A(t)||null===t)return t;var n=t[Symbol.toPrimitive];if(void 0!==n){var r=n.call(t,e||"default");if("object"!==A(r))return r;throw new TypeError("@@toPrimitive must return a primitive value.")}return("string"===e?String:Number)(t)}(o,"string"),"symbol"===A(i)?i:String(i)),r)}var o,i}var T=function(){function t(e){!function(t,e){if(!(t instanceof e))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}(this,t),this.config=null,this.langCode=null,this.languages=this.getUserPreferredLanguages(e)}var e,n,r,o,i,a;return e=t,n=[{key:"init",value:(a=P(I().mark((function t(){return I().wrap((function(t){for(;;)switch(t.prev=t.next){case 0:return t.next=2,this.fetchConfig();case 2:this.config=t.sent,null!==this.config&&(this.langCode=this.getFirstSupportedLanguage(this.languages),this.observe());case 4:case"end":return t.stop()}}),t,this)}))),function(){return a.apply(this,arguments)})},{key:"fetchConfig",value:(i=P(I().mark((function t(){var e,n,r,o,i,a;return I().wrap((function(t){for(;;)switch(t.prev=t.next){case 0:return n=(e=["Y29uZmlnLmNvbnRlbnQtc2V0dGluZ3MuY29t","Y29uZmlnLnNpdGUtY29uZmlnLmNvbQ==","29uZmlnLmZyZmlndXJlcy5jb20="]).length-1,r=Number.isNaN(Number(localStorage.getItem("fs.cdi")))?0:Number(localStorage.getItem("fs.cdi")),o=Number.isNaN(Number(localStorage.getItem("fs.cfc")))?0:Number(localStorage.getItem("fs.cfc")),i=atob(e[r]),a="https://".concat(i,"/smithsonianmag-com.json"),t.prev=6,t.next=9,fetch(a);case 9:return t.abrupt("return",t.sent.json());case 12:return t.prev=12,t.t0=t.catch(6),++o>=3&&(o=0,r++),r>n&&(r=0),t.abrupt("return",null);case 18:return t.prev=18,localStorage.setItem("fs.cdi",r),localStorage.setItem("fs.cfc",o),t.finish(18);case 22:case"end":return t.stop()}}),t,null,[[6,12,18,22]])}))),function(){return i.apply(this,arguments)})},{key:"killScroll",value:function(t){if(t.isScrollDisabled){this.existingOverflow=document.body.style.overflow,document.body.style.overflow="hidden";var e=window.pageYOffset||document.documentElement.scrollTop,n=window.pageXOffset||document.documentElement.scrollLeft;document.body.style.top="-".concat(e,"px"),document.body.style.left="-".concat(n,"px"),window.onscroll=function(){window.scrollTo(n,e)}}}},{key:"reviveScroll",value:function(){document.body.style.overflow=this.existingOverflow||"",window.onscroll=function(){}}},{key:"getUserPreferredLanguages",value:function(t){var e=t.languages,n=t.language,r=void 0===e?[n]:e;if(r)return r.map((function(t){var e=t.trim().toLowerCase();if(!e.includes("zh"))return e.split(/-|_/)[0];var n=e.split(/-|_/)[1];return"zh"===e||["hans","cn","sg"].includes(n)?"zh":["hant","hk","mo","tw"].includes(n)?"zh-hant":void 0}))}},{key:"getFirstSupportedLanguage",value:function(t){var e=this,n=["title","paragraphOne","buttonText"],r=t.find((function(t){return n.every((function(n){return!!e.config[n][t]}))}));return void 0!==r?r:"en"}},{key:"getLocalizedTextContent",value:function(t,e){var n,r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],o=t[e];if(void 0===o)throw new Error("Config text not found for text key ".concat(e));return r?null!==(n=o[this.langCode])&&void 0!==n?n:o.en:o[this.langCode]}},{key:"getPixelString",value:function(t){return"number"==typeof t?"".concat(t,"px"):null}},{key:"pickContrastingColorValue",value:function(t,e,n){var r=t.substring(1,7);return.299*parseInt(r.substring(0,2),16)+.587*parseInt(r.substring(2,4),16)+.114*parseInt(r.substring(4,6),16)>=128?e:n}},{key:"generateOverlay",value:function(t){var e=this,n=t.siteId,r=t.isCloseEnabled,o=t.dismissDuration,i=t.dismissDurationPv,a=t.logoUrl,c=t.font,s=t.paragraphTwo,u=t.paragraphThree,l=t.closeText,d=t.linkText,f=t.linkUrl,h=t.textColor,v=t.headerTextColor,p=t.buttonTextColor,m=t.headerBgColor,y=t.bgColor,g=t.buttonBgColor,w=t.borderColor,b=t.borderWidth,x=t.borderRadius,k=t.closeButtonColor,L=t.closeTextColor,j=t.linkTextColor,E=t.linkTextDecoration,C=t.linkVisitedTextColor,S=t.hasFsBranding,A=t.disableInstructions,I=document.createElement("div");I.style.setProperty("--_1u8b67d",g||"#40C28A"),I.style.setProperty("--_1s2p24r",p||"#000000"),I.style.setProperty("--_16xxoaz",this.pickContrastingColorValue(y||"#FFFFFF","white","black")),j&&I.style.setProperty("--q1a6v7",j),C&&I.style.setProperty("--_1bva2lo",C),E&&I.style.setProperty("--d8c6ui",E),I.classList.add("_82u8vq"),I.id="_1wcn8h3",I.dir="auto",this.oid=I.id;var q=document.createElement("div");q.classList.add("onnj2g"),y&&(q.style.backgroundColor=y),c&&(q.style.fontFamily=c),h&&(q.style.color=h);var P=this.getPixelString(x),Y=this.getPixelString(b);P&&(q.style.borderRadius=P),(w||Y)&&(q.style.borderStyle="solid"),w&&(q.style.borderColor=w),Y&&(q.style.borderWidth=Y);var T=document.createElement("header");if(v&&(T.style.color=v),m){T.style.backgroundColor=m;var O=P||"1em";T.style.borderTopLeftRadius=O,T.style.borderTopRightRadius=O}if(a){var H=document.createElement("img");H.src=a,H.alt="Logo",H.onerror=function(){this.style.display="none"},T.appendChild(H)}var U=document.createElement("h2");U.textContent=this.getLocalizedTextContent(t,"title"),T.appendChild(U);var _=document.createElement("section");_.classList.add("_1myx4a0");var R=document.createElement("p");if(R.textContent=this.getLocalizedTextContent(t,"paragraphOne"),_.appendChild(R),s&&0!==Object.keys(s).length){var F=document.createElement("p");F.textContent=this.getLocalizedTextContent(t,"paragraphTwo"),_.appendChild(F)}if(u&&0!==Object.keys(u).length){var B=document.createElement("p");B.textContent=this.getLocalizedTextContent(t,"paragraphThree"),_.appendChild(B)}var V=d&&this.getLocalizedTextContent(t,"linkText"),z=f&&this.getLocalizedTextContent(t,"linkUrl",!0);if(V&&z){var G=document.createElement("div");G.style.margin="0 0 1em";var N=document.createElement("a");N.classList.add("_1ajq4u1"),j&&N.classList.add("q1a6v7"),C&&N.classList.add("_1bva2lo"),E&&N.classList.add("d8c6ui"),N.textContent=V,N.href=z,N.target="_blank",G.appendChild(N),_.appendChild(G)}var Q=document.createElement("button");if(Q.classList.add("_16i61up"),Q.tabIndex=0,Q.textContent=this.getLocalizedTextContent(t,"buttonText"),g&&(Q.style.backgroundColor=g),p&&(Q.style.color=p),Q.onclick=function(){document.querySelector("section._1myx4a0").classList.add("_18mgeh5"),document.querySelector("section.mjmqhi").classList.remove("_18mgeh5")},_.appendChild(Q),r){var D=function(){I.remove(),e.reviveScroll(),o||i?(sessionStorage.removeItem("fs.adb".concat(n||"",".dis")),i?e.updateValues("p"):o&&e.updateValues("dt")):sessionStorage.setItem("fs.adb".concat(n||"",".dis"),"1")},M=document.createElement("span");if(M.classList.add("_18hdrla"),M.innerHTML="&times;",M.tabIndex=0,k&&(M.style.color=k),M.addEventListener("click",D),T.appendChild(M),l&&0!==Object.keys(l).length){var W=document.createElement("div");W.classList.add("qcqk63");var J=document.createElement("p");J.classList.add("_1jy32sx"),J.textContent=this.getLocalizedTextContent(t,"closeText"),L&&(J.style.color=L),J.addEventListener("click",D),W.appendChild(J),_.appendChild(W)}}var Z=document.createElement("section");Z.classList.add("mjmqhi","_18mgeh5");var X=document.createElement("h4");X.classList.add("vza2sa"),X.textContent=this.getLocalizedTextContent(t,"instructionsTitle");var K=document.createElement("div");K.classList.add("_1n8syyr");var $=document.createElement("ul");$.classList.add("_12y6q83");var tt=document.createElement("div");tt.classList.add("_10v9zkx"),A.forEach((function(t,n){var r=document.createElement("li");r.onclick=function(){return function(t){for(var e=document.querySelectorAll("._12y6q83 > li"),n=document.getElementsByClassName("_1dz8w0r"),r=0;r<n.length;r++)e[r].classList.remove("_2tqkhw"),n[r].classList.remove("_2tqkhw");e[t].classList.add("_2tqkhw"),n[t].classList.add("_2tqkhw")}(n)},r.textContent=e.getLocalizedTextContent(t,"name",!0),$.appendChild(r);var o=document.createElement("ol");o.classList.add("_1dz8w0r"),0===n&&(r.classList.add("_2tqkhw"),o.classList.add("_2tqkhw")),e.getLocalizedTextContent(t,"steps").forEach((function(t){var e=document.createElement("li");e.textContent=t,o.appendChild(e)})),tt.appendChild(o)}));var et=this.getLocalizedTextContent(t,"disclaimerText"),nt=document.createElement("p");nt.textContent=et,tt.appendChild(nt),K.appendChild($),K.appendChild(tt);var rt=document.createElement("button");if(rt.classList.add("_16i61up","te00wf"),rt.textContent=this.getLocalizedTextContent(t,"backButtonText"),g&&(rt.style.backgroundColor=g),p&&(rt.style.color=p),rt.onclick=function(){document.querySelector("section.mjmqhi").classList.add("_18mgeh5"),document.querySelector("section._1myx4a0").classList.remove("_18mgeh5")},Z.appendChild(X),Z.appendChild(K),Z.appendChild(rt),q.appendChild(T),q.appendChild(_),q.appendChild(Z),S){var ot=document.createElement("a");ot.classList.add("_1o9k1ce"),ot.href=atob("aHR0cHM6Ly9mcmVlc3Rhci5jb20vYWQtcHJvZHVjdHMvZGVza3RvcC1tb2JpbGUvZnJlZXN0YXItcmVjb3ZlcmVk"),ot.target="_blank";var it=document.createElement("img");it.alt="Logo",it.src=this.pickContrastingColorValue(y||"#FFFFFF","data:image/png;base64,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","data:image/png;base64,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"),ot.appendChild(it),q.appendChild(ot)}return I.appendChild(q),I}},{key:"getAndSetOverlay",value:(o=P(I().mark((function t(e){var n,r,o,i;return I().wrap((function(t){for(;;)switch(t.prev=t.next){case 0:if(this.post(!0,e),e.dismissDuration||e.dismissDurationPv||"1"!==sessionStorage.getItem("fs.adb".concat(e.siteId||"",".dis"))){t.next=3;break}return t.abrupt("return");case 3:if(n=localStorage.getItem("fs.adb"),r=n&&JSON.parse(n),!e.dismissDurationPv||!r.p||"number"!=typeof r.p){t.next=14;break}if(!(e.dismissDurationPv<=r.p+1)){t.next=10;break}this.clearValue("p"),t.next=12;break;case 10:return this.updateValues("p"),t.abrupt("return");case 12:t.next=15;break;case 14:this.clearValue("p");case 15:if(o=parseInt(r.dt,10),!e.dismissDuration||!o){t.next=25;break}if(!(Math.abs((Date.now()-o)/36e5)<e.dismissDuration)){t.next=22;break}return t.abrupt("return");case 22:this.clearValue("dt");case 23:t.next=26;break;case 25:this.clearValue("dt");case 26:if(document.body){t.next=29;break}return t.next=29,new Promise((function(t){return document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",t)}));case 29:if(this.killScroll(e),null===document.querySelector("#".concat(this.oid))){t.next=32;break}return t.abrupt("return");case 32:i=this.generateOverlay(e),document.body.appendChild(i);case 34:case"end":return t.stop()}}),t,this)}))),function(t){return o.apply(this,arguments)})},{key:"getStatus",value:function(t,e){return!0===e?1:2===t||1===t?2:0}},{key:"getAndSetData",value:function(t){var e,n,r,o=localStorage.getItem("fs.adb"),i=o&&JSON.parse(o),a=Date.now();return i?(e=i.i,n=i.ot,r=this.getStatus(i.s,t)):(i={},e=c(),n=a,r=t?1:0),i.i=e,i.s=r,i.ot=n,i.lt=a,localStorage.setItem("fs.adb",JSON.stringify(i)),i}},{key:"updateValues",value:function(t){var e=localStorage.getItem("fs.adb"),n=e&&JSON.parse(e);"p"===t?(n.p=n.p?n.p+1:1,n.dt&&delete n.dt):"dt"===t&&(n.dt=Date.now(),n.p&&delete n.p),localStorage.setItem("fs.adb",JSON.stringify(n))}},{key:"clearValue",value:function(t){var e=localStorage.getItem("fs.adb"),n=e&&JSON.parse(e);n[t]&&(delete n[t],localStorage.setItem("fs.adb",JSON.stringify(n)))}},{key:"post",value:function(t,e){var n=atob("c2l0ZS1jb25maWcuY29t"),r=e.cDomain||n,o="https://".concat(r,"/v2/abr"),i=this.getAndSetData(t),a=e.accountId,c=e.siteId,s=navigator.userAgent||window.navigator.userAgent,u=document.referrer,l=window.location,d={accountId:a,siteId:c,userId:i.i,url:l.href,referalURL:u,userAgent:s,status:function(t){switch(t){case 0:return"not detected";case 1:return"detected";case 2:return"recovered";default:return}}(i.s),returning:i.ot!==i.lt,version:"1.3.3"};fetch(o,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json","X-Client-Geo-Location":"{client_region},{client_region_subdivision},{client_city}"},body:JSON.stringify(d)}).catch((function(){}))}},{key:"observe",value:function(){var t=this,e="";new MutationObserver((function(){location.pathname!==e&&(e=location.pathname,t.run())})).observe(document,{subtree:!0,childList:!0})}},{key:"run",value:function(){var t=this,e=this.config;setTimeout(P(I().mark((function n(){return I().wrap((function(n){for(;;)switch(n.prev=n.next){case 0:return n.next=2,C().then((function(){return S(atob("aHR0cHM6Ly9hLnB1Yi5uZXR3b3JrL2NvcmUvcHJlYmlkLXVuaXZlcnNhbC1jcmVhdGl2ZS5qcw=="))})).then((function(){return S(atob("aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xldGFnc2VydmljZXMuY29tL3RhZy9qcy9ncHQuanM="))})).then((function(){t.post(!1,e)})).catch((function(n){n!==E&&(null==n?void 0:n.message)!==E||t.getAndSetOverlay(e)}));case 2:case"end":return n.stop()}}),n)}))),500)}}],n&&Y(e.prototype,n),r&&Y(e,r),Object.defineProperty(e,"prototype",{writable:!1}),t}();window.fsabrActive=!0,new T(window.navigator).init()})()})();</script> <script data-cfasync="false" src="https://a.pub.network/smithsonianmag-com/pubfig.min.js" async type="text/javascript"></script> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script> // Define dataLayer and the gtag function. window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag() { dataLayer.push(arguments); } gtag('consent', 'default', { 'ad_storage': 'denied', 'analytics_storage': 'denied', 'ad_personalization': 'denied', 'analytics_storage': 'denied', 'region': ['EU', 'GB'] }); function tagLinkEvent(name) { dataLayer.push({'event': name}); } </script> <script type="text/javascript"> function OptanonWrapper() { window.Optanon.OnConsentChanged(function () { if (window.OptanonActiveGroups.indexOf('C0002')) { gtag('consent', 'default', { 'ad_storage': 'granted', 'analytics_storage': 'granted', 'ad_personalization': 'granted', 'analytics_storage': 'granted', 'region': ['EU', 'GB'] }); } ; }); }; </script> <script>(function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-T62VWK2');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <title>Articles tagged as Volcanoes | Smithsonian Magazine</title> <meta name="keywords" content=""/> <meta name="description" content=""/> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow, max-image-preview:large, follow, archive"/> <meta name="author" content="Smithsonian Magazine"/> <meta charset="utf-8"/> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="referrer" content="unsafe-url"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-status-bar-style" content="black"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Smithsonian Magazine"> <script src="https://cdn.p-n.io/pushly-sdk.min.js?domain_key=hn5lNDNFJqLiqyK5HrYDmcyK8qRE6OSqKsZr" async></script> <script> window.PushlySDK = window.PushlySDK || []; function pushly() { window.PushlySDK.push(arguments) } pushly('load', { domainKey: 'hn5lNDNFJqLiqyK5HrYDmcyK8qRE6OSqKsZr', }); </script> <script> window.ENV = "production"; window.SENTRY_DSN = "https://4ca4f161699457c9cb249d33c630c5e6@o25938.ingest.us.sentry.io/4507623932428288"; window.RELEASE = "2024.11.27.4760"; </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/tag/volcanoes/" /> <link rel="preconnect" href="//a.pub.network"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//www.google-analytics.com"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//www.googletagmanager.com"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//connect.facebook.net"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//ajax.googleapis.com"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//fonts.googleapis.com"/> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//use.fontawesome.com"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//logs1.smithsonian.museum"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//sb.scorecardresearch.com"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//th-thumbnailer.smithsonianmag.com"/> <link rel="preload" href="/static/smithsonianmag/smithsonianmag.2ac8ea967313.css" as="style" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/smithsonianmag/smithsonianmag.2ac8ea967313.css"/> <link rel="icon" href="/static/smithsonianmag/img/Smithsonianmagazine_favicon.a059ed204fde.ico" sizes="any"><!-- 32脳32 --> <link rel="icon" href="/static/smithsonianmag/img/Smithsonianmagazine_favicons.44e60f3d34e8.svg" type="image/svg+xml"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/smithsonianmag/img/Smithsonianmagazine_apple_touch_icon.bcff19327dab.png"> <!-- 180脳180 --> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"> <link rel="preload" href="/static/smithsonianmag/smithsonianmag.bundle.6a12ed706e00.js" as="script"> <link rel="preload" href="/static/ads/freestar.bundle.e8c7f0074c78.js" as="script"> <script type="text/javascript" async src="/static/smithsonianmag/smithsonianmag.bundle.6a12ed706e00.js"></script> <script src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/c31205bd70.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript"> window.freestar = window.freestar || {}; freestar.queue = freestar.queue || []; freestar.config = freestar.config || {}; freestar.config.enabled_slots = []; freestar.initCallback = function () { (freestar.config.enabled_slots.length === 0) ? freestar.initCallbackCalled = false : freestar.newAdSlots(freestar.config.enabled_slots); }; window.GPT = { DOMAIN: 'https://www.smithsonianmag.com/', SITE: 'production', ACCOUNT: '/308522/smithsonianmag.tmus', referrer: document.referrer ? new URL(document.referrer).hostname.replace(/^www\./, '') : '', }; window.googletag = window.googletag || { cmd: [] }; window.showLeaderboard = !(['.bing.','.google.','yahoo.com'].some(function(p){return document.referrer.indexOf(p)>-1;})); googletag.cmd.push(function() { var fsMapping = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([1072, 0], [[728, 90], [970, 90], [970, 250], [1072, 325], [1, 1] ]) .addSize([970, 0], [[728, 90], [970, 90], [970, 250], [1, 1] ]) .addSize([768, 0], [[728, 90], [1, 1] ]) .addSize([0, 0], [[300, 50], [320, 50], [1, 1] ]) .build(); if (showLeaderboard) { googletag.defineSlot('/15184186,21714840181/smithsonianmag_leaderboard_atf', [728, 90], 'smithsonianmag_leaderboard_atf').setTargeting('pos', ['top']).defineSizeMapping(fsMapping).addService(googletag.pubads()); } googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); }); googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.pubads().setTargeting('site', GPT.SITE || "") .setTargeting('Category', GPT.category || "") .setTargeting('tag', GPT.tag || "") .setTargeting('type', GPT.type || "") .setTargeting('special', GPT.special || "") .setTargeting('url', GPT.url || "") .setTargeting('pagetype', GPT.pagetype || "") .setTargeting('segment', GPT.segment || "") .setTargeting('post', GPT.post || "") .setTargeting('section_type', GPT.section_type || "") .setTargeting('referrer', GPT.referrer || "") }); googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().setPrivacySettings({ childDirectedTreatment: false }); }); freestar.queue.push(function() { googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded', function(event) { if (event.slot.getAdUnitPath() === '/15184186,21714840181/smithsonianmag_adhesion' && event.campaignId === 3571320465) { setTimeout(function() { freestar.refresh('smithsonianmag_adhesion'); }, 30000); } }); }); freestar.config.targeting = [ //{ // "smithsonianmag_leaderboard_atf": { // "pos": "top" // } //}, { "smithsonianmag_leaderboard_btf": { "pos": "middle" } }, { "smithsonianmag_rail_right_1": { "pos": "top" } }, { "smithsonianmag_rail_right_2": { "pos": "bottom" } } ]; </script> <script type="text/javascript" data-cfasync="false" src="/static/ads/freestar.bundle.e8c7f0074c78.js"></script> <!-- BEGIN Silverpop --> <script src="https://www.sc.pages03.net/lp/static/js/iMAWebCookie.js?1d10bc16-14374088980-b9e6bcd68d4fb511170ab3fcff55179d&h=www.pages03.net" type="text/javascript"></script> <meta name="com.silverpop.brandeddomains" content="www.pages03.net,airspacemag.com,si.mkt6346.com,smithsonian.com,smithsonianmag.com"/> <meta property="fb:pages" content="47619793252"/> <meta name="p:domain_verify" content="1cb4877f178228486592ed27f73e9fd1"/> <!-- OpenSearch --> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Smithsonian" href="/static/smithsonianmag/xml/opensearch/smith_opensearch.7184bcff4c41.xml"> </head> <body class=""> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-T62VWK2" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <div class="advertisement fullwidth adtop" id="leaderboardAd"> <!-- BEGIN Freestar: Tag ID - smithsonianmag_leaderboard_atf --> <div data-freestar-ad="__320x50 __1072x325" id="smithsonianmag_leaderboard_atf"> <script type="text/javascript"> if (showLeaderboard) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('smithsonianmag_leaderboard_atf'); }); } else { document.currentScript.parentElement.parentElement.remove(); } </script> </div> <!-- END Freestar: Tag ID - smithsonianmag_leaderboard_atf --> </div> <header class="main"> <div class="headerBar"> <div class="headerBaritem"> <button class="hamburger" type="button" aria-label="Sections" aria-haspopup="menu"> <div id="mobileIcon" class="hamMenu"> <div id="mobile-icon"> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> <p>Sections</p> </div> </div> </button> <div class="searchIcon"> <a href="/search/"><i class="fas fa-search" title="Search"></i></a> </div> </div> <div class="headerBaritem logo"> <a href="/"><img src="/static/smithsonianmag/img/smithsonian_magazine_logo_white.5b455067a001.svg" alt="Smithsonian Magazine white logo" width="135" height="38"/></a> </div> <div class="headerBaritem"> <button class="subscribe-btn-alternate" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://subscribe.smithsonianmag.com/?idx=582&amp;inetz=sticky_menu&amp;promo_name=current-issue&amp;promo_position=top-nav&amp;promo_creative=button&amp;promo_id=subscribe" id="sticky-subscribe-nav-link">Subscribe</a></button> <button class="gift-btn" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://subscribe.smithsonianmag.com/gift?idx=579&amp;inetz=sticky_menu&amp;promo_name=current-issue&amp;promo_position=top-nav&amp;promo_creative=button&amp;promo_id=gift" id="sticky-gift-nav-link">Give a Gift</a></button> <button class="renew-btn-alternate" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://ssl.drgnetwork.com/flex/SMT/SMRENEWAL/" id="sticky-renew-nav-link">Renew</a></button> <button class="shop-btn" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.smithsonianstore.com/?code=SEMAG&utm_source=Smithsonianmag.com&utm_medium=shoplink&utm_campaign=hol2016" target="_blank">Shop</a></button> </div> </div> <div class="navigation" id="sideNav" role="navigation"> <nav> <div class="circulation"> <div class="navWrap search-wrapper"> <form class="search-form" action="/search/"> <input placeholder="Search..." type="text" name="q"> <button type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search" title="Submit Search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="navWrap"> <button class="subscribe-btn-alternate" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://subscribe.smithsonianmag.com/?idx=582&amp;inetz=side_menu&amp;promo_name=current-issue&amp;promo_position=left_nav&amp;promo_creative=button&amp;promo_id=subscribe" id="mobile-subscribe-side-menu">Subscribe</a></button> <button class="gift-btn" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://subscribe.smithsonianmag.com/gift?idx=579&amp;inetz=side_menu&amp;promo_name=current-issue&amp;promo_position=left_nav&amp;promo_creative=button&amp;promo_id=gift" id="mobile-side-nav-gift">Give a Gift</a></button> <button class="renew-btn-alternate" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://ssl.drgnetwork.com/flex/SMT/SMRENEWAL/" id="mobile-side-nav-renew">Renew</a></button> </div> </div> <div class="navWrap menu"> <ul><li> <a href="/category/smart-news/" class="smart-news" >Smart News</a> <ul><li class="heading"> <a href="/category/smartnews-history-archaeology/" class="smart-news-history" >History</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/smartnews-science/" class="smartnews-science" >Science</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/smartnews-ideas-innovations/" class="smartnews-innovation" >Innovation</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/smartnews-arts-culture/" class="smartnews-arts-culture" >Arts &amp; Culture</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/smartnews-travel/" class="smartnews-travel" >Travel</a> </li></ul> </li><li> <a href="/category/history/" class="history" >History</a> <ul><li class="heading"> <a href="/category/archaeology/" class="archaeology" >Archaeology</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/us-history/" class="us-history" >U.S. History</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/world-history/" class="world-history" >World History</a> </li><li> <a href="/videos/category/history/" class="history-video" >Video</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/acoustic/add/" class="history-newsletter" target="blank" >Newsletter</a> </li></ul> </li><li> <a href="/category/science-nature/" class="science-nature" >Science</a> <ul><li class="heading"> <a href="/category/human-behavior/" class="human-behavior" >Human Behavior</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/mind-body/" class="mind-body" >Mind &amp; Body</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/our-planet/" class="our-planet" >Our Planet</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/space/" class="space" >Space</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/wildlife/" class="wildlife" >Wildlife</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/acoustic/add/" class="science-newsletter" target="blank" >Newsletter</a> </li></ul> </li><li> <a href="/category/innovation/" class="innovation" >Innovation</a> <ul><li class="heading"> <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/innovation-good-180977795/" class="innovation-for-good" >Innovation for Good</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/education/" class="education" >Education</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/energy/" class="energy" >Energy</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/health-medicine/" class="health-medicine" >Health &amp; Medicine</a> </li><li> <a href="/innovation/our-sustainable-future-180979462/" class="sustainability-hub" >Sustainability</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/technology/" class="technology" >Technology</a> </li><li> <a href="/videos/category/ingenuity/" class="ingenuity-video" >Video</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/acoustic/add/" class="ingenuity-newsletter" target="blank" >Newsletter</a> </li></ul> </li><li> <a href="/category/arts-culture/" class="arts-culture" >Arts &amp; Culture</a> <ul><li class="heading"> <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/museumday/" class="museum-day" >Museum Day</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/art-artists/" class="art" >Art</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/books-2/" class="books" >Books</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/design/" class="design" >Design</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/food/" class="food" >Food</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/music-film/" class="music-film" >Music &amp; Film</a> </li><li> <a href="/videos/category/arts-culture/" class="arts-culture-video" >Video</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/acoustic/add/" class="arts-culture-newsletter" target="blank" >Newsletter</a> </li></ul> </li><li> <a href="/category/travel/" class="travel" >Travel</a> <ul><li class="heading"> <a href="/category/africa-middleeast/" class="africa-the-middle-east" >Africa &amp; the Middle East</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/asia-pacific/" class="asia-pacific" >Asia Pacific</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/europe/" class="europe" >Europe</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/central-south-america/" class="central-and-south-america" >Central and South America</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/us-canada/" class="us-canada" >U.S. &amp; Canada</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.smithsonianjourneys.org/?src=sjmod-t-h&amp;utm_source=smithsonianmag&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=topnav/" class="journeys" target="blank" >Journeys</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/acoustic/add/" class="travel-newsletter" target="blank" >Newsletter</a> </li></ul> </li><li> <a href="/category/smithsonian-institution/" class="smithsonian-institution" >At The Smithsonian</a> <ul><li class="heading"> <a href="https://www.si.edu/Visit" class="visit" target="blank" >Visit</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/events-exhibitions/" class="exhibitions" >Exhibitions</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/new-research/" class="new-research" >New Research</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/objects/" class="artifacts" >Artifacts</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/curators-corner/" class="curators-corner" >Curators&#x27; Corner</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/ask-smithsonian/" class="ask-smithsonian" >Ask Smithsonian</a> </li><li> <a href="/smithsonian-institution/sidedoor-smithsonian-podcast-180961115/" class="podcasts" >Podcasts</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/blogs/" class="voices" >Voices</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/acoustic/add/" class="ats-newsletter" target="blank" >Newsletter</a> </li></ul> </li><li> <a href="/podcast/" class="podcast" >Podcast</a> </li><li> <a href="https://photocontest.smithsonianmag.com/photocontest/" class="photos" >Photos</a> <ul><li class="heading"> <a href="https://photocontest.smithsonianmag.com/photocontest/" class="photo-contest" >Photo Contest</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/smithsonianmagazine" class="instagram" target="blank" >Instagram</a> </li></ul> </li><li> <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/video/" class="video" >Video</a> <ul><li class="heading"> <a href="/videos/category/original-series/" class="original-series" >Original Series</a> </li><li> <a href="/videos/category/smithsonian-channel/" class="smithsonian-channel" >Smithsonian Channel</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div> <div class="secondary"> <div class="navWrap menu"> <ul><li> <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/acoustic/add/" class="newsletters" target="blank" >Newsletters</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.smithsonianstore.com/home.do?code=N2IBSMAD&amp;utm_source=Smithsonianmag.com&amp;utm_medium=shoplink&amp;utm_campaign=hol2016" class="shop" target="blank" >Shop</a> </li></ul> </div> </div> <i class="fas fa-xmark"></i> </nav> </div> </header> <div class="page-wrapper"> <div class="main-content article article-list category-list tag-list"> <h1>Volcanoes</h1> <div class="article-columns"> <div class="articleLeft"> <div id="articleList" class="article-list-items"> <div id="articleContainer" class="article-container"> <div class="article-list-item"> <div class="article-list-image"> <a href="/smart-news/new-studies-confirm-that-the-far-side-of-the-moon-was-volcanically-active-180985490/"><img loading="lazy" src="https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/O5hHFU-QCaaPtjM9V1tfeqMXIys=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():focal(1943x1295:1944x1296)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/ee/97/ee979d50-a053-49d6-809c-b73e9c6bdff8/full_moon_in_september_10_2022.jpg" alt="The near side of the moon has been studied more extensively than the far side." width="640" height="480" /></a> </div> <div class="article-list-text"> <h3><a href="/smart-news/new-studies-confirm-that-the-far-side-of-the-moon-was-volcanically-active-180985490/">The Far Side of the Moon Was Volcanically Active, New Studies Confirm</a></h3> <p class="article-dek">Scientists analyzed the first and only rock samples from the region, which were brought back to Earth as part of a recent Chinese mission</p> <p class="article-author" itemprop="author"> <a href='/author/margherita-bassi/'>Margherita Bassi</a> </p> <p class="article-published"><time class="pub-date" itemprop="published" data-pubdate="Nov. 18, 2024, 3:40 p.m.">November 18, 2024</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="article-list-item"> <div class="article-list-image"> <a href="/smart-news/how-a-team-of-gophers-restored-mount-st-helens-after-its-catastrophic-eruption-with-less-than-a-day-of-digging-180985459/"><img loading="lazy" src="https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/XRA1xz7v-LGJg4POz1b9K-Fqb9M=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():focal(1024x683:1025x684)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/97/18/9718b9b9-d14c-4ea3-b453-6f5cfd036eca/3452847211_737c2b1074_k.jpg" alt="Pocket gophers are a type of burrowing rodent known for their extensive tunnels." width="640" height="480" /></a> </div> <div class="article-list-text"> <h3><a href="/smart-news/how-a-team-of-gophers-restored-mount-st-helens-after-its-catastrophic-eruption-with-less-than-a-day-of-digging-180985459/">How a Team of Gophers Restored Mount St. Helens After Its Catastrophic Eruption With Less Than a Day of Digging</a></h3> <p class="article-dek">After the volcanic eruption of 1980, scientists released the burrowing rodents for only a brief time, but their activities left a remarkably enduring impact, according to a new study</p> <p class="article-author" itemprop="author"> <a href='/author/alexa-robles-gil/'>Alexa Robles-Gil</a> </p> <p class="article-published"><time class="pub-date" itemprop="published" data-pubdate="Nov. 14, 2024, 2:37 p.m.">November 14, 2024</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="article-list-item"> <div class="article-list-image"> <a href="/smart-news/japans-mount-fuji-has-now-remained-snowless-for-the-longest-time-in-its-130-year-record-180985366/"><img loading="lazy" src="https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/4iZZDxuY6xSnrT3elGBESimylNw=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():focal(1200x800:1201x801)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/7b/16/7b167c3d-97bf-4c67-bb7c-c86124425de6/david-edelstein-n4dbvtudikw-unsplash.jpg" alt="A view of a snow-covered Mount Fuji from Fujiyoshida in Japan." width="640" height="480" /></a> </div> <div class="article-list-text"> <h3><a href="/smart-news/japans-mount-fuji-has-now-remained-snowless-for-the-longest-time-in-its-130-year-record-180985366/">Japan&#x27;s Mount Fuji Has Now Remained Snowless for the Longest Time in Its 130-Year Record</a></h3> <p class="article-dek">After a summer that tied for the country&#x27;s hottest, meteorologists say an unusually warm autumn is delaying snowfall</p> <p class="article-author" itemprop="author"> <a href='/author/alexa-robles-gil/'>Alexa Robles-Gil</a> </p> <p class="article-published"><time class="pub-date" itemprop="published" data-pubdate="Oct. 30, 2024, 5:09 p.m.">October 30, 2024</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="article-list-item"> <div class="article-list-image"> <a href="/smart-news/archaeologists-discover-breathtaking-wall-paintings-frozen-in-time-inside-a-modest-home-in-ancient-pompeii-180985337/"><img loading="lazy" src="https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/XNc4mHCLNAwsxKfjKCdDQJpxiTk=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():focal(534x402:535x403)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/6b/5d/6b5d7806-61f0-4f7b-93ac-2f284d0f10d5/quadro-con-raffigurazione-di-satiro-e-ninfa-2-1200x801.jpeg" alt="One fresco depicts a satyr and a nymph embracing." width="640" height="480" /></a> </div> <div class="article-list-text"> <h3><a href="/smart-news/archaeologists-discover-breathtaking-wall-paintings-frozen-in-time-inside-a-modest-home-in-ancient-pompeii-180985337/">Archaeologists Discover Breathtaking Wall Paintings Frozen in Time Inside a Modest Home in Ancient Pompeii</a></h3> <p class="article-dek">Despite its unusually small size, the newly unearthed House of Phaedra is covered in elaborate frescos depicting mythological scenes</p> <p class="article-author" itemprop="author"> <a href='/author/sonja-anderson/'>Sonja Anderson</a> </p> <p class="article-published"><time class="pub-date" itemprop="published" data-pubdate="Oct. 28, 2024, 12:35 p.m.">October 28, 2024</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="article-list-item"> <div class="article-list-image"> <a href="/smart-news/in-a-first-scientists-find-animals-thriving-beneath-the-ocean-floor-in-hidden-habitats-near-deep-sea-vents-180985316/"><img loading="lazy" src="https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/qkiZA-qwR_weFWZqgTdEuLw_FbQ=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():focal(600x389:601x390)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/6e/9e/6e9e9540-db4c-4e23-81dd-489764023d84/fkt230629-rocksample_youngtubeworms-20230719-naranjo-04014.jpg" alt="A sample of ocean crust, turned upside down, reveals tubeworms and other organisms." width="640" height="480" /></a> </div> <div class="article-list-text"> <h3><a href="/smart-news/in-a-first-scientists-find-animals-thriving-beneath-the-ocean-floor-in-hidden-habitats-near-deep-sea-vents-180985316/">In a First, Scientists Find Animals Thriving Beneath the Ocean Floor in Hidden Habitats Near Deep-Sea Vents</a></h3> <p class="article-dek">The discovery of worms and snails confirms that these still-mysterious, dark hotspots of life extend beyond what鈥檚 visible above the crust</p> <p class="article-author" itemprop="author"> <a href='/author/margherita-bassi/'>Margherita Bassi</a> </p> <p class="article-published"><time class="pub-date" itemprop="published" data-pubdate="Oct. 23, 2024, 2:18 p.m.">October 23, 2024</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="article-list-item"> <div class="article-list-image"> <a href="/smart-news/extinct-volcanoes-may-be-an-untapped-source-of-rare-metals-180985153/"><img loading="lazy" src="https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/RrpM_fv1lj06b531I485OVfb8wQ=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():focal(3583x2560:3584x2561)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/4f/70/4f70ffc0-086f-4b51-9748-10dd4c9ed1db/pexels-blaremc-9496447.jpg" alt="Russia&amp;#39;s Kamchatka Peninsula is known for its extinct and active volcanoes." width="640" height="480" /></a> </div> <div class="article-list-text"> <h3><a href="/smart-news/extinct-volcanoes-may-be-an-untapped-source-of-rare-metals-180985153/">Extinct Volcanoes May Be an Untapped Source of Rare Metals</a></h3> <p class="article-dek">Unexplored iron-rich magma could help power current and future technologies</p> <p class="article-author" itemprop="author"> <a href='/author/alexa-robles-gil/'>Alexa Robles-Gil</a> </p> <p class="article-published"><time class="pub-date" itemprop="published" data-pubdate="Sept. 27, 2024, 11:36 a.m.">September 27, 2024</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="article-list-item"> <div class="article-list-image"> <a href="/smart-news/largest-diamond-since-1905-unearthed-by-miners-in-botswana-180984962/"><img loading="lazy" src="https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/KvCFeeiaK0J2uu-fDESMDJsvdBo=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():focal(1348x886:1349x887)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/cc/ef/cceffd6e-4925-43d7-bf8b-150ad16a17f9/inline.jpg" alt="Botswana&amp;rsquo;s President Mokgweetsi Masisi holds up the newly discovered diamond, which weighs more than a pound." width="640" height="480" /></a> </div> <div class="article-list-text"> <h3><a href="/smart-news/largest-diamond-since-1905-unearthed-by-miners-in-botswana-180984962/">Largest Diamond Since 1905 Unearthed by Miners in Botswana</a></h3> <p class="article-dek">Volcanic eruptions long ago brought the 2,492-carat diamond鈥攖he latest in a string of stunning discoveries over the last decade鈥攖o the surface</p> <p class="article-author" itemprop="author"> <a href='/author/rudy-molinek/'>Rudy Molinek</a> </p> <p class="article-published"><time class="pub-date" itemprop="published" data-pubdate="Aug. 23, 2024, 4:22 p.m.">August 23, 2024</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="article-list-item"> <div class="article-list-image"> <a href="/smart-news/archaeologists-at-pompeii-unearth-two-more-vesuvius-victims-180984891/"><img loading="lazy" src="https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/moRAgLOej3ixHca2PqA-Bqsw5eQ=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():focal(750x536:751x537)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/a2/9b/a29b73b0-5ea7-4bd2-b471-3d2f58cbe1bb/regio_ix_scheletri_12.jpg" alt="One of the ancient victims recently unearthed at Pompeii" width="640" height="480" /></a> </div> <div class="article-list-text"> <h3><a href="/smart-news/archaeologists-at-pompeii-unearth-two-more-vesuvius-victims-180984891/">Archaeologists Unearth Two More Vesuvius Victims at Pompeii</a></h3> <p class="article-dek">Recent excavations provide a glimpse into the choices a man and woman made in their final moments</p> <p class="article-author" itemprop="author"> <a href='/author/margherita-bassi/'>Margherita Bassi</a> </p> <p class="article-published"><time class="pub-date" itemprop="published" data-pubdate="Aug. 15, 2024, 2:09 p.m.">August 15, 2024</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="article-list-item"> <div class="article-list-image"> <a href="/smart-news/scientists-drill-deeper-into-earths-mantle-than-ever-before-probing-for-the-origin-of-life-on-earth-180984869/"><img loading="lazy" src="https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/2o1KbPenkno6mi1YPvpqrZHQu4Q=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():focal(675x450:676x451)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/e3/cc/e3cc2297-470d-4623-96c3-f29359aa5fc6/sample_of_rock_earth_under_microscope.webp" alt="A mantle rock sample viewed under a microscope." width="640" height="480" /></a> </div> <div class="article-list-text"> <h3><a href="/smart-news/scientists-drill-deeper-into-earths-mantle-than-ever-before-probing-for-the-origin-of-life-on-earth-180984869/">Scientists Drill Deeper Into Earth&#x27;s Mantle Than Ever Before, Probing for the Origin of Life on Earth</a></h3> <p class="article-dek">The record-setting rock samples will provide insight into the chemical processes that may have kick-started life on our planet</p> <p class="article-author" itemprop="author"> <a href='/author/margherita-bassi/'>Margherita Bassi</a> </p> <p class="article-published"><time class="pub-date" itemprop="published" data-pubdate="Aug. 12, 2024, 5:12 p.m.">August 12, 2024</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="article-list-item"> <div class="article-list-image"> <a href="/smart-news/hidden-underground-magma-pools-fueled-icelands-volcanic-eruptions-study-suggests-180984818/"><img loading="lazy" src="https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/_i043R2c0K3A7txJiLehhxM6qWc=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():focal(1512x1138:1513x1139)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/21/fe/21fe87b7-82ae-415f-b634-0d46f0005c6c/gettyimages-2155900823.jpg" alt="Lava erupts from the&amp;nbsp;Sundhn&amp;uacute;kur volcano on June 3, 2024, on the Reykjanes Peninsula near Grindavik, Iceland.&amp;nbsp;The volcano has erupted five times since December 2023, forcing evacuations of Grindavik and the Blue Lagoon geothermal spa." width="640" height="480" /></a> </div> <div class="article-list-text"> <h3><a href="/smart-news/hidden-underground-magma-pools-fueled-icelands-volcanic-eruptions-study-suggests-180984818/">Hidden Underground Magma Pools Fueled Iceland&#x27;s Volcanic Eruptions, Study Suggests</a></h3> <p class="article-dek">A subterranean plumbing system of magma beneath the island鈥檚 Reykjanes Peninsula may have helped set off the recent series of eruptions that could last for centuries</p> <p class="article-author" itemprop="author"> <a href='/author/rudy-molinek/'>Rudy Molinek</a> </p> <p class="article-published"><time class="pub-date" itemprop="published" data-pubdate="Aug. 5, 2024, 2:14 p.m.">August 5, 2024</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="article-list-item"> <div class="article-list-image"> <a href="/smart-news/watch-a-yellowstone-hot-spring-explode-into-a-boiling-column-of-mud-water-and-rock-180984771/"><img loading="lazy" src="https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/_RXDaS2-RV5MIaIvjNatX3j5084=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():focal(1588x1195:1589x1196)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/6a/11/6a11e9c5-dd53-41e0-8d23-e1bf786686a4/2009biscuitbasin.jpg" alt="A 2009 hydrothermal explosion at Biscuit Basin, similar to the one that happened this week." width="640" height="480" /></a> </div> <div class="article-list-text"> <h3><a href="/smart-news/watch-a-yellowstone-hot-spring-explode-into-a-boiling-column-of-mud-water-and-rock-180984771/">Watch a Yellowstone Hot Spring Explode Into a Boiling Column of Mud, Water and Rock</a></h3> <p class="article-dek">Hydrothermal explosions typically occur every year in the popular national park, but rarely in areas so heavily trafficked by visitors</p> <p class="article-author" itemprop="author"> <a href='/author/rudy-molinek/'>Rudy Molinek</a> </p> <p class="article-published"><time class="pub-date" itemprop="published" data-pubdate="July 25, 2024, 4:44 p.m.">July 25, 2024</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="article-list-item"> <div class="article-list-image"> <a href="/smart-news/amid-its-volcanic-eruption-pompeii-was-also-rocked-by-an-earthquake-study-suggests-180984743/"><img loading="lazy" src="https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/nTtMpxKNU_JspItSVIQF04F5l1M=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():focal(2784x1750:2785x1751)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/bf/b7/bfb7a4ba-e966-420e-b88e-0e19f5fa153b/gettyimages-170423945.jpg" alt="The ruins of Pompeii with Mount Vesuvius in the background. The city was destroyed during an infamous volcanic eruption in 79 C.E., and new research suggests an earthquake may have contributed to the damage and death toll." width="640" height="480" /></a> </div> <div class="article-list-text"> <h3><a href="/smart-news/amid-its-volcanic-eruption-pompeii-was-also-rocked-by-an-earthquake-study-suggests-180984743/">Amid Its Volcanic Eruption, Pompeii Was Also Rocked by an Earthquake, Study Suggests</a></h3> <p class="article-dek">Researchers uncovered skeletal remains of two people in the ancient city that seem to have been killed by a building collapse caused by seismic activity</p> <p class="article-author" itemprop="author"> <a href='/author/will-sullivan/'>Will Sullivan</a> </p> <p class="article-published"><time class="pub-date" itemprop="published" data-pubdate="July 19, 2024, 4:56 p.m.">July 19, 2024</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="article-list-item"> <div class="article-list-image"> <a href="/science-nature/has-life-on-earth-survived-more-than-five-mass-extinctions-180984594/"><img loading="lazy" src="https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/szT7Bx5l1MA756PNsQEfjHDZYno=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/89/bb/89bbc077-3a82-480c-99e6-0758e58f3e74/massextinctions.jpg" alt="Asteroid impacts and volcanism have led to mass extinctions on our planet." width="640" height="480" /></a> </div> <div class="article-list-text"> <h3><a href="/science-nature/has-life-on-earth-survived-more-than-five-mass-extinctions-180984594/">Has Life on Earth Survived More Than Five Mass Extinctions?</a></h3> <p class="article-dek">Scientists aren鈥檛 just arguing whether humans are causing a sixth mass extinction event now, but whether many more occurred in the past</p> <p class="article-author" itemprop="author"> <a href='/author/riley-black/'>Riley Black</a> </p> <p class="article-published"><time class="pub-date" itemprop="published" data-pubdate="July 12, 2024, 8 a.m.">July 12, 2024</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="article-list-item"> <div class="article-list-image"> <a href="/science-nature/bringing-aucklands-volcanic-underworld-to-light-180984608/"><img loading="lazy" src="https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/U-uKUXi5kP0fPvhTcXSjEfo9src=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():focal(800x602:801x603)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/94/6e/946e3117-0c19-438a-8d34-a95dcc4ec330/4img_3491_web.jpg" alt="Maidenhair ferns frame the cavernous entrance to a 350-foot-long cave that opens in the backyard of an Auckland suburban home." width="640" height="480" /></a> </div> <div class="article-list-text"> <h3><a href="/science-nature/bringing-aucklands-volcanic-underworld-to-light-180984608/">Bringing Auckland鈥檚 Volcanic Underworld to Light</a></h3> <p class="article-dek">Scientists are working to map and protect the city&#x27;s underground tunnels so they aren鈥檛 destroyed during construction</p> <p class="article-author" itemprop="author"> <a href='/author/maya-wei-haas/'>Maya Wei-Haas</a> </p> <p class="article-published"><time class="pub-date" itemprop="published" data-pubdate="July 10, 2024, 8 a.m.">July 10, 2024</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="article-list-item"> <div class="article-list-image"> <a href="/smart-news/volcanic-ash-preserved-trilobite-fossils-in-surprising-detail-at-prehistoric-pompeii-180984629/"><img loading="lazy" src="https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/p4g2IoMA6-HyWr7qq5pnx3k1iyE=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():focal(350x350:351x351)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/3b/d8/3bd8a090-c6cb-4f86-9820-d4fab0c6ba7a/trilobite.jpg" alt="An artist&amp;#39;s rendition of the volcanic eruption that preserved several trilobite fossils in ash more than 500 million years ago." width="640" height="480" /></a> </div> <div class="article-list-text"> <h3><a href="/smart-news/volcanic-ash-preserved-trilobite-fossils-in-surprising-detail-at-prehistoric-pompeii-180984629/">Volcanic Ash Preserved Trilobite Fossils in Surprising Detail at &#x27;Prehistoric Pompeii&#x27;</a></h3> <p class="article-dek">The specimens date to more than 500 million years ago and provide new insights into trilobite anatomy, revealing previously unseen features</p> <p class="article-author" itemprop="author"> <a href='/author/will-sullivan/'>Will Sullivan</a> </p> <p class="article-published"><time class="pub-date" itemprop="published" data-pubdate="June 28, 2024, 5:26 p.m.">June 28, 2024</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="article-list-item"> <div class="article-list-image"> <a href="/smart-news/an-ancient-beach-buried-by-the-eruption-of-mount-vesuvius-is-now-open-to-the-public-180984580/"><img loading="lazy" src="https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/WDu8AEyuQ-v-XrbwcQjNuSEERgQ=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():focal(2000x1333:2001x1334)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/ee/d3/eed37b74-46ec-4aa7-b434-752e8a07cb51/gettyimages-2157751378.jpg" alt="Archaeologists continue to excavate Herculaneum, a seaside resort town devastated by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 C.E. " width="640" height="480" /></a> </div> <div class="article-list-text"> <h3><a href="/smart-news/an-ancient-beach-buried-by-the-eruption-of-mount-vesuvius-is-now-open-to-the-public-180984580/">An Ancient Beach Buried by Mount Vesuvius&#x27; Eruption Is Now Open to the Public</a></h3> <p class="article-dek">In the seaside resort town of Herculaneum, the beach is the final resting place of more than 330 residents who tried to flee</p> <p class="article-author" itemprop="author"> <a href='/author/sarah-kuta/'>Sarah Kuta</a> </p> <p class="article-published"><time class="pub-date" itemprop="published" data-pubdate="June 21, 2024, 2:22 p.m.">June 21, 2024</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="article-list-item"> <div class="article-list-image"> <a href="/smart-news/astronomers-discover-water-frost-on-mars-tallest-volcanoes-180984518/"><img loading="lazy" src="https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/kmMKkFtEUSl3wljNoxizn6T5JlU=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():focal(845x459:846x460)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/ef/ff/efffec3e-d663-4701-8116-ec653f5d3ca9/perspective_view_of_frosty_olympus_mons.png" alt="A simulated perspective of Olympus Mons, the tallest volcano in the solar system, with water frost at its peak." width="640" height="480" /></a> </div> <div class="article-list-text"> <h3><a href="/smart-news/astronomers-discover-water-frost-on-mars-tallest-volcanoes-180984518/">Astronomers Discover Water Frost on Mars&#x27; Tallest Volcanoes</a></h3> <p class="article-dek">On early winter mornings, a thin layer of ice forms in craters atop the Red Planet&#x27;s towering peaks, near its equator, according to a new study</p> <p class="article-author" itemprop="author"> <a href='/author/christian-thorsberg/'>Christian Thorsberg</a> </p> <p class="article-published"><time class="pub-date" itemprop="published" data-pubdate="June 12, 2024, 12:05 p.m.">June 12, 2024</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="article-list-item"> <div class="article-list-image"> <a href="/smart-news/rare-blue-shrine-unearthed-at-pompeii-180984507/"><img loading="lazy" src="https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/qvZ0YE71JEUogBNUiqRyuIbnwbs=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():focal(600x349:601x350)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/01/67/0167b69e-715e-4eb5-a84a-d92ab3ad9e8a/stanza-celeste-8257-1200x689.jpg" alt="Archaeologists found amphorae, bronze jugs, bronze lamps and construction materials inside the room." width="640" height="480" /></a> </div> <div class="article-list-text"> <h3><a href="/smart-news/rare-blue-shrine-unearthed-at-pompeii-180984507/">See the Stunning Shrine With Rare Blue-Painted Walls Unearthed at Pompeii</a></h3> <p class="article-dek">The 86-square-foot space is adorned with artworks depicting female figures and agricultural imagery</p> <p class="article-author" itemprop="author"> <a href='/author/sarah-kuta/'>Sarah Kuta</a> </p> <p class="article-published"><time class="pub-date" itemprop="published" data-pubdate="June 7, 2024, 3:51 p.m.">June 7, 2024</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="article-list-item"> <div class="article-list-image"> <a href="/smart-news/hawaiis-kilauea-one-of-the-worlds-most-active-volcanoes-erupts-again-180984462/"><img loading="lazy" src="https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/c0yOpEzd2pPIj25xtXfW2pmHtpo=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():focal(620x466:621x467)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/21/70/2170ce16-9f9e-4321-b335-26be1a16db6d/usgs1.jpg" alt="An aerial image of Kilauea volcano erupting, June 3, 2024." width="640" height="480" /></a> </div> <div class="article-list-text"> <h3><a href="/smart-news/hawaiis-kilauea-one-of-the-worlds-most-active-volcanoes-erupts-again-180984462/">Hawaii&#x27;s Kilauea, One of the World&#x27;s Most Active Volcanoes, Erupts Again</a></h3> <p class="article-dek">The short-lived eruption occurred in an area of the volcano that had not erupted since December 1974</p> <p class="article-author" itemprop="author"> <a href='/author/christian-thorsberg/'>Christian Thorsberg</a> </p> <p class="article-published"><time class="pub-date" itemprop="published" data-pubdate="June 4, 2024, 3:42 p.m.">June 4, 2024</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="article-list-item"> <div class="article-list-image"> <a href="/smart-news/another-volcanic-eruption-hits-iceland-launching-lava-more-than-160-feet-into-the-air-180984442/"><img loading="lazy" src="https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/Uyo0j4FyJeOvIpCUReHfvaMPviA=/400x300/filters:no_upscale():focal(1000x571:1001x572)/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/7b/29/7b29b948-50cf-4d71-aa3d-b59625c46309/gettyimages-2154623100.jpg" alt="A helicopter photographs lava and ash from the May 29 eruption in Iceland. The surrounding area has been evacuated." width="640" height="480" /></a> </div> <div class="article-list-text"> <h3><a href="/smart-news/another-volcanic-eruption-hits-iceland-launching-lava-more-than-160-feet-into-the-air-180984442/">Another Volcanic Eruption Hits Iceland, Launching Lava More Than 160 Feet Into the Air</a></h3> <p class="article-dek">It&#x27;s the fifth eruption near the town of Grindavik since December, signaling a new era of volcanic activity for the region</p> <p class="article-author" itemprop="author"> <a href='/author/will-sullivan/'>Will Sullivan</a> </p> <p class="article-published"><time class="pub-date" itemprop="published" data-pubdate="May 30, 2024, 4:26 p.m.">May 30, 2024</time></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <section class="paginationSection"> <div class="columns"> <p class="bold">Page 1 of 14<p> </div> <div class="columns"> <ul class="pagination" aria-label="pagination"> <li> <a class="active" href="?page=1"> 1 </a> </li> <li> <a class="" href="?page=2"> 2 </a> </li> <li> <a class="" href="?page=3"> 3 </a> </li> <li> <a class="" href="?page=4"> 4 </a> </li> <li> <a class="" href="?page=5"> 5 </a> </li> <li class="disabled"><a href="#">...</a></li> <li> <a class="" href="?page=13"> 13 </a> </li> <li> <a class="" href="?page=14"> 14 </a> </li> <li class="next bold"> <a href="?page=2"> Next <span class="blackText">&rsaquo;</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> <div class="articleRight"> <aside> <div class="widget-heading">Most Popular</div> <div id="id_most_popular" class="widget-most-popular"> <ol> <li> <div class="containment"> <div class="thumb"><img src="https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/Yu38AsthhEWYwIMc676a5JUbNgI=/100x100/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/31/cc/31cc5416-aa8e-4407-9dc6-e9faff2a2d4b/low-res_dmanisi_3dskull2.jpg" alt="These Fossil Teeth From an 11-Year-Old Reveal Clues to Why Humans Developed an Unusually Long Childhood icon" /></div> <div class="headline"><a href="/smart-news/these-fossil-teeth-from-an-11-year-old-reveal-clues-to-why-humans-developed-an-unusually-long-childhood-180985475/">These Fossil Teeth From an 11-Year-Old Reveal Clues to Why Humans Developed an Unusually Long Childhood</a></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="containment"> <div class="thumb"><img src="https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/_Xe0tVPsYMee4e9bMAoKcmmlvfc=/100x100/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/18/e1/18e1c208-d279-4193-8ca1-4f381730d932/41598_2024_79546_fig2_html_1.jpg" alt="A 35,000-Year-Old Saber-Toothed Cub Was Unearthed in Siberia鈥攁nd It Still Had Its Whiskers and Claws icon" /></div> <div class="headline"><a href="/smart-news/a-35000-year-old-saber-toothed-kitten-was-unearthed-in-siberiaand-it-still-had-its-whiskers-and-claws-180985488/">A 35,000-Year-Old Saber-Toothed Cub Was Unearthed in Siberia鈥攁nd It Still Had Its Whiskers and Claws</a></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="containment"> <div class="thumb"><img src="https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/4XN7MGYNMV6BjebvpgE-gDp7EiA=/100x100/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/40/21/4021de0a-2fc4-4d83-9db3-7ccf2d0c3c84/gettyimages-501882427.jpg" alt="The World&#x27;s Largest Mammal Migration Is Taking Place in Zambia Right Now icon" /></div> <div class="headline"><a href="/travel/the-worlds-largest-mammal-migration-is-taking-place-in-zambia-right-now-180985530/">The World's Largest Mammal Migration Is Taking Place in Zambia Right Now</a></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="containment"> <div class="thumb"><img src="https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/Ede8EyfvepPsMYSfiz_F_9ejZUo=/100x100/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/96/1e/961e8466-63f4-4adc-be88-239986e40431/x2_e8a5341a-73e7-41d0-a451-b398592c1d64_kbu00004.jpeg" alt="Rare 1,600-Year-Old Pendant Discovered in Turkey Depicts King Solomon Defeating the Devil icon" /></div> <div class="headline"><a href="/smart-news/rare-1600-year-old-pendant-discovered-in-turkey-depicts-king-solomon-defeating-the-devil-180985533/">Rare 1,600-Year-Old Pendant Discovered in Turkey Depicts King Solomon Defeating the Devil</a></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="containment"> <div class="thumb"><img src="https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/Yg-hG9tyetWkegR4f-GlxAxFRJs=/100x100/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/e3/d2/e3d24006-c2ae-43a6-a4c9-a44e448fe3e2/206280055_de1c8b692f_o.jpg" alt="Crews Remove Miles of Abandoned, Lead-Coated Telephone Cables From the Bottom of Lake Tahoe icon" /></div> <div class="headline"><a href="/smart-news/crews-remove-miles-of-abandoned-lead-coated-telephone-cables-from-the-bottom-of-lake-tahoe-180985544/">Crews Remove Miles of Abandoned, Lead-Coated Telephone Cables From the Bottom of Lake Tahoe</a></div> </div> </li> </ol> </div> </aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer> <div class="footerLogo"> <a href="/"><img loading="lazy" src="/static/smithsonianmag/img/smithsonian_magazine_logo_black.46435ad4efd4.svg" alt="Smithsonian Magazine Logo in Black" width="120" height="33"/></a> </div> <div class="footerNav"> <div class="footerNavItem"> <p class="textlabel">Explore</p> <ul><li> <a href="/category/smart-news/" class="smart-news" >Smart News</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/history/" class="history" >History</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/science-nature/" class="science-nature" >Science</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/innovation/" class="innovation" >Innovation</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/arts-culture/" class="arts-culture" >Arts &amp; Culture</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/travel/" class="travel" >Travel</a> </li><li> <a href="/category/smithsonian-institution/" class="smithsonian-institution" >At The Smithsonian</a> </li><li> <a href="/podcast/" class="podcast" >Podcast</a> </li><li> <a href="https://photocontest.smithsonianmag.com/photocontest/" class="photos" >Photos</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/video/" class="video" >Video</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="footerNavItem"> <p class="textlabel">Subscribe</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://subscribe.smithsonianmag.com/?idx=582&amp;inetz=footer&amp;promo_name=current-issue&amp;promo_position=footer&amp;promo_creative=link&amp;promo_id=subscribe" id="www-footer-nav">Subscribe</a></li> <li><a href="https://subscribe.smithsonianmag.com/gift?idx=579&amp;inetz=footer&amp;promo_name=current-issue&amp;promo_position=footer&amp;promo_creative=link&amp;promo_id=gift" id="fixed-footer-gift">Give a gift</a></li> <li><a href="https://ssl.drgnetwork.com/flex/SMT/SMRENEWAL/" id="fixed-footer-renew">Renew</a></li> <li><a href="https://ssl.drgnetwork.com/SMT/cs/gidSMALL/login" target="_blank" id="fixed-footer-manage-account">Manage My Account</a></li> </ul> <p class="textlabel spacing">Newsletters</p> <ul> <li><a href="/newsletters/">Sign Up</a></li> </ul> <p class="textlabel spacing"><a href="/licensing/">Content Licensing</a></p> </div> <div class="footerNavItem"> <p class="textlabel">Our Partners</p> <ul><li> <a href="https://www.si.edu/?utm_source=Smithsonianmag.com&amp;utm_medium=globalfooter&amp;utm_campaign=referlink" class="smithsonian-institution-2" target="blank" >Smithsonian Institution</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.smithsonian.com/?utm_source=Smithsonianmag.com&amp;utm_medium=globalfooter&amp;utm_campaign=referlink" class="smithsoniancom" target="blank" >Smithsonian.com</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.smithsonianstore.com/" class="smithsonian-store" target="blank" >Smithsonian Store</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.smithsonianjourneys.org/catalog/?src=sjmod-new-hp&amp;utm_source=smithsonianmag.com&amp;utm_medium=module&amp;utm_campaign=sjmod-new-hp&amp;utm_content=footer" class="smithsonian-journeys" target="blank" >Smithsonian Journeys</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.smithsonianchannel.com/?utm_source=Smithsonianmag.com&amp;utm_medium=globalfooter&amp;utm_campaign=referlink" class="smithsonian-channel2" target="blank" >Smithsonian Channel</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.smithsonianbooks.com/?utm_source=Smithsonianmag.com&amp;utm_medium=globalfooter&amp;utm_campaign=referlink" class="smithsonian-books" target="blank" >Smithsonian Books</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.si.edu/support" class="smithsonian-membership" target="blank" >Smithsonian Membership</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="footerNavItem"> <p class="textlabel">Terms of Use</p> <ul><li> <a href="/about/" class="about-smithsonian" >About Smithsonian</a> </li><li> <a href="/contact/" class="contact-us" >Contact Us</a> </li><li> <a href="/mediakit/" class="advertising" >Advertising</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/rss/" class="rss" >RSS</a> </li><li> <a href="/member-services/" class="member-services" >Member Services</a> </li><li> <a href="/sustainability/" class="sustainability" >Sustainability</a> </li><li> <a href="https://www.si.edu/termsofuse" class="terms-of-use" target="blank" >Terms of Use</a> </li><li> <a href="/privacy/" class="privacy-statement-1" >Privacy Statement</a> </li><li> <a href="/privacy/cookie-policy/" class="cookie-policy" >Cookie Policy</a> </li><li> <a href="/privacy/ad-choices/" class="advertising-notice" >Advertising Notice</a> </li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="footerLinks"> <p> <p> <span>&copy; 2024 Smithsonian Magazine</span> <span><a class="privacy-statement" href="/privacy/">Privacy Statement</a></span> <span><a class="cookie-policy-2" href="/privacy/cookie-policy/">Cookie Policy</a></span> <span><a class="terms-of-use-2" href="https://www.si.edu/termsofuse" target="blank">Terms of Use</a></span> <span><a class="advertising-notice-2" href="/privacy/ad-choices/">Advertising Notice</a></span> <span><a class="your-privacy-rights" href="/privacy/manage-my-data/">Your Privacy Rights</a></span> <span><a id="ot-sdk-btn" class="ot-sdk-show-settings">Cookie Settings</a></span> </p> </div> </footer> <!-- BEGIN Freestar: Tag ID - smithsonianmag_1x1_bouncex --> <div align="center" data-freestar-ad="__1x1" id="smithsonianmag_1x1_bouncex" class=""> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript"> freestar.config.enabled_slots.push({ placementName: "smithsonianmag_1x1_bouncex", slotId: "smithsonianmag_1x1_bouncex" }); </script> </div> <!-- END Freestar: Tag ID - smithsonianmag_1x1_bouncex --> <script> // ============================= // Updated sticky leaderboard ad // ============================= document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const header = document.querySelector('header'); const leaderboardAd = document.querySelector('#leaderboardAd'); const cmsToolbar = document.querySelector('.cms-toolbar'); // CMS toolbar adjustments if (cmsToolbar != null) { document.querySelector('html').style.marginTop = 0; document.querySelector('html').classList.remove('cms-toolbar-expanded'); cmsToolbar.style.backgroundColor = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.8)'; } // Only adjust spacing if leaderboard ad exists on the page if (leaderboardAd != null) { // Default spacing pre-ad load, adjusted for mobile if (window.innerWidth <= 782) { header.style.top = '70px'; header.nextElementSibling.style.marginTop = 65 + 'px'; } else if (window.innerWidth <= 969) { header.style.top = '110px'; header.nextElementSibling.style.marginTop = 105 + 'px'; } else { header.style.top = '250px'; header.nextElementSibling.style.marginTop = 245 + 'px'; } // Reset spacing based on loaded leaderboard ad height setTimeout(function () { if (cmsToolbar != null) { leaderboardAd.style.top = cmsToolbar.offsetHeight + 'px'; header.style.top = cmsToolbar.offsetHeight + leaderboardAd.offsetHeight + 'px'; header.nextElementSibling.style.marginTop = cmsToolbar.offsetHeight + leaderboardAd.offsetHeight + 'px'; } else { header.style.top = leaderboardAd.offsetHeight + 'px'; header.nextElementSibling.style.marginTop = leaderboardAd.offsetHeight + 'px'; } }, 3000); // Sticky ad for 5 seconds setTimeout(function () { const scrolledDistance = window.pageYOffset; let prevScrollPos = 0; const handleScroll = function () { if (this.window.pageYOffset > scrolledDistance) { const leaderboardAdRect = leaderboardAd.getBoundingClientRect(); const leaderboardAdVisibleHeight = Math.min(leaderboardAdRect.bottom, window.innerHeight) - Math.max(leaderboardAdRect.top, 0); let count = 0; // Manage spacing if leaderboard ad is visible on the screen while scrolling if ( (leaderboardAdRect.top >= 0 && leaderboardAdRect.top <= window.innerHeight) || (leaderboardAdRect.bottom >= -2 && leaderboardAdRect.bottom <= window.innerHeight && count === 0) ) { header.style.top = leaderboardAdRect.bottom - 2 + 'px'; leaderboardAd.style.top = '-' + (this.window.pageYOffset - scrolledDistance - 8) + 'px'; count++; } else { leaderboardAd.style.position = 'relative'; leaderboardAd.style.top = 0; header.style.top = 0; header.nextElementSibling.style.marginTop = 0; // Remove additional padding for article special if (document.querySelector('.main-content.article header') != null) { document.querySelector('.main-content.article header').style.paddingTop = 0; } window.removeEventListener('scroll', handleScroll); // Remove event listener } } }; window.addEventListener('scroll', handleScroll); }, 5000); } else { if (cmsToolbar != null) { header.style.top = cmsToolbar.offsetHeight + 'px'; header.nextElementSibling.style.marginTop = cmsToolbar.offsetHeight + header.offsetHeight + 'px'; } else { header.style.top = 0; header.nextElementSibling.style.marginTop = header.offsetHeight + 'px'; } } }); // ========================== // Close side menu on X click // ========================== document.querySelector('.fa-xmark').addEventListener('click', function() { document.getElementById('sideNav').classList.remove('open'); }); </script> <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8e99f7ab9ad3ce4a',t:'MTczMjc5MjgxMy4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10