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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alphabet listing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alphabet_listing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alphabetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Alphabetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Phonetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_Thai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Thai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Central Thai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Thai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Thai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Thai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Southern Thai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Thai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diacritics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diacritics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Diacritics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diacritics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Other symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary_charts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary_charts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Summary charts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary_charts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanskrit_and_Pali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanskrit_and_Pali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sanskrit and Pali</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sanskrit_and_Pali-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sanskrit and Pali subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sanskrit_and_Pali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plosives_(vargaḥ)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plosives_(vargaḥ)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Plosives (<i><span><i>vargaḥ</i></span></i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plosives_(vargaḥ)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-plosives_(avargaḥ)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-plosives_(avargaḥ)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Non-plosives (<i><span><i>avargaḥ</i></span></i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-plosives_(avargaḥ)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sibilants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sibilants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Sibilants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sibilants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voiced_h" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voiced_h"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Voiced h</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voiced_h-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retroflex_lla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retroflex_lla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Retroflex lla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retroflex_lla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_non-Thai_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_non-Thai_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Other non-Thai symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_non-Thai_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nikkhahit_(anusvāra)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nikkhahit_(anusvāra)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Nikkhahit (anusvāra)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nikkhahit_(anusvāra)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phinthu_(virāma)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phinthu_(virāma)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Phinthu (virāma)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phinthu_(virāma)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yamakkan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yamakkan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Yamakkan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yamakkan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visarga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visarga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.4</span> <span>Visarga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visarga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sukhothai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sukhothai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sukhothai</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sukhothai-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sukhothai subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sukhothai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sukhothai_consonant_inventory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sukhothai_consonant_inventory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sukhothai consonant inventory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sukhothai_consonant_inventory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_Sukhothai_pronuncation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_Sukhothai_pronuncation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Historical Sukhothai pronuncation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_Sukhothai_pronuncation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keyboard_layouts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keyboard_layouts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Keyboard layouts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keyboard_layouts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thai script</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="الخط التايلندي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الخط التايلندي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetu_tailand%C3%A9s" title="Alfabetu tailandés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alfabetu tailandés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay_%C9%99lifbas%C4%B1" title="Tay əlifbası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tay əlifbası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="থাই লিপি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="থাই লিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0i-kok-j%C4%AB" title="Thài-kok-jī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thài-kok-jī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskriturang_Thai" title="Iskriturang Thai – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Iskriturang Thai" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Тайска писменост – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тайска писменост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skritur_taiek" title="Skritur taiek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skritur taiek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_tai" title="Alfabet tai – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabet tai" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thajsk%C3%A9_p%C3%ADsmo" title="Thajské písmo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thajské písmo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thail%C3%A4ndische_Schrift" title="Thailändische Schrift – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thailändische Schrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_kiri" title="Tai kiri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tai kiri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_tailand%C3%A9s" title="Alfabeto tailandés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto tailandés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="الفبای تای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الفبای تای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_tha%C3%AF" title="Alphasyllabaire thaï – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphasyllabaire thaï" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="타이 문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타이 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="थाई लिपि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थाई लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Thai" title="Aksara Thai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aksara Thai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%ADlenskt_letur" title="Taílenskt letur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Taílenskt letur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_thailandese" title="Alfabeto thailandese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto thailandese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Thai" title="Aksara Thai – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Aksara Thai" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%97" title="ອັກສອນໄທ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອັກສອນໄທ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj%C5%B3_ra%C5%A1tas" title="Tajų raštas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tajų raštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeta_tai" title="Alfabeta tai – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alfabeta tai" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_%C3%ADr%C3%A1s" title="Thai írás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thai írás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Тајландско писмо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тајландско писмо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Thai" title="Abjad Thai – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abjad Thai" 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href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="タイ文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タイ文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_skraft" title="Thai skraft – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Thai skraft" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai-skrift" title="Thai-skrift – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thai-skrift" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="تھائی لپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھائی لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%90%E1%9F%83" title="អក្សរថៃ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អក្សរថៃ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_tajskie" title="Pismo tajskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pismo tajskie" 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письмо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тайское письмо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thai script" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thajsk%C3%A9_p%C3%ADsmo" title="Thajské písmo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Thajské písmo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailainen_kirjaimisto" title="Thailainen kirjaimisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thailainen kirjaimisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thail%C3%A4ndska_alfabetet" title="Thailändska alfabetet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thailändska alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2" title="อักษรไทย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรไทย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Ҳуруфи таиландӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳуруфи таиландӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay_alfabesi" title="Tay alfabesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tay alfabesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тайська абетка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тайська абетка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3ng_ch%E1%BB%AF_c%C3%A1i_Th%C3%A1i" title="Bảng chữ cái Thái – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bảng chữ cái Thái" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E6%96%87" title="泰文 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="泰文" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="泰文字 – 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A7&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="ว">ว</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Abugida used to write Thai, Southern Thai and many other languages spoken in Thailand</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:navajowhite;">Thai<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th" style="font-style: normal;">อักษรไทย</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_Alphabet_Sample.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Thai_Alphabet_Sample.svg/220px-Thai_Alphabet_Sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Thai_Alphabet_Sample.svg/330px-Thai_Alphabet_Sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Thai_Alphabet_Sample.svg/440px-Thai_Alphabet_Sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Creator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ramkhamhaeng_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramkhamhaeng the Great">Ramkhamhaeng the Great</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1283–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236376?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Standard form</i>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a><br /><i>Non-standard form</i>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Lanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isan_language" title="Isan language">Isan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phu_Thai_language" title="Phu Thai language">Phu Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pattani_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Malay">Pattani Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urak_Lawoi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urak Lawoi language">Urak Lawoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phuan_language" title="Phuan language">Phuan</a> and others</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician script">Phoenician</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic script">Aramaic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava alphabet">Pallava</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer alphabet">Khmer</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Thai</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Thai</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">(352)</span>, Thai</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Thai</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0E00.pdf">U+0E00–U+0E7F</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> The <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> and its descendants</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Northern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Landa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_script" title="Gaudi script">Gaudi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagspa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phagspa script">Phagspa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a> <ul><li>Marchung</li> <li>Pungs-chen</li> <li>Pungs-chung</li> <li>Drusha</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig" title="Tamyig">Tamyig</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian alphabet">Tocharian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Southern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li> <li>Proto-Tai script<sup>?</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Noi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Noi script">Thai Noi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dai_Don_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dai Don script (page does not exist)">Dai Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lai_Pao_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lai Pao script (page does not exist)">Lai Pao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulitan alphabet">Kulitan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">S'gaw Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan script">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><i>Lik-Tai scripts</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamti script">Khamti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_alphabet" title="Mon alphabet">Modern Mon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telugu-Kannada_alphabet" title="Telugu-Kannada alphabet">Telugu-Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brahmic" title="Template:Brahmic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks abchis-body"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></i></span> 32nd <abbr title="century">c.</abbr> BCE <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></i></span> 32nd c. BCE <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></i></span> 7th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a> 3rd c. BCE</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a></i></span> 19th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a> 15th c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian</a> 9th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th c. BCE</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> 12th c. BCE <ul><li>(<span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#tp-abchistory-phx">below</a></span>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> 1443</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1601</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a> 1989</li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="treeview"><span class="anchor" id="tp-abchistory-phx"></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> 12th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hebrew">Paleo-Hebrew</a> 10th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a> 6th c. BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a> 3rd c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Brahmic</a></i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a> 4th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a> 6th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> 611</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> 7th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa" class="mw-redirect" title="ʼPhags-pa">ʼPhags-pa</a> 1269</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> 10th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a> 1840</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Neo-Aramaic#Square_Aramaic_Alphabet" title="Western Neo-Aramaic">Square Aramaic</a> 2007</li></ul></li> <li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a></i></span> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> 4th century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_alphabet" title="Palmyrene alphabet">Palmyrene</a> 2nd c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a> 1949</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a> 6th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 650</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> 1204</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a> 2nd century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Etruscan</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> 7th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a> 1854</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a> 19th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Syllabic_writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a> 1888</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a> 1915</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect#Writing_system" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a> 1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a> 2006</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic">Runic</a> 2nd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> 4th century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a> 5th c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a> 3rd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a> 3rd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a> 405 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 420</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 430</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic">Glagolitic</a> 862</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 940</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Permic">Old Permic</a> 1372</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyco-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyco-Berber">Libyco-Berber</a> 10th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh#Neo-Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Neo-Tifinagh</a> 1970</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleohispanic_scripts" title="Paleohispanic scripts">Paleohispanic</a> 7th c. BCE</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Thai script</b> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">อักษรไทย</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a>: </small><span title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription"><i lang="th-Latn">akson thai</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="th-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[ʔàksɔ̌ːn<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰāj]</a></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> used to write <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a> and many other languages spoken in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. The Thai script itself (as used to write Thai) has 44 <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> symbols (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">พยัญชนะ</span>, <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">phayanchana</i></span>), 16 <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> symbols (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">สระ</span>, <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">sara</i></span>) that combine into at least 32 vowel forms, four <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a> diacritics (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">วรรณยุกต์</span> or <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">วรรณยุต</span></span>, <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">wannayuk</i></span> or <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">wannayut</i></span>), and other <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>. </p><p>Although commonly referred to as the <i>Thai alphabet</i>, the script is in fact not a true <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> but an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a>, a writing system in which the full characters represent consonants with diacritical marks for vowels; the absence of a vowel diacritic gives an implied 'a' or 'o'. Consonants are <a href="/wiki/Writing_direction" class="mw-redirect" title="Writing direction">written horizontally</a> from left to right, and vowels following a consonant in speech are written above, below, to the left or to the right of it, or a combination of those. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangkok_National_Museum_-_2017-04-22_(008).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bangkok_National_Museum_-_2017-04-22_%28008%29.jpg/150px-Bangkok_National_Museum_-_2017-04-22_%28008%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bangkok_National_Museum_-_2017-04-22_%28008%29.jpg/225px-Bangkok_National_Museum_-_2017-04-22_%28008%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bangkok_National_Museum_-_2017-04-22_%28008%29.jpg/300px-Bangkok_National_Museum_-_2017-04-22_%28008%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ramkhamhaeng_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramkhamhaeng inscription">Ram Khamhaeng Inscription</a>, the oldest inscription using <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">proto-Thai script</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bangkok_National_Museum" title="Bangkok National Museum">Bangkok National Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_of_The_Thai_Alphabet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Evolution_of_The_Thai_Alphabet.png/506px-Evolution_of_The_Thai_Alphabet.png" decoding="async" width="506" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Evolution_of_The_Thai_Alphabet.png/759px-Evolution_of_The_Thai_Alphabet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Evolution_of_The_Thai_Alphabet.png/1012px-Evolution_of_The_Thai_Alphabet.png 2x" data-file-width="12395" data-file-height="6694" /></a><figcaption>The evolution of the Thai alphabet</figcaption></figure> <p>The Thai script is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai script</a>, which itself is derived from the Old <a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer script</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">อักษรขอม</span>, <i>akson khom</i>), which is a southern <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmī script">Brahmic</a> style of writing derived from the south Indian <a href="/wiki/Pallava_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava alphabet">Pallava alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">ปัลลวะ</span>). According to tradition it was created in 1283 by King <a href="/wiki/Ramkhamhaeng" title="Ramkhamhaeng">Ram Khamhaeng</a> the Great (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">พ่อขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-hartmann_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hartmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest attestation of the Thai script is the <a href="/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng_Inscription" title="Ram Khamhaeng Inscription">Ram Khamhaeng Inscription</a> dated to 1292, however some scholars question its authenticity.<sup id="cite_ref-diller_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diller-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The script was derived from a cursive form of the Old Khmer script of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-hartmann_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hartmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It modified and simplified some of the Old Khmer letters and introduced some new ones to accommodate Thai phonology. It also introduced tone marks. </p><p>Thai is considered to be the first script in the world that invented <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)#Phonetic_notation" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone markers</a> to indicate distinctive tones, which are lacking in the Mon-Khmer (<a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic languages</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a> from which its script is derived. Although Chinese and other <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a> have distinctive tones in their phonological system, no tone marker is found in their orthographies. Thus, tone markers are an innovation in the Thai language that later influenced other related Tai languages and some <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman languages</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-diller_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diller-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another addition was consonant clusters that were written horizontally and contiguously, rather than writing the second consonant below the first one.<sup id="cite_ref-diller_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diller-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, the script wrote vowel marks on the main line, however this innovation fell out of use not long after.<sup id="cite_ref-hartmann_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hartmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2_Vietnamese_Embassy_in_Thailand,_Bangkok.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2_Vietnamese_Embassy_in_Thailand%2C_Bangkok.jpg/220px-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2_Vietnamese_Embassy_in_Thailand%2C_Bangkok.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2_Vietnamese_Embassy_in_Thailand%2C_Bangkok.jpg/330px-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2_Vietnamese_Embassy_in_Thailand%2C_Bangkok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2_Vietnamese_Embassy_in_Thailand%2C_Bangkok.jpg/440px-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2_Vietnamese_Embassy_in_Thailand%2C_Bangkok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Here, the word meaning "embassy", which should be spelt <i>สถาน<b>ทูต</b></i>, is misspelt <i>สถาน<b>ฑูต</b></i> [<i>sic</i>] with <i>tho montho</i> instead of the correct <i>tho thahan</i>. These two letters look similar for untrained eyes and share the same class.</figcaption></figure> <p>There is a fairly complex relationship between spelling and sound. There are various issues: </p> <ul><li>For many consonant sounds, there are two different letters that both represent the same sound, but which cause a different tone to be associated. This stems from a major change (a <a href="/wiki/Tone_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone split">tone split</a>) that occurred historically in the phonology of the Thai language. At the time the Thai script was created, the language had three tones and a full set of contrasts between <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> and unvoiced consonants at the beginning of a syllable (e.g. <i>z</i> vs. <i>s</i>). At a later time, the voicing distinction disappeared, but in the process, each of the three original tones split in two, with an originally voiced consonant (the modern "low" consonant signs) producing a lower-variant tone, and an originally unvoiced consonant (the modern "mid" and "high" consonant signs) producing a higher-variant tone.</li> <li>Thai borrowed a large number of words from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>, and the Thai alphabet was created so that the original spelling of these words could be preserved as much as possible. This means that the Thai alphabet has a number of "duplicate" letters that represent separate sounds in Sanskrit and Pali (e.g. the alveolo-palatal fricative <i>ś</i>) but which never represented distinct sounds in the Thai language. These are mostly or exclusively used in Sanskrit and Pali borrowings.</li> <li>The desire to preserve original Sanskrit and Pali spellings also produces a particularly large number of duplicate ways of spelling sounds at the end of a syllable (where Thai is strictly limited in the sounds that can occur but Sanskrit allowed all possibilities, especially once former final /a/ was deleted), as well as a number of silent letters. Moreover, many consonants from Sanskrit and Pali loanwords are generally silent. The spelling of the words resembles Sanskrit or Pali orthography: <ul><li>Thai <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">สามารถ</span></span> (spelled <i>sǎamaarth</i> but pronounced <i>sa-mat</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sǎː<span class="wrap"> </span>mâːt/</span> with a silent r and a plain t that is represented using an aspirated consonant) "to be able" (Sanskrit समर्थ <i>samartha</i>)</li> <li>Thai <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">จันทร์</span></span> (spelled <i>chanthr</i> but pronounced <i>chan</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɕān/</span> because the th and the r are silent) "moon" (Sanskrit चन्द्र <i>chandra</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>Thai phonology dictates that all syllables must end in a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">approximant</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasal</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosive</a>. Therefore, the letter written may not have the same pronunciation in the initial position as it does in the final position. See <b>Alphabet listing</b> below for more detail.</li> <li>Even though the high class letter <i>ho hip</i> <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ห</span></span> is used to write the sound /h/, if the letter comes before a low class letter in a syllable, it becomes the silent <i>ho nam</i> and turn the initial consonant into high class.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <b>Tones</b> below for more detail.</li></ul> <p>Thai letters do not have <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">upper- and lower-case</a> forms like <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin letters</a> do. Spaces between words <a href="/wiki/Scriptio_continua" title="Scriptio continua">are not used</a>, except in certain linguistically motivated cases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punctuation">Punctuation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Punctuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Minor pauses in sentences <i>may</i> be marked by a comma (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">จุลภาค</span> or <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ลูกน้ำ</span></span>, <span title="Thai-language text"><i lang="th-Latn">chunlaphak</i></span> or <span title="Thai-language text"><i lang="th-Latn">luk nam</i></span>), and major pauses by a period (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">มหัพภาค</span> or <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">จุด</span></span>, <span title="Thai-language text"><i lang="th-Latn">mahap phak</i></span> or <span title="Thai-language text"><i lang="th-Latn">chut</i></span>), but most often are marked by a blank space (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">วรรค</span>, <span title="Thai-language text"><i lang="th-Latn">wak</i></span>). Thai writing also uses quotation marks (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">อัญประกาศ</span>, <span title="Thai-language text"><i lang="th-Latn">anyaprakat</i></span>) and parentheses (round brackets) (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">วงเล็บ</span>, <span title="Thai-language text"><i lang="th-Latn">wong lep</i></span> or <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">นขลิขิต</span>, <span title="Thai-language text"><i lang="th-Latn">nakha likhit</i></span>), but not square brackets or braces. </p><p>A <span title="Thai-language text"><i lang="th-Latn">paiyan noi</i></span> <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฯ</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">ไปยาลน้อย</span>) is used for abbreviation. A <span title="Thai-language text"><i lang="th-Latn">paiyan yai</i></span> <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฯลฯ</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">ไปยาลใหญ่</span>) is the same as "etc." in English. </p><p>Several obsolete characters indicated the beginning or ending of sections. A bird's eye <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">๏</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">ตาไก่</span>, <span title="Thai-language text"><i lang="th-Latn">ta kai</i></span>, officially called <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฟองมัน</span></span>, <span title="Thai-language text"><i lang="th-Latn">fong man</i></span>) formerly indicated paragraphs. An <span title="Thai-language text"><i lang="th-Latn">angkhan kuu</i></span> <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">๚</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">อังคั่นคู่</span>) was formerly used to mark the end of a <a href="/wiki/Chapter_(books)" title="Chapter (books)">chapter</a>. A <span title="Thai-language text"><i lang="th-Latn">kho mut</i></span> <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">๛</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">โคมูตร</span>) was formerly used to mark the end of a <a href="/wiki/Document" title="Document">document</a>, but is now obsolete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabet_listing">Alphabet listing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alphabet listing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thai (along with its sister system, Lao) lacks conjunct consonants and independent vowels, while both designs are common among Brahmic scripts (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In scripts with conjunct consonants, each consonant has two forms: base and conjoined. <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">Consonant clusters</a> are represented with the two styles of consonants. The two styles may form <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature (typography)">typographical ligatures</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>. Independent vowels are used when a syllable starts with a vowel sign. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 44 consonant letters representing 21 distinct consonant sounds. Duplicate consonants either correspond to sounds that existed in <a href="/wiki/Thai_language#Old_Thai" title="Thai language">Old Thai</a> at the time the alphabet was created but no longer exist (in particular, <a href="/wiki/Voicing_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voicing (phonetics)">voiced</a> <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a> such as <i>d</i>), or different <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> consonants pronounced identically in Thai. There are in addition four consonant-vowel combination characters not included in the tally of 44. </p><p>Consonants are divided into three classes — in alphabetical order these are middle (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">กลาง</span></span>, <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">klang</i></span>), high (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">สูง</span></span>, <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">sung</i></span>), and low (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ต่ำ</span></span>, <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">tam</i></span>) class — as shown in the table below. These class designations reflect phonetic qualities of the sounds to which the letters originally corresponded in Old Thai. In particular, "middle" sounds were <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiceless</a> unaspirated <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stops</a>; "high" sounds, voiceless <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a> stops or voiceless <a href="/wiki/Fricatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricatives">fricatives</a>; "low" sounds, voiced. Subsequent sound changes have obscured the phonetic nature of these classes.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the class of a consonant without a tone mark, along with the short or long length of the accompanying vowel, determine the base accent (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พื้นเสียง</span></span>, <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">phuen siang</i></span>). Middle class consonants with a long vowel spell an additional four tones with one of four tone marks over the controlling consonant: <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">mai ek</i></span>, <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">mai tho</i></span>, <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">mai tri</i></span>, and <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">mai chattawa</i></span>. High and low class consonants are limited to <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">mai ek</i></span> and <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">mai tho</i></span>, as shown in the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference"><a href="#Tone">Tone table</a></span>. Differing interpretations of the two marks or their absence allow low class consonants to spell tones not allowed for the corresponding high class consonant. In the case of digraphs where a low class follows a higher class consonant, often the higher class rules apply, but the marker, if used, goes over the low class one; accordingly, <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ห นำ</span></span> <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">ho nam</i></span> and <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">อ นำ</span></span> <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">o nam</i></span> may be considered to be digraphs as such, as explained below the Tone table.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Modern Thai sounds /b/ and /d/ were formerly — and sometimes still are — pronounced /ʔb/ and /ʔd/. For this reason, they were treated as voiceless unaspirated, and hence placed in the "middle" class; this was also the reason they were unaffected by the changes that devoiced most originally voiced stops.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Only low class consonants may have a base accent determined by the syllable being both <i>long</i> and <i>dead</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>To aid learning, each consonant is traditionally associated with an <a href="/wiki/Acrophony" title="Acrophony">acrophonic</a> Thai word that either starts with the same sound, or features it prominently. For example, the name of the letter <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ข</span></span> is <i>kho khai</i> (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ข ไข่</span></span>), in which <i>kho</i> is the sound it represents, and <i>khai</i> (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ไข่</span></span>) is a word which starts with the same sound and means "egg". </p><p>Two of the consonants, <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฃ</span></span> (<i>kho khuat</i>) and <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฅ</span></span> (<i>kho khon</i>), are no longer used in written Thai, but still appear on many keyboards and in character sets. When the first <a href="/wiki/Thai_typewriter" title="Thai typewriter">Thai typewriter</a> was developed by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hunter_McFarland" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Hunter McFarland">Edwin Hunter McFarland</a> in 1892, there was simply no space for all characters, thus two had to be left out.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, neither of these two letters correspond to a Sanskrit or Pali letter, and each of them, being a modified form of the letter that precedes it (compare <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ข</span></span> and <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ค</span></span>), has the same pronunciation and the same consonant class as the preceding letter, thus making them redundant. They used to represent the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> in Old Thai, but it has merged with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span> in Modern Thai. </p><p>Equivalents for <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Thai" title="Romanization of Thai">romanisation</a> are shown in the table below. Many consonants are pronounced differently at the beginning and at the end of a syllable. The entries in columns <i>initial</i> and <i>final</i> indicate the pronunciation for that consonant in the corresponding positions in a syllable. Where the entry is '-', the consonant may not be used to close a syllable. Where a combination of consonants ends a written syllable, only the first is pronounced; possible closing consonant sounds are limited to 'k', 'm', 'n', 'ng', 'p' and 't'. </p><p>Although official standards for romanisation are the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">Royal Thai General System of Transcription</a> (RTGS) defined by the Royal Thai Institute, and the almost identical <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">ISO 11940-2</a></span> defined by the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a>, many publications use different romanisation systems. In daily practice, a bewildering variety of romanisations are used, making it difficult to know how to pronounce a word, or to judge if two words (e.g. on a map and a street sign) are actually the same. For more precise information, an equivalent from the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA) is given as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alphabetic">Alphabetic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Alphabetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <th rowspan="2">Symbol </th> <th colspan="3">Name </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a> </th> <th colspan="2">IPA </th> <th rowspan="2">Class </th></tr> <tr> <th>Thai </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a> </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Initial </th> <th>Final </th> <th>Initial </th> <th>Final </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ก</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ก ไก่</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">ko kai</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">chicken </td> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> </td> <td style="background: #cfc">mid </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ข</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ข ไข่</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kho khai</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">egg </td> <td>kh </td> <td>k </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฃ</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-alphabetic-ฃ_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alphabetic-ฃ-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฃ ขวด</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kho_khuat" title="Kho khuat">kho khuat</a></i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">bottle (obsolete) </td> <td>kh </td> <td>k </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ค</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ค ควาย</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kho khwai</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">buffalo </td> <td>kh </td> <td>k </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฅ</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-alphabetic-ฅ_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alphabetic-ฅ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฅ คน</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kho khon</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">person (obsolete) </td> <td>kh </td> <td>k </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฆ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฆ ระฆัง</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kho rakhang</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">bell </td> <td>kh </td> <td>k </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ง</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ง งู</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">ngo ngu</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">snake </td> <td>ng </td> <td>ng </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">จ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">จ จาน</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">cho chan</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">plate </td> <td>ch </td> <td>t </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɕ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td style="background: #cfc">mid </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฉ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฉ ฉิ่ง</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">cho ching</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">cymbals </td> <td>ch</td> <td> – </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɕʰ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">–</span> </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ช</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ช ช้าง</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">cho chang</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">elephant </td> <td>ch </td> <td>t </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɕʰ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ซ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ซ โซ่</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">so so</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">chain </td> <td>s </td> <td>t </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฌ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฌ เฌอ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">cho choe</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">tree </td> <td>ch </td> <td>t </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɕʰ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ญ</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-alphabetic-ญ_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alphabetic-ญ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ญ หญิง</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">yo ying</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">woman </td> <td>y </td> <td>n </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฎ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฎ ชฎา</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">do chada</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Maku%E1%B9%ADa" title="Makuṭa">headdress</a> </td> <td>d </td> <td>t </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td style="background: #cfc">mid </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฏ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฏ ปฏัก</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">to patak</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">goad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">javelin</a>, spear </td> <td>t </td> <td>t </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td style="background: #cfc">mid </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฐ</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-alphabetic-ฐ_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alphabetic-ฐ-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฐ ฐาน</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">tho than</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">pedestal </td> <td>th </td> <td>t </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฑ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฑ มณโฑ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">tho montho</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Mandodari" title="Mandodari">Montho</a>, character from <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> </td> <td>th or d </td> <td>t </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฒ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฒ ผู้เฒ่า</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">tho phu thao</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">elder </td> <td>th </td> <td>t </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ณ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ณ เณร</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">no nen</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">samanera</a> </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ด</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ด เด็ก</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">do dek</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">child </td> <td>d </td> <td>t </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td style="background: #cfc">mid </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ต</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ต เต่า</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">to tao</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">turtle </td> <td>t </td> <td>t </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td style="background: #cfc">mid </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ถ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ถ ถุง</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">tho thung</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">sack </td> <td>th </td> <td>t </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ท</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ท ทหาร</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">tho thahan</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">soldier </td> <td>th </td> <td>t </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ธ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ธ ธง</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">tho thong</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">flag </td> <td>th </td> <td>t </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">น</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">น หนู</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">no nu</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">mouse </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">บ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">บ ใบไม้</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">bo baimai</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">leaf </td> <td>b </td> <td>p </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> </td> <td style="background: #cfc">mid </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ป</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ป ปลา</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">po pla</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">fish </td> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> </td> <td style="background: #cfc">mid </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ผ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ผ ผึ้ง</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">pho phueng</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">bee </td> <td>ph </td> <td> – </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">–</span> </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฝ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฝ ฝา</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">fo fa</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">lid </td> <td>f</td> <td> – </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">–</span> </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พ พาน</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">pho phan</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Phan_(tray)" title="Phan (tray)">phan</a> </td> <td>ph </td> <td>p </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฟ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฟ ฟัน</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">fo fan</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">tooth </td> <td>f </td> <td>p </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ภ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ภ สำเภา</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">pho samphao</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">junk</a> </td> <td>ph </td> <td>p </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ม</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ม ม้า</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">mo ma</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">horse </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ย</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ย ยักษ์</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">yo yak</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">giant, <a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">yaksha</a> </td> <td>y </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">–</span> <br /> or n<sup id="cite_ref-alphabetic-ย_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alphabetic-ย-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> <br /> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ร</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ร เรือ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">ro ruea</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">boat </td> <td>r </td> <td>n </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ล</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ล ลิง</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">lo ling</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">monkey </td> <td>l </td> <td>n </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ว</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ว แหวน</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">wo waen</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">ring </td> <td>w </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">–</span><sup id="cite_ref-alphabetic-ว_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alphabetic-ว-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ศ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ศ ศาลา</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">so sala</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">pavilion, <a href="/wiki/Sala_(Thai_architecture)" title="Sala (Thai architecture)">sala</a> </td> <td>s </td> <td>t </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ษ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ษ ฤๅษี</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">so ruesi</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">hermit</a> </td> <td>s </td> <td>t </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ส</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ส เสือ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">so suea</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">tiger </td> <td>s </td> <td>t </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ห</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ห หีบ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">ho hip</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">chest, box </td> <td>h </td> <td>– </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">–</span> </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฬ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฬ จุฬา</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">lo chula</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">kite </td> <td>l </td> <td>n </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">อ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">อ อ่าง</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">o ang</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">basin, tub </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">–</span><sup id="cite_ref-alphabetic-อ_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alphabetic-อ-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> – </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">–</span> </td> <td style="background: #cfc">mid </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฮ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฮ นกฮูก</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left"><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">ho nok huk</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: left">owl </td> <td>h </td> <td> – </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">–</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-alphabetic-ฃ-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alphabetic-ฃ_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฃ</span></span> <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kho khuat</i></span> is obsolete and replaced by <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ข</span></span> <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kho khai</i></span>, which has identical phonetic values.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alphabetic-ฅ-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alphabetic-ฅ_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฅ</span></span> <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kho khon</i></span> is obsolete and replaced by <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ค</span></span> <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kho khwai</i></span>, which has identical phonetic values.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alphabetic-ญ-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alphabetic-ญ_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The lower curves of the letter <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ญ</span></span> are removed when certain letters are written below them.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alphabetic-ฐ-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alphabetic-ฐ_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The lower curves of the letter <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฐ</span></span> are removed when certain letters are written below them.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alphabetic-ย-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alphabetic-ย_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ย</span></span> ends a <a href="/wiki/Closed_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed syllable">syllable</a>, it is usually part of the <a href="#Vowels">vowel</a>. For example, <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">mai</i></span> (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">หมา<b>ย</b></span></span>, /mǎːj/), <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">muai</i></span> (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">หมว<b>ย</b></span></span>, /mǔaj/), <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">roi</i></span> (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">โร<b>ย</b></span></span>, /rōːj/), and <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">thui</i></span> (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ทุ<b>ย</b></span></span>, /tʰūj/). There are some cases in which <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ย</span></span> ends a syllable and is not part of the vowel (but serves as an independent ending consonant). An example is <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">phi<b>n</b>yo</i></span> (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ภิ<b>ย</b>โย</span></span>, /pʰīn.jōː/).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alphabetic-ว-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alphabetic-ว_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ว</span></span> ends a <a href="/wiki/Closed_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed syllable">syllable</a>, it is always part of the <a href="#Vowels">vowel</a>. For example, <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">hio</i></span> (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">หิ<b>ว</b></span></span>, /hǐw/), <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">kao</i></span> (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">กา<b>ว</b></span></span>, /kāːw/), <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">klua</i></span> (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">กลั<b>ว</b></span></span>, /klūa/), and <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">reo</i></span> (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">เร็<b>ว</b></span></span>, /rēw/).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alphabetic-อ-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alphabetic-อ_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">อ</span></span> is a special case in that at the beginning of a word it is used as a <a href="/wiki/Zero_consonant" title="Zero consonant">silent initial</a> for syllables that start with a vowel (all vowels are written relative to a consonant — see below). The same symbol is used as a vowel in non-initial position.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phonetic">Phonetic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phonetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consonants can be organised by <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">manner</a> of articulation according to principles of the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Association" title="International Phonetic Association">International Phonetic Association</a>. Thai distinguishes among three voice/aspiration patterns for plosive consonants: </p> <ul><li>unvoiced, unaspirated</li> <li>unvoiced, aspirated</li> <li>voiced, unaspirated</li></ul> <p>Where English has only a distinction between the voiced, unaspirated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> and the unvoiced, aspirated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ/</span>, Thai distinguishes a third sound which is neither voiced nor aspirated, which occurs in English only as an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, approximately the sound of the <i>p</i> in "spin". There is similarly a laminal denti-alveolar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> triplet. In the velar series there is a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span> pair and in the postalveolar series the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɕ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɕʰ/</span> pair. </p><p>In each cell below, the first line indicates <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA),<sup id="cite_ref-Tingsabadh_1993_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tingsabadh_1993-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the second indicates the Thai characters in initial position (several letters appearing in the same box have identical pronunciation). The conventional alphabetic order shown in the table above follows roughly the table below, reading the coloured blocks from right to left and top to bottom. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Pronunciation of Thai characters in initial position </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labio-<br />dental</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-<br />palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="background-color: #ccf"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ม</span></span> </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="background-color: #cfc"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ณ, น</span></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="background-color: #fcc"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ง</span></span> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <td style="background-color: #ccf"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ป</span></span> </td> <td style="background-color: #ccf"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰ]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ผ, พ, ภ</span></span> </td> <td style="background-color: #ccf"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">บ</span></span> </td> <td>  </td> <td style="background-color: #cfc"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฏ, ต</span></span> </td> <td style="background-color: #cfc"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰ]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฐ, ฑ, ฒ, ถ, ท, ธ</span></span> </td> <td style="background-color: #cfc"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฎ, ด</span></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>  </td> <td style="background-color: #fcc"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ก</span></span> </td> <td style="background-color: #fcc"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰ]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ข, ฃ, ค, ฅ, ฆ</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-phonetic-1.1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phonetic-1.1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>  </td> <td style="background-color: #ccc"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">อ</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-phonetic-1.2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phonetic-1.2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td style="text-align: center;background: #fcf;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ɕ]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">จ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: center;background: #fcf;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ɕʰ]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฉ, ช, ฌ</span></span> </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td style="background-color: #ccf"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฝ, ฟ</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: center;background: #ffc;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ซ, ศ, ษ, ส</span></span> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td style="background-color: #ccc"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ห, ฮ</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="text-align: center;background: #cff;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ร</span></span> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="text-align: center;background: #cff;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span><br />ว </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="text-align: center;background: #cff;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ญ, ย</span></span> </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral approximant consonant">Lateral<br />approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="text-align: center;background: #cff;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ล, ฬ</span></span> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="15"> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-phonetic-1.1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-phonetic-1.1_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฃ</span></span> and <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฅ</span></span> are no longer used. Thus, modern Thai is said to have 42 consonants.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phonetic-1.2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-phonetic-1.2_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Initial <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">อ</span></span> is silent and therefore considered as glottal plosive.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Although the overall 44 Thai consonants provide 21 sounds in case of initials, the case for finals is different. The consonant sounds in the table for initials collapse in the table for final sounds. At the end of a syllable, all plosives are unvoiced, unaspirated, and have no audible release. Initial affricates and fricatives become final plosives. The initial trill (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ร</span></span>), approximant (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ญ</span></span>), and lateral approximants (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ล</span></span>, <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฬ</span></span>) are realized as a final nasal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>. </p><p>Only 8 ending consonant sounds, as well as no ending consonant sound, are available in Thai pronunciation. Among these consonants, excluding the disused <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฃ</span></span> and <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฅ</span></span>, six (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฉ</span></span>, <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ผ</span></span>, <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฝ</span></span>, <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ห</span></span>, <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">อ</span></span>, <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ฮ</span></span>) cannot be used as a final. The remaining 36 are grouped as following. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Pronunciation of Thai characters in final position </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td> </td> <td style="background-color: #ccf"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ม</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color: #cfc"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ณ, น, <b>ญ</b>, <b>ร</b>, <b>ล</b>, <b>ฬ</b></span></span> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td style="background-color: #fcc"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ง</span></span> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <td style="background-color: #ccf"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p̚]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">บ, ป, พ, <b>ฟ</b>, ภ</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color: #cfc"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̚]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th"><b>จ</b>, <b>ช</b>, <b>ซ</b>, <b>ฌ</b>, ฎ, ฏ, ฐ, ฑ, ฒ</span></span>,<br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ด, ต, ถ, ท, ธ, <b>ศ</b>, <b>ษ</b>, <b>ส</b></span></span> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color: #fcc"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k̚]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ก, ข, ค, ฆ</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color: #ccc"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">อ</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-phonetic-2.1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phonetic-2.1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="1">  </td> <td style="text-align: center;background: #cff;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ว</span></span> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="text-align: center;background: #cff;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span><br /><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ย</span></span> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9"> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-phonetic-2.1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-phonetic-2.1_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The glottal plosive appears at the end when no final follows a short vowel.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thai vowel sounds and diphthongs are written using a mixture of vowel symbols on a consonant base. Each vowel is shown in its correct position relative to a base consonant and sometimes a final consonant as well. Vowels can go above, below, left of or right of the consonant, or combinations of these places. If a vowel has parts before and after the initial consonant, and the syllable starts with a consonant cluster, the split will go around the whole cluster. </p><p>Twenty-one vowel symbol elements are traditionally named, which may appear alone or in combination to form compound symbols. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Symbol</th> <th colspan="2">Name</th> <th rowspan="2" width="300pt">Combinations </th></tr> <tr> <th>Thai</th> <th>RTGS </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%; text-align:center">ะ</td> <td>วิสรรชนีย์, นมนาง</td> <td>wisanchani, nom nang<br />(from Sanskrit <a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>visarjanīya</i></i></span></a>)</td> <td>◌<b>ะ</b>; ◌ัว<b>ะ</b>; เ◌<b>ะ</b>; เ◌อ<b>ะ</b>; เ◌า<b>ะ</b>; เ◌ีย<b>ะ</b>; เ◌ือ<b>ะ</b>; แ◌<b>ะ</b>; โ◌<b>ะ</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%; text-align:center">◌ั</td> <td>ไม้หันอากาศ, ไม้ผัด, หางกังหัน</td> <td>mai han akat, mai phat, mai kanghan</td> <td><b>◌ั</b>◌; <b>◌ั</b>ว; <b>◌ั</b>วะ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%; text-align:center">◌็</td> <td>ไม้ไต่คู้</td> <td>mai tai khu</td> <td><b>◌็</b>; <b>◌็</b>อ◌; เ<b>◌็</b>◌; แ<b>◌็</b>◌ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%; text-align:center">า</td> <td>ลากข้าง</td> <td>lak khang</td> <td>◌<b>า</b>; ◌<b>า</b>◌; ◌ํ<b>า</b>; เ◌<b>า</b>; เ◌<b>า</b>ะ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%; text-align:center">◌ิ</td> <td>พินทุ์อิ, พินทุอิ</td> <td>phin i, phinthu i</td> <td><b>◌ิ</b>; เ<b>◌ิ</b>◌; <b>◌ี</b>; <b>◌ี</b>◌; เ<b>◌ี</b>ย; เ<b>◌ี</b>ยะ; <b>◌ื</b>◌; <b>◌ื</b>อ; เ<b>◌ื</b>อ; เ<b>◌ื</b>อะ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%; text-align:center">◌̍</td> <td>ฝนทอง</td> <td>fon thong<sup id="cite_ref-vowels-1.1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vowels-1.1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>◌ี</b>; <b>◌ี</b>◌; เ<b>◌ี</b>ย; เ<b>◌ี</b>ยะ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%; text-align:center">◌̎</td> <td>ฟันหนู, มูสิกทันต์</td> <td>fan nu<sup id="cite_ref-vowels-1.1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vowels-1.1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>◌ื</b>◌; <b>◌ื</b>อ; เ<b>◌ื</b>อ; เ<b>◌ื</b>อะ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%; text-align:center">◌ํ</td> <td>นิคหิต, นฤคหิต, หยาดน้ำค้าง</td> <td>nikkhahit, naruekhahit, yat namkhang</td> <td><b>◌ึ</b>; <b>◌ึ</b>◌; <b>◌ํ</b>า </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%; text-align:center">◌ุ</td> <td>ตีนเหยียด, ลากตีน</td> <td>tin yiat, lak tin</td> <td><b>◌ุ</b>; <b>◌ุ</b>◌ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%; text-align:center">◌ู</td> <td>ตีนคู้</td> <td>tin khu</td> <td><b>◌ู</b>; <b>◌ู</b>◌ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%; text-align:center">เ</td> <td>ไม้หน้า</td> <td>mai na</td> <td><b>เ</b>◌; <b>เ</b>◌◌; <b>เ</b>◌็◌; <b>เ</b>◌อ; <b>เ</b>◌อ◌; <b>เ</b>◌อะ; <b>เ</b>◌า; <b>เ</b>◌าะ; <b>เ</b>◌ิ◌; <b>เ</b>◌ีย; <b>เ</b>◌ีย◌; <b>เ</b>◌ียะ; <b>เ</b>◌ือ; <b>เ</b>◌ือ◌; <b>เ</b>◌ือะ; <b>แ</b>◌; <b>แ</b>◌◌; <b>แ</b>◌็◌; <b>แ</b>◌ะ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%; text-align:center">โ</td> <td>ไม้โอ</td> <td>mai o</td> <td><b>โ</b>◌; <b>โ</b>◌◌; <b>โ</b>◌ะ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%; text-align:center">ใ</td> <td>ไม้ม้วน</td> <td>mai muan</td> <td><b>ใ</b>◌ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%; text-align:center">ไ</td> <td>ไม้มลาย</td> <td>mai malai</td> <td><b>ไ</b>◌ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%; text-align:center">อ</td> <td>ตัว อ</td> <td>tua o</td> <td>◌<b>อ</b>; ◌็<b>อ</b>◌; ◌ื<b>อ</b>; เ◌<b>อ</b>; เ◌<b>อ</b>◌; เ◌<b>อ</b>ะ; เ◌ื<b>อ</b>; เ◌ื<b>อ</b>ะ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%; text-align:center">ย</td> <td>ตัว ย</td> <td>tua yo</td> <td>เ◌ี<b>ย</b>; เ◌ี<b>ย</b>◌; เ◌ี<b>ย</b>ะ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%; text-align:center">ว</td> <td>ตัว ว</td> <td>tua wo</td> <td>◌ั<b>ว</b>; ◌ั<b>ว</b>ะ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%; text-align:center">ฤ</td> <td>ตัว ฤ</td> <td>tua rue</td> <td><b>ฤ</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%; text-align:center">ฤๅ</td> <td>ตัว ฤๅ</td> <td>tua rue</td> <td><b>ฤๅ</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%; text-align:center">ฦ</td> <td>ตัว ฦ</td> <td>tua lue</td> <td><b>ฦ</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%; text-align:center">ฦๅ</td> <td>ตัว ฦๅ</td> <td>tua lue</td> <td><b>ฦๅ</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-vowels-1.1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vowels-1.1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vowels-1.1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">These symbols are always combined with <i>phinthu i</i> (◌ิ).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Inherent_vowel" title="Inherent vowel">inherent vowels</a> are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Open_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Open syllable">open syllables</a> (CV) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Closed_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed syllable">closed syllables</a> (CVC). For example, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#007000">ถนน</span> transcribes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#007000"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰ</span></span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">à</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#007000"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n</span></span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǒ</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#007000"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n</span></span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/</span> "road". There are a few exceptions in Pali loanwords, where the inherent vowel of an open syllable is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔː/</span>. The <a href="/wiki/Circumfix" title="Circumfix">circumfix</a> vowels, such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#700000">เ–าะ</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔʔ/</span>, encompass a preceding consonant with an inherent vowel. For example, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#007000"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʰ</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#700000"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔʔ</span></span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/</span> is written <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#700000">เ</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#007000">พ</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#700000">าะ</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#007000"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tɕʰ</span></span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#007000"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʰ</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#700000"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔʔ</span></span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/</span> "only" is written <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#700000">เ</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#007000">ฉพ</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#700000">าะ</span>. </p><p>The characters <b>ฤ ฤๅ</b> (plus <b>ฦ ฦๅ</b>, which are obsolete) are usually considered as vowels, the first being a short vowel sound, and the latter, long. The letters are based on vocalic consonants used in Sanskrit, given the one-to-one letter correspondence of Thai to Sanskrit, although the last two letters are quite rare, as their equivalent Sanskrit sounds only occur in a few, ancient words and thus are functionally obsolete in Thai. The first symbol 'ฤ' is common in many Sanskrit and Pali words and 'ฤๅ' less so, but does occur as the primary spelling for the Thai adaptation of Sanskrit 'rishi' and <i>treu</i> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">ตฤๅ</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/trɯ̄ː/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/trīː/</span>), a very rare Khmer loan word for 'fish' only found in ancient poetry. As alphabetical entries, ฤ ฤๅ follow <b>ร</b>, and themselves can be read as a combination of consonant and vowel, equivalent to รึ (short), and รือ (long) (and the obsolete pair as ลึ, ลือ), respectively. Moreover, <b>ฤ</b> can act as <b>ริ</b> as an integral part in many words mostly borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> such as ก<b>ฤ</b>ษณะ (<i>kritsana</i>, not <i>kruetsana</i>), <b>ฤ</b>ทธิ์ (<i>rit</i>, not <i>ruet</i>), and ก<b>ฤ</b>ษดา (<i>kritsada</i>, not <i>kruetsada</i>), for example. It is also used to spell อังก<b>ฤ</b>ษ <i>angkrit</i> England/English. The word <b>ฤ</b>กษ์ (<i>roek</i>) is a unique case where <b>ฤ</b> is pronounced like <b>เรอ</b>. In the past, prior to the turn of the twentieth century, it was common for writers to substitute these letters in native vocabulary that contained similar sounds as a shorthand that was acceptable in writing at the time. For example, the conjunction 'or' (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">หรือ</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rɯ̌ː/</span> <i>rue</i>, cf. <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>: <span lang="lo">ຫຼຶ/ຫລື</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lɯ̌ː/</span> <i>lu</i>) was often written <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">ฤ</span>. This practice has become obsolete, but can still be seen in Thai literature. </p><p>The pronunciation below is indicated by the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tingsabadh_1993_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tingsabadh_1993-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Romanisation according to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">Royal Thai Institute</a> as well as several variant Romanisations often encountered. A very approximate equivalent is given for various regions of English speakers and surrounding areas. Dotted circles represent the positions of consonants or consonant clusters. The first one represents the initial consonant and the latter (if it exists) represents the final. </p><p><i>Ro han</i> (ร หัน) is not usually considered a vowel and is not included in the following table. It represents the <i>sara a</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> vowel in certain Sanskrit loanwords and appears as ◌รร◌. When used without a final consonant (◌รร), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> is implied as the final consonant, giving <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/an/</span>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7" style="width:49%">Short vowels</th> <th rowspan="2"></th> <th colspan="7" style="width:49%">Long vowels </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Name</th> <th>Symbol</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>RTGS</th> <th>Variants</th> <th>Similar Sound <br />(English RP pronunciation)</th> <th colspan="2">Name</th> <th>Symbol</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>RTGS</th> <th>Variants</th> <th>Similar Sound <br />(English RP pronunciation) </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="15">Simple vowels </th></tr> <tr> <td>สระอะ</td> <td>sara a</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">◌ะ <br />◌ <br />◌ั◌</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aʔ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">a</td> <td>u</td> <td>u in "nut"</td> <td rowspan="9"></td> <td>สระอา</td> <td>sara a</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">◌า <br />◌า◌</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">a</td> <td>ah, ar, aa</td> <td>a in "father" </td></tr> <tr> <td>สระอิ</td> <td>sara i</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">◌ิ <br />◌ิ◌</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">i</td> <td></td> <td>y in "greedy"</td> <td>สระอี</td> <td>sara i</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">◌ี <br />◌ี◌</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">i</td> <td>ee, ii, y</td> <td>ee in "see" </td></tr> <tr> <td>สระอึ</td> <td>sara ue</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">◌ึ <br />◌ึ◌</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɯ/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">ue</td> <td>eu, u, uh</td> <td>Can be approximated by pronouncing the oo in "look" with unrounded lips <p>German: the ü in Mücke </p> </td> <td>สระอือ</td> <td>sara ue</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">◌ือ <br />◌ื◌</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɯː/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">ue</td> <td>eu, u</td> <td>Can be approximated by pronouncing the oo in RP "goose" with unrounded lips </td></tr> <tr> <td>สระอุ</td> <td>sara u</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">◌ุ <br />◌ุ◌</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">u</td> <td>oo</td> <td>oo in "shoot"</td> <td>สระอู</td> <td>sara u</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">◌ู <br />◌ู◌</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uː/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">u</td> <td>oo, uu</td> <td>oo in "too" </td></tr> <tr> <td>สระเอะ</td> <td>sara e</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">เ◌ะ <br />เ◌็◌</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eʔ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">e</td> <td> </td> <td>e in "neck"</td> <td>สระเอ</td> <td>sara e</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">เ◌ <br />เ◌◌</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">e</td> <td>ay, a, ae, ai, ei</td> <td>a in "lame" </td></tr> <tr> <td>สระแอะ</td> <td>sara ae</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">แ◌ะ <br /> แ◌็◌</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛʔ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">ae</td> <td>aeh, a</td> <td>a in "at"</td> <td>สระแอ</td> <td>sara ae</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">แ◌ <br />แ◌◌</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">ae</td> <td>a</td> <td>a in "ham" </td></tr> <tr> <td>สระโอะ</td> <td>sara o</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">โ◌ะ <br />◌◌</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oʔ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">o</td> <td> </td> <td>oa in "boat"</td> <td>สระโอ</td> <td>sara o</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">โ◌ <br />โ◌◌</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">o</td> <td>or, oh, ô</td> <td>o in "go" </td></tr> <tr> <td>สระเอาะ</td> <td>sara o</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">เ◌าะ <br />◌็อ◌</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔʔ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">o</td> <td>aw</td> <td>o in "not"</td> <td>สระออ</td> <td>sara o</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">◌อ <br />◌อ◌<br />◌◌<sup id="cite_ref-orn_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orn-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />◌็<sup id="cite_ref-ko_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ko-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔː/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">o</td> <td>or, aw</td> <td>aw in "saw" </td></tr> <tr> <td>สระเออะ</td> <td>sara oe</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">เ◌อะ</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɤʔ/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">oe</td> <td>eu</td> <td>e in "the"</td> <td>สระเออ</td> <td>sara oe</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">เ◌อ <br />เ◌ิ◌ <br />เ◌อ◌<sup id="cite_ref-limited_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-limited-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɤː/</span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɤ/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">oe</td> <td>er, eu, ur</td> <td>u in "burn" </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="15">Diphthongs </th></tr> <tr> <td>สระเอียะ</td> <td>sara ia</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">เ◌ียะ</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iaʔ/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">ia</td> <td>iah, ear, ie</td> <td>ea in "ear" with glottal stop</td> <td rowspan="3"></td> <td>สระเอีย</td> <td>sara ia</td> <td style="font-size:125%;text-align:center">เ◌ีย <br />เ◌ีย◌</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ia/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">ia</td> <td>ear, ere, ie</td> <td>ear in "ear" </td></tr> <tr> <td>สระเอือะ</td> <td>sara uea</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">เ◌ือะ</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɯaʔ/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">uea</td> <td>eua, ua</td> <td>ure in "pure"</td> <td>สระเอือ</td> <td>sara uea</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">เ◌ือ <br />เ◌ือ◌</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɯa/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">uea</td> <td>eua, ua, ue</td> <td>ure in "pure" </td></tr> <tr> <td>สระอัวะ</td> <td>sara ua</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">◌ัวะ</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uaʔ/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">ua</td> <td> </td> <td>ewe in "sewer"</td> <td>สระอัว</td> <td>sara ua</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">◌ัว <br />◌ว◌</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ua/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">ua</td> <td>uar</td> <td>ewe in "newer" </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="15">Phonemic diphthongs<sup id="cite_ref-diphthongs_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diphthongs-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>สระอิ + ว</td> <td>sara i + wo waen</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">◌ิว</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iw/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">io</td> <td>iu, ew</td> <td>ew in "few"</td> <td rowspan="13"></td> <td colspan="7"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>สระเอะ + ว</td> <td>sara e + wo waen</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">เ◌็ว</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ew/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">eo</td> <td>eu, ew</td> <td></td> <td>สระเอ + ว</td> <td>sara e + wo waen</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">เ◌ว</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eːw/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">eo</td> <td>eu, ew</td> <td>ai + ow in "rainbow" </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"></td> <td>สระแอ + ว</td> <td>sara ae + wo waen</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">แ◌ว</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛːw/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">aeo</td> <td>aew, eo</td> <td>a in "ham" + ow in "low" </td></tr> <tr> <td>สระเอา</td> <td>sara ao<sup id="cite_ref-extra_diphthongs_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extra_diphthongs-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">เ◌า</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aw/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">ao</td> <td>aw, au, ow</td> <td>ow in "cow"</td> <td>สระอา + ว</td> <td>sara a + wo waen</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">◌าว</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aːw/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">ao</td> <td>au</td> <td>ow in "now" </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"></td> <td>สระเอีย + ว</td> <td>sara ia + wo waen</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">เ◌ียว</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iaw/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">iao</td> <td>eaw, iew, iow</td> <td>io in "trio" </td></tr> <tr> <td>สระอะ + ย</td> <td>sara a + yo yak</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">◌ัย</td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aj/</span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center">ai</td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center">ay</td> <td rowspan="2">i in "hi"</td> <td rowspan="2">สระอา + ย</td> <td rowspan="2">sara a + yo yak</td> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">◌าย</td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aːj/</span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center">ai</td> <td rowspan="2">aai, aay, ay</td> <td rowspan="2">ye in "bye" </td></tr> <tr> <td>สระไอ</td> <td>sara ai<sup id="cite_ref-extra_diphthongs_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extra_diphthongs-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">ใ◌,<sup id="cite_ref-mai_muan_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mai_muan-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ไ◌<br />ไ◌ย<sup id="cite_ref-Pali_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pali-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>สระเอาะ + ย</td> <td>sara o + yo yak</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">◌็อย</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔj/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">oi</td> <td>oy</td> <td></td> <td>สระออ + ย</td> <td>sara o + yo yak</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">◌อย</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔːj/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">oi</td> <td>oy</td> <td>oy in "boy" </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"></td> <td>สระโอ + ย</td> <td>sara o + yo yak</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">โ◌ย</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oːj/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">oi</td> <td>oy</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>สระอุ + ย</td> <td>sara u + yo yak</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">◌ุย</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uj/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">ui</td> <td>uy</td> <td></td> <td colspan="7"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"></td> <td>สระเออ + ย</td> <td>sara oe + yo yak</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">เ◌ย</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɤːj/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">oei</td> <td>oey</td> <td>u in "burn" + y in "boy" </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"></td> <td>สระอัว + ย</td> <td>sara ua + yo yak</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">◌วย</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uaj/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">uai</td> <td>uay</td> <td>uoy in "buoy" </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"></td> <td>สระเอือ + ย</td> <td>sara uea + yo yak</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">เ◌ือย</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɯaj/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">ueai</td> <td>uai</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="15">Extra vowels<sup id="cite_ref-extra_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extra-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>สระอำ</td> <td>sara am</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">ำ</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/am/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">am</td> <td>um</td> <td>um in "sum"</td> <td rowspan="3"></td> <td colspan="7"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฤ</td> <td>rue</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">ฤ</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rɯ/</span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ri/</span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rɤː/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">rue, ri, roe</td> <td>ru, ri</td> <td>rew in "grew", ry in "angry"</td> <td>ฤๅ</td> <td>rue</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">ฤๅ</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rɯː/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">rue</td> <td>ruu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฦ</td> <td>lue</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">ฦ</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lɯ/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">lue</td> <td>lu, li</td> <td>lew in "blew"</td> <td>ฦๅ</td> <td>Lue</td> <td style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">ฦๅ</td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lɯː/</span></td> <td style="text-align:center">lue</td> <td>lu</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-orn-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-orn_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Only with ร (<i>ro ruea</i>) as final consonant, appearing as ◌ร <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔːn/</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ko-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ko_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Only with the word ก็ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɔ̂ʔ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɔ̂ː/</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-limited-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-limited_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Used only in certain words.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diphthongs-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-diphthongs_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Traditionally, these sets of diphthongs and triphthongs are regarded as combinations of regular vowels or diphthongs with <i>wo waen</i> (ว, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>) or <i>yo yak</i> (ย, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>) as the final consonant, and are not counted among the thirty-two vowels.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-extra_diphthongs-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-extra_diphthongs_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-extra_diphthongs_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>sara ai</i> (ใ◌ and ไ◌) and <i>sara ao</i> (เ◌า) are also considered extra vowels.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mai_muan-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mai_muan_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mai malai</i> (ไ◌) is used for the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aj/</span> vowel in most words, while <i>mai muan</i> (ใ◌) is only used in twenty specific words.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pali-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pali_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ไ◌ย is found in ไทย <i>Thai</i> and in Pali loanwords which contain <i>-eyya</i>. The ย is redundant, but may be pronounced in a compound word when joined by samāsa.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-extra-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-extra_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Extra vowels are not distinct vowel sounds, but are symbols that represent certain vowel-consonant combinations. They are traditionally regarded as vowels, although some sources do not.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone">Tone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Thai">Central Thai</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Central Thai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thai is a <a href="/wiki/Thai_language#Tones" title="Thai language">tonal language</a>, and the script gives full information on the <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a>. Tones are realised in the vowels, but indicated in the script by a combination of the class of the initial consonant (high, mid or low), <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a> (long or short), closing consonant (<a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a>, called <i>dead</i> or <i>live</i>) and, if present, one of four tone marks, whose names derive from the names of the digits <a href="/wiki/Thai_numerals#Alternate_numbers" title="Thai numerals">1–4 borrowed from Pali or Sanskrit</a>. The rules for denoting tones are shown in the following chart: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_tone_rules.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Thai_tone_rules.png/220px-Thai_tone_rules.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Thai_tone_rules.png/330px-Thai_tone_rules.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Thai_tone_rules.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>Tone type top to bottom: high, rising, mid, falling, low. Initial consonant class left to right: low (blue), middle (green), high (red). Syllable type: live (empty circle), dead (full circle), dead short (narrow ellipse), dead long (wide ellipse).</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <th rowspan="2">Symbol </th> <th colspan="2">Name </th> <th colspan="4">Syllable composition and initial consonant class </th></tr> <tr> <th align="left">Thai</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a></th> <th>Vowel and final </th> <th style="background: #ccf">Low </th> <th style="background: #cfc">Mid </th> <th style="background: #fcc">High </th></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>(ไม่มี)</td> <td>(none)</td> <td>live<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">long vowel or vowel plus sonorant</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">middle </td> <td style="background: #cfc">middle </td> <td style="background: #fcc">rising </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>(ไม่มี)</td> <td>(none)</td> <td>dead short<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">short vowel at end or plus plosive</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">high </td> <td style="background: #cfc">low </td> <td style="background: #fcc">low </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>(ไม่มี)</td> <td>(none)</td> <td>dead long<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">long vowel plus plosive</span> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">falling </td> <td style="background: #cfc">low </td> <td style="background: #fcc">low </td></tr> <tr> <td> <big><big>่</big></big></td> <td>ไม้เอก</td> <td><i>mai ek</i></td> <td>any </td> <td style="background: #ccf">falling </td> <td style="background: #cfc">low </td> <td style="background: #fcc">low </td></tr> <tr> <td> <big><big>้</big></big></td> <td>ไม้โท</td> <td><i>mai tho</i></td> <td>any </td> <td style="background: #ccf">high </td> <td style="background: #cfc">falling </td> <td style="background: #fcc">falling </td></tr> <tr> <td> <big><big>๊</big></big></td> <td>ไม้ตรี</td> <td><i>mai tri</i></td> <td>any </td> <td style="background: #ccf">- </td> <td style="background: #cfc">high </td> <td style="background: #fcc">- </td></tr> <tr> <td> <big><big>๋</big></big></td> <td>ไม้จัตวา</td> <td><i>mai chattawa</i></td> <td>any </td> <td style="background: #ccf">- </td> <td style="background: #cfc">rising </td> <td style="background: #fcc">- </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_tones.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Thai_tones.svg/250px-Thai_tones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Thai_tones.svg/375px-Thai_tones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Thai_tones.svg/500px-Thai_tones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Thai language tone chart</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai-tones-flowchart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Thai-tones-flowchart.svg/220px-Thai-tones-flowchart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Thai-tones-flowchart.svg/330px-Thai-tones-flowchart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Thai-tones-flowchart.svg/440px-Thai-tones-flowchart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1332" /></a><figcaption>Flowchart for determining the tone of a Thai syllable. Click to enlarge</figcaption></figure> <p>"None", that is, no tone marker, is used with the base accent (พื้นเสียง, <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">phuen siang</i></span>). <i>Mai tri</i> and <i>mai chattawa</i> are only used with mid-class consonants. </p><p>Two consonant characters (not diacritics) are used to modify the tone: </p> <ul><li><b>ห นำ <i>ho nam</i>, leading ho</b>. A silent, high-class ห "leads" low-class nasal stops (ง, ญ, น and ม) and non-plosives (ว, ย, ร and ล), which have no corresponding high-class phonetic match, into the tone properties of a high-class consonant. In polysyllabic words, an initial mid- or high-class consonant with an implicit vowel similarly "leads" these same low-class consonants into the higher class tone rules, with the tone marker borne by the low-class consonant.</li> <li><b>อ นำ <i>o nam</i>, leading o</b>. In four words only, a silent, mid-class อ "leads" low-class ย into mid-class tone rules: อย่า (<i>ya</i>, don't) อยาก (<i>yak</i>, desire) อย่าง (<i>yang</i>, kind, sort, type) อยู่ (<i>yu</i>, stay). All four have long-vowel, low-tone <i>siang ek</i>; อยาก, a dead syllable, needs no tone marker, but the three live syllables all take <i>mai ek</i>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <th>Low consonant</th> <th>High consonant</th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ccf">ง</td> <td style="background: #fcc">หง</td> <td>/ŋ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ccf">ญ</td> <td style="background: #fcc">หญ</td> <td>/j/ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ccf">น</td> <td style="background: #fcc">หน</td> <td>/n/ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ccf">ม</td> <td style="background: #fcc">หม</td> <td>/m/ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ccf">ย</td> <td style="background: #fcc">หย</td> <td>/j/ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ccf">ร</td> <td style="background: #fcc">หร</td> <td>/r/ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ccf">ล</td> <td style="background: #fcc">หล</td> <td>/l/ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ccf">ว</td> <td style="background: #fcc">หว</td> <td>/w/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Low consonant</th> <th>Middle consonant</th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ccf">ย</td> <td style="background: #cfc">อย</td> <td>/j/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In some dialects there are words which are spelled with one tone but pronounced with another and often occur in informal conversation (notably the pronouns ฉัน <i>chan</i> and เขา <i>khao</i>, which are both pronounced with a high tone rather than the rising tone indicated by the script). Generally, when such words are recited or read in public, they are pronounced as spelled. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Thai">Southern Thai</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Southern Thai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Thai_script" title="Special:EditPage/Thai script">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Spoken <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a> can have up to seven tones.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Southern Thai is written in Thai script, there are different rules for indicating spoken tone. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Tones </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat Province">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a> accent rules </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">First tone </td> <td colspan="3"><small>An initial consonant class "high" with long sound, and an initial consonant class "low" after the word.</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[˦˥˧]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><small>An initial consonant class "high" with short sound, and an initial consonant class "low"<br />with [k̚], [t̚], [p̚] finals after the word.</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[˨˦]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second tone </td> <td colspan="3"><small>An initial consonant class "high" both short long sound,<br />and an initial consonant class "low" after the word.</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[˦]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Third tone </td> <td colspan="3"><small>An initial consonant class "middle" long sound.</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[˧˦˧]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><small>An initial consonant class "middle" short sound with [k̚], [t̚], [p̚] finals.</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[˧˦]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fourth tone </td> <td colspan="3"><small>An initial consonant class "middle" both short long sound.</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[˧]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fifth tone </td> <td colspan="3"><small>An initial consonant class "low" with head word.</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[˨˧˨]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sixth tone </td> <td colspan="3"><small>An initial consonant class "low" long sound.</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[˨˦]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seventh tone </td> <td colspan="3"><small>An initial consonant class "low" short sound.</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[˨˩]</span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diacritics">Diacritics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Diacritics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other diacritics are used to indicate short vowels and silent letters: </p> <ul><li><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">Mai taikhu</i></span> means "climbing stick". It is a miniature Thai numeral 8 <b>๘</b>. <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">Mai taikhu</i></span> is often used with <i>sara e</i> (เ) and <i>sara ae</i> (แ) in closed syllables.</li> <li><i>Thanthakhat</i> is an archaic word for "capital punishment"</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <th rowspan="2">Symbol </th> <th colspan="2">Name </th> <th rowspan="2">Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <th>Thai</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <big><big>◌็</big></big></td> <td>ไม้ไต่คู้</td> <td><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">mai tai khu</i></span></td> <td>shortens vowel </td></tr> <tr> <td> <big><big>◌์</big></big></td> <td>ทัณฑฆาต or การันต์</td> <td><i>thanthakhat</i> or <i>karan</i></td> <td>indicates silent letter </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Fan nu</i> means "rat teeth" and is thought as being placed in combination with short <i>sara i</i> and <i>fong man</i> to form other characters. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <th rowspan="2">Symbol </th> <th colspan="2">Name </th> <th rowspan="2">Use </th></tr> <tr> <th>Thai</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"> <big><big>"</big></big></td> <td rowspan="2">ฟันหนู</td> <td rowspan="2"><i>fan nu</i></td> <td>combined with short <i>sara i</i> (<big><big>◌ิ</big></big>) to make long <i>sara ue</i> (<big><big>◌ื</big></big>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>combined with <i>fong man</i> (๏) to make <i>fong man fan nu</i> (๏<span style="position:relative;right:1ex;bottom:.5ex;">"</span>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thai_numerals" title="Thai numerals">Thai numerals</a></div> <p>For numerals, mostly the standard <a href="/wiki/Hindu-Arabic_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu-Arabic numerals">Hindu-Arabic numerals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">เลขฮินดูอารบิก</span>, <i>lek hindu arabik</i>) are used, but Thai also has its own set of <a href="/wiki/Thai_numerals" title="Thai numerals">Thai numerals</a> that are based on the Hindu-Arabic numeral system (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">เลขไทย</span>, <i>lek thai</i>), which are mostly limited to government documents, election posters, license plates of military vehicles, and special entry prices for Thai nationals. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hindu-Arabic_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu-Arabic numerals">Hindu-Arabic</a> </th> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Thai </th> <td>๐</td> <td>๑</td> <td>๒</td> <td>๓</td> <td>๔</td> <td>๕</td> <td>๖</td> <td>๗</td> <td>๘</td> <td>๙ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_symbols">Other symbols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <th rowspan="2">Symbol </th> <th colspan="2">Name </th> <th rowspan="2">Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <th>Thai</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>ฯ</td> <td>ไปยาลน้อย</td> <td><i>paiyan noi</i></td> <td>marks formal phrase shortened by <a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">convention</a> (abbreviation) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฯลฯ</td> <td>ไปยาลใหญ่</td> <td><i>paiyan yai</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Et_cetera" title="Et cetera">et cetera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ๆ</td> <td>ไม้ยมก</td> <td><i>mai yamok</i></td> <td>preceding word or phrase is <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplicated</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>๏</td> <td>ฟองมัน, ตาไก่</td> <td><i>fong man</i>, <i>ta kai</i></td> <td>previously marked beginning of a sentence, paragraph, or stanza (obsolete);<sup id="cite_ref-NECTEC_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NECTEC-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> now only marks beginning of a stanza in a poem; now also used as <a href="/wiki/Bullet_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullet point">bullet point</a><sup id="cite_ref-Unicode_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unicode-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>๏<span style="position:relative;right:1ex;bottom:.5ex;">"</span></td> <td>ฟองมันฟันหนู, ฟันหนูฟองมัน, ฝนทองฟองมัน</td> <td><i>fong man fan nu</i>, <i>fan nu fong man</i>, <i>fon tong fong man</i> </td> <td rowspan="2">previously marked beginning of a chapter (obsolete) </td></tr> <tr> <td>๐<span style="position:relative;right:1ex;bottom:.5ex;">"</span></td> <td>ฟองดัน</td> <td><i>fong dan</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฯ</td> <td>อังคั่นเดี่ยว, คั่นเดี่ยว, ขั้นเดี่ยว</td> <td><i>angkhan diao</i>, <i>khan diao</i>, <i>khan diao</i></td> <td>previously marked end of a sentence or stanza (obsolete)<sup id="cite_ref-NECTEC_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NECTEC-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>๚</td> <td>อังคั่นคู่, คั่นคู่, ขั้นคู่</td> <td><i>angkhan khu</i>, <i>khan khu</i>, <i>khan khu</i></td> <td>marks end of stanza; marks end of chapter<sup id="cite_ref-NECTEC_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NECTEC-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or long section<sup id="cite_ref-Unicode_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unicode-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฯะ</td> <td rowspan="2">อังคั่นวิสรรชนีย์</td> <td rowspan="2"><i>angkhan wisanchani</i></td> <td rowspan="2">marks end of a stanza in a poem<sup id="cite_ref-Unicode_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unicode-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>๚ะ </td></tr> <tr> <td>๛</td> <td>โคมูตร, สูตรนารายณ์</td> <td><i>kho mut</i>, <i>sut narai</i></td> <td>marks end of a chapter or document;<sup id="cite_ref-Unicode_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unicode-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> marks end of a story<sup id="cite_ref-NECTEC_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NECTEC-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>๚ะ๛</td> <td>อังคั่นวิสรรชนีย์โคมูตร</td> <td><i>angkhan wisanchani kho mut</i></td> <td>marks the very end of a written work </td></tr> <tr> <td>฿</td> <td>บาท</td> <td><i>bat</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baht" class="mw-redirect" title="Baht">baht</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a> of Thailand) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Pai-yan noi</i> and <i>angkhan diao</i> share the same character. <i>Sara a</i> (<big><big>–ะ</big></big>) used in combination with other characters is called <i>wisanchani</i>. </p><p>Some of the characters can mark the beginning or end of a sentence, chapter, or episode of a story or of a stanza in a poem. These have changed use over time and are becoming uncommon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary_charts">Summary charts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Summary charts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Alphabet chart </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td style="background: #cfc">ก </td> <td style="background: #fcc">ข </td> <td style="background: #fcc">ฃ </td> <td style="background: #ccf">ค </td> <td style="background: #ccf">ฅ </td> <td style="background: #ccf">ฆ </td> <td style="background: #faf">ง </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="background: #cfc">จ </td> <td style="background: #fcc">ฉ </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">ช </td> <td style="background: #ccf">ซ </td> <td style="background: #ccf">ฌ </td> <td style="background: #faf">ญ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #cfc">ฎ </td> <td style="background: #cfc">ฏ </td> <td style="background: #fcc">ฐ </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">ฑ </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">ฒ </td> <td style="background: #faf">ณ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #cfc">ด </td> <td style="background: #cfc">ต </td> <td style="background: #fcc">ถ </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">ท </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #ccf">ธ </td> <td style="background: #faf">น </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #cfc">บ </td> <td style="background: #cfc">ป </td> <td style="background: #fcc">ผ </td> <td style="background: #fcc">ฝ </td> <td style="background: #ccf">พ </td> <td style="background: #ccf">ฟ </td> <td style="background: #ccf">ภ </td> <td style="background: #faf">ม </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background: #faf">ย, ร, ล, ว </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #fcc">ศ, ษ, ส </td> <td style="background: #fcc">ห </td> <td style="background: #faf">ฬ </td> <td style="background: #cfc">อ </td> <td style="background: #ccf">ฮ </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Colour codes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Colour </th> <th>Class </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #cfc">Green </td> <td>Medium </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #fcc">Pink </td> <td>High </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ccf">Blue </td> <td>Paired low class; has its high class counterpart </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #faf">Purple </td> <td>Single low class; turns into high class if preceded by ห </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Ending sounds </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-right: none; background: #f99">ก, ข, ฃ <p>ค, ฅ, ฆ </p> </td> <td style="border-left: none; background: #f99">/k/ </td> <td style="border-right: none; background: #f99">จ, ฉ, ช, ซ, ฌ <p>ฎ, ฏ, ฐ, ฑ, ฒ, ด, ต, ถ, ท, ธ, ศ, ษ, ส </p> </td> <td style="border-left: none; background: #f99">/t/ </td> <td style="border-right: none; background: #f99">บ, ป, ผ, ฝ <p>พ, ฟ, ภ </p> </td> <td style="border-left: none; background: #f99">/p/ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-right: none; background: #cfc">ง </td> <td style="border-left: none; background: #cfc">/ŋ/ </td> <td style="border-right: none; background: #cfc">ญ, ณ, น, ร, ล </td> <td style="border-left: none; background: #cfc">/n/ </td> <td style="border-right: none; background: #cfc">ม </td> <td style="border-left: none; background: #cfc">/m/ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-right: none; background: #f99">อ </td> <td style="border-left: none; background: #f99">/ʔ/ </td> <td style="border-right: none; background: #cfc">ย </td> <td style="border-left: none; background: #cfc">/j/ </td> <td style="border-right: none; background: #cfc">ว </td> <td style="border-left: none; background: #cfc">/w/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>colour codes </p><p>red: dead </p><p>green: alive </p> <ul><li>If a syllable ends in a vowel, the syllable is considered alive if the vowel is long and dead if the vowel is short.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>-ิ,-ี </td> <td>-ึ,-ื </td> <td>-ุ,-ู </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #fcc">เ- </td> <td style="background: #fcc">เ-อ </td> <td style="background: #cfc">โ- </td> <td style="background: #cfc">*โ- > โ-, – </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #fcc">แ- </td> <td>ะ,า </td> <td style="background: #cfc">-อ </td> <td style="background: #cfc">*-อ > เ-าะ, -็อ </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Diphthongs </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: #fcc">เ-ีย </td> <td style="background: #fcc">เ-ือ </td> <td style="background: #fcc">-ัว </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ำ </td> <td>ใ- </td> <td>ไ- </td> <td>เ-า </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฤ </td> <td>ฤๅ </td> <td>ฦ </td> <td>ฦา </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>colour codes </p><p>pink: long vowel, shortened by add "ะ"(no ending consonant) or "-็"(with ending consonant) </p><p>green: long vowel, has a special form when shortened </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vowel chart </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>position </th> <th colspan="2">front </th> <th colspan="2">central </th> <th colspan="2">back </th></tr> <tr> <th>duration </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th></tr> <tr> <td>high </td> <td>-ิ /i/ </td> <td>-ี /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː</span>/ </td> <td>-ึ /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɯ</span>/ </td> <td>-ือ,-ื /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɯː</span>/ </td> <td>-ุ /u/ </td> <td>-ู /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uː</span>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>mid </td> <td>เ-ะ,เ-็ /e/ </td> <td>เ- /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eː</span>/ </td> <td>เ-อะ /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɤʔ</span>/ </td> <td>เ-อ,เ-ิ /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɤː</span>/ </td> <td>โ-ะ,-- /o/ </td> <td>โ- /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oː</span>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>low </td> <td>แ-ะ,แ-็ /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span>/ </td> <td>แ- /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛː</span>/ </td> <td>-ะ,-ั /a/ </td> <td>-า /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aː</span>/ </td> <td>เ-าะ,-็อ /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span>/ </td> <td>-อ /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔː</span>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>vowel+/a/ </td> <td>เ-ียะ /iaʔ/ </td> <td>เ-ีย /i<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span>/ </td> <td>เ-ือะ /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɯ</span>aʔ/ </td> <td>เ-ือ /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɯ</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span>/ </td> <td>-ัวะ /uaʔ/ </td> <td>-ัว /u<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>/a/+vowel </td> <td>ไ- ใ- /aj/ </td> <td>-าย /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aː</span>j/ </td> <td>-ำ /am/ </td> <td>-าม /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aː</span>m/ </td> <td>เ-า /aw/ </td> <td>-าว /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aː</span>w/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Tone chart </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>class </th> <th>ending </th> <th>none </th> <th>-่ </th> <th>-้ </th> <th>-๊ </th> <th>-๋ </th></tr> <tr> <td>mid </td> <td>dead </td> <td style="background: #fa4">low </td> <td>– </td> <td style="background: #ff3">fall </td> <td style="background: #cfa">high </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>mid </td> <td>alive </td> <td style="background: #f66">mid </td> <td style="background: #fa4">low </td> <td style="background: #ff3">fall </td> <td style="background: #cfa">high </td> <td style="background: #6fc">rise </td></tr> <tr> <td>high </td> <td>dead </td> <td style="background: #fa4">low </td> <td>– </td> <td style="background: #ff3">fall </td></tr> <tr> <td>high </td> <td>alive </td> <td style="background: #6fc">rise </td> <td style="background: #fa4">low </td> <td style="background: #ff3">fall </td></tr> <tr> <td>low </td> <td>dead (short vowel) </td> <td style="background: #cfa">high </td> <td style="background: #ff3">fall </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>low </td> <td>dead (long vowel) </td> <td style="background: #ff3">fall </td> <td>– </td> <td style="background: #cfa">high </td></tr> <tr> <td>low </td> <td>alive </td> <td style="background: #f66">mid </td> <td style="background: #ff3">fall </td> <td style="background: #cfa">high </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sanskrit_and_Pali">Sanskrit and Pali</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sanskrit and Pali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> The <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> and its descendants</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Northern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Landa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_script" title="Gaudi script">Gaudi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagspa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phagspa script">Phagspa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a> <ul><li>Marchung</li> <li>Pungs-chen</li> <li>Pungs-chung</li> <li>Drusha</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig" title="Tamyig">Tamyig</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian alphabet">Tocharian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Southern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li> <li>Proto-Tai script<sup>?</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Noi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Noi script">Thai Noi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dai_Don_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dai Don script (page does not exist)">Dai Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lai_Pao_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lai Pao script (page does not exist)">Lai Pao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulitan alphabet">Kulitan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">S'gaw Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan script">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><i>Lik-Tai scripts</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamti script">Khamti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_alphabet" title="Mon alphabet">Modern Mon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telugu-Kannada_alphabet" title="Telugu-Kannada alphabet">Telugu-Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brahmic" title="Template:Brahmic"><abbr title="View this 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Thai_script" title="Special:EditPage/Thai script">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Thai script (like all <a href="/wiki/Indic_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Indic scripts">Indic scripts</a>) uses a number of modifications to write Sanskrit and related languages (in particular, Pali). <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> is very closely related to Sanskrit and is the liturgical language of <a href="/wiki/Thai_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Buddhism">Thai Buddhism</a>. In Thailand, Pali is written and studied using a slightly modified Thai script. The main difference is that each consonant is followed by an implied short a (อะ), not the 'o', or 'ə' of Thai: this short a is never omitted in pronunciation, and if the vowel is not to be pronounced, then a specific symbol must be used, the <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">pinthu</i></span> อฺ (a solid dot under the consonant). This means that <i>sara a</i> (อะ) is never used when writing Pali, because it is always implied. For example, <i>namo</i> is written นะโม in Thai, but in Pali it is written as นโม, because the อะ is redundant. The Sanskrit word 'mantra' is written มนตร์ in Thai (and therefore pronounced <i>mon</i>), but is written มนฺตฺร in Sanskrit (and therefore pronounced <i>mantra</i>). When writing Pali, only 33 consonants and 12 vowels are used. </p><p>This is an example of a Pali text written using the Thai Sanskrit orthography: อรหํ สมฺมาสมฺพุทฺโธ ภควา <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[arahaṃ sammāsambuddho bhagavā]</i></span>. Written in modern Thai orthography, this becomes อะระหัง สัมมาสัมพุทโธ ภะคะวา <i>arahang sammasamphuttho phakhawa</i>. </p><p>In Thailand, Sanskrit is read out using the Thai values for all the consonants (so ค is read as <i>kha</i> and not [ga]), which makes Thai spoken Sanskrit incomprehensible to sanskritists not trained in Thailand. The Sanskrit values are used in transliteration (without the <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>), but these values are never actually used when Sanskrit is read out loud in Thailand. The vowels used in Thai are identical to Sanskrit, with the exception of ฤ, ฤๅ, ฦ, and ฦๅ, which are read using their Thai values, not their Sanskrit values. Sanskrit and Pali are not tonal languages, but in Thailand, the Thai tones are used when reading these languages out loud. </p><p>In the tables of this section, the Thai value (transliterated according to the Royal Thai system) of each letter is listed first, followed by the <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a> value of each letter in square brackets. The IAST values are never used in pronunciation, but sometimes in transcriptions (with the diacritics omitted). This disjoint between transcription and spoken value explains the romanisation for Sanskrit names in Thailand that many foreigners find confusing. For example, สุวรรณภูมิ is romanised as <a href="/wiki/Suvarnabhumi_Airport" title="Suvarnabhumi Airport">Suvarnabhumi</a>, but pronounced <i>su-wan-na-phum</i>. ศรีนครินทร์ is romanised as <a href="/wiki/Srinagarindra" title="Srinagarindra">Srinagarindra</a> but pronounced <i>si-nakha-rin</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plosives_(vargaḥ)"><span id="Plosives_.28varga.E1.B8.A5.29"></span>Plosives (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">vargaḥ</i></span></i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Plosives (vargaḥ)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plosives (also called stops) are listed in their traditional Sanskrit order, which corresponds to Thai alphabetical order from <b>ก</b> to <b>ม</b> with three exceptions: in Thai, high-class <b>ข</b> is followed by two obsolete characters with no Sanskrit equivalent, high-class ฃ and low-class ฅ; low-class <b>ช</b> is followed by sibilant ซ (low-class equivalent of high-class sibilant ส that follows ศ and ษ.) The table gives the Thai value first, and then the <a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST (International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration)</a> value in square brackets. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 120%;"> <tbody><tr align="center" style="font-size: 75%;"> <th rowspan="4">class </th> <th colspan="4">Sanskrit unvoiced </th> <th colspan="6">Sanskrit voiced </th></tr> <tr align="center" style="font-size: 75%;"> <th colspan="8">Thai unvoiced </th> <th colspan="2">Thai voiced </th></tr> <tr align="center" style="font-size: 75%;"> <th colspan="2">Unaspirated </th> <th colspan="2">Aspirated </th> <th colspan="1">Aspirated</th> <th>Unaspirated </th> <th colspan="2">Aspirated </th> <th colspan="2">Nasal </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>Thai</small> </th> <th><small>Sanskrit</small> </th> <th><small>Thai</small> </th> <th><small>Sanskrit</small> </th> <th><small>Thai</small> </th> <th><small>Sanskrit</small> </th> <th><small>Thai</small> </th> <th><small>Sanskrit</small> </th> <th><small>Thai</small> </th> <th><small>Sanskrit</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><small>velar</small></b></td> <td><big>ก</big> kà </td> <td><b><big>क</big></b> <p><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[ka]</i></span> </p><p>/k/ </p> </td> <td><big>ข</big> khà </td> <td><b><big>ख</big></b> <p><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[kha]</i></span> </p><p>/kʰ/ </p> </td> <td><big>ค</big> khá </td> <td><b><big>ग</big></b> <p><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[ga]</i></span> </p><p>/g/ </p> </td> <td><big>ฆ</big> khá </td> <td><b><big>घ</big></b> <p><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[gha]</i></span> </p><p>/gʱ/ </p> </td> <td><big>ง</big> ngá </td> <td><b><big>ङ</big></b> <p><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[ṅa]</i></span> </p><p>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/ </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><small>palatal</small></b></td> <td><big>จ</big> cà </td> <td><b><big>च</big></b> <p><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[ca]</i></span> </p><p>/c/, /<a href="/wiki/T%C9%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Tɕ">tɕ</a>/ </p> </td> <td><big>ฉ</big> chà </td> <td><b><big>छ</big></b> <p><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[cha]</i></span> </p><p>/cʰ/, /tɕʰ/ </p> </td> <td><big>ช</big> chá </td> <td><b><big>ज</big></b> <p><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[ja]</i></span> </p><p>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/D%CD%A1%CA%91" class="mw-redirect" title="D͡ʑ">d͡ʑ</a>/ </p> </td> <td><big>ฌ</big> chá </td> <td><b><big>झ</big></b> <p><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[jha]</i></span> </p><p>/ɟʱ/, /d͡ʑʱ/ </p> </td> <td><big>ญ</big> yá </td> <td><b><big>ञ</big></b> <p><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[ña]</i></span> </p><p>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>/ </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><small>retroflex</small></b></td> <td><big>ฏ</big> tà </td> <td> <p><b><big>ट</big></b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[ṭa]</i></span> </p><p>/ʈ/ </p> </td> <td><big>ฐ</big> thà </td> <td> <p><b><big>ठ</big></b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[ṭha]</i></span> </p><p>/ʈʰ/ </p> </td> <td><big>ฑ</big> thá </td> <td> <p><b><big>ड</big></b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[ḍa]</i></span> </p><p>/ɖ/ </p> </td> <td><big>ฒ</big> thá </td> <td> <p><b><big>ढ</big></b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[ḍha]</i></span> </p><p>/ɖʱ/ </p> </td> <td><big>ณ</big> ná </td> <td> <p><b><big>ण</big></b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[ṇa]</i></span> </p><p>/ɳ/ </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><small>dental</small></b></td> <td><big>ต</big> tà </td> <td> <p><b><big>त</big></b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[ta]</i></span> </p><p>/t/ </p> </td> <td><big>ถ</big> thà </td> <td> <p><b><big>थ</big></b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[tha]</i></span> </p><p>/tʰ/ </p> </td> <td><big>ท</big> thá </td> <td> <p><b><big>द</big></b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[da]</i></span> </p><p>/d/ </p> </td> <td><big>ธ</big> thá </td> <td> <p><b><big>ध</big></b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[dha]</i></span> </p><p>/dʱ/ </p> </td> <td><big>น</big> ná </td> <td> <p><b><big>न</big></b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[na]</i></span> </p><p>/n/ </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><small>labial</small></b></td> <td><big>ป</big> pà </td> <td> <p><b><big>प</big></b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[pa]</i></span> </p><p>/p/ </p> </td> <td><big>ผ</big> phà </td> <td> <p><b><big>फ</big></b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[pha]</i></span> </p><p>/pʰ/ </p> </td> <td><big>พ</big> phá </td> <td> <p><b><big>ब</big></b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[ba]</i></span> </p><p>/b/ </p> </td> <td><big>ภ</big> phá </td> <td> <p><b><big>भ</big></b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[bha]</i></span> </p><p>/bʱ/ </p> </td> <td><big>ม</big> má </td> <td> <p><b><big>म</big></b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[ma]</i></span> </p><p>/m/ </p> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="font-size: 75%;"><b>tone class</b></td> <td colspan="2"><small><b>Mid</b></small></td> <td colspan="2"><small><b>High</b></small></td> <td colspan="2"><small><b>Low</b></small></td> <td colspan="2"><small><b>Low</b></small></td> <td colspan="2"><small><b>Low</b></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>None of the Sanskrit plosives are pronounced as the Thai voiced plosives, so these are not represented in the table. While letters are listed here according to their class in Sanskrit, Thai has lost the distinction between many of the consonants. So, while there is a clear distinction between ช and ฌ in Sanskrit, in Thai these two consonants are pronounced identically (including tone). Likewise, the Thai phonemes do not differentiate between the retroflex and dental classes, since Thai has no retroflex consonants. The equivalents of all the retroflex consonants are pronounced identically to their dental counterparts: thus ฏ is pronounced like ต, ฐ is pronounced like ถ, ฑ is pronounced like ท, ฒ is pronounced like ธ, and ณ is pronounced like น. </p><p>The Sanskrit unaspirated unvoiced plosives are pronounced as unaspirated unvoiced, whereas Sanskrit aspirated voiced plosives are pronounced as aspirated unvoiced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-plosives_(avargaḥ)"><span id="Non-plosives_.28avarga.E1.B8.A5.29"></span>Non-plosives (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">avargaḥ</i></span></i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Non-plosives (avargaḥ)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowels</a></i> (กึ่งสระ <i>kueng sara</i>) <i>and <a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid consonants">liquids</a></i> come in Thai alphabetical order after <b>ม</b>, the last of the plosives. The term อวรรค <i>awak</i> means "without a break"; that is, without a plosive. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">series </th> <th rowspan="2">symbol </th> <th colspan="2">value </th> <th rowspan="2">related vowels </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Thai</b> </td> <td><b>Sanskrit</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>palatal</td> <td><big><b>ย</b></big></td> <td>yá </td> <td><b><big>य</big></b> <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[ya]</i></span> /j/ </td> <td><big>อิ</big> and <big>อี</big> </td></tr> <tr> <td>retroflex</td> <td><big><b>ร</b></big></td> <td>rá </td> <td><b><big>र</big></b> <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[ra]</i></span> <p>/ɽ/ </p> </td> <td><big>ฤ</big> and <big>ฤๅ</big> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dental</td> <td><big><b>ล</b></big></td> <td>lá </td> <td><b><big>ल</big></b> <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[la]</i></span> <p>/l/ </p> </td> <td><big>ฦ</big> and <big>ฦๅ</big> </td></tr> <tr> <td>labial</td> <td><big><b>ว</b></big></td> <td>wá </td> <td><b><big>व</big></b> <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[va]</i></span> <p>/ʋ/ </p> </td> <td><big>อุ</big> and <big>อู</big> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sibilants">Sibilants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sibilants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Inserted sounds</i> (เสียดแทรก <i>siat saek</i>) follow the semi-vowel ว in alphabetical order. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">series </th> <th rowspan="2">symbol </th> <th colspan="2">value </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Thai</b> </td> <td><b>Sanskrit</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>palatal</td> <td><big><b>ศ</b></big></td> <td>sà </td> <td><b><big>श</big></b> <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[śa]</i></span>/ɕ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>retroflex</td> <td><big><b>ษ</b></big></td> <td>sà </td> <td><b><big>ष</big></b> <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[ṣa]</i></span>/ʂ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>dental</td> <td><big><b>ส</b></big></td> <td>sà </td> <td><b><big>स</big></b> <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[sa]</i></span>/s/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Like Sanskrit, Thai has no voiced sibilant (so no 'z' or 'zh'). In modern Thai, the distinction between the three high-class consonants has been lost and all three are pronounced 'sà'; however, foreign words with a sh-sound may still be transcribed as if the Sanskrit values still hold (e.g., <i>ang-grit</i> อังกฤษ for <i>English</i> instead of อังกฤส). </p> <dl><dd><b>ศ ศาลา</b> (so sala) leads words, as in its example word, ศาลา. The digraph ศรี (Indic <i><a href="/wiki/Sri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri">sri</a></i>) is regularly pronounced สี (si), as in <a href="/wiki/Sisaket_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisaket Province">Sisaket Province</a>, Thai: ศรีสะเกษ.</dd> <dd><b>ษ ฤๅษี</b> (so rue-si) may only lead syllables <i>within</i> a word, as in its example, ฤๅษี, or to end a syllable as in ศรีสะเกษ <i>Sisaket</i> and อังกฤษ <i>Angkrit</i> English.</dd> <dd><b>ส เสือ</b> (so suea) spells native Thai words that require a high-class /s/, as well as <a href="/wiki/Naturalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalized">naturalized</a> Pali/Sanskrit words, such as สารท (สาท) in <a href="/wiki/Thetsagan_Sart" class="mw-redirect" title="Thetsagan Sart">Thetsakan Sat</a>: เทศกาลสารท (เทด-สะ-กาน-สาท), formerly ศารท (สาท).</dd> <dd><b>ซ โซ่</b> (so so), which follows the similar-appearing ช in Thai alphabetical order, spells words requiring a low-class /s/, as does ทร + vowel.</dd> <dd><b>ทร</b>, as in the heading of this section, เสียด<b>แทร</b>ก (pronounced เสียดแซก <i>siat saek</i>), when accompanied by a vowel (implicit in <b>ทรง</b> (ซง <i>song</i> an element in forming words used with royalty); a semivowel in <b>ทรวง</b> (ซวง <i>suang</i> chest, heart); or explicit in <b>ทราย</b> (ซาย <i>sai</i> sand). Exceptions to ทร + vowel = /s/ are the prefix <b>โทร-</b> (equivalent to <i>tele-</i> far, pronounced โทระ <i>to-ra</i>), and phonetic re-spellings of English tr- (as in the phonetic respelling of <i>trumpet</i>: ทรัมเพ็ท.) <b>ทร</b> is otherwise pronounced as two syllables ทอระ-, as in ทรมาน (ทอระมาน <i>to-ra-man</i> to torment).</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Voiced_h">Voiced h</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Voiced h"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">symbol </th> <th colspan="2">value </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Thai</b> </td> <td><b>Sanskrit</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><b>ห</b></big></td> <td>hà </td> <td><b><big>ह</big></b> <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[ha]</i></span> <p>/ɦ/ </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>ห</b>, a high-class consonant, comes next in alphabetical order, but its low-class equivalent, <b>ฮ</b>, follows similar-appearing อ as the last letter of the Thai alphabet. Like modern Hindi, the voicing has disappeared, and the letter is now pronounced like English 'h'. Like Sanskrit, this letter may only be used to start a syllable, but may not end it. (A popular beer is romanized as <a href="/wiki/Singha" title="Singha">Singha</a>, but in Thai is สิงห์, with a <i>karan</i> on the ห; correct pronunciation is "<a href="/wiki/Singh" title="Singh">sing</a>", but foreigners to Thailand typically say "sing-ha".) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Retroflex_lla">Retroflex lla</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Retroflex lla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">symbol </th> <th colspan="2">value </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Thai</b> </td> <td><b>Sanskrit</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><b>ฬ</b></big></td> <td>llá </td> <td><b><big>ळ</big></b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[ḷa]</i></span> <p>/ɭ/ </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This represents the retroflex liquid of Pali and Vedic Sanskrit, which does not exist in Classical Sanskrit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels_2">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>symbol </th> <th>value </th></tr> <tr> <td>อ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">a</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>อา</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ā</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>อิ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">i</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>อี</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ī</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>อุ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">u</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>อู</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ū</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>เอ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">e</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ไอ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ai</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>โอ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">o</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>เอา</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">au</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฤ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṛ</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฤๅ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṝ</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฦ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ḷ</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ฦๅ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ḹ</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All consonants have an inherent 'a' sound, and therefore there is no need to use the ะ symbol when writing Sanskrit. The Thai vowels อื, ใอ, and so forth, are not used in Sanskrit. The <a href="/wiki/Zero_consonant" title="Zero consonant">zero consonant</a>, อ, is unique to the Indic alphabets descended from Khmer. When it occurs in Sanskrit, it is always the zero consonant and never the vowel <i>o</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔː]</span>. Its use in Sanskrit is therefore to write vowels that cannot be otherwise written alone: e.g., อา or อี. When อ is written on its own, then it is a carrier for the implied vowel, <i>a</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> (equivalent to อะ in Thai). </p><p>The vowel sign อำ occurs in Sanskrit, but only as the combination of the pure vowels <i>sara a</i> อา with <i>nikkhahit</i> อํ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_non-Thai_symbols">Other non-Thai symbols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other non-Thai symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of additional symbols only used to write Sanskrit or Pali, and not used in writing Thai. <span class="anchor" id="anusvara"></span><span class="anchor" id="nikkhahit"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nikkhahit_(anusvāra)"><span id="Nikkhahit_.28anusv.C4.81ra.29"></span>Nikkhahit (anusvāra)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Nikkhahit (anusvāra)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Symbol </th> <th>IAST </th></tr> <tr> <td>อํ</td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṃ</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Sanskrit, the <a href="/wiki/Anusv%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Anusvāra">anusvāra</a> indicates a certain kind of nasal sound. In Thai this is written as an open circle above the consonant, known as <i>nikkhahit</i> (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">นิคหิต</span></span>), from Pali <i>niggahīta</i>. Nasalisation does not occur in Thai, therefore, a nasal stop is always substituted: e.g. ตํ <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">taṃ</i></span>, is pronounced as ตัง <i>tang</i> by Thai <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sanskritist" class="extiw" title="wikt:Sanskritist">Sanskritists</a>. If nikkhahit occurs before a consonant, then Thai uses a nasal stop of the same class: e.g. สํสฺกฤตา <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[saṃskṛta]</i></span> is read as สันสกฤตา <i>san-sa-krit-ta</i> (The ส following the nikkhahit is a dental-class consonant, therefore the dental-class nasal stop น is used). For this reason, it has been suggested that in Thai, nikkhahit should be listed as a consonant.<sup id="cite_ref-NECTEC_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NECTEC-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, traditional Pali grammars describe nikkhahit as a consonant. <i>Nikkhahit</i> นิคหิต occurs as part of the Thai vowels <i>sara am</i> อำ and <i>sara ue</i> อึ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phinthu_(virāma)"><span id="Phinthu_.28vir.C4.81ma.29"></span>Phinthu (virāma)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Phinthu (virāma)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><big>อฺ</big> </p><p>Because the Thai script is an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a>, a symbol (equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virāma</a> in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">devanagari</a>) needs to be added to indicate that the implied vowel is not to be pronounced. This is the <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">phinthu</i></span>, which is a solid dot (also called 'Bindu' in Sanskrit) below the consonant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yamakkan">Yamakkan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Yamakkan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><big>อ๎</big> </p><p>Yamakkan (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ยามักการ</span></span>) is an obsolete symbol used to mark the beginning of consonant clusters: e.g. พ๎ราห๎มณ <i>phramana</i> <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[brāhmaṇa]</i></span>. Without the yamakkan, this word would be pronounced <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">pharahamana</i></span> <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">[barāhamaṇa]</i></span> instead. This is a feature unique to the Thai script (other Indic scripts use a combination of ligatures, conjuncts or virāma to convey the same information). The symbol is obsolete because <span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">pinthu</i></span> may be used to achieve the same effect: พฺราหฺมณ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visarga">Visarga</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Visarga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Thai_script" title="Special:EditPage/Thai script">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The means of recording <a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">visarga</a> (final voiceless 'h') in Thai has reportedly been lost, although the character ◌ะ which is used to transcribe a short /a/ or to add a glottal stop after a vowel is the closest equivalent and can be seen used as a visarga in some Thai-script Sanskrit text. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sukhothai">Sukhothai</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sukhothai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai script</a></div> <p>The Thai script is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai script</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sukhothai_consonant_inventory">Sukhothai consonant inventory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sukhothai consonant inventory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labio-<br />dental</a> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-<br />palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m̊]</span><br /><b>หม</b> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span><br /><b>ม</b> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n̊]</span><br /><b>หน</b> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span><br /><b>น, ณ</b> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲ̊]</span> <p><b>หญ</b> </p> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲ]</span> <p><b>ญ</b> </p> </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ̊]</span><br /><b>หง</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span><br /><b>ง</b> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span><br /><b>ป</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰ]</span><br /><b>ผ</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]</span><br /><b>พ, ภ</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔb]</span><br /><b>บ</b> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span><br /><b>ฏ, ต</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰ]</span><br /><b>ฐ, ถ</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span><br /><b>ท, ธ</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔd]</span><br /><b>ฎ, ด</b> </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span><br /><b>ก</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰ]</span><br /><b>ข</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[g]</span><br /><b>ค, ฆ</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span><br /><b>อ</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td colspan="4">  </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="4">  </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕ]</span><br /><b>จ</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕʰ]</span><br /><b>ฉ</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʑ]</span> <p><b>ช</b> </p> </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span><br /><b>ฃ</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span><br /><b>ฅ</b> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td colspan="4">  </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span><br /><b>ฝ</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span><br /><b>ฟ</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span><br /><b>ศ, ษ, ส</b> </td> <td colspan="6"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span class="wrap"> </span>ʑ]</span><br /><b>ซ</b> </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span><br /><b>ห</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɦ]</span><br /><b>ฮ</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td colspan="4">  </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r̊]</span><br /><b>หร</b> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span><br /><b>ร</b> </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ẘ]</span><br /><b>หว</b> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span><br /><b>ว</b> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="4">  </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j̊]</span><br /><b>หย</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span><br /><b>ย</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔj]</span><br /><b>อย</b> </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral approximant consonant">Lateral<br />approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="4">  </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l̥]</span><br /><b>หล</b> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span><br /><b>ล</b> </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_Sukhothai_pronuncation">Historical Sukhothai pronuncation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Historical Sukhothai pronuncation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letters </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Word in Sukhothai (in Modern Thai script) </th> <th>Pronunciation in IPA (excluding tone) </th> <th>Meaning and Definitions </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>วรรค ก | Varga Kor</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ก</b> </td> <td><b>k</b> </td> <td>เกิด </td> <td>kɤːt </td> <td>v. to be born </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ข</b> </td> <td><b>kʰ</b> </td> <td>ของ </td> <td>kʰɔːŋ </td> <td>n. thing </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ฃ</b> </td> <td><b>x</b> </td> <td>ฃึ้น (ขึ้น) </td> <td>xɯn </td> <td>v. to go up </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ค</b> </td> <td><b>g</b> </td> <td>ครู </td> <td>gruː </td> <td>n. teacher </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ฅ</b> </td> <td><b>ɣ</b> </td> <td>ฅวาม (ความ) </td> <td>ɣwaːm </td> <td>n. affair; matter; content </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ฆ</b> </td> <td><b>g</b> </td> <td>ฆ่า </td> <td>gaː </td> <td>v. to kill </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ง</b> </td> <td><b>ŋ</b> </td> <td>งก </td> <td>ŋok </td> <td>adj. greedy </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>หง</b> </td> <td><b>ŋ̊</b> </td> <td>หงอก </td> <td>ŋ̊ɔːk </td> <td>v. to whiten (hair) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>วรรค จ | Varga Jor</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>จ</b> </td> <td><b>tɕ</b> </td> <td>ใจ </td> <td>tɕaɯ </td> <td>n. heart </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ฉ</b> </td> <td><b>tɕʰ</b> </td> <td>ฉาย </td> <td>tɕʰaːj </td> <td>v. to shine (on something) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ช</b> </td> <td><b>dʑ</b> </td> <td>ชื่อ </td> <td>dʑɯː </td> <td>n. name </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ซ</b> </td> <td><b>z - ʑ</b> </td> <td>ซ้ำ </td> <td>zam </td> <td>adv. repeatedly </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ญ</b> </td> <td><b>ɲ</b> </td> <td>ญวน </td> <td>ɲuan </td> <td>v. Vietnam (archaic) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>หญ</b> </td> <td><b>ɲ̊</b> </td> <td>หญิง </td> <td>ɲ̊iŋ </td> <td>n. woman </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>วรรค รฏ | Varga Ra Tor</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ฎ</b> </td> <td><b>ʔd</b> </td> <td>ฎีกา </td> <td>ʔdiː.kaː </td> <td>n. petition notice </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ฏ</b> </td> <td><b>t</b> </td> <td>ฏาร </td> <td>taː.raʔ </td> <td>n. Ganymede </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ฐ</b> </td> <td><b>tʰ</b> </td> <td>ฐาน </td> <td>tʰaːn </td> <td>n. base, platform </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ณ</b> </td> <td><b>n</b> </td> <td>เณร </td> <td>neːn </td> <td>n. novice monk </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>วรรค ต | Varga Tor</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ด</b> </td> <td><b>ʔd</b> </td> <td>ดาว </td> <td>ʔdaːw </td> <td>n. star </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ต</b> </td> <td><b>t</b> </td> <td>ตา </td> <td>taː </td> <td>n. eye </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ถ</b> </td> <td><b>tʰ</b> </td> <td>ถอย </td> <td>tʰɔj </td> <td>v. to move back </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ท</b> </td> <td><b>d</b> </td> <td>ทอง </td> <td>dɔːŋ </td> <td>n. gold </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ธ</b> </td> <td><b>d</b> </td> <td>ธุระ </td> <td>du.raʔ </td> <td>n. business; affairs; errands </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>น</b> </td> <td><b>n</b> </td> <td>น้ำ </td> <td>naːm </td> <td>n. water </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>หน</b> </td> <td><b>n̊</b> </td> <td>หนู </td> <td>n̊uː </td> <td>n. mouse </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>วรรค ป | Varga Por</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>บ</b> </td> <td><b>ʔb</b> </td> <td>บ้าน </td> <td>ʔbaːn </td> <td>n. house </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ป</b> </td> <td><b>p</b> </td> <td>ปลา </td> <td>plaː </td> <td>n. fish </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ผ</b> </td> <td><b>pʰ</b> </td> <td>ผึ้ง </td> <td>pʰɯŋ </td> <td>n. bee </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ฝ</b> </td> <td><b>f</b> </td> <td>ฝัน </td> <td>fan </td> <td>n. dream </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>พ</b> </td> <td><b>b</b> </td> <td>พ่อ </td> <td>bɔː </td> <td>n. father </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ฟ</b> </td> <td><b>v</b> </td> <td>ฟัน </td> <td>van </td> <td>n. tooth </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ภ</b> </td> <td><b>b</b> </td> <td>ภาษา </td> <td>baː.saː </td> <td>n. language </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ม</b> </td> <td><b>m</b> </td> <td>แม่ </td> <td>mɛː </td> <td>n. mother </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>หม</b> </td> <td><b>m̊</b> </td> <td>หมา </td> <td>m̊aː </td> <td>n. dog </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>อวรรค | Avarga</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>อย</b> </td> <td><b>ʔj</b> </td> <td>อย่า </td> <td>ʔjaː </td> <td>adv. do not </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ย</b> </td> <td><b>j</b> </td> <td>เย็น </td> <td>jen </td> <td>adj. cold </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>หย</b> </td> <td><b>j̊</b> </td> <td>เหยียบ </td> <td>j̊iap </td> <td>v. to step on </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ร</b> </td> <td><b>r</b> </td> <td>รัก </td> <td>rak </td> <td>v. to love </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>หร</b> </td> <td><b>r̊</b> </td> <td>หรือ </td> <td>r̊ɯː </td> <td>conj. or </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ล</b> </td> <td><b>l</b> </td> <td>ลม </td> <td>lom </td> <td>n. wind </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>หล</b> </td> <td><b>l̥</b> </td> <td>หล่อ </td> <td>l̥ɔː </td> <td>adj. handsome </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ว</b> </td> <td><b>w</b> </td> <td>วัน </td> <td>wan </td> <td>n. day </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>หว</b> </td> <td><b>ẘ</b> </td> <td>หวี </td> <td>ẘiː </td> <td>n. comb </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ศ</b> </td> <td><b>s</b> </td> <td>ศาล </td> <td>saːn </td> <td>n. court of law </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ษ</b> </td> <td><b>s</b> </td> <td>ฤๅษรี (ฤๅษี) </td> <td>rɯː.siː </td> <td>n. hermit </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ส</b> </td> <td><b>s</b> </td> <td>สวย </td> <td>suaj </td> <td>adj. beautiful </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>อ</b> </td> <td><b>ʔ</b> </td> <td>อ้าย </td> <td>ʔaːj </td> <td>n. first born son </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thai_(Unicode_block)" title="Thai (Unicode block)">Thai (Unicode block)</a></div> <p>Thai script was added to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0. </p><p>The Unicode block for Thai is U+0E00–U+0E7F. It is a verbatim copy of the older <a href="/wiki/TIS-620" class="mw-redirect" title="TIS-620">TIS-620</a> character set which encodes the vowels เ, แ, โ, ใ and ไ before the consonants they follow, and thus Thai, <a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Viet">Tai Viet</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_script" class="mw-redirect" title="New Tai Lue script">New Tai Lue</a> are the only <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a> in Unicode that use visual order instead of logical order. </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Thai_(Unicode_block)" title="Thai (Unicode block)">Thai</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U0E00_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U0E00_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U0E00_grey"><a href="#endnote_U0E00_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0E00.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0E0x </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0E01: THAI CHARACTER KO KAI">ก </td> <td title="U+0E02: THAI CHARACTER KHO KHAI">ข </td> <td title="U+0E03: THAI CHARACTER KHO KHUAT">ฃ </td> <td title="U+0E04: THAI CHARACTER KHO KHWAI">ค </td> <td title="U+0E05: THAI CHARACTER KHO KHON">ฅ </td> <td title="U+0E06: THAI CHARACTER KHO RAKHANG">ฆ </td> <td title="U+0E07: THAI CHARACTER NGO NGU">ง </td> <td title="U+0E08: THAI CHARACTER CHO CHAN">จ </td> <td title="U+0E09: THAI CHARACTER CHO CHING">ฉ </td> <td title="U+0E0A: THAI CHARACTER CHO CHANG">ช </td> <td title="U+0E0B: THAI CHARACTER SO SO">ซ </td> <td title="U+0E0C: THAI CHARACTER CHO CHOE">ฌ </td> <td title="U+0E0D: THAI CHARACTER YO YING">ญ </td> <td title="U+0E0E: THAI CHARACTER DO CHADA">ฎ </td> <td title="U+0E0F: THAI CHARACTER TO PATAK">ฏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0E1x </td> <td title="U+0E10: THAI CHARACTER THO THAN">ฐ </td> <td title="U+0E11: THAI CHARACTER THO NANGMONTHO">ฑ </td> <td title="U+0E12: THAI CHARACTER THO PHUTHAO">ฒ </td> <td title="U+0E13: THAI CHARACTER NO NEN">ณ </td> <td title="U+0E14: THAI CHARACTER DO DEK">ด </td> <td title="U+0E15: THAI CHARACTER TO TAO">ต </td> <td title="U+0E16: THAI CHARACTER THO THUNG">ถ </td> <td title="U+0E17: THAI CHARACTER THO THAHAN">ท </td> <td title="U+0E18: THAI CHARACTER THO THONG">ธ </td> <td title="U+0E19: THAI CHARACTER NO NU">น </td> <td title="U+0E1A: THAI CHARACTER BO BAIMAI">บ </td> <td title="U+0E1B: THAI CHARACTER PO PLA">ป </td> <td title="U+0E1C: THAI CHARACTER PHO PHUNG">ผ </td> <td title="U+0E1D: THAI CHARACTER FO FA">ฝ </td> <td title="U+0E1E: THAI CHARACTER PHO PHAN">พ </td> <td title="U+0E1F: THAI CHARACTER FO FAN">ฟ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0E2x </td> <td title="U+0E20: THAI CHARACTER PHO SAMPHAO">ภ </td> <td title="U+0E21: THAI CHARACTER MO MA">ม </td> <td title="U+0E22: THAI CHARACTER YO YAK">ย </td> <td title="U+0E23: THAI CHARACTER RO RUA">ร </td> <td title="U+0E24: THAI CHARACTER RU">ฤ </td> <td title="U+0E25: THAI CHARACTER LO LING">ล </td> <td title="U+0E26: THAI CHARACTER LU">ฦ </td> <td title="U+0E27: THAI CHARACTER WO WAEN">ว </td> <td title="U+0E28: THAI CHARACTER SO SALA">ศ </td> <td title="U+0E29: THAI CHARACTER SO RUSI">ษ </td> <td title="U+0E2A: THAI CHARACTER SO SUA">ส </td> <td title="U+0E2B: THAI CHARACTER HO HIP">ห </td> <td title="U+0E2C: THAI CHARACTER LO CHULA">ฬ </td> <td title="U+0E2D: THAI CHARACTER O ANG">อ </td> <td title="U+0E2E: THAI CHARACTER HO NOKHUK">ฮ </td> <td title="U+0E2F: THAI CHARACTER PAIYANNOI">ฯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0E3x </td> <td title="U+0E30: THAI CHARACTER SARA A">ะ </td> <td title="U+0E31: THAI CHARACTER MAI HAN-AKAT">ั </td> <td title="U+0E32: THAI CHARACTER SARA AA">า </td> <td title="U+0E33: THAI CHARACTER SARA AM">ำ </td> <td title="U+0E34: THAI CHARACTER SARA I">ิ </td> <td title="U+0E35: THAI CHARACTER SARA II">ี </td> <td title="U+0E36: THAI CHARACTER SARA UE">ึ </td> <td title="U+0E37: THAI CHARACTER SARA UEE">ื </td> <td title="U+0E38: THAI CHARACTER SARA U">ุ </td> <td title="U+0E39: THAI CHARACTER SARA UU">ู </td> <td title="U+0E3A: THAI CHARACTER PHINTHU">ฺ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0E3F: THAI CURRENCY SYMBOL BAHT">฿ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0E4x </td> <td title="U+0E40: THAI CHARACTER SARA E">เ </td> <td title="U+0E41: THAI CHARACTER SARA AE">แ </td> <td title="U+0E42: THAI CHARACTER SARA O">โ </td> <td title="U+0E43: THAI CHARACTER SARA AI MAIMUAN">ใ </td> <td title="U+0E44: THAI CHARACTER SARA AI MAIMALAI">ไ </td> <td title="U+0E45: THAI CHARACTER LAKKHANGYAO">ๅ </td> <td title="U+0E46: THAI CHARACTER MAIYAMOK">ๆ </td> <td title="U+0E47: THAI CHARACTER MAITAIKHU">็ </td> <td title="U+0E48: THAI CHARACTER MAI EK">่ </td> <td title="U+0E49: THAI CHARACTER MAI THO">้ </td> <td title="U+0E4A: THAI CHARACTER MAI TRI">๊ </td> <td title="U+0E4B: THAI CHARACTER MAI CHATTAWA">๋ </td> <td title="U+0E4C: THAI CHARACTER THANTHAKHAT">์ </td> <td title="U+0E4D: THAI CHARACTER NIKHAHIT">ํ </td> <td title="U+0E4E: THAI CHARACTER YAMAKKAN">๎ </td> <td title="U+0E4F: THAI CHARACTER FONGMAN">๏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0E5x </td> <td title="U+0E50: THAI DIGIT ZERO">๐ </td> <td title="U+0E51: THAI DIGIT ONE">๑ </td> <td title="U+0E52: THAI DIGIT TWO">๒ </td> <td title="U+0E53: THAI DIGIT THREE">๓ </td> <td title="U+0E54: THAI DIGIT FOUR">๔ </td> <td title="U+0E55: THAI DIGIT FIVE">๕ </td> <td title="U+0E56: THAI DIGIT SIX">๖ </td> <td title="U+0E57: THAI DIGIT SEVEN">๗ </td> <td title="U+0E58: THAI DIGIT EIGHT">๘ </td> <td title="U+0E59: THAI DIGIT NINE">๙ </td> <td title="U+0E5A: THAI CHARACTER ANGKHANKHU">๚ </td> <td title="U+0E5B: THAI CHARACTER KHOMUT">๛ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0E6x </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+0E7x </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U0E00_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U0E00_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U0E00_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U0E00_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keyboard_layouts">Keyboard layouts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Keyboard layouts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thai characters can be typed using the <a href="/wiki/Thai_Kedmanee_keyboard_layout" title="Thai Kedmanee keyboard layout">Kedmanee layout</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thai_Pattachote_keyboard_layout" title="Thai Pattachote keyboard layout">Pattachote layout</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_typography" title="Thai typography">Thai typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_numerals" title="Thai numerals">Thai numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai braille">Thai braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_literature" title="Thai literature">Thai literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_honorifics" title="Thai honorifics">Thai honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_spelling_reform_of_1942" title="Thai spelling reform of 1942">Thai spelling reform of 1942</a> – simplified spelling system in use from 1942 to 1944</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai_script</a>, also called proto-Thai script or Ram Khamhaeng alphabet</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_script&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Thai_script" title="Special:EditPage/Thai script">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Thai+script%22">"Thai script"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Thai+script%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Thai+script%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Thai+script%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Thai+script%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Thai+script%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hartmann-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hartmann_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hartmann_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hartmann_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHartmann1986" class="citation cs2">Hartmann, John F. (1986), <i>The spread of South Indic scripts in Southeast Asia</i>, p. 8</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+spread+of+South+Indic+scripts+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diller-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diller_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diller_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diller_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiller1996" class="citation journal cs1">Diller, Anthony V.N. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003043416/http://oriens-extremus.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/OE-39-2-04.pdf">"Thai orthography and the history of marking tone"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Oriens Extremus</i>: 228–248. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oriens-extremus.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/OE-39-2-04.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on Oct 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oriens+Extremus&rft.atitle=Thai+orthography+and+the+history+of+marking+tone&rft.pages=228-248&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Diller&rft.aufirst=Anthony+V.N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foriens-extremus.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F06%2FOE-39-2-04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuyaso2016" class="citation book cs1">Juyaso, Arthit (2016). <i>Read Thai in 10 Days</i>. Bingo-Lingo. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-616-423-487-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-616-423-487-1"><bdi>978-616-423-487-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Read+Thai+in+10+Days&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Bingo-Lingo&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-616-423-487-1&rft.aulast=Juyaso&rft.aufirst=Arthit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unicode Consortium. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode12.0.0/ch16.pdf">"Southeast Asia"</a>. In <i>The Unicode Standard Version 12.0</i> (p. 631).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.t-h-a-i-l-a-n-d.org/smithpremier/smithpremierorigin.html">"The origins of the Thai typewriter"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101219214315/http://www.t-h-a-i-l-a-n-d.org/smithpremier/smithpremierorigin.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+the+Thai+typewriter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.t-h-a-i-l-a-n-d.org%2Fsmithpremier%2Fsmithpremierorigin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tingsabadh_1993-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tingsabadh_1993_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tingsabadh_1993_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTingsabadhArthur_S._Abramson1993" class="citation journal cs1">Tingsabadh, Kalaya; Arthur S. Abramson (1993). "Thai". <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>23</b> (1): 24̂–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004746">10.1017/S0025100300004746</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249403146">249403146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Thai&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24%CC%82-28&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300004746&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249403146%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tingsabadh&rft.aufirst=Kalaya&rft.au=Arthur+S.+Abramson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2022" class="citation web cs1">Rose, Phil (24 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/rose1997seven.pdf">"A Seven-Tone Dialect in Southern Thai with Super-High"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sealang</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220402013033/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/rose1997seven.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sealang&rft.atitle=A+Seven-Tone+Dialect+in+Southern+Thai+with+Super-High&rft.date=2022-01-24&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Fsala%2Farchives%2Fpdf4%2Frose1997seven.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NECTEC-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NECTEC_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NECTEC_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NECTEC_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NECTEC_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NECTEC_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaroonboonyanan1999" class="citation web cs1">Karoonboonyanan, Theppitak (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nectec.or.th/it-standards/thaistd.pdf">"Standardization and Implementations of Thai Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/NECTEC" title="NECTEC">National Electronics and Computer Technology Center</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standardization+and+Implementations+of+Thai+Language&rft.pub=National+Electronics+and+Computer+Technology+Center&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Karoonboonyanan&rft.aufirst=Theppitak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nectec.or.th%2Fit-standards%2Fthaistd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThai+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unicode-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Unicode_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unicode_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unicode_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unicode_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0E00.pdf">"Thai"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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<li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd 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