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href="#Manbalar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Manbalar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manbalar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mundarija" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" 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mw-portlet-lang-heading-135" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">135 ta til</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwantummeganika" title="Kwantummeganika – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kwantummeganika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantenmechanik" title="Quantenmechanik – nemis (Shveytsariya)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Quantenmechanik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="nemis (Shveytsariya)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecanica_quantica" title="Mecanica quantica – aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mecanica quantica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4" title="क्वांटम सिद्धांत – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="क्वांटम सिद्धांत" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="yaxshi maqola"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%85" title="ميكانيكا الكم – arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميكانيكا الكم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الميكانيكا الكميه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الميكانيكا الكميه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="কোৱাণ্টাম বলবিজ্ঞান – assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কোৱাণ্টাম বলবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A1nica_cu%C3%A1ntica" title="Mecánica cuántica – asturiy" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mecánica cuántica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvant_mexanikas%C4%B1" title="Kvant mexanikası – ozarbayjon" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kvant mexanikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ozarbayjon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="کوانتوم مکانیکی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوانتوم مکانیکی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Квант механикаһы – boshqird" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Квант механикаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="boshqird" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9kanika_kuantum" title="Mékanika kuantum – bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mékanika kuantum" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzalmechanik" title="Fuzalmechanik – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Fuzalmechanik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvant%C4%97n%C4%97_mekan%C4%97ka" title="Kvantėnė mekanėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kvantėnė mekanėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanikang_kwantum" title="Mekanikang kwantum – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mekanikang kwantum" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Квантавая механіка – belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Квантавая механіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Квантавая мэханіка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Квантавая мэханіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Квантова механика – bolgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Квантова механика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="क्वांटम मैकेनिक्स – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="क्वांटम मैकेनिक्स" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="কোয়ান্টাম বলবিজ্ঞান – bengal" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোয়ান্টাম বলবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanikerezh_kwantek" title="Mekanikerezh kwantek – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mekanikerezh kwantek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kvantna mehanika – bosniy" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kvantna mehanika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Квантын механика – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Квантын механика" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A0nica_qu%C3%A0ntica" title="Mecànica quàntica – katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mecànica quàntica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%B4ng-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%84_l%C4%ADk-h%C5%8Fk" title="Liông-cṳ̄ lĭk-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Liông-cṳ̄ lĭk-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%85" title="میکانیکی کوانتۆم – sorani-kurd" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="میکانیکی کوانتۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani-kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantov%C3%A1_mechanika" title="Kvantová mechanika – chex" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kvantová mechanika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chex" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Квантла механика – chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Квантла механика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecaneg_cwantwm" title="Mecaneg cwantwm – valliy" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mecaneg cwantwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="valliy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantemekanik" title="Kvantemekanik – dan" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kvantemekanik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantenmechanik" title="Quantenmechanik – nemischa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Quantenmechanik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemischa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Κβαντική μηχανική – grek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κβαντική μηχανική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="yaxshi maqola"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics – inglizcha" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Quantum mechanics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglizcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantuma_mekaniko" title="Kvantuma mekaniko – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kvantuma mekaniko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A1nica_cu%C3%A1ntica" title="Mecánica cuántica – ispancha" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mecánica cuántica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ispancha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantmehaanika" title="Kvantmehaanika – estoncha" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kvantmehaanika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoncha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika_kuantiko" title="Mekanika kuantiko – bask" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mekanika kuantiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bask" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A1nica_cu%C3%A1ntica" title="Mecánica cuántica – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mecánica cuántica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="مکانیک کوانتومی – fors" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مکانیک کوانتومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="fors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvanttimekaniikka" title="Kvanttimekaniikka – fincha" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kvanttimekaniikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantmekaaniga" title="Kvantmekaaniga – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kvantmekaaniga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9canique_quantique" title="Mécanique quantique – fransuzcha" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mécanique quantique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransuzcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwantenmechaanik" title="Kwantenmechaanik – shimoliy friz" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kwantenmechaanik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="shimoliy friz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meicnic_chandamach" title="Meicnic chandamach – irland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meicnic chandamach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9kanik_kantik" title="Mékanik kantik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mékanik kantik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meacanaigs_quantumach" title="Meacanaigs quantumach – shotland-gel" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Meacanaigs quantumach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="shotland-gel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A1nica_cu%C3%A1ntica" title="Mecánica cuántica – galisiy" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mecánica cuántica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mek%C3%A1nika_ku%C3%A1ntika" title="Mekánika kuántika – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mekánika kuántika" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מכניקת הקוונטים – ivrit" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכניקת הקוונטים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="प्रमात्रा यान्त्रिकी – hind" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रमात्रा यान्त्रिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hind" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Quantum mechanics" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kvantna mehanika – xorvat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kvantna mehanika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="xorvat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantummechanika" title="Kvantummechanika – venger" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kvantummechanika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="venger" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Քվանտային մեխանիկա – arman" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քվանտային մեխանիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF" title="Քուանտային մեգանիկ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քուանտային մեգանիկ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanica_quantic" title="Mechanica quantic – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mechanica quantic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika_kuantum" title="Mekanika kuantum – indonez" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mekanika kuantum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonez" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Quantum mechanics" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantumala_mekaniko" title="Quantumala mekaniko – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Quantumala mekaniko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skammtafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Skammtafræði – island" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skammtafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="island" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meccanica_quantistica" title="Meccanica quantistica – italyan" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Meccanica quantistica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italyan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="量子力学 – yapon" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="量子力学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="yapon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuantom_mikianix" title="Kuantom mikianix – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kuantom mikianix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="კვანტური მექანიკა – gruzincha" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კვანტური მექანიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvant_mexanika" title="Kvant mexanika – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kvant mexanika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91%CA%8B%C5%8B_ho%C9%96e" title="Ñʋŋ hoɖe – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ñʋŋ hoɖe" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кванттық механика – qozoqcha" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кванттық механика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="qozoqcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಕ್ವಾಂಟಮ್ ಭೌತಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ವಾಂಟಮ್ ಭೌತಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%9E%90%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="양자역학 – koreyscha" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="양자역학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreyscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кванттык механика – qirgʻizcha" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кванттык механика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="qirgʻizcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanica_quantica" title="Mechanica quantica – lotincha" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mechanica quantica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="lotincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwantummechanica" title="Kwantummechanica – limburg" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kwantummechanica" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A0nega_quant%C3%ACstega" title="Mecànega quantìstega – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mecànega quantìstega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantin%C4%97_mechanika" title="Kvantinė mechanika – litva" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kvantinė mechanika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantu_meh%C4%81nika" title="Kvantu mehānika – latishcha" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kvantu mehānika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latishcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Квантна механика – makedon" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Квантна механика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ക്വാണ്ടം ബലതന്ത്രം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്വാണ്ടം ബലതന്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Квант механик – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Квант механик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="पुंज यामिकी – maratxi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पुंज यामिकी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratxi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanik_kuantum" title="Mekanik kuantum – malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mekanik kuantum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekkanika_kwantistika" title="Mekkanika kwantistika – maltiy" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Mekkanika kwantistika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ကွမ်တမ်မက္ကင်းနစ် – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကွမ်တမ်မက္ကင်းနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="کوانتومی فیزیک – mozandaron" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کوانتومی فیزیک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mozandaron" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantenmechanik" title="Quantenmechanik – quyi nemis" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Quantenmechanik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="quyi nemis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="प्रमात्रा यान्त्रिकी – nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रमात्रा यान्त्रिकी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="क्वान्टम मेकानिक्स् – nevar" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्वान्टम मेकानिक्स्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwantummechanica" title="Kwantummechanica – niderland" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kwantummechanica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantemekanikk" title="Kvantemekanikk – norveg-nyunorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kvantemekanikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveg-nyunorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantemekanikk" title="Kvantemekanikk – norveg-bokmal" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kvantemekanikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveg-bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecanica_quantica" title="Mecanica quantica – oksitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mecanica quantica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8" title="ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਮਕੈਨਿਕਸ – panjobcha" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਮਕੈਨਿਕਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjobcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanika_kwantowa" title="Mechanika kwantowa – polyakcha" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mechanika kwantowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polyakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A0nica_qu%C3%A0ntica" title="Mecànica quàntica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mecànica quàntica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%D9%85_%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="کوانٹم مکینکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کوانٹم مکینکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="کوانټوم میخانیک – pushtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کوانټوم میخانیک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pushtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A2nica_qu%C3%A2ntica" title="Mecânica quântica – portugalcha" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mecânica quântica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecanic%C4%83_cuantic%C4%83" title="Mecanică cuantică – rumincha" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mecanică cuantică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="yaxshi maqola"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Квантовая механика – ruscha" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Квантовая механика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Квантова механіка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Квантова механіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Квантовай физика – saxa" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Квантовай физика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="saxa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micc%C3%A0nica_quant%C3%ACstica" title="Miccànica quantìstica – sitsiliya" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Miccànica quantìstica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sitsiliya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics – shotland" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Quantum mechanics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="shotland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%BD%D9%85_%D9%85%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AA%D8%B3" title="ڪوانٽم مڪينڪس – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪوانٽم مڪينڪس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kvantna mehanika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kvantna mehanika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamikanikt_tasmktant" title="Tamikanikt tasmktant – tashelxit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tamikanikt tasmktant" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tashelxit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%80" title="ක්වොන්ටම් යාන්ත්‍ර විද්‍යා‍ව – singal" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක්වොන්ටම් යාන්ත්‍ර විද්‍යා‍ව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Quantum mechanics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantov%C3%A1_mechanika" title="Kvantová mechanika – slovakcha" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kvantová mechanika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kvantna mehanika – slovencha" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kvantna mehanika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovencha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika_kuantike" title="Mekanika kuantike – alban" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mekanika kuantike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="alban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Квантна механика – serbcha" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Квантна механика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9kanika_kuantum" title="Mékanika kuantum – sundan" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mékanika kuantum" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantmekanik" title="Kvantmekanik – shved" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kvantmekanik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="shved" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umakanika_kwanta" title="Umakanika kwanta – suaxili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Umakanika kwanta" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaxili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwantow%C5%8F_mechanika" title="Kwantowŏ mechanika – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kwantowŏ mechanika" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="குவாண்டம் இயங்கியல் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குவாண்டம் இயங்கியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%82_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="క్వాంటం యాంత్రిక శాస్త్రం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="క్వాంటం యాంత్రిక శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D3%A3" title="Механикаи квантӣ – tojik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Механикаи квантӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tojik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1" title="กลศาสตร์ควอนตัม – tay" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลศาสตร์ควอนตัม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanikang_quantum" title="Mekanikang quantum – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mekanikang quantum" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuantum_mekani%C4%9Fi" title="Kuantum mekaniği – turk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuantum mekaniği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Квант механикасы – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Квант механикасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Квантова механіка – ukrain" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Квантова механіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="قدری میکانیات – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قدری میکانیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A0nega_cuant%C3%ACstega" title="Mecànega cuantìstega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mecànega cuantìstega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantmehanik" title="Kvantmehanik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kvantmehanik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C6%A1_h%E1%BB%8Dc_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Cơ học lượng tử – vyetnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cơ học lượng tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vyetnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika_kwantum" title="Mekanika kwantum – varay" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mekanika kwantum" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="量子力学 – vu xitoy" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="量子力学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%9F-%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7" title="קוואנטן-מעכאניק – idish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קוואנטן-מעכאניק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="yaxshi maqola"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="量子力学 – xitoy" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="量子力学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子力學 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="量子力學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C5%8Dng-ch%C3%BA_le%CC%8Dk-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Liōng-chú le̍k-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Liōng-chú le̍k-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子力學 – kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="量子力學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukuguxazela_kohoyana" title="Ukuguxazela kohoyana – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukuguxazela kohoyana" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q944#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Tillararo ishoratlarni tahrirlash" class="wbc-editpage">Ishoratlarni tahrirla</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nomfazolar"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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title="Ushbu sahifaning bosma uchun versiyasi [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Bosma uchun versiya</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Boshqa loyihalarda </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quantum_mechanics" hreflang="en"><span>Vikiombor</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q944" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Vikimaʼlumotlar bandi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Qiyofa"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Qiyofa</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">yonqutiga oʻtish</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">yashirish</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipediya, ochiq ensiklopediya</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="uz" dir="ltr"><p><b>Kvant mexanikasi</b>, toʻlqin mexanikasi — <a href="/wiki/Nazariy_fizika" title="Nazariy fizika">nazariy fizikaning</a> juda kichik o'lchamli zarralar (elementar zarra, <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>, molekula va hokazo) harakat qonunlarini oʻrganuvchi boʻlimi. XX asr boshida qator omillar — atomlarning turgʻunligi, <a href="/wiki/Fotoeffekt" title="Fotoeffekt">fotoeffekt</a>, radioaktivlik, qora jismning nurlanishi singari hodisalarni <a href="/wiki/Klassik_mexanika" title="Klassik mexanika">klassik mexanika</a> va <a href="/wiki/Klassik_elektrodinamika" title="Klassik elektrodinamika">klassik elektrodinamika</a> asosida tushuntirib berish imkoni boʻlmay qolganligi kvant mexanikasini paydo boʻlishiga olib keldi. <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> va <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> kabi olimlarning ishlari kvant mexanikasining yaratilishiga asos boʻldi. </p><p>Klassik fizika qonunlarini juda kichik massali zarralarga tatbiq qilishda olingan xulosalar klassik tasavvurlarni tubdan oʻzgartirishni talab qildi. Klassik fizikada qizdirilgan jism nurlanishi energiyasining qiymatlari uzluksiz boʻladi, deb faraz qilinadi. 1900-yilda M. Plank moddada elektromagnit nurlanishni muvozanatda boʻlish shartini tadqiq qildi. U nurlanish energiyasi chiqayotganda yoki yutilayotganda faqat uzlukli (kvantlangan) qiymatlargagina ega boʻlishi mumkinligi toʻgʻrisidagi gipotezani ilgari surdi. 1905-yilda A. Eynshteyn yorugʻlik tushayotgan metallardan tashqariga elektron chiqish hodisasi (fotoeffekt) ni tekshirib, energiya faqat yutilib yoki chiqibgina qolmay, u nurlanish kvanti — foton koʻrinishida ham mavjud boʻladi, degan xulosaga keldi. Foton energiyasi <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=h\nu }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=h\nu }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c6c0386dc6d9530519404f95570fcc8548ed2326" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.445ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=h\nu }"></span> ga teng, bunda <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>h</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h}"></span> — Plank doimiysi, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ν</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c15bbbb971240cf328aba572178f091684585468" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.232ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu }"></span> — <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnit_nurlanish" title="Elektromagnit nurlanish">elektromagnit nurlanish</a> chastotasi. </p><p>1913-yilda N. Bor yorugʻlikning kvantlar nazariyasini atomlarning tuzilishi masalasiga tatbiq qilib, atomdagi elektron shu atom yadrosining atrofida klassik mexanika qonunlariga boʻysunadigan aniq orbitalar boʻyicha harakat qilishini koʻrsatdi. Bunda orbitalarning har birida elektron aniq energiyali holatda, yaʼni barqaror holatda boʻlib, hech qanday nurlanish roʻy bermaydi (<a href="/wiki/Bor_postulatlari" title="Bor postulatlari">Bor postulatlari</a>). Atomning nur yutishi yoki nur chiqarishi faqat elektronning bir orbitadan boshqa orbitaga oʻtishi bilan bogʻliq. </p><p>Bor nazariyasi eng sodda atom — vodorod atomining nurlanish xususiyatlarini tushuntirib bera oldi. Ammo murakkab atomlarga, molekulalarga bu nazariyani qoʻllashning iloji boʻlmadi. </p><p>1924-yilda L. de Broyl modda yorugʻlik kabi ham zarra, ham toʻlqin xususiyatlariga ega boʻladi, degan gipotezani ilgari surdi. L. de Broyl aytgan moddiy zarraning toʻlqin xususiyatlari qar tomonlama tasdiqlandi. Shunday qilib, korpuskulyar-toʻlqin dualizmi gʻoyasi tasdiqlandi: bu gʻoyaga binoan, toʻlqin xususiyatga ega obʼyektda zarra xususiyati ham uygʻonadi, zarra esa maʼlum sharoitlarda oʻzini toʻlqinlardek tutadi. </p><p>1926-yilda E. Shryodinger zarralar harakatining toʻlqin nazariyasi ustida ishlab, moddiy zarralarning zarra va toʻlqin xususiyatlarini ifodalovchi tenglamani taklif qildi. Bu tenglama eng sodda atom — vodorod atomi masalasini aniq yechib berdi. Koʻp elektronli sistemalar uchun Shryodinger tenglamasi aniq yechilmaydi, bu yerda taqribiy yechish usullari (variatsion usul, Hartri — Fok usuli va boshqalar) ishlatiladi. </p><p>Kvant mexanikada barcha zarralar korpuskulyar va toʻlqin xossalariga ega deb qaraladi; zotan bu xossalar bir-birini istisno qilmaydi, balki bir-birini toʻldiradi. Elektronlar, protonlar va boshqa zarralarning toʻlqin tabiati zarralar difraksiyasiga oid tajribalarda tasdiqlandi. Kvant mexanikada zarraning toʻlqin xususiyati toʻlqin funksiya (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Psi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Psi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5471531a3fe80741a839bc98d49fae862a6439a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Psi }"></span>-funksiya) orqali bayon etiladi. Toʻlqin funksiya aslida statistik harakterga ega ekanligini birinchi boʻlib 1927-yilda M. Born aytdi. Toʻlqin funksiyaning statistik maʼnosi, yaʼni zarraning biror hajm birligida boʻlish ehtimolligi — toʻlqin funksiya modulining kvadrati <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\Psi |^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ</mi> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\Psi |^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/682a3bc37b8f9eeba356ee232b5f33680d81c401" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.156ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\Psi |^{2}}"></span> bilan ifodalanadi. Demak, Kvant mexanikada zarraning holatini bir vaqtda aniq koordinata va impuls orqali ifodalash mumkin emas, u faqat toʻlqin funksiya orqaligina aniqlanadi. Zarraning koordinata bilan impulsi V. Geyzenberg tomonidan kashf etilgan noaniqliklar munosabatiga boʻysunadi. </p><p>Nisbiylik nazariyasini qoʻllab, Kvant mexanikani umumlashtirish natijasida <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relyativistik_kvant_mexanikasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relyativistik kvant mexanikasi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">relyativistik kvant mexanika</a> paydo boʻldi. Kvant mexanikaning yaratilishi va rivojlanishida M. Born, P. Dirak, V. Pauli, <a href="/wiki/Enriko_Fermi" class="mw-redirect" title="Enriko Fermi">E. Fermi</a>, shuningdek, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Davidovich_Landau" class="mw-redirect" title="Lev Davidovich Landau">L. D. Landau</a> va V. A. Fok kabi olimlarning ishlari muhim rol oʻynadi. Kvant mexanika yaratilishi yarimoʻtkazgichlar fizikasi va texnikasi, past temperaturalar fizikasi, kvant elektronika, <a href="/wiki/Yadro_fizikasi" title="Yadro fizikasi">yadro fizikasi</a> va atom energetikasi, astrofizika va ayniqsa ohirgi yillarda <a href="/wiki/Kvant_kompyuterlari" title="Kvant kompyuterlari">kvant kompyuterlari</a> va <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvant_informatikasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvant informatikasi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">kvant informatikasi</a> soxalarning tez rivojlanishiga sabab boʻldi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adabiyot">Adabiyot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvant_mexanika&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Adabiyot" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvant_mexanika&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Adabiyot"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Geyzenberg V., Fizicheskiye prinsipi kvantovoy teorii, L. — M., 1932;</li> <li>Dirak P., Prinsipi kvantovoy mexaniki,per.s angl., M, 1960;</li> <li>Pauli V., Obshiye prinsipi volnovoy mexaniki, per. s nem., M., - L., 1947;</li> <li>Feynman R. P., Xibs A., Kvantovaya mexanika i integrali po trayektoriyam, per. s angl., M., 1968;</li> <li>Landau L. D., Lifshits Ye. M., Kvantovaya mexanika. Nerelyativistskaya teoriya, 3 izd., M., 1974;</li> <li>Fok V. A., Nachalo kvantovoy mexaniki, M., 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manbalar">Manbalar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvant_mexanika&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Manbalar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvant_mexanika&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Manbalar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3605845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBzME" class="mw-redirect" title="OʻzME">OʻzME</a>. Birinchi jild. Toshkent, 2000-yil</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3736688">.mw-parser-output .fmbox{clear:both;margin:0.2em 0;width:100%;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{border:1px solid #bb7070;background-color:#ffdbdb}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-editnotice{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}</style></p><table class="plainlinks fmbox fmbox-system" role="presentation" style="border: 1px dashed #f4c430; width: 65%; margin: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Enciklopedia_stub.png/40px-Enciklopedia_stub.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Enciklopedia_stub.png/60px-Enciklopedia_stub.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Enciklopedia_stub.png/80px-Enciklopedia_stub.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="538" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="font-style: italic;">Ushbu maqolada <a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBzbekiston_milliy_ensiklopediyasi" title="Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi">Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi</a> (2000-2005) maʼlumotlaridan foydalanilgan.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><table class="metadata plainlinks stub" align="center" role="presentation" style="background:transparent"><tbody><tr><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Stub_W.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stub ikona"><img alt="Stub ikona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Stub_W.svg/50px-Stub_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Stub_W.svg/75px-Stub_W.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Stub_W.svg/100px-Stub_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td><center><i>Ushbu maqola <a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Chala_maqolalar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikipediya:Chala maqolalar">chaladir</a>. Siz uni <a class="external text" href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kvant_mexanika&action=edit">boyitib,</a> <a href="/wiki/Vikipediya" title="Vikipediya">Vikipediyaga</a> yordam berishingiz mumkin.</i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4048111">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4048093">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;"><ul><li class="nv-koʻrish"><a href="/wiki/Andoza:Stub" class="mw-redirect" title="Andoza:Stub"><abbr title="Bu andozani koʻrish">k</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-munozara"><a href="/wiki/Andoza_munozarasi:Stub" class="mw-redirect" title="Andoza munozarasi:Stub"><abbr title="Bu andozani muhokama qilish">m</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-tahrirlash"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:EditPage/Andoza:Stub" title="Maxsus:EditPage/Andoza:Stub"><abbr title="Bu andozani tahrirlash">t</abbr></a></li></ul></div><br /><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:smaller">Bu andozani <a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Andozalar/Chala_maqolalar" title="Vikipediya:Andozalar/Chala maqolalar">aniqrogʻiga</a> almashtirish kerak.</span></center></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3736686">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-Turkumsiz plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-uncategorized" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Kpdf_bookish.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Kpdf_bookish.svg/40px-Kpdf_bookish.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Kpdf_bookish.svg/60px-Kpdf_bookish.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Kpdf_bookish.svg/80px-Kpdf_bookish.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Bu maqola <b>birorta <a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Turkumlashtirish" title="Vikipediya:Turkumlashtirish">turkumga</a> qoʻshilmagan</b>. Iltimos, maqolaga aloqador turkumlar qoʻshib yordam qiling. <small><i>(avgust 2024)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""><pre>"<a dir="ltr" href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kvant_mexanika&oldid=4971437">https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kvant_mexanika&oldid=4971437</a>" dan olindi </pre></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Yashirin turkum: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkum:O%CA%BBzbekiston_milliy_ensiklopediyasi_maqolalari" title="Turkum:Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi maqolalari">Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi maqolalari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkum:Barcha_chala_maqolalar" 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