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href="/wiki/File:BenedumCenterForThePerformingArts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/BenedumCenterForThePerformingArts.jpg/220px-BenedumCenterForThePerformingArts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/BenedumCenterForThePerformingArts.jpg/330px-BenedumCenterForThePerformingArts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/BenedumCenterForThePerformingArts.jpg/440px-BenedumCenterForThePerformingArts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benedum_Center" title="Benedum Center">Benedum Center</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Theater in Pittsburgh</b> has existed professionally since the early 1800s and has continued to expand, having emerged as an important cultural force in the city over the past several decades.<sup id="cite_ref-pittsburghclo1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pittsburghclo1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_in_Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinz_Hall_sunny_jeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Heinz_Hall_sunny_jeh.jpg/220px-Heinz_Hall_sunny_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Heinz_Hall_sunny_jeh.jpg/330px-Heinz_Hall_sunny_jeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Heinz_Hall_sunny_jeh.jpg/440px-Heinz_Hall_sunny_jeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Hall_for_the_Performing_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinz Hall for the Performing Arts">Heinz Hall for the Performing Arts</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The heritage of theater in Pittsburgh stretches back to at least 1765, when it was recorded that "balls, plays, concerts, and comedies" were being performed at the British military installation at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pitt_(Pennsylvania)" title="Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)">Fort Pitt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, amateur "thespian societies" emerged, including the Thespian Society that was organized by students of the Pittsburgh Academy in 1810,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>, in order to stage popular comedies and musical entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-thesbian_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesbian-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These students included Henry Marie Brackenridge, the son of university founder <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Henry_Brackenridge" title="Hugh Henry Brackenridge">Hugh Henry Brackenridge</a>; Morgan Neville, the son of <a href="/wiki/Presley_Neville" title="Presley Neville">Presley Neville</a>; and future U.S. Congressman and Senator <a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wilkins (U.S. politician)">William Wilkins</a>. This club was frequently mentioned by travelers commenting on the early culture of Pittsburgh,<sup id="cite_ref-thesbian_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesbian-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however it was disbanded by university faculty in 1833 because, according to Agnes Starrett's 1937 history of the university, "instead of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>, the members had begun to produce vulgar modern comedies".<sup id="cite_ref-thesbian_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesbian-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the 1800s, Pittsburgh was home to various <a href="/wiki/Stock_company_(acting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock company (acting)">stock companies</a>, beginning with the Theater on Third Street, Pittsburgh's first free-standing playhouse, in 1813.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These companies were composed of eight to ten local actors, a stage manager and prompter, a stage carpenter, a properties master, and occasionally an orchestra leader; the local actors would perform with touring "stars" such as <a href="/wiki/William_Macready" title="William Macready">William Macready</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Forrest" title="Edwin Forrest">Edwin Forrest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Junius_Booth" class="mw-redirect" title="Junius Booth">Junius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kean" title="Charles Kean">Charles Kean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman">Charlotte Cushman</a>, James Hackett, and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Adams_(actor)" title="Edwin Adams (actor)">Edwin Adams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important milestone in the creation of indigenous Pittsburgh theater occurred when William Henderson took over the lease of the Old Drury in 1859 and produced plays by Pittsburgh playwrights in the theater's season. Other theaters followed Henderson's lead, including the Pittsburgh Opera House, which held the first productions of nationally regarded playwright <a href="/wiki/Bartley_Campbell" title="Bartley Campbell">Bartley Campbell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>In the early 1900s, Pittsburgh became a key location for productions handled by the <a href="/wiki/Theatrical_Syndicate" title="Theatrical Syndicate">Theatrical Syndicate</a> due to its strategic location, abundance of playhouses, excellent rail service, and established audiences. Sam Nixon and <a href="/wiki/J._Fred_Zimmerman_Sr." title="J. Fred Zimmerman Sr.">Fred Zimmerman</a>'s building of the Nixon and the Gayety (now <a href="/wiki/Byham_Theater" title="Byham Theater">Byham Theater</a>) attracted touring productions of successful Broadway plays as well as international ballet and opera companies. Harry Davis, another theatrical entrepreneur in the early 1900s, founded the Family Avenue Theater and the Pittsburgh Opera House, which produced melodramas and standard plays as well as showed films. In the early 1910s, concern over the lack of serious or "legitimate" theater in Pittsburgh led to an "art theater movement" that involved the establishment of the Pitt Theatre Company of Pittsburgh in 1913, the Drama League of Pittsburgh in 1912, and 1914, the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_School_of_Drama" title="Carnegie Mellon School of Drama">nation's first bachelor of arts degree in theater</a> at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Tech</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1920s, <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> became very popular in Pittsburgh, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Theater_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Little Theater Movement (page does not exist)">Little Theater Movement</a> was represented by many independent, noncommercial theater companies such as People's Playhouse of the North Side, the Suburban Theater of the South Hills, the Tarkington Theater, the Pitt Players, and the Duquesne University <a href="/wiki/Red_Masquers" title="Red Masquers">Red Masquers</a>. During the Great Depression in the 1930s, noncommercial theater became more culturally important and political in nature, exemplified by the New Theater of Pittsburgh, organized in 1935. Black theater also became a more important cultural force at this time, most notably with the Olympian Players. The Negro Drama League was formed in 1932 to support the vibrant theatrical activity of African-Americans in Pittsburgh. Jewish theatrical activity also became more prominent in Pittsburgh at this time, notably with the Irene Kaufmann Settlement Players. German and Catholic theater developed a presence as well. Civic theaters devoted to a sense of civic theatrical identity grew in popularity; the still-active <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Playhouse" title="Pittsburgh Playhouse">Pittsburgh Playhouse</a>, established in 1934, is the most enduring theater of this movement.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theaters">Theaters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_in_Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theaters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pittsburgh_byhamtheater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pittsburgh_byhamtheater.jpg/220px-Pittsburgh_byhamtheater.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pittsburgh_byhamtheater.jpg/330px-Pittsburgh_byhamtheater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pittsburgh_byhamtheater.jpg/440px-Pittsburgh_byhamtheater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Byham_Theater" title="Byham Theater">Byham Theater</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Of the theater companies in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> currently in existence, there are a few with a long history of performances. <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Civic_Light_Opera" title="Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera">Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera</a> was one such company; staging primarily musicals, it held its first production in 1946 at the <a href="/wiki/Pitt_Stadium" title="Pitt Stadium">Pitt Stadium</a>. Over the years, the company has moved to various locations throughout the city and currently holds productions in the <a href="/wiki/Benedum_Center" title="Benedum Center">Benedum Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pittsburghclo1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pittsburghclo1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Savoyards" title="Pittsburgh Savoyards">The Pittsburgh Savoyards</a>, which specializes in <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a> (G&S) <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operettas</a>, came into existence in 1938, and is currently housed in <a href="/wiki/Bellevue,_PA" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellevue, PA">Bellevue</a> and performing in the <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie_Free_Library_%26_Music_Hall_(Carnegie,_Pennsylvania)" title="Andrew Carnegie Free Library & Music Hall (Carnegie, Pennsylvania)">Andrew Carnegie Free Library & Music Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Stages" title="University of Pittsburgh Stages">University of Pittsburgh Stages</a> emerged from various performance troupes at the school in the early 20th century to become the formal company of the school's theater arts performance training program of the university in the 1960s. The university company became professionally oriented in 1981,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continues to stage several productions throughout the year in their primary facility, the historic <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster_Memorial" title="Stephen Foster Memorial">Stephen Foster Memorial</a>. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_Summer_Theatre" title="Saint Vincent Summer Theatre">Saint Vincent Summer Theatre</a>, another major fixture of the Pittsburgh area, began in <a href="/wiki/Latrobe,_Pennsylvania" title="Latrobe, Pennsylvania">Latrobe</a> in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theater has staged many different kinds of productions over the years, and now produces mostly light farces for a summer theater audience.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Playhouse" title="Mountain Playhouse">Mountain Playhouse</a>, one of the oldest professional theaters in the Pittsburgh area, made its debut in nearby <a href="/wiki/Jennerstown,_Pennsylvania" title="Jennerstown, Pennsylvania">Jennerstown</a> in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to St. Vincent, Mountain Playhouse also stages light summer stock fare, including comedies and musicals.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Apple_Hill_Playhouse" title="Apple Hill Playhouse">Apple Hill Playhouse</a> in nearby <a href="/wiki/Delmont,_Pennsylvania" title="Delmont, Pennsylvania">Delmont</a> also stages light comedies and musicals as well as children's theater; it was established in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Playhouse" title="Pittsburgh Playhouse">Pittsburgh Playhouse</a>, currently home to <a href="/wiki/Point_Park_University" title="Point Park University">Point Park University</a>'s conservatory students and resident professional theater company Playhouse Rep, opened its doors in 1934 as a community theater.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stage_Right_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stage Right (Pittsburgh)">Stage Right</a> was established in the mid-1960s and continues to produce theater in the <a href="/wiki/Fox_Chapel,_Pennsylvania" title="Fox Chapel, Pennsylvania">Fox Chapel</a> area of Pittsburgh.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important theater companies of the mid-twentieth century include <a href="/wiki/Black_Horizon_Theater" title="Black Horizon Theater">Black Horizon Theater</a>, an African-American theater troupe that evolved out of a writers' workshop; and peer support group called the Centre Avenue Poets' Theater Workshop; this theater company held some of the first productions of <a href="/wiki/August_Wilson" title="August Wilson">August Wilson</a>'s work.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Public_Theater" title="Pittsburgh Public Theater">Pittsburgh Public Theater</a> was chartered in 1974 by Joan Apt, Margaret Rieck and Ben Shaktman and held its first production in 1975. Staging a wide variety of plays and musicals, from classical to contemporary, the theatre has become a major regional theatre and is currently housed in the <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Theater" title="O'Reilly Theater">O'Reilly Theater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/City_Theatre_(Pittsburgh)" title="City Theatre (Pittsburgh)">City Theatre</a> also staged its first production in 1975 as the City Players, a group of recent college graduates that gave free performances in schools, parks, and housing projects. The company has since evolved to become a major regional theatre that has staged premieres of new works by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Durang" title="Christopher Durang">Christopher Durang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Rapp" title="Adam Rapp">Adam Rapp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hatcher" title="Jeffrey Hatcher">Jeffrey Hatcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Simonson" title="Eric Simonson">Eric Simonson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Ayvazian" title="Leslie Ayvazian">Leslie Ayvazian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, Attilio Favorini founded the Three Rivers Shakespeare Festival, a professional theatre company in residence at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a> which produced Shakespeare at the <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster_Memorial" title="Stephen Foster Memorial">Stephen Foster Memorial</a> and was successful for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pittsburgh_oreillytheater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pittsburgh_oreillytheater.jpg/220px-Pittsburgh_oreillytheater.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pittsburgh_oreillytheater.jpg/330px-Pittsburgh_oreillytheater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pittsburgh_oreillytheater.jpg/440px-Pittsburgh_oreillytheater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1767" data-file-height="1518" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Theater" title="O'Reilly Theater">O'Reilly Theater</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1990s and early 2000s, a new generation of theatre companies emerged. <a href="/wiki/Quantum_Theatre" title="Quantum Theatre">Quantum Theatre</a> was founded in 1990 by Karla Boos; it has staged productions of plays, musicals, and operas from world culture in nontraditional spaces around the Pittsburgh area.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_New_Works_Festival" title="Pittsburgh New Works Festival">Pittsburgh New Works Festival</a> was established in 1990 as well to provide a venue for new plays by playwrights from all over the country.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Musical_Theater" title="Pittsburgh Musical Theater">Pittsburgh Musical Theater</a> opened in 1990 as another venue for musical theater in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The performance art troupe <a href="/wiki/Squonk_Opera" title="Squonk Opera">Squonk Opera</a> was formed in Pittsburgh in 1992 and has gone on to perform in venues across the globe in addition to performing in local venues.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Unseam%27d_Shakespeare_Company" title="Unseam'd Shakespeare Company">Unseam'd Shakespeare Company</a> was established in 1993 and has staged classical and classically inspired plays.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Summer_Company" title="The Summer Company">The Summer Company</a> was also established in 1993 as a venue for summer productions of contemporary and classical plays.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Irish_and_Classical_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Irish and Classical Theatre">Pittsburgh Irish and Classical Theatre</a> was founded in 1996 and has also staged plays from European and classical playwrights.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Stage_Theatre" title="Prime Stage Theatre">Prime Stage Theatre</a> was also founded in 1996 and is focused on the educational aspect of theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, <a href="/wiki/Stage_Right!" title="Stage Right!">Stage Right!</a> was formed in <a href="/wiki/Greensburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Greensburg, Pennsylvania">Greensburg</a> as another venue for professional musical theatre in the region as well as to train young people in the skills of musical theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theatre_of_Pittsburgh" title="Jewish Theatre of Pittsburgh">Jewish Theatre of Pittsburgh</a> was formed in 2001, producing theatre from a Jewish perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cup-A-Jo_Productions" title="Cup-A-Jo Productions">Cup-A-Jo Productions</a> was founded in 2004 with a mission of combining productions of new and established works with other media such as film, dance, and poetry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Future_Ten" title="Future Ten">Future Ten</a> emerged in 2003 as another venue for new plays, showcasing the ten-minute play format.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hiawatha_Project" title="Hiawatha Project">Hiawatha Project</a>, <a href="/wiki/12_Peers_Theater" title="12 Peers Theater">12 Peers Theater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caravan_Theatre_of_Pittsburgh" title="Caravan Theatre of Pittsburgh">Caravan Theatre of Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Throughline_Theatre_Company" title="Throughline Theatre Company">Throughline Theatre Company</a>, Three Rivers Theatre Company, <a href="/wiki/Organic_Theater_Pittsburgh" title="Organic Theater Pittsburgh">Organic Theater Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phase_3_Productions" title="Phase 3 Productions">Phase 3 Productions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Sans_Serif" title="Theatre Sans Serif">Theatre Sans Serif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrnivale_Theatrics" title="Carrnivale Theatrics">Carrnivale Theatrics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bald_Theatre_Company" title="Bald Theatre Company">Bald Theatre Company</a> were all established in the late 2000s and early 2010s and have continued the expansion of Pittsburgh's thriving theatre community.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern Companies include <a href="/wiki/Attack_Theatre" title="Attack Theatre">Attack Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bald_Theatre_Company" title="Bald Theatre Company">Bald Theatre Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barebones_productions" title="Barebones productions">barebones productions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bricolage_Production_Company" title="Bricolage Production Company">Bricolage Production Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_Theatre_(Pittsburgh)" title="City Theatre (Pittsburgh)">City Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theatre_of_Pittsburgh" title="Jewish Theatre of Pittsburgh">Jewish Theatre of Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phase_3_Productions" title="Phase 3 Productions">Phase 3 Productions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Irish_and_Classical_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Irish and Classical Theatre">Pittsburgh Irish and Classical Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Musical_Theater" title="Pittsburgh Musical Theater">Pittsburgh Musical Theater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Playwrights_Theatre_Company" title="Pittsburgh Playwrights Theatre Company">Pittsburgh Playwrights Theatre Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Public_Theater" title="Pittsburgh Public Theater">Pittsburgh Public Theater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Stage_Theatre" title="Prime Stage Theatre">Prime Stage Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Civic_Light_Opera" title="Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera">Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantum_Theatre" title="Quantum Theatre">Quantum Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiawatha_Project" title="Hiawatha Project">Hiawatha Project</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cup-A-Jo_Productions" title="Cup-A-Jo Productions">Cup-A-Jo Productions</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heritage_Players&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heritage Players (page does not exist)">Heritage Players</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organic_Theater_Pittsburgh" title="Organic Theater Pittsburgh">Organic Theater Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/12_Peers_Theater" title="12 Peers Theater">12 Peers Theater</a>, The Pittsburgh Savoyards, Three Rivers Theatre Company, <a href="/wiki/Throughline_Theatre_Company" title="Throughline Theatre Company">Throughline Theatre Company</a>, Comtra Theater, <a href="/wiki/No_Name_Players" title="No Name Players">No Name Players</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Theatre_Group" title="Terra Nova Theatre Group">Terra Nova Theatre Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caravan_Theatre_of_Pittsburgh" title="Caravan Theatre of Pittsburgh">Caravan Theatre of Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrnivale_Theatrics" title="Carrnivale Theatrics">Carrnivale Theatrics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Sans_Serif" title="Theatre Sans Serif">Theatre Sans Serif</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Summer_Company" title="The Summer Company">The Summer Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stage_Right_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stage Right (Pittsburgh)">Stage Right</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unseam%27d_Shakespeare_Company" title="Unseam'd Shakespeare Company">Unseam'd Shakespeare Company</a>, Front Porch Theatricals and Saltworks Theatre Company. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_Pittsburgh_theatre_professionals">Prominent Pittsburgh theatre professionals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_in_Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prominent Pittsburgh theatre professionals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_Foster_Memorial,_University_of_Pittsburgh_-_IMG_0803.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Stephen_Foster_Memorial%2C_University_of_Pittsburgh_-_IMG_0803.jpg/170px-Stephen_Foster_Memorial%2C_University_of_Pittsburgh_-_IMG_0803.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Stephen_Foster_Memorial%2C_University_of_Pittsburgh_-_IMG_0803.jpg/255px-Stephen_Foster_Memorial%2C_University_of_Pittsburgh_-_IMG_0803.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Stephen_Foster_Memorial%2C_University_of_Pittsburgh_-_IMG_0803.jpg/340px-Stephen_Foster_Memorial%2C_University_of_Pittsburgh_-_IMG_0803.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster_Memorial" title="Stephen Foster Memorial">Stephen Foster Memorial</a></figcaption></figure> <p>These are theatre professionals who were born in Pittsburgh or have worked and lived there for an extended period of time. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Ashford" title="Rob Ashford">Rob Ashford</a> – director/choreographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Atkins_(actor)" title="Tom Atkins (actor)">Tom Atkins</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Booth" title="Shirley Booth">Shirley Booth</a> – actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Borle" title="Christian Borle">Christian Borle</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartley_Campbell" title="Bartley Campbell">Bartley Campbell</a> – playwright</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caitlin_Clarke" title="Caitlin Clarke">Caitlin Clarke</a> – actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_Cody" title="Gab Cody">Gab Cody</a> – playwright</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Feldon" title="Barbara Feldon">Barbara Feldon</a> – actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Flaherty" title="Stephen Flaherty">Stephen Flaherty</a> - composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Goldblum" title="Jeff Goldblum">Jeff Goldblum</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gorshin" title="Frank Gorshin">Frank Gorshin</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Harding" title="Ann Harding">Ann Harding</a> – actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jed_Allen_Harris" title="Jed Allen Harris">Jed Allen Harris</a> – director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hartung_(actor)" title="Billy Hartung (actor)">Billy Hartung</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Hunter" title="Holly Hunter">Holly Hunter</a> – actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Hyman" title="Phyllis Hyman">Phyllis Hyman</a> – singer/actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Jacobs" title="Gillian Jacobs">Gillian Jacobs</a> – actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Jones" title="Cherry Jones">Cherry Jones</a> – actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Jones" title="Shirley Jones">Shirley Jones</a> – actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melina_Kanakaredes" title="Melina Kanakaredes">Melina Kanakaredes</a> – actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Kaufman" title="George S. Kaufman">George S. Kaufman</a> – playwright</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Keaton" title="Michael Keaton">Michael Keaton</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Kelly" title="Gene Kelly">Gene Kelly</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Laitta" title="Christine Laitta">Christine Laitta</a> – actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heath_Lamberts" title="Heath Lamberts">Heath Lamberts</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Manganiello" title="Joe Manganiello">Joe Manganiello</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Marshall" title="Kathleen Marshall">Kathleen Marshall</a> – director/choreographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Marshall" title="Rob Marshall">Rob Marshall</a> – director/choreographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allison_McAtee" title="Allison McAtee">Allison McAtee</a> – actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenora_Nemetz" title="Lenora Nemetz">Lenora Nemetz</a> – actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Newell" title="David Newell">David Newell</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Pankin" title="Stuart Pankin">Stuart Pankin</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Penny" title="Rob Penny">Rob Penny</a> – playwright</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Peppard" title="George Peppard">George Peppard</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Porter_(entertainer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billy Porter (entertainer)">Billy Porter</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Elijah_Reese" title="Joshua Elijah Reese">Joshua Elijah Reese</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Russell" title="Lillian Russell">Lillian Russell</a> – actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montae_Russell" title="Montae Russell">Montae Russell</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Stanford" title="Alan Stanford">Alan Stanford</a> – actor, director, playwright</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sada_Thompson" title="Sada Thompson">Sada Thompson</a> – actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regis_Toomey" title="Regis Toomey">Regis Toomey</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Tsoutsouvas" title="Sam Tsoutsouvas">Sam Tsoutsouvas</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wells_(TV_producer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wells (TV producer)">John Wells</a> – producer, writer, and director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Whipple" title="Clara Whipple">Clara Whipple</a> – actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilson" title="August Wilson">August Wilson</a> – playwright</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_in_Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pittsburgh" title="Culture of Pittsburgh">Culture of Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pittsburgh_Performing_Arts_Companies_and_Venues" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Pittsburgh Performing Arts Companies and Venues">List of Pittsburgh Performing Arts Companies and Venues</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_in_Pittsburgh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pittsburghclo1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pittsburghclo1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pittsburghclo1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pittsburghclo.org/pages/clo-history">"History"</a>. Pittsburgh CLO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Pittsburgh+CLO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pittsburghclo.org%2Fpages%2Fclo-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+in+Pittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawson2010" class="citation news cs1">Rawson, Christopher (January 6, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10006/1025991-325.stm">"2009 Pittsburgh's Performer of the Year: Robin Abramson"</a>. Post-gazette.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=2009+Pittsburgh%27s+Performer+of+the+Year%3A+Robin+Abramson&rft.date=2010-01-06&rft.aulast=Rawson&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fpg%2F10006%2F1025991-325.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+in+Pittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawson2010" class="citation news cs1">Rawson, Christopher (January 6, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10006/1026004-325.stm">"Past Post-Gazette Performers of the Year"</a>. Post-gazette.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Past+Post-Gazette+Performers+of+the+Year&rft.date=2010-01-06&rft.aulast=Rawson&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fpg%2F10006%2F1026004-325.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+in+Pittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conner, Lynne (2007). Pittsburgh In Stages: Two Hundred Years of Theater. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 4. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-4330-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-4330-3">978-0-8229-4330-3</a>. Retrieved June 6, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittyearbooks;cc=pittyearbooks;rgn=full%20text;idno=1961e49702;didno=1961e49702;view=image;seq=0111"><i>The Owl</i></a>. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh. 1961. p. 107<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Owl&rft.place=Pittsburgh%2C+PA&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh&rft.date=1961&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.pitt.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Ft%2Ftext%2Fpageviewer-idx%3Fc%3Dpittyearbooks%3Bcc%3Dpittyearbooks%3Brgn%3Dfull%2520text%3Bidno%3D1961e49702%3Bdidno%3D1961e49702%3Bview%3Dimage%3Bseq%3D0111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+in+Pittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConner2007" class="citation book cs1">Conner, Lynne (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittpress;idno=31735062136415;seq=33"><i>Pittsburgh In Stages: Two Hundred Years of Theater</i></a>. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">9–</span>10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-4330-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-4330-3"><bdi>978-0-8229-4330-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pittsburgh+In+Stages%3A+Two+Hundred+Years+of+Theater&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-4330-3&rft.aulast=Conner&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.pitt.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Ft%2Ftext%2Fpageviewer-idx%3Fc%3Dpittpress%3Bidno%3D31735062136415%3Bseq%3D33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+in+Pittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thesbian-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thesbian_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thesbian_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thesbian_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarrett1937" class="citation book cs1">Starrett, Agnes Lynch (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittmiscpubs&cc=pittmiscpubs&idno=00afj8718m&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=602"><i>Through one hundred and fifty years: the University of Pittsburgh</i></a>. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 40<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+one+hundred+and+fifty+years%3A+the+University+of+Pittsburgh&rft.place=Pittsburgh%2C+PA&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Starrett&rft.aufirst=Agnes+Lynch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.pitt.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Ft%2Ftext%2Fpageviewer-idx%3Fc%3Dpittmiscpubs%26cc%3Dpittmiscpubs%26idno%3D00afj8718m%26frm%3Dframeset%26view%3Dimage%26seq%3D602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheatre+in+Pittsburgh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conner, Lynne (2007). Pittsburgh In Stages: Two Hundred Years of Theater. 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