CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"> <title>Zebrafish Models for Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections</title> <meta name="keywords" content=""> <meta name="description" content="Zebrafish Models for Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections, Widyowati Yamashita*.. "/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Longdom Publishing S.L"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Mycobacterial Diseases"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Zebrafish Models for Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Widyowati Yamashita"/> <meta name="citation_year" content="2024"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="14"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="8"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.35248/2161-1068.24.14.492"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2161-1068"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/08/02"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1"> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="2"> <meta name="citation_abstract" content=""> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.longdom.org/open-access/zebrafish-models-for-nontuberculous-mycobacterial-infections-110229.html"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.longdom.org/open-access/zebrafish-models-for-nontuberculous-mycobacterial-infections.pdf"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="NomPTP94YozsgvD3NEFpNqUfY88e0TU0L64zNzZTpd0" /> <meta itemprop="name" content="longdom" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /> <meta name="ROBOTS" content="INDEX,FOLLOW" /> <meta name="googlebot" content="INDEX,FOLLOW" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.longdom.org/open-access/zebrafish-models-for-nontuberculous-mycobacterial-infections-110229.html" /> <link rel="alternate" href="https://www.longdom.org/open-access/zebrafish-models-for-nontuberculous-mycobacterial-infections-110229.html" hreflang="en-us" /> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Organization", "url": "https://www.longdom.org/open-access/zebrafish-models-for-nontuberculous-mycobacterial-infections-110229.html", "logo": "https://www.longdom.org/assets/img/longdom-logo.svg" } </script>  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.3.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" /> <link href="/assets/css/longdom.css" rel="stylesheet" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/animate.css/3.7.0/animate.min.css" />  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.7.1/css/all.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" />  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat:100,100i,200,200i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,600,600i,700,700i,800,800i,900,900i|Open+Sans:300,300i,400,400i,600,600i,700,700i,800,800i|Raleway:100,100i,200,200i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,600,600i,700,700i,800,800i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet" /> <link href="/assets/css/ionicons.min.css" rel="stylesheet" />  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/jquery.mCustomScrollbar.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-select/1.13.2/css/bootstrap-select.min.css" />  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/global.css" />  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/styles.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/assets/css/author.css" /> <link rel="icon" href="/assets/img/favicon.png" type="image/gif" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/coolautosuggest.css" />   <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-LE7WH45F9C"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-LE7WH45F9C'); </script> <meta property="og:title" content="Longdom Publishing SL | Open Access Journals" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Longdom" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.longdom.org/" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Longdom Publishing SL is one of the leading international open access journals publishers, covering clinical, medical, and technology-oriented subjects" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.longdom.org/assets/img/longdom-logo.svg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@org_longdom" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Longdom Publishing SL | Open Access Journals" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Longdom Publishing SL is one of the leading international open access journals publishers, covering clinical, medical, and technology-oriented subjects." /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.longdom.org/assets/img/longdom-logo.svg" />  <script> !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n; n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script','//connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '297919997051754'); fbq('track', "PageView"); </script>  <script type="text/javascript"> function openimage( theURL, winName, features ) { window.open( theURL, winName, features ); } </script> </head> <body> <header>  <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light bg-white shadow-sm deva541"> <div class="container"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://www.longdom.org/" title="Longdom Publishing S.L"> <img src="/assets/img/longdom-logo.svg" alt="" height="25"> </a> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar" aria-controls="navbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse justify-content-end" id="navbar"> <div class="navbar-nav"> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/" title="Home">Home</a> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="Guidelines" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Journals</a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="Journals"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/journals-by-title.html" title="A-Z Journals">A-Z Journals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/open-access-journals-list.html" title="Browse By Subject">Browse By Subject</a> </div> </div> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="Guidelines" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Guidelines & Policies </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="Guidelines"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/editorial-policies.html" title="Editorial Policies">Editorial Policies</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/submit-manuscript.html" title="Online Submission">Online Submission</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/instructions-to-authors.html" title="Instructions to Authors">Instructions to Authors</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/policies.html" title="Policies">Policies</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/publication-ethics.html" title="Publication ethics & malpractice statement">Publication ethics & malpractice statement</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/reviewers.html" title="Reviewers">Reviewers</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/terms-conditions.html" title="Terms and Conditions">Terms and Conditions</a> </div> </div> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/advertising.html" title="Advertising">Advertising</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/conferences.html" title="Conferences">Conferences</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/contact-us.html" title="Contact us">Contact us</a> <div id="google_translate_element"></div> </div>  </div> </div> </nav> </header>  <section class="bg-info py-1"> <div class="container"> <div class="row align-items-center justify-content-between">  <div class="col-12 col-sm-auto"> <img src="https://www.longdom.org/admin/headers/mycobacterial-diseases-logo.svg" alt="Mycobacterial Diseases" width="105" height="105" class="img-fluid mx-auto"> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-8"> <h1 class="text-left text-white border-light-blue-200-before font-size-7">Mycobacterial Diseases<br><small class="float-right font-size-5">Open Access</small></h1> </div>  <div class="col-12 col-sm-2 d-none d-sm-block"> <p class="lead">ISSN: 2161-1068</p>  <div id="feedback" class="card card-body p-1 font-size-2 shadow-sm z-index-1"> <div class="reach-us-animated"></div> <p class="card-text"><img src="/assets/img/whatsapp.svg" alt="" width="20" class="ml-2"> +44 1478 350008</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <nav id="sticky-navbar" class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-dark bg-primary py-0"> <div class="container"> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#jrnlNavbar" aria-controls="jrnlNavbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse justify-content-center" id="jrnlNavbar"> <div class="navbar-nav"> <a class="nav-item nav-link " href="https://www.longdom.org/mycobacterial-diseases.html" title="Journal Home">Journal Home</a> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle " href="#" id="EditorialPanel" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Editorial Panel <i class="fas fa-caret-down"></i></a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="EditorialPanel"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/mycobacterial-diseases/editor-in-chief.html" title="Editor-in-Chief">Editor-in-Chief</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/mycobacterial-diseases/editorial-board.html" title="Editorial Board">Editorial Board</a> </div> </div> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle " title="Instructions for Authors" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="#">Instructions for Authors <i class="fas fa-caret-down"></i></a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="EditorialPanel"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/mycobacterial-diseases/instructionsforauthors.html" title="Instructions for Authors">Instructions for Authors</a>  <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/mycobacterial-diseases/ethical-malpractices.html" title="Publication ethics & malpractice statement">Publication ethics & malpractice statement</a> </div> </div> <a class="nav-link " href="https://www.longdom.org/mycobacterial-diseases/submit-manuscript.html" title="Submit Manuscript">Submit Manuscript</a> <a class="nav-link " href="https://www.longdom.org/mycobacterial-diseases/aim-and-scope.html" title="Aims and Scope">Aims and Scope</a> <a class="nav-link " href="https://www.longdom.org/mycobacterial-diseases/inpress.html" title="Articles in process">Articles in process</a>  <a class="nav-link " href="https://www.longdom.org/mycobacterial-diseases/archive.html" title="Archive">Archive</a> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle " href="#" id="SpecialIssues" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Special Issues <i class="fas fa-caret-down"></i></a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="SpecialIssues"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/mycobacterial-diseases/guidelines.html" title="Guidelines">Guidelines</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.longdom.org/mycobacterial-diseases/upcoming-special-issues.html" title="Upcoming Special Issues">Upcoming Special Issues</a> </div> </div> <a class="nav-item nav-link " href="https://www.longdom.org/mycobacterial-diseases/contact.html" title="Contact">Contact</a> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <script type="text/javascript"> function googleTranslateElementInit() { new google.translate.TranslateElement({pageLanguage: 'en'}, 'google_translate_element'); } </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=googleTranslateElementInit"></script> <section class="py-4 content"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <aside class="col-12 col-sm-3 order-last order-sm-first"> <a href="https://www.longdom.org/mycobacterial-diseases/awards-nomination.html" class="btn btn-info btn-block mb-3 border-0 border-left-4 border-info font-size-4"><i class="fa-light fa-award-simple"></i> Awards Nomination </a> <a href="https://www.longdom.org/mycobacterial-diseases-online-visitors-readers-26.html" class="btn btn-warning btn-block mb-3 border-0 border-left-4 border-info font-size-4"><i class="fas fa-book-reader"></i> 25+ Million Readerbase</a>  <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <div class="list-group list-group-flush qr_code_image"> <img title="QR" src="https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?chs=185x185&cht=qr&chl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.longdom.org%2Fopen-access%2Fzebrafish-models-for-nontuberculous-mycobacterial-infections-110229.html&chld=M|0&icqrf=00b1e4" alt="Longdom"/>  <nav class="nav nav-pills social-icons-footer sidebar_social_icons a-pl-0"> <a title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link" rel="noopener" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?s=100&p[title]=Zebrafish Models for Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections&p[url]=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.longdom.org%2Fopen-access%2Fzebrafish-models-for-nontuberculous-mycobacterial-infections-110229.html"><img src="https://www.longdom.org/assets/socials/facebook.png" alt="Longdom" /></a> <a title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link" rel="noopener" href="https://web.whatsapp.com/send?text=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.longdom.org%2Fopen-access%2Fzebrafish-models-for-nontuberculous-mycobacterial-infections-110229.html" title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link"><img src="https://www.longdom.org/assets/socials/whatsapp.png" alt="Longdom"/></a> <a title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link" rel="noopener" href="https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.longdom.org%2Fopen-access%2Fzebrafish-models-for-nontuberculous-mycobacterial-infections-110229.html" title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link"><img src="https://www.longdom.org/assets/socials/linkedin.png" alt="Longdom"/></a> <a title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link" rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=Zebrafish Models for Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.longdom.org%2Fopen-access%2Fzebrafish-models-for-nontuberculous-mycobacterial-infections-110229.html" class="nav-link"><img src="https://www.longdom.org/assets/socials/twitter.png" alt="Longdom" /></a> </nav>  </div> </div>     <h6><a href="https://publons.com/journal/31941/mycobacterial-diseases/" target="_blank" title="Click here">Mycobacterial Diseases peer review process verified at publons</a></h6> <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <a href="https://publons.com/journal/31941/mycobacterial-diseases/" target="_blank" title="Click here"><img src="https://www.longdom.org/admin/publon-images/mycobacterial-diseases-publon.png" alt="Flyer image" class="p_rel w-100" height="250px"/></a> </div>   <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <h6 class="card-header pr-0">Indexed In</h6> <div class="list-group list-group-flush overflow-view"> <div class="list-group-item p-0 pt-2 pl-2"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Open J Gate </div> <div class="list-group-item p-0 pt-2 pl-2"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Genamics JournalSeek </div> <div class="list-group-item p-0 pt-2 pl-2"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Cosmos IF </div> <div class="list-group-item p-0 pt-2 pl-2"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> RefSeek </div> <div class="list-group-item p-0 pt-2 pl-2"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Hamdard University </div> <div class="list-group-item p-0 pt-2 pl-2"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> EBSCO A-Z </div> <div class="list-group-item p-0 pt-2 pl-2"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> OCLC- WorldCat </div> <div class="list-group-item p-0 pt-2 pl-2"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Publons </div> <div class="list-group-item p-0 pt-2 pl-2"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research </div> </div> <p class="m-0 clearfix"><a href="https://www.longdom.org/mycobacterial-diseases/indexing.html" title="Click here"><span class="btn btn-warning btn-xs float-right">View More »</span></a></p> </div>   <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <h6 class="card-header">Useful Links</h6> <div class="card-body p-0"> <nav class="nav flex-column font-size-3 icon-list icon-list-angle-right a-py-1"> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/covid-19-peer-reviewed-journals-articles-special-issues.html" title="Click Here">Covid-19 Journal Articles Issues</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/mycobacterial-diseases/aim-and-scope.html" title="Click Here">Aim and Scope</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/mycobacterial-diseases/peer-review-process.html" title="Click Here">Peer Review Process</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/mycobacterial-diseases/other-comments.html" title="Click Here">Other Comments</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/mycobacterial-diseases/advertising.html" title="Click Here">Advertising</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/mycobacterial-diseases/citations.html" title="Click Here">Citations Report</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/mycobacterial-diseases/indexing.html" title="Click Here">Indexing and Archiving</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/mycobacterial-diseases/archive.html" title="Click Here">Table of Contents</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/submissions/mycobacterial-diseases.html" title="Click Here">Submit Paper</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/editorial-tracking/" title="Click Here">Track Your Paper</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/funded-articles.html" title="Click Here">Funded Work</a> </nav> </div> </div>  <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3" style="margin-top:10px"> <h6 class="card-header">Share This Page</h6> <div class="card-body"> <nav class="nav social-icons social-icons-sm"> <a class="nav-link bg-facebook white" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.longdom.org/open-access/zebrafish-models-for-nontuberculous-mycobacterial-infections-110229.html" target="_blank" title="Share with Facebook" rel="noopener"><i class="fab fa-facebook-f"></i></a> <a class="nav-link bg-twitter white" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://www.longdom.org/open-access/zebrafish-models-for-nontuberculous-mycobacterial-infections-110229.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Share with Twitter"><i class="fab fa-twitter"></i></a> <a class="nav-link bg-linkedin white" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.longdom.org/open-access/zebrafish-models-for-nontuberculous-mycobacterial-infections-110229.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Share with Linkdin"><i class="fab fa-linkedin-in"></i></a> <a class="nav-link bg-googleplus white" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https://www.longdom.org/open-access/zebrafish-models-for-nontuberculous-mycobacterial-infections-110229.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Share with Google+"><i class="fab fa-google-plus-g"></i></a> <a class="nav-link bg-pinterest white" href="https://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://www.longdom.org/open-access/zebrafish-models-for-nontuberculous-mycobacterial-infections-110229.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Share with Pintrest"><i class="fab fa-pinterest-p"></i></a> <a class="nav-link bg-blogger white" href="https://www.blogger.com/blog-this.g?u=https://www.longdom.org/open-access/zebrafish-models-for-nontuberculous-mycobacterial-infections-110229.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Share with Blogger"><i class="fab fa-blogger-b"></i></a> </nav> </div> </div>  <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <h6 class="card-header">Recommended Journals</h6> <div class="card-body p-0"> <nav class="nav flex-column font-size-3 icon-list icon-list-angle-right a-py-1"> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/applied-microbiology.html" title="Click Here">Applied microbiology</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/fungal-genomics-biology.html" title="Click Here">Fungal genomics</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/virology-mycology.html" title="Click Here">Virology & mycology</a> </nav> </div> </div>  <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <a href="https://www.longdom.org/mycobacterial-diseases/advertising.html" title="Click here"><img src="https://www.longdom.org/assets/img/tower-banner.jpg" alt="Flyer image" class="img-fluid p_rel" /> <span class="p_abo cu_roundchip"> <span> <h5><span>25+</span> Million Website Visitors</h5> </span> </span> </a> </div>    <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <h6 class="card-header">Journal Flyer</h6> <img src="https://www.longdom.org/admin/flyers/mycobacterial-diseases-flyer.jpg" alt="Mycobacterial Diseases" class="img-fluid"/> </div>   <div class="sidebar pt-20 pl-10 mt-xs-0" align="center"> <a class="twitter-timeline" href="https://mobile.twitter.com/gilbert80940703" data-width="450" data-height="300">Tweets by </a> <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </div> <div class="clear"> </div>   <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <h6 class="card-header">Open Access Journals</h6> <div class="card-body p-0 scroll_mang"> <nav class="nav flex-column font-size-3 icon-list icon-list-angle-right a-py-1"> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/agri-and-aquaculture-journals.html" title="Click Here">Agri and Aquaculture</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/biochemistry-journals.html" title="Click Here">Biochemistry</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/bioinformatics-and-systems-biology-journals.html" title="Click Here">Bioinformatics & Systems Biology</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/business-and-management-journals.html" title="Click Here">Business & Management</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/chemistry-journals.html" title="Click Here">Chemistry</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/clinical-sciences-journals.html" title="Click Here">Clinical Sciences</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/engineering-journals.html" title="Click Here">Engineering</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/food-and-nutrition-journals.html" title="Click Here">Food & Nutrition</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/general-science-journals.html" title="Click Here">General Science</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/genetics-and-molecular-biology-journals.html" title="Click Here">Genetics & Molecular Biology</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/immunology-and-microbiology-journals.html" title="Click Here">Immunology & Microbiology</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/medical-sciences-journals.html" title="Click Here">Medical Sciences</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/neuroscience-and-psychology-journals.html" title="Click Here">Neuroscience & Psychology</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/nursing-and-health-care-journals.html" title="Click Here">Nursing & Health Care</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.longdom.org/pharmaceutical-sciences-journals.html" title="Click Here">Pharmaceutical Sciences</a> </nav> </div> </div>  </aside> <div class="col-12 col-sm-9 full-text"> <div class="row align-items-center justify-content-between"> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4"> <p class="text-muted mb-0"> Short Communication - (2024)Volume 14, Issue 8 </p> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-8 text-right custom-column"> <a href="https://www.longdom.org/open-access/zebrafish-models-for-nontuberculous-mycobacterial-infections.pdf" title="View PDF" class="btn btn-sm bg-green-600 rounded-50"><i class="fas fa-file-pdf"></i> View PDF</a> <a href="https://www.longdom.org/pdfdownload.php?download=open-access/zebrafish-models-for-nontuberculous-mycobacterial-infections.pdf&aid=110229" title="Download PDF" class="btn btn-sm bg-green-600 rounded-50"><i class="fas fa-download"></i> Download PDF</a> </div> </div> <h2 class="font-size-7 mt-2">Zebrafish Models for Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections</h2> <a href='https://www.longdom.org/author/widyowati-yamashita-72617' title='Widyowati Yamashita' style='color:#555; border-bottom:1px dotted #CCC;'>Widyowati Yamashita</a><sup><a href='#Widyowati_Yamashita'>*</a></sup> <div> </div> <a id="Widyowati_Yamashita"></a> <strong><sup>*</sup>Correspondence:</strong> Widyowati Yamashita, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, , The University of Tokyo, Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan, <strong>Email:</strong> <i class='fa fa-envelope' aria-hidden='true' title='widyoyamash@sina.com'></i> <p><a href="#ai"><strong>Author info »</strong></a></p> <h4>Description</h4> <p>Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) are a diverse group of opportunistic pathogens that are capable of causing a wide range of infections in humans, particularly in immunocompromised individuals and those with chronic <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/lung-47780.html'>lung</a> diseases [<a href="#1" title="1">1</a>]. These infections can be challenging to treat due to the slow-growing nature of the bacteria, their inherent resistance to many antibiotics, and the ability to form biofilms. NTM species, such as <em>Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium abscessus, and Mycobacterium marinum,</em> are increasingly recognized as important human pathogens. Animal models are essential for studying the mechanisms of NTM infection and testing potential therapeutic interventions [<a href="#2" title="2">2</a>]. The zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio)</em> has emerged as a valuable model for studying NTM infections due to its genetic tractability, optical transparency, and physiological similarity to humans.</p> <p><strong>Advantages of zebrafish as a model organism</strong></p> <p>Zebrafish share significant genetic homology with humans, making them a relevant model for studying human diseases. Their <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/immune-system-8102.html'>immune system</a> consists of both innate and adaptive components, closely resembling the human <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/immune-response-27143.html'>immune response</a> to mycobacterial infections [<a href="#3" title="3">3</a>]. Zebrafish embryos and larvae are optically transparent, allowing real-time imaging of bacterial infections and immune responses. This transparency enables the direct observation of bacterial colonization, host-pathogen interactions, and immune cell recruitment [<a href="#4" title="4">4</a>]. Zebrafish can be easily genetically manipulated using techniques such as CRISPRCas9, allowing researchers to study the role of specific genes in host <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/immunity-12162.html'>immunity</a> or bacterial virulence. This makes the zebrafish model an ideal system for studying the genetic basis of NTM infection and the host's <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/immune-response-27143.html'>immune response</a> [<a href="#5" title="5">5</a>]. Zebrafish embryos develop rapidly, and hundreds of embryos can be generated from a single pair of adults. This high fecundity makes zebrafish suitable for large-scale genetic and chemical screens to identify potential drug candidates or genetic factors that influence NTM infection.</p> <p><strong>Granuloma formation</strong></p> <p>Zebrafish have been used to model infections caused by several NTM species, most notably <em>Mycobacterium marinum</em>, a close relative of <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> and a pathogen that causes <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/skin-29065.html'>skin</a> infections in fish and humans [<a href="#6" title="6">6</a>].<em> Mycobacterium marinum</em> naturally infects zebrafish and causes granuloma formation, a hallmark of mycobacterial infections, making it an ideal system for studying the <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/pathogenesis-26240.html'>pathogenesis</a> of NTM. One of the key features of NTM infections is the formation of granulomas-organized structures of immune <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/cells-53612.html'>cells</a> that attempt to contain the mycobacteria [<a href="#7" title="7">7</a>]. Granulomas are important to understanding mycobacterial diseases because they represent both the host's attempt to control the infection and a protective niche for the bacteria. In zebrafish infected with<em> M. marinum</em>, granulomas can be visualized in real-time using fluorescently labelled bacteria and immune cells. This allows researchers to observe the dynamics of granuloma formation, bacterial growth, and immune cell recruitment and to study the factors that influence these processes.</p> <p><strong>Immune response and host-pathogen interactions</strong></p> <p>The zebrafish model also allows for the study of the innate and adaptive immune responses to NTM infection. The zebrafish innate immune system, which includes macrophages and neutrophils, is particularly relevant in early stages of mycobacterial infection, where the bacteria are engulfed and may persist inside host <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/cells-53612.html'>cells</a> [<a href="#8" title="8">8</a>]. These innate immune <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/cells-53612.html'>cells</a> are involved in both controlling bacterial growth and contributing to granuloma formation. The adaptive immune system, including T and B cells, also plays a role in controlling chronic mycobacterial infections, and zebrafish provide a system for studying how adaptive <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/immunity-12162.html'>immunity</a> responds to NTM. Zebrafish are useful for studying the interactions between host immune <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/cells-53612.html'>cells</a> and NTM [<a href="#9" title="9">9</a>]. Using fluorescent markers, researchers can visualize how macrophages and neutrophils interact with mycobacteria in realtime. This has led to the discovery of important insights into bacterial survival strategies, such as the ability of mycobacteria to persist within host <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/cells-53612.html'>cells</a> or to evade immune responses. The zebrafish model has also revealed the importance of specific <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/cytokines-4428.html'>cytokines</a> and chemokines in orchestrating the <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/immune-response-27143.html'>immune response</a> to NTM infections.</p> <p><strong>Drug <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/screening-6818.html'>screening</a> and therapeutic development</strong></p> <p>Zebrafish are increasingly used in drug <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/screening-6818.html'>screening</a> for NTM infections due to their small size and the ease with which large numbers of larvae can be used in high-throughput assays. Chemical screens using zebrafish larvae infected with fluorescently labelled NTM can identify compounds that reduce bacterial burden, disrupt granuloma formation, or modulate the <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/immune-response-27143.html'>immune response</a> [<a href="#10" title="10">10</a>]. The use of zebrafish in drug <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/screening-6818.html'>screening</a> is particularly valuable given the increasing antibiotic resistance seen in NTM species, such as<em> M. abscessus</em>, which is notoriously difficult to treat with conventional antibiotics. Several potential therapeutic agents have been tested in zebrafish models of NTM infection, including new antibiotics, immune-modulating drugs, and inhibitors of quorum sensing, a bacterial communication system linked to virulence and resistance. The zebrafish model allows for rapid evaluation of these compounds' efficacy and toxicity, providing a bridge between <em>in vitro</em> studies and more complex mammalian models.</p> <h4>Conclusion</h4> <p>The zebrafish model has become an indispensable tool for studying nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Its unique advantages, including optical transparency, genetic tractability, and suitability for high-throughput drug screening, make it an ideal system for studying the complex host-pathogen interactions that characterize NTM infections. By using zebrafish, researchers have gained valuable insights into granuloma formation, immune responses, and bacterial virulence strategies, and the model continues to contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for combating these challenging infections.</p> <h4>References</h4> <ol> <li id="Reference_Title_Link" value="1"><a id="1" name="1"></a>Varela M, Meijer AH. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mmi.14838">A fresh look at mycobacterial <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/pathogenicity-5125.html'>pathogenicity</a> with the zebrafish host model</a>. Mol Microbiol. 2022;117(3):661-669. <p>[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/mmi.14838">Crossref</a>] [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=1.%09Varela+M%2C+Meijer+AH.+A+fresh+look+at+mycobacterial+pathogenicity+with+the+zebrafish+host+model.+Molecular+Microbiology.+2022%3B117%283%29%3A661-669.+&btnG=">Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34714579/">PubMed</a>]</p> </li> <li id="Reference_Title_Link" value="2"><a id="2" name="2"></a>Commandeur S, Iakobachvili N, Sparrius M, Nur MM, Mukamolova GV, Bitter W. <a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/aac.00801-20">Zebrafish embryo model for assessment of drug efficacy on mycobacterial persisters</a>. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020;64(10):10-128. <p>[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.00801-20">Crossref</a>] [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=2.%09Commandeur+S%2C+Iakobachvili+N%2C+Sparrius+M%2C+Nur+MM%2C+Mukamolova+GV%2C+Bitter+W.+Zebrafish+embryo+model+for+assessment+of+drug+efficacy+on+mycobacterial+persisters.+Antimicrobial+agents+and+chemotherapy.+2020%3B64%2810%29%3A10-128.+&btnG=">Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32778551/">PubMed</a>]</p> </li> <li id="Reference_Title_Link" value="3"><a id="3" name="3"></a>Dalton JP, Uy B, Okuda KS, Hall CJ, Denny WA, Crosier PS, et al. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jac/article/72/2/421/2374132?login=false">Screening of anti-mycobacterial compounds in a naturally infected zebrafish larvae model</a>. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016:21. <p>[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkw421">Crossref</a>] [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=3.%09Dalton+JP%2C+Uy+B%2C+Okuda+KS%2C+Hall+CJ%2C+Denny+WA%2C+Crosier+PS%2C+et+al.+Screening+of+anti-mycobacterial+compounds+in+a+naturally+infected+zebrafish+larvae+model.+Journal+of+Antimicrobial+Chemotherapy.+2016%3A21.+&btnG=">Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27798206/">PubMed</a>]</p> </li> <li id="Reference_Title_Link" value="4"><a id="4" name="4"></a>Mohanty S, Jagannathan L, Ganguli G, Padhi A, Roy D, Alaridah N, et al. <a href="https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(20)33693-0/fulltext">A mycobacterial phosphoribosyltransferase promotes bacillary survival by inhibiting <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/oxidative-stress-2345.html'>oxidative stress</a> and autophagy pathways in macrophages and zebrafish</a>. J Biol Chem. 2015;290(21):13321-13343. <p>[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m114.598482">Crossref</a>] [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=4.%09Mohanty+S%2C+Jagannathan+L%2C+Ganguli+G%2C+Padhi+A%2C+Roy+D%2C+Alaridah+N%2C+et+al.+A+mycobacterial+phosphoribosyltransferase+promotes+bacillary+survival+by+inhibiting+oxidative+stress+and+autophagy+pathways+in+macrophages+and+zebrafish.+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry.+2015%3B290%2821%29%3A13321-13343.+&btnG=">Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25825498/">PubMed</a>]</p> </li> <li id="Reference_Title_Link" value="5"><a id="5" name="5"></a>Johansen MD, Herrmann JL, Kremer L. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-020-0331-1">Non-tuberculous mycobacteria and the rise of <em>Mycobacterium abscessus</em></a>. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2020;18(7):392-407. <p>[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-0331-1">Crossref</a>] [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=5.%09Johansen+MD%2C+Herrmann+JL%2C+Kremer+L.+Non-tuberculous+mycobacteria+and+the+rise+of+Mycobacterium+abscessus.+Nature+Reviews+Microbiology.+2020%3B18%287%29%3A392-407&btnG=">Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32086501/">PubMed</a>]</p> </li> <li id="Reference_Title_Link" value="6"><a id="6" name="6"></a>Chang CT, Whipps CM. <a href="https://afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1080/08997659.2015.1007176">Activity of antibiotics against <em>Mycobacterium</em> <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/species-5796.html'>species</a> commonly found in laboratory zebrafish</a>. J Aquat Anim Health. 2015;27(2):88-95. <p>[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/08997659.2015.1007176">Crossref</a>] [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=6.%09Chang+CT%2C+Whipps+CM.+Activity+of+antibiotics+against+Mycobacterium+species+commonly+found+in+laboratory+zebrafish.+Journal+of+aquatic+animal+health.+2015%3B27%282%29%3A88-95.+&btnG=">Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25951167/">PubMed</a>]</p> </li> <li id="Reference_Title_Link" value="7"><a id="7" name="7"></a>Rampacci E, Stefanetti V, Passamonti F, Henao-Tamayo M.<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/8/641"> Preclinical models of nontuberculous mycobacteria infection for early <a target='_blank' href='https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/drug-discovery-16520.html'>drug discovery</a> and vaccine research</a>. Pathogens. 2020;9(8):641. <p>[<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9080641">Crossref</a>] [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=7.%09Rampacci+E%2C+Stefanetti+V%2C+Passamonti+F%2C+Henao-Tamayo+M.+Preclinical+models+of+nontuberculous+mycobacteria+infection+for+early+drug+discovery+and+vaccine+research.+Pathogens.+2020%3B9%288%29%3A641.+&btnG=">Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32781698/">PubMed</a>]</p> </li> <li id="Reference_Title_Link" value="8"><a id="8" name="8"></a>Kent ML, Whipps CM, Matthews JL, Florio D, Watral V, Bishop-Stewart JK, et al. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1532045604001413?via%3Dihub">Mycobacteriosis in zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>) research facilities</a>. Comp Biochem and Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2004;138(3):383-390. <p>[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2004.08.005">Crossref</a>] [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=8.%09Kent+ML%2C+Whipps+CM%2C+Matthews+JL%2C+Florio+D%2C+Watral+V%2C+Bishop-Stewart+JK%2C+et+al.+Mycobacteriosis+in+zebrafish+%28Danio+rerio%29+research+facilities.+Comparative+Biochemistry+and+Physiology+Part+C%3A+Toxicology+%26+Pharmacology.+2004%3B138%283%29%3A383-390.+&btnG=">Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15533796/">PubMed</a>]</p> </li> <li id="Reference_Title_Link" value="9"><a id="9" name="9"></a>Patton EE, Zon LI, Langenau DM. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41573-021-00210-8">Zebrafish disease models in drug discovery: From preclinical modelling to clinical trials</a>. Nat Revi Drug Discov. 2021;20(8):611-628. <p>[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-021-00210-8">Crossref</a>] [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=9.%09Patton+EE%2C+Zon+LI%2C+Langenau+DM.+Zebrafish+disease+models+in+drug+discovery%3A+From+preclinical+modelling+to+clinical+trials.+Nature+Reviews+Drug+Discovery.+2021%3B20%288%29%3A611-628.&btnG=">Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34117457/">PubMed</a>]</p> </li> <li id="Reference_Title_Link" value="10"><a id="10" name="10"></a>Pereira AC, Ramos B, Reis AC, Cunha MV. <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/9/1380">Non-tuberculous mycobacteria: Molecular and physiological bases of virulence and adaptation to ecological niches</a>. Microorganisms. 2020;8(9):1380. <p>[<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091380">Crossref</a>] [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=10.%09Pereira+AC%2C+Ramos+B%2C+Reis+AC%2C+Cunha+MV.+Non-tuberculous+mycobacteria%3A+Molecular+and+physiological+bases+of+virulence+and+adaptation+to+ecological+niches.+Microorganisms.+2020%3B8%289%29%3A1380.&btnG=">Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32916931/">PubMed</a>]</p> </li> </ol>   <div class="card bg-light mb-3"> <div class="card-body px-3 pb-0"> <h4 class="font-size-4"><a id="ai"></a>Author Info</h4> <a href='https://www.longdom.org/author/widyowati-yamashita-72617' title='Widyowati Yamashita' style='color:#555; border-bottom:1px dotted #CCC;'>Widyowati Yamashita</a><sup><a href='#Widyowati_Yamashita'>*</a></sup> <div> </div> Department of Microbiology and Immunology, , The University of Tokyo, Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan<br> <div> </div> <p><strong>Citation:</strong> Yamashita W (2024). Zebrafish Models for Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections. Mycobact Dis.14:492.</p> <p> <strong>Received: </strong>03-Jul-2024, Manuscript No. MDTL-24-33693; <strong>Editor assigned: </strong>05-Jul-2024, Pre QC No. MDTL-24-33693 (PQ); <strong>Reviewed: </strong>19-Jul-2024, QC No. MDTL-24-33693; <strong>Revised: </strong>26-Jul-2024, Manuscript No. MDTL-24-33693 (R); <strong>Published:</strong> 02-Aug-2024 , DOI: 10.35248/2161-1068.24.14.492</p> <p><strong>Copyright: </strong>漏 2024 Yamashita W. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <footer class="bg-blue-grey-900 py-3"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4"> <h4 class="white font-size-4 fweight-400 border-bottom-1 pb-2">Content Links</h4> <ul class="list-unstyled footer-links font-size-3"> <li><a class="" href="https://www.longdom.org/online-tools.html" title="Click here">Tools</a> </li> <li><a class="" href="https://www.longdom.org/feedback.html" title="Click here">Feedback</a></li> <li><a class="" href="https://www.longdom.org/careers.html" title="Click here">Careers</a></li> <li><a class="" href="https://www.longdom.org/privacy-policy.html" title="Click here">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a class="" href="https://www.longdom.org/terms-conditions.html" title="Click here">Terms & Conditions</a></li> <li><a class="" href="https://www.longdom.org/authors-reviewers-editors.html" title="Click here">Authors, Reviewers & Editors</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4"> <h4 class="white font-size-4 fweight-400 border-bottom-1 pb-2">Contact Longdom</h4> <p>Longdom Group SA<br> Avenue Roger Vandendriessche,<br> 18, 1150 Brussels, Belgium<br> Phone: +442038085340 <br><strong>Email:</strong> <a href="mailto:info@longdom.org" class="white" title="Click here">info@longdom.org</a></p> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4"> <h4 class="white font-size-4 fweight-400 border-bottom-1 pb-2">Connect</h4> <nav class="nav nav-pills social-icons-footer flex-column a-pl-0"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/longdompublisher" title="Click here" target="_blank" class="nav-link bg-facebook-hover"><i class="fab fa-facebook-f bg-facebook"></i> Facebook</a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/longdom-publishing-sl/" title="Click here" target="_blank" class="nav-link bg-linkedin-hover"><i class="fab fa-linkedin-in bg-linkedin"></i> Linkedin</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/LongdomP" title="Click here" target="_blank" class="nav-link bg-twitter-hover"><i class="fab fa-twitter bg-twitter"></i> Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/longdom_publisher/" title="Click here" target="_blank" class="nav-link bg-instagram-hover"><i class="fab fa-instagram bg-instagram"></i> Instagram</a> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="row text-center"> <div class="col"> <p>Copyright © 2024 <a href="https://www.longdom.org/" title="Click here" class="white">Longdom Publishing</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </footer>  <a href="#0" class="cd-top js-cd-top">Top</a>   <script defer src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script defer src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/popper.js/1.14.7/umd/popper.min.js"></script> <script defer src="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.3.1/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>  <script> jQuery(function($) { $(window).scroll(function fix_element() { $('#target').css( $(window).scrollTop() > 100 ? { 'position': 'fixed', 'top': '440px' } : { 'position': 'absolute', 'top': '440px' } ); return fix_element; }()); }); </script>   <script defer src="https://unpkg.com/feather-icons"></script> <script> feather.replace() </script>  <script defer src="/assets/js/scroll-to-top.js"></script>  <script defer type="text/javascript" src="/assets/js/coolautosuggest.js"></script> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript"> $("#keyword").coolautosuggest({ url: "https://www.longdom.org/author-names.php?chars=", minChars: 3, }); </script> <script defer src="/assets/js/jquery.mCustomScrollbar.concat.min.js"></script> <script> // Scrollbar var Scrollbar = function() { "use strict"; // Handle Scrollbar Linear var handleScrollbarLinear = function() { $(".scrollbar").mCustomScrollbar({ theme: "minimal-dark" }); } return { init: function() { handleScrollbarLinear(); // initial setup for scrollbar linear } } }(); $(document).ready(function() { Scrollbar.init(); }); /*========================== Stikcy Navbar ============================*/ window.onscroll = function() { myFunction() }; var navbar = document.getElementById("sticky-navbar"); var sticky = navbar.offsetTop; function myFunction() { if (window.pageYOffset >= sticky) { navbar.classList.add("sticky") } else { navbar.classList.remove("sticky"); } } /*========================== Bootstrap Popover ============================*/ $(function () { $('[data-toggle="popover"]').popover() }) </script>  <script defer src="/assets/js/jquery.malihu.PageScroll2id.min.js"></script> <script> (function($){ $(window).on("load",function(){ $("a[rel='m_PageScroll2id']").mPageScroll2id(); }); })(jQuery); </script>  <script defer type="text/javascript" src="/assets/js/jquery.matchHeight-min.js"></script> <script> $(function() { $('.match-height').matchHeight({ byRow: true, property: 'height', target: null, }); }); </script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="/assets/js/grids.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> // Equal Height var EqualHeight = function() { "use strict"; // Handle Equal Height var handleEqualHeight = function() { $(function($) { $('.equal-height').responsiveEqualHeightGrid(); }); } return { init: function() { handleEqualHeight(); // initial setup for equal height } } }(); $(document).ready(function() { EqualHeight.init(); }); </script>  <script defer src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-select/1.13.2/js/bootstrap-select.min.js"></script> <script> $('.selectpicker').selectpicker(); </script> <script> $(document).ready(function(){ var filecount = 1; $('.filerowclass').each(function(){ var countattr = $(this).attr('countattr'); if(filecount == countattr){ var countlink = $('#rowfile'+countattr+ ' .filelinkclass').length; if(countlink == 0){ $('#rowfile'+countattr).remove(); } } filecount++; }); }); </script>  <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { $("#wait").hide(); $("#jkeyword").keyup(function() { $("#wait").show(); //values of sending variables var jkeyword=$("#jkeyword").val(); var dataString = { 'jkeyword':jkeyword }; $.ajax ({ type: "POST", url: "https://www.longdom.org/journal-search.php", data: dataString, cache: false, success: function(html) { $("#jresult").html(html); $("#wait").hide(); } }); }); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript">function add_chatinline(){var hccid=75174750;var nt=document.createElement("script");nt.async=true;nt.src="https://mylivechat.com/chatinline.aspx?hccid="+hccid;var ct=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];ct.parentNode.insertBefore(nt,ct);} add_chatinline(); </script> <link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/select2@4.1.0-rc.0/dist/css/select2.min.css" rel="stylesheet" /> <script defer src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/select2@4.1.0-rc.0/dist/js/select2.min.js"></script> </body> </html>