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class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definizioak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definizioak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definizioak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definizioak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Definizioak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definizioak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ikuspegi_epistemikoak_eta_kontzientzian_oinarritutakoak." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikuspegi_epistemikoak_eta_kontzientzian_oinarritutakoak."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ikuspegi epistemikoak eta kontzientzian oinarritutakoak.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikuspegi_epistemikoak_eta_kontzientzian_oinarritutakoak.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intentzionalitatean_oinarritutako_planteamenduak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intentzionalitatean_oinarritutako_planteamenduak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Intentzionalitatean oinarritutako planteamenduak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intentzionalitatean_oinarritutako_planteamenduak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konduktismoa_eta_funtzionalismoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konduktismoa_eta_funtzionalismoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Konduktismoa eta funtzionalismoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konduktismoa_eta_funtzionalismoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gai_orokorrak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gai_orokorrak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Gai orokorrak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gai_orokorrak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gogamenaren_gaitasunak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gogamenaren_gaitasunak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gogamenaren gaitasunak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gogamenaren_gaitasunak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gogo-gorputz_dualismoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gogo-gorputz_dualismoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gogo-gorputz dualismoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gogo-gorputz_dualismoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Eduki-taula" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gogamen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 141 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-141" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">141 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gees_(mens)" title="Gees (mens) – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gees (mens)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%95%E1%88%9D%E1%88%AE" title="አዕምሮ – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አዕምሮ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन – angikera" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84" title="عقل – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84" title="عقل – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عقل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8" title="মন – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन – awadhiera" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9F%C4%B1l" title="Ağıl – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ağıl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%86" title="ذهن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ذهن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A1%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Аҡыл – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аҡыл" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geist" title="Geist – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Geist" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruots" title="Pruots – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pruots" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isip" title="Isip – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Isip" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Розум – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Розум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Розум – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Розум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC" title="Ум – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8" title="মন – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spered" title="Spered – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Spered" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um" title="Um – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Um" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisuk" title="Bisuk – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Bisuk" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ment" title="Ment – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ment" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%96%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%97" title="ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏙᏗ – txerokiera" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏙᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="txerokiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زەین – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زەین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aq%C4%B1l" title="Aqıl – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Aqıl" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysl" title="Mysl – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mysl" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%82%D1%81" title="Ăс – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ăс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_meddwl" title="Y meddwl – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y meddwl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind" title="Sind – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sind" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verstand" title="Verstand – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verstand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aq%C4%B1l" title="Aqıl – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Aqıl" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind" title="Mind – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mind" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menso" title="Menso – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Menso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaim_(mens)" title="Vaim (mens) – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaim (mens)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%86" title="ذهن – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ذهن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieli" title="Mieli – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esprit" title="Esprit – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Esprit" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wees" title="Wees – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wees" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intinn" title="Intinn – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Intinn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA" title="心智 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="心智" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lespri" title="Lespri – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lespri" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apytu%27%C5%A9_(arandupykuaaty)" title="Apytu'ũ (arandupykuaaty) – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Apytu'ũ (arandupykuaaty)" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankali" title="Hankali – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hankali" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waihona_no%CA%BBono%CA%BBo" title="Waihona noʻonoʻo – hawaiiera" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Waihona noʻonoʻo" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%AA" title="דעת – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דעת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man" title="Man – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Man" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um" title="Um – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Um" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A5%D5%AC%D6%84" title="Խելք – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խելք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A5%D5%AC%D6%84" title="Խելք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Խելք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budi" title="Budi – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Budi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isip" title="Isip – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Isip" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mento" title="Mento – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugur" title="Hugur – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hugur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83" title="心 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="心" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main" title="Main – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Main" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agerru" title="Agerru – kabiliera" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agerru" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezuu_(esprit)" title="Fezuu (esprit) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Fezuu (esprit)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сана – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сана" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81" title="ಮನಸ್ಸು – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮನಸ್ಸು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%8C" title="마음 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brys" title="Brys – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Brys" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB-%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Акыл-эс – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Акыл-эс" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens" title="Mens – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mens" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geis" title="Geis – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Geis" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ment" title="Ment – lombardiera" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ment" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ຈິດ – laosera" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຈິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protas" title="Protas – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Protas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C4%81ts" title="Prāts – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Prāts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन – maithilia" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saina" title="Saina – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Saina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akabudi" title="Akabudi – minangkabauera" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Akabudi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabauera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC" title="Ум – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="മനസ്സ് – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മനസ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="စိုတ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="စိုတ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minda" title="Minda – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Minda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente – mirandesa" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="စိတ် – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စိတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%86" title="ذهن – mazandarandera" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ذهن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verstand" title="Verstand – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Verstand" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="मस्तिष्क – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मस्तिष्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verstand" title="Verstand – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verstand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn" title="Sinn – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sinn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn" title="Sinn – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sinn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperit" title="Esperit – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Esperit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrii" title="Surrii – oromoera" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Surrii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮਨ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umys%C5%82" title="Umysł – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Umysł" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ment" title="Ment – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ment" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81" title="سیانف – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیانف" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%86" title="ذهن – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ذهن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunqu_(yuyay)" title="Sunqu (yuyay) – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sunqu (yuyay)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minte" title="Minte – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Minte" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC" title="Ум – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ум" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Розум – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Розум" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%83" title="मनः – sanskritoa" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मनः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskritoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B9" title="Өй – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Өй" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱢᱚᱱ – santalera" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%ACritu_(menti)" title="Spìritu (menti) – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Spìritu (menti)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um" title="Um – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Um" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind" title="Mind – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mind" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myse%C4%BE" title="Myseľ – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Myseľ" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um" title="Um – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Um" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfungwa" title="Pfungwa – shonera" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Pfungwa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendja" title="Mendja – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mendja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC" title="Ум – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyke" title="Psyke – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Psyke" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akili_ya_binadamu" title="Akili ya binadamu – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Akili ya binadamu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மனம் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81" title="మనసు – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మనసు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B%D0%BB" title="Ақл – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ақл" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="จิต – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%93%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%8D" title="ሓንጎል – tigrinyera" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሓንጎል" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="tigrinyera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isip" title="Isip – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Isip" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zihin" title="Zihin – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zihin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihleketo" title="Mihleketo – tsongera" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Mihleketo" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsongera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D2%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Зиһен – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Зиһен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Розум – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розум" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84" title="عقل – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عقل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ong" title="Ong – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ong" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2m_tr%C3%AD" title="Tâm trí – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tâm trí" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunahuna" title="Hunahuna – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hunahuna" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%81%B5" title="心灵 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="心灵" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingqondo" title="Ingqondo – xhosera" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ingqondo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%9C" title="שכל – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שכל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simlingz" title="Simlingz – zhuangera" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Simlingz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuangera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA" title="心智 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="心智" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim" title="Sim – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sim" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" title="心靈 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="心靈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingqondo" title="Ingqondo – zuluera" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ingqondo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zuluera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q450#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gogamen" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi 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Dantzariari buruzko artikulua hau da: «<a href="/wiki/Go-Go" class="mw-redirect" title="Go-Go">Go-Go</a>»</i></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Nicolas_P._Rougier%27s_rendering_of_the_human_brain.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Nicolas_P._Rougier%27s_rendering_of_the_human_brain.png/350px-Nicolas_P._Rougier%27s_rendering_of_the_human_brain.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Nicolas_P._Rougier%27s_rendering_of_the_human_brain.png/525px-Nicolas_P._Rougier%27s_rendering_of_the_human_brain.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Nicolas_P._Rougier%27s_rendering_of_the_human_brain.png/700px-Nicolas_P._Rougier%27s_rendering_of_the_human_brain.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Gogamenaren ikerketa zientzia kognitiboek egiten dute.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Gogamena</b> <a href="/wiki/Pertzepzio" title="Pertzepzio">pertzepzioa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentsamendu" title="Pentsamendu">pentsamendua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kontzientzia_(filosofia)" title="Kontzientzia (filosofia)">kontzientzia</a>, oroimena, <a href="/wiki/Irudimen" title="Irudimen">irudimena</a>, etab. bezalako prozesuak biltzen dituzten gaitasun <a href="/wiki/Kognizio" title="Kognizio">kognitiboen</a> multzoa da. Horietako batzuk <a href="/wiki/Gizaki" title="Gizaki">gizakiaren</a> ezaugarriak dira eta beste batzuk beste <a href="/wiki/Izaki_bizidun" class="mw-redirect" title="Izaki bizidun">izaki bizidun</a> batzuekin partekatzen dira. Gogamena, prozesu-multzo hori, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogo-egoera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gogo-egoera (sortu gabe)">gogo-egoeratik</a> bereizi behar da, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Desira" title="Desira">desira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Min" title="Min">min</a>-sentsazioa edo <a href="/wiki/Sinesmen" title="Sinesmen">sinesmenak</a>, prozesu horien instantzia, mota edo adibideak baitira.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian zehar, gogamenaren kontzeptu hori hainbat kategoriatan sortu da <a href="/wiki/Ontologia" title="Ontologia">ontologikoki</a> (gorputza ez den substantzia bat, parte bat, prozesu bat edo propietate bat)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hala ere, gaur egungo ikuskera nagusiak, biak <a href="/wiki/Materialismo" title="Materialismo">materialistak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogo-garun_identitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gogo-garun identitate (sortu gabe)">gogo-garun identitatearen</a> teorian eta <a href="/wiki/Adimenaren_filosofia" title="Adimenaren filosofia">funtzionalismoan</a> sartzen dira. </p><p>Adimena hiru prozesu motatzat hartzen da: kontzienteak, inkontzienteak eta prozedurazkoak. Zientzialari batzuek ideia hau iradokitzen dute: gogamena <a href="/wiki/Burmuin" title="Burmuin">burmuinaren</a> jardueraren emaitza dela, gizabanakoaren zenbait prozesu eskualde jakin batzuetan, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Hipokanpo" title="Hipokanpo">hipokanpoan</a>, non kalteak oroimenaren prozesuan kalteak eragiten baititu.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hala ere, arazoa ez da konpondu, neurri batean, gogamenak, kategoria gisa, hainbat prozesu eta egoera biltzen dituelako, eta horietako baten izaera berresteak ez duelako guztiona inplikatzen. </p><p>Aztergai gisa, <a href="/wiki/Psikologia" title="Psikologia">psikologiak</a> hasieratik landu du gogamena, eta haren kontzeptualizazioa ia <a href="/wiki/Teoria" title="Teoria">teoria</a> <a href="/wiki/Psikologia" title="Psikologia">psikologiko</a> guztietan ageri da. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definizioak">Definizioak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogamen&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Definizioak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogamen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Definizioak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adimena sentsazioa, pertzepzioa, pentsamendua, arrazoibidea, memoria, sinesmena, desioa, emozioa eta motibazioa moduko fenomeno mentaletan agertzen den fakultate gisa ulertzen da sarritan<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Adimena edo mentalitatea gorputzarekin, materiarekin edo fisikotasunarekin kontrastatu ohi da. Kontraste horren funtsezkoa da adimenek <a href="/wiki/Natura-zientziak" title="Natura-zientziak">natura-zientziek</a> deskribatzen duten unibertso materialean aurkitzen ez diren eta agian horrekin bateraezinak diren hainbat ezaugarri erakusten dituztela<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Tradizionalki nagusi den <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartesekin</a> lotutako ikuspegi substantialistan, adimenak pentsamendu-substantzia independente gisa definitzen dira. Baina, gaur egungo filosofian, ohikoagoa da adimenak ez <a href="/wiki/Substantzia_(filosofia)" title="Substantzia (filosofia)">substantzia</a> gisa ulertzea, gizakiek eta goi mailako animaliek dituzten propietate edo gaitasun gisa baizik<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Akordio hori izan arren, iritzi-desberdintasun handia dago oraindik adimenaren izaera zehatza zein den, eta hainbat definizio lehian proposatu dira<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Gogamenaren definizio filosofikoek, normalean, adimenari dagozkion hainbat fenomeno mota zerrendatu ez ezik, <i>gogoaren marka</i> bilatzen dute: egoera mental guztiek, eta egoera mentalek soilik, partekatzen duten ezaugarria<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ikuspegi epistemikoek subjektuak egoera horietara duen sarbide epistemiko pribilegiatuaren arabera definitzen dituzte egoera mentalak. Hori kontzientzian oinarritutako ikuspegi batekin konbinatzen da sarritan, kontzientziaren nagusitasuna adimenari dagokionez azpimarratzen duena. Intentzionalitatean oinarritutako planteamenduek, berriz, adimenak objektuei erreferentzia egiteko eta mundua modu jakin batean irudikatzeko duten boterea, adimenaren marka gisa ikusten dute. Konduktismoaren arabera, entitate batek adimena duen ala ez, kanpoko estimuluei erantzuteko nola jokatzen duen araberakoa da; funtzionalismoak, berriz, egoera mentalak betetzen dituen kausazko rolen araberakoa. Ikuspegi ezberdin horien arteko desberdintasunak nabarmenak dira, animaliek edo ordenagailuek adimena duten ala ez moduko galderei erantzun oso desberdinak ematen dizkietelako<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Egoera mental asko daude. Kategoria desberdinetan sailkatzen dira, hala nola sentsorialak eta ez-sentsorialak, edo kontzienteak eta inkontzienteak<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Gorago aipaturiko definizioetako batzuk kategoria bateko egoeren gainetik agertzen dira, baina, beste kategoria bateko egoeren zergatia azaltzeko, borroka egiten dute. Horrek teoriko batzuk zalantzan jarri izan du adimenaren ezaugarri bat ote dagoen. Beraz, agian, <i>buru</i> edo <i>adimen</i> hitzek ezaugarri bateratzaile bakar batekin bat ez datozen ideia multzo bati egiten dio erreferentzia<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Teoriko batzuek adimenaren definizioak ahalmen intelektual <i>altuagoetara</i> murriztuz erantzun diote horri, hala nola pentsamendua, arrazoiketa eta oroimena. Beste batzuk ahalik eta integratzaileenak izaten saiatzen dira ahalmen intelektual <i>apalagoei</i> dagokienez, hala nola sentipena eta emozioa<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Usadio herrikoian, adimena pentsamenduaren sinonimo izaten da maiz: <i>buru barruan</i> geure buruarekin daramagun elkarrizketa pribatua<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Horrela <i>erabakitzen</i> dugu<i>;</i> <i>iritzia aldatzen</i> dugu, edo bi <i>adimen</i> ditugu zerbaiti buruz. Zentzu honetan, izpirituaren atributu nagusietako bat hauxe da: Beste inork ezin du geure burua ezagutu. Guk, kontzienteki edo inkontzienteki, komunikatzen duguna baino ezin dute interpretatu<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ikuspegi_epistemikoak_eta_kontzientzian_oinarritutakoak.">Ikuspegi epistemikoak eta kontzientzian oinarritutakoak.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogamen&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikuspegi epistemikoak eta kontzientzian oinarritutakoak.»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogamen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Ikuspegi epistemikoak eta kontzientzian oinarritutakoak."><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ikuspegi epistemikoek azpimarratzen dute subjektuak bere buru-egoera guztietara, edo gutxienez batzuetara, sarbide pribilegiatua duela<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Sarbide hori zuzena, pribatua eta hutsezina dela esaten da batzuetan. Sarbide zuzenak ezagutza ez-inferentzialak aipatzen ditu. Norbaitek mina duenean, adibidez, zuzenean, badaki mina duela; ez dute beste adierazle batzuetatik ondorioztatu behar, hala nola gorputz-atal bat puztuta dagoela ikustean edo garrasi egiteko duten joera ukitzean<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Baina kanpoko objektuen ezagutza ez-inferentziala ere, esaterako, zuhaitzak edo katuak, begiespenaren bidez daukagu; horregatik, berez, ez da nahikoa irizpide hori. Sarritan aipatzen den beste pribilegio epistemiko bat da adimen-egoerak pribatuak direla kanpoko egitate publikoen aldean. Adibidez, pertsona baten hankaren gainean etzanda dagoen zuhaitz eroria, zuzenean, ikusleen begiespenera irekita dago, biktimaren mina pribatua den bitartean: Tradizioz, askotan esaten da geure adimen-egoerari buruzko ezagutza hutsezina dela, hau da, ezin garela haiekin oker egon horiek ditugunean<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Beraz, norbaitek azkura duenean, adibidez, ezin du huts egin sentsazio hori edukitzean. Adimenik gabeko kausetan bakarrik egon daiteke oker, adibidez: dela zomorroen ziztaden edo onddoen infekzio baten ondorioz. Baina hutsezintasunaren baieztapenari hainbat kontraesan aurkeztu zaio, eta, horregatik, ez da, eskuarki, irizpide hau onartzen filosofia garaikidean. Arazo bat dago adimenaren ezaugarriarekiko hurbilketa epistemiko guztien artean: batez ere, egoera kontzienteetan zentratzen dira, baina egoera inkontzienteak baztertu egiten dituzte. Desira erreprimitu bat, adibidez, egoera mental bat da, subjektuak aipatu sarbide epistemiko pribilegiatuaren formarik ez duena<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Kezka horri erantzuteko, modu bat da adimen-egoera kontzienteei estatus pribilegiatua esleitzea. Kontzientzian oinarritutako ikuspegi horren arabera, adimen-egoera kontzienteak adimenduaren osagai ez-deribatuak dira, eta inkontzienteak, berriz, haien existentziarako beren alderdi kontzienteen menpe daude nolabait<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_Searle" title="John Rogers Searle">John Searleri</a> zor zaio jarrera horren adibide garrantzitsu bat, kontzientziarik gabeko adimen-egoerek kontzientziaren eskura egon behar dutela uste baitu <i>mentala</i> dela kontatzeko<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Egoera kontzienteak sortzeko joera gisa uler daitezke<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Jarrera horrek <i>inkontziente sakona</i> ukatzen du<sup id="cite_ref-:8_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, hau da, kontzientziak eskura ez dituen adimen-edukiak existitzen direla. Kontzientzian oinarritutako hurbilketen beste problema bat da kontzientziarik gabeko gogoaren kontabilitateaz gain, kontzientziaren izaera argitzea. Kontzientzian oinarritutako planteamenduak, normalean, kontzientzia fenomenalean interesatzen dira, hau da, esperientzia kualitatiboan, kontzientzia eskuragarrian baino gehiago, zeinak informazioa arrazoiketarako eta jokabide gidarietarako eskuragarri egoteari erreferentzia egiten baitio<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Adimen-egoera kontzienteak, normalean, kualitatibo eta subjektibo gisa determinatzen dira, hau da, subjektu bat egoera horietan egotea modukoa dela. Kontzientzian oinarritutako hurbilketen aurkakoek sarritan adierazten dute, saiakera horiek gorabehera, oraindik ez dagoela oso argi zer esan nahi duen <i>kontzientzia fenomenala</i> terminoak<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hau garrantzitsua da, zeren, teorikoki, ez litzatekeelako asko irabaziko gaizki ulertutako termino bat beste termino batean definituz. Horrelako planteamenduen beste eragozpen bat da kontzientziak, inkontzientearekiko, maila pribilegiatua duela ukatzea, adibidez, inkontziente sakona existitzen dela azpimarratuz<sup id="cite_ref-:7_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intentzionalitatean_oinarritutako_planteamenduak">Intentzionalitatean oinarritutako planteamenduak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogamen&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Intentzionalitatean oinarritutako planteamenduak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogamen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Intentzionalitatean oinarritutako planteamenduak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Intentzionalitatean oinarritutako planteamenduek intentzionalitatea adimenaren ezaugarri gisa ikusten dute<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hurbilketa honen sortzailea <a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a> da, intentzionalitatea (objektuei buruz hitz egiteko edo objektuei buruz izateko) estatu mentalen ezaugarri gisa definitu zuena<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hurbilketa horren ideia nagusietako bat gogamenak inguratzen dituen mundua irudikatzea da, objektu fisiko erregularretan gertatzen ez dena<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Beraz, hozkailuan izozkia dagoela uste duenak mundua modu jakin batean irudikatzen du. Izozkia irudika dezake, baina ez mundua. Horregatik, hurbilketa intentzionala dela eta, adimena pertsonari egozten zaio, baina, ez izozkiari<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ikuspegi epistemikoaren aldean, horren abantaila bat da ez duela arazorik kontzientziarik gabeko irudimen-egoeren berri emateko<sup id="cite_ref-:10_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Baina hurbilketa horren arazo bat da badirela entitate ez-mental batzuk intentzionalitatea dutenak, adibidez, mapak edo adierazpen linguistikoak<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Arazo honen erantzun bat zera da: izaki ez-mentalen intentzionalitatea, nolabait, adimen-izakien intentzionalitatetik eratorria dena. Adibidez, Addis Abebako mapa batek <a href="/wiki/Addis_Abeba" title="Addis Abeba">Addis Abeba</a>, berez, ez duela irudikatzen esan daiteke, kanpotik baizik, jendeak irudikapen gisa interpretatzen baitu<sup id="cite_ref-:10_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Beste zailtasun bat da adimen-egoera guztiak ez diruditela nahita eginak. Beraz, sineskizunak eta desirak irudikapen-forma diren bitartean, badirudi hori ez dela gertatzen oinaze eta azkurei dagokienez, arazo bat irudikatu gabe adieraz baitezakete<sup id="cite_ref-:9_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Baina teoriko batzuek itxurazko kontraesan horiek behar bezala ulertzen direnean ere nahita sortutzat jo behar direla argudiatu dute<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konduktismoa_eta_funtzionalismoa">Konduktismoa eta funtzionalismoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogamen&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Konduktismoa eta funtzionalismoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogamen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Konduktismoa eta funtzionalismoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Definizio <a href="/wiki/Konduktismo" title="Konduktismo">konduktistek</a> egoera mentalak jendaurrean beha daitezkeen jokabide jakin batzuetarako jokabide gisa ezaugarritzen dituzte kanpoko estimulu jakin batzuen erreakzio gisa<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ikuspegi horren arabera, norbaiti sinesmen bat egoztea da pertsona horrek zenbait modutara jokatzeko duen joera deskribatzea. Adskripzio horrek ez du pertsona horren barne-egoerei buruzko erreklamaziorik inplikatzen; jokabide-joerei buruz hitz egiten du bakarrik<sup id="cite_ref-:12_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Horrelako egoera baterako, motibazio indartsu bat kontsiderazio enpirikoetatik dator, barne adimen-egoera pribatuen behaketaren eta haren gabeziaren garrantzia azpimarratuz. Hori, batzuetan, tesiarekin konbinatzen da, alegia, ezin genukeela adimen-terminoak erabiltzen ikasi haiei lotutako portaerari erreferentzia egin gabe<sup id="cite_ref-:12_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Portaera-arazo bat da izaki berak portaera desberdina duela sarritan lehengo egoera berean egon arren. Horrek pentsarazten du, azalpenean, estimuluaren eta erantzunaren arteko loturan bitartekari diren entitatearen barne-egoerak aipatu behar direla<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Arazo hori ikuspegi funtzionalistek saihesten dute, adimen-egoerak beren funtzio kausalen bidez definitzen baitituzte, baina, beren sare kausalean, bai kanpoko, bai barneko gertakariak ahalbidetzen dituzte<sup id="cite_ref-:13_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Horren arabera, min-egoeraren definizioak hainbat alderdi barne har ditzake, hala nola gorputz-lesioak eragin ohi duen egoeran egotea, gorputzean zerbait gaizki dagoela sinestea eta... dolua edo intziria eragitea<sup id="cite_ref-:14_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Ikuspegi konduktista eta funtzionalistaren alderdi garrantzitsu bat da haien arabera, izpiritua ugaltzeko modukoa dela<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Horrek esan nahi du ez dagoela entitate baten osaera zehatzaren menpe, adimena duen ala ez erabakitzeko. Horren ordez, portaerazko jarrerek edo sare kausalean duten rolak bakarrik du garrantzia. <a href="/wiki/Izaki" title="Izaki">Izakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">animalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silizio" title="Silizio">silizioan</a> oinarritutako estralurtarra edo <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robota</a> izan daiteke<sup id="cite_ref-:13_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Funtzionalistek, batzuetan, software-hardware bereizketaren analogia egiten dute, non adimena hardware mota ezberdinetan instala daitekeen software mota jakin baten antzekoa den. Analogia honi oso lotuta dago konputazionalismoaren tesia, burmuinaren aktibitate neuronalaren bidez informazioa prozesatzeko sistema bezala definitzen duena<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Iritzi hauen guztien problema bat zera da: itxuraz ez direla gai kontzientzian oinarritutako hurbilketek azpimarratzen duten gogoaren kontzientzia fenomenala azaltzeko<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Oinazeak gorputzeko zauriek eragiten dituztela eta beraiek sortzen dituztela zenbait sineste eta intziri-portaera egia izan daiteke. Baina oinazearen soslai kausala isildu egiten da esperientzia mingarriaren beraren berezko gogaikarritasunean. Gaiarentzat batere mingarriak ez diren zenbait egoera ezaugarri horietara ere egokitu daitezke<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gai_orokorrak">Gai orokorrak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogamen&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gai orokorrak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogamen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Gai orokorrak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Psikologian, ohikoa da gogamena eta <a href="/wiki/Burmuin" title="Burmuin">garuna</a> bereiztea, nahiz eta gogamena garunarekin azaleratzen den. Hala ere, lotura handiagoa du <a href="/wiki/Adimenaren_filosofia" title="Adimenaren filosofia">adimenaren filosofia</a> izeneko diziplinarekin. Zientzialari eta filosofo batzuen arabera, garuna ezinbesteko baldintza da, baina ez nahikoa, gogamenak bere eginkizunak bete ditzan. Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/John_Carew_Eccles" title="John Carew Eccles">Eccles</a>, neurologoa eta <a href="/wiki/Zerrenda:Medikuntzako_Nobel_Saria" title="Zerrenda:Medikuntzako Nobel Saria">Medikuntzako Nobel saria</a>, edo <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a>, zientziaren filosofoa ditugu. Nahiz eta jarrera desberdinekin, bietako inork ez du identifikatzen pentsamendua garuneko jarduerarekin.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gogamenaren jarrera <a href="/wiki/Materialismo" title="Materialismo">materialista</a> bat da gogamena bere burua aztertzen duen materia dela (sistema materialen <a href="/wiki/Atzeraeragin" title="Atzeraeragin">atzeraelikadura</a>). Hau da, haren bilakaeran, materia egoera kaotikoetatik egoera antolatu ez-organikoetara igaro da, gero egoera organikoetara, eta, azkenik, egungo egoerak aztertzea lortzen du, etorkizuneko egoerak lortzeko. Materia sistema autorregulatuetan antolatuko litzateke. Esate baterako, <a href="/wiki/Materialismo_dialektiko" title="Materialismo dialektiko">materialismo dialektikoa</a> edo zientzia gogorren berezko materialismo erreduktiboa, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">fisika</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika">kimika</a>. </p><p>Nabarmendu behar da ez dela gauza bera gogamena materiaren portaeratzat hartzea, eta gogamena materiarekiko paraleloa eta desberdina dela esatea, baina berezko existentzia eta estatutu <a href="/wiki/Ontologia" title="Ontologia">ontologikoa</a> dituela. Adibiderik ezagunena <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartesek</a> gorputza ez den baina gorputzari lotuta dagoen gogamen baten <a href="/wiki/Dualismo" title="Dualismo">dualtasuna</a> da: <a href="/wiki/Cogito_ergo_sum" title="Cogito ergo sum">pentsatzen dut, gero banaiz</a>. Desberdintasun horiek ez dira txikiagoak, honelako eztabaidak irekitzen baitituzte: animalia guztiek dute gogamena ala gizakiek bakarrik dute? </p><p><a href="/wiki/Neurozientzia" title="Neurozientzia">Neurozientzien</a> ikuspegitik, garunaren jarduerak sortutako esperientzia subjektibotzat har daiteke gogamena, mugimendurako erreferentzia-puntu bat sortzeko. Hala, bada, gogamena burmuinaren beste funtzio bat da, helburu jakin batzuetarako jokabidea antolatzeaz arduratzen dena, eta «ni» izeneko esperientzia subjektibo bat sortzen duena, zeinaren inguruan antolatzen baita mugimendua (portaera). Funtzio mentala garunaren propietate emergentea litzateke, digestio-funtzioa digestio-aparatuarena bezala. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Howard_Gardner" title="Howard Gardner">Howard</a> Gardner-en aburuz, konputazio-mekanismo espezifiko eta independenteen multzoa da gogamena. <a href="/wiki/Adimen" title="Adimen">Adimena</a> egitura mentalek osatutako supraegituratik sortzen da.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egitura mentalak ekintza beteak edo potentziakoak izango lirateke, mugimenduan edo <a href="/wiki/Pentsamendu" title="Pentsamendu">pentsamenduan</a> barneratuak. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Piageten</a> aburuz, ezagutzaren oinarrizko egitura eskema da. Eragiketa zehatzak eta formalak bereizten zituen, eta horrek adimenaren hiru osagai bereizten zituen:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Gogamen zehatzak</b> pentsamenduaren oinarrizko prozesuak egiten ditu: behaketa, konparazioa, erlazioa, sailkapena, analisi-sintesiaren oinarria.</li> <li><b>Gogamen praktikoak</b> pentsamenduaren zuzendaritza-prozesuak eta prozesu betearazleak egiten ditu, kausak efektuekin eta bitartekoak helburuekin erlazionatzen ditu. Adimenaren eta haren metaosagaien oinarria da, Robert J. Sternberg-ek adimenaren teoria triarkikoan esaten dien bezala.</li> <li><b>Gogamen abstraktuak</b> hausnarketa kontzienteko prozesuak egiten ditu, bere irudikapenetara iristen da eta aldatu egiten ditu. Arrazoia ezagupenerako ahalmen gorena da, eduki osotik abstrakzioa egiten baitu. Halaxe azaltzen zuen Kant-ek <a href="/wiki/Arrazoimen_hutsaren_kritika" title="Arrazoimen hutsaren kritika"><i>Arrazoimen hutsaren kritika</i></a> lanean.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gogamenaren_gaitasunak">Gogamenaren gaitasunak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogamen&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gogamenaren gaitasunak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogamen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Gogamenaren gaitasunak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gogamena, eraikuntza gisa, ahalmen ezberdinez osatuta dago. Zeintzuk diren ikertzaileen arabera alda daiteke, baina ohikoenak <a href="/wiki/Pertzepzio" title="Pertzepzio">pertzepzioa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oroimen" title="Oroimen">oroimena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irudimen" title="Irudimen">irudimena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Introspekzio" title="Introspekzio">introspekzioa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinesmena (sortu gabe)">sinesmena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrazoiketa" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrazoiketa">arrazoiketa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Emozio" title="Emozio">emozioa</a> dira. Adimen-ahalmenek, beraz, pentsamendu-mota guztiak biltzen dituzte, zentzumenen datuak jaso eta sailkatzeko aukera, ingurunearekiko borondatea eta jarrera, eta <a href="/wiki/Psikoanalisi" title="Psikoanalisi">psikoanalisirako</a> pertsonaren alderdi inkontzientea ere bai. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piagetentzat</a>, eskatutako eragiketen konplexutasun-mailaren arabera, ahalmen horiek hiru zatitan banatzen dute adimena: «Adimen zehatza, behatzea edo erlazionatzea bezalako eragiketak egiten dituena; adimendu praktikoa, aztertzen duena; eta gogamen abstraktua, hausnarketaz arduratzen dena». </p><p>Autore gehienek, nola funtzionatzen duen azaltzen duten eredu mental edo irudi posibleak marrazten dituztenean, gogamenaren ikuspegi modular bati eusten diote, hau da, adimendua beren artean erlazionatu daitezkeen baina modu desberdinean azaltzen diren eta askotariko jarduerei dagozkien ahalmen independenteen azpimultzoen multzoa da. Modulu bakoitza espezifikoa da, baina garuneko arlo bati baino gehiagori egokitu dakioke, eta bere esperientziarako estimulu egokia lortzen duenean aktibatzen da lehenetsita. Adimenaren teoria modularrean egile nabarmenetako bat <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Fodor" title="Jerry Fodor">Jerry Fodor</a> da<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Buruko ahalmenek ohiko moduan funtzionatzen dutenean, <a href="/wiki/Osasun_mental" title="Osasun mental">osasun mentalaz</a> hitz egiten da. Kontrakoa <a href="/wiki/Gaixotasun_mental" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaixotasun mental">gaixotasun mentala</a> da, <a href="/wiki/Psikiatria" title="Psikiatria">psikiatriaren</a> tratamenduaren objektua, nahiz eta normalean gaixotasuna ez den berez egoera bat, baizik eta portaera jakin baten muturreko edo ezohiko maila bat. Buru osasuntsuak <a href="/wiki/Homeostasi" title="Homeostasi">homeostasira</a> edo orekara jotzen du, defentsa-mekanismoak bilatuz higadura, sufrimendua edo zalantza minimizatzeko estimuluak bilatzen dituen bitartean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gogo-gorputz_dualismoa">Gogo-gorputz dualismoa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogamen&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gogo-gorputz dualismoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogamen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Gogo-gorputz dualismoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gogamenari dagokio ere <a href="/wiki/Gogo-gorputz_dualismoa" title="Gogo-gorputz dualismoa">gogo-gorputz dualismoa</a> eta bere eztabaida. <a href="/wiki/Adimenaren_filosofia" title="Adimenaren filosofia">Gogoaren filosofian</a> <b>gogo-gorputz dualismoak</b> fenomeno <a class="mw-selflink selflink">mentalak</a> fisikoak ez direla <sup id="cite_ref-Hart_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hart-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> edo <a class="mw-selflink selflink">adimena</a> eta gorputza beraien artean desberdinak eta bereizgarriak direla defendatzen du<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Beraz, gogamenaren eta <a href="/wiki/Materia" title="Materia">materiaren</a> arteko harremanari buruzko ikuspegi multzo bat biltzen du, baita <a href="/wiki/Subjektu_(filosofia)" title="Subjektu (filosofia)">subjektuaren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Objektu" title="Objektu">objektuaren</a> artekoa ere, eta beste jarrera batzuekin kontrajartzen da, hala nola, fisikalismo edota enaktibismoarekin. <sup id="cite_ref-Hart_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hart-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Descartes_mind_and_body.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Descartes_mind_and_body.gif/200px-Descartes_mind_and_body.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Descartes_mind_and_body.gif/300px-Descartes_mind_and_body.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Descartes_mind_and_body.gif/400px-Descartes_mind_and_body.gif 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartesen</a> dualismoaren ilustrazioa. Zentzumen-organoek sarrerak garunaren <a href="/wiki/Guruin_pineal" title="Guruin pineal">epifisira</a> transmititzen dituzte eta handik materiazkoa ez den espiritura.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristotelesek</a> <a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platonen</a> <a href="/wiki/Arima" title="Arima">arima</a> anitzen ikuspegia partekatzen zuen, eta antolamendu hierarkiko bat garatu zuen landareen, animalien eta pertsonen funtzio bereizgarriei zegokiena: hirurek partekatzen duten hazkuntza eta metabolismoaren arima <i>nutritiboa</i>; pertsonek eta beste animaliek soilik duten minaren, plazeraren eta desiraren <i>pertzepziozko</i> arima; eta <i>arrazoiaren</i> ahalmena, pertsonek bakarrik daukatena. Ikuspegi honetatik, arima organismo bideragarri baten <a href="/wiki/Hilemorfismo" title="Hilemorfismo">forma hilomorfikoa</a> da, zeinetan hierarkiaren maila bakoitza aurreko mailaren <a href="/wiki/Substantzia_(filosofia)" title="Substantzia (filosofia)">substantziari</a> formalki gainjartzen zaion. Aristotelesen arabera, lehen bi arimak, gorputzean oinarrituta daudenak, organismo bizidunaren heriotzarekin batera hiltzen dira,<sup id="cite_ref-Ari1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ari1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hilezkorra nahiz iraunkorra den adimenaren alde intelektiboa mantentzen den bitartean.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Platonentzat, ordea, arima ez dago gorputz fisikoaren menpe; <i>metempsikosian</i> sinesten zuen, arimaren migrazioa beste gorputz fisiko batera.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filosofo batzuek teoria hori erredukzionismotzat hartu dute, aldagai multzo handiak alde batera uzteko joera ahalbidetzen baitu, adimenarekin edo gorputzarekin duten ustezko lotura dela-eta, eta ez, aldiz, aztertutako fenomeno bat azaltzeko edo iragartzeko orduan duten benetako balioagatik. <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dualismoa oso lotuta dago <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartesen</a> (1641) pentsamenduarekin, zeinaren arabera adimena substantzia ez-fisikoa eta, beraz, ez-espaziala den. Descartesek adimena <a href="/wiki/Kontzientzia" title="Kontzientzia">kontzientziarekin</a> eta autokontzientziarekin identifikatu zuen, eta hau <a href="/wiki/Burmuin" title="Burmuin">garunetik</a> bereizten zuen adimenaren egoitza gisa. <sup id="cite_ref-SEP_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hori dela eta, lehena izan zen gogo-gorputzaren auzia gaur egun ezagutzen den bezala formulatzen. <sup id="cite_ref-De_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dualismoa hainbat <a href="/wiki/Monismo" title="Monismo">monismo</a> motarekin kontrajartzen da. Hortaz gain, substantzien dualismoa <a href="/wiki/Materialismo" title="Materialismo">materialismoaren</a> forma guztiekin kontrajartzen da; propietate-dualismoa, ordea, materialismo <a href="/wiki/Emergentzia" title="Emergentzia">emergentearen</a> edo fisikalismo ez-erreduktiboaren formatzat har daiteke zentzu batean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogamen&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogamen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSmart2017">Smart, J. 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Zalta, Edward N. ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/dualism/">«Dualism»</a> <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University) <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-05-11)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDi_Gennaro_G,_Grammaldo_LG,_Quarato_PP,_Esposito_V,_Mascia_A,_Sparano_A,_Meldolesi_GN,_Picardi_AJun_2006">Di Gennaro G, Grammaldo LG, Quarato PP, Esposito V, Mascia A, Sparano A, Meldolesi GN, Picardi A.  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(2019-08-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/principia/article/view/1808-1711.2019v23n2p249">«O que é Behaviorismo sobre a mente?»</a> <i>Principia: an international journal of epistemology</i> 23 (2): 249–277.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5007%2F1808-1711.2019v23n2p249">10.5007/1808-1711.2019v23n2p249</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1808-1711">1808-1711</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-28">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_28-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_28-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_28-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGraham2023">Graham, George.  (2023). Zalta, Edward N. ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2023/entries/behaviorism/">«Behaviorism»</a> <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University) <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMele2003">Mele, Alfred R..  (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/MELMAA-2"><i>Motivation and Agency. </i></a> New York, US: Oxford University Press <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMele1995">Mele, Alfred R..  (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2185634">«Motivation: Essentially Motivation-Constituting Attitudes»</a> <i>The Philosophical Review</i> 104 (3): 387–423.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2185634">10.2307/2185634</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0031-8108">0031-8108</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-31">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_31-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_31-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/functism/"><i>Functionalism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. </i></a> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Gulick, Robert Van (2009). Beckermann, Ansgar; McLaughlin, Brian P; Walter, Sven (eds.). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199262618.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199262618-e-8">Functionalism</a>". <i>The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Mind</i>. <a href="//doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199262618.001.0001" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199262618.001.0001">doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199262618.001.0001</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926261-8" class="extiw" title="en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926261-8">ISBN <bdi>978-0-19-926261-8</bdi></a>. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-06-01.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-33">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_33-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_33-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_33-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLevin2023">Levin, Janet.  (2023). Zalta, Edward N. ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entries/functionalism/">«Functionalism»</a> <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University) <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBickle2020">Bickle, John.  (2020). Zalta, Edward N. ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2020/entries/multiple-realizability/">«Multiple Realizability»</a> <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University) <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRescorla2020">Rescorla, Michael.  (2020). Zalta, Edward N. ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/computational-mind/">«The Computational Theory of Mind»</a> <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University) <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-08-02)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>El yo y su cerebro</i>, Editorial Labor. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-335-1712-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-335-1712-8">ISBN 978-84-335-1712-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Howard Gardner. <i>Estructuras de la mente.</i> Bogotá: Fondo de Cultura económica. 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Jean Piaget. <i>Seis estudios de psicología.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFFodor1983">Fodor, Jerry A..  (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9133505"><i>The modularity of mind : an essay on faculty psychology. </i></a> MIT Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-262-06084-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-262-06084-1">0-262-06084-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=9133505">9133505</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-05-11)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hart-40">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Hart_40-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hart_40-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._D._Hart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. D. Hart (sortu gabe)">Hart, W. D.</a> 1996. "Dualism." Pp. 265–67 in <i>A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind</i>, edited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Guttenplan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Guttenplan (sortu gabe)">S. Guttenplan</a>. Oxford: Blackwell.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-41">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_41-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_41-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCranePatterson2000">Crane, Tim; Patterson, Sarah.  (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/CRAHOT-2"><i>History of the Mind-Body Problem. </i></a> New York: Routledge <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-04-13)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ari1-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Ari1_42-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle. [c. mid 4th century BC] 1924. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics_(Aristotle)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle) (sortu gabe)">Metaphysics (Metaphysica)</a></i>, edited by W. D. Ross. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2 vols.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Soul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="On the Soul (sortu gabe)">De Anima</a></i> III:</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordscholarlyeditions.com/view/10.1093/actrade/9780198145691.book.1/actrade-9780198145691-book-1"><i>Oxford Classical Texts: Platonis Opera, Vol. 1: Tetralogiae I–II. </i></a> Oxford University Press  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Factrade%2F9780198145691.book.1">10.1093/actrade/9780198145691.book.1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-187520-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-187520-5">978-0-19-187520-5</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-04-13)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reduction-biology/">«Reductionism in Biology»</a> <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEP-46"><a href="#cite_ref-SEP_46-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Robinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howard Robinson (sortu gabe)">Robinson, Howard</a>. [2003] 2016. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dualism/">Dualism</a>" (rev.). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (sortu gabe)">The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>, edited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_N._Zalta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward N. Zalta (sortu gabe)">Edward N. Zalta</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-De-47"><a href="#cite_ref-De_47-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes, René</a>. [1641] 1984. "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meditations_on_First_Philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meditations on First Philosophy (sortu gabe)">Meditations on First Philosophy</a>." Pp. 1–62 in <i>The Philosophical Writings of René Descartes</i> 2, translated by J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff, and D. Murdoch. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogamen&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogamen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psikologia" title="Psikologia">Psikologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psikiatria" title="Psikiatria">Psikiatria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmuin" title="Burmuin">Burmuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertsonalitate" title="Pertsonalitate">Pertsonalitate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mind">Mind</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q450%22">Q450</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikiesanak" title="Wikiquote"><img alt="Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/15px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/30px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Aipu famatuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://eu.wikiquote.org/wiki/Gogamena" class="extiw" title="q:Gogamena">Gogamena</a></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4019830-3">4019830-3</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123071">ph123071</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/mind">url</a></span></li></ul> 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