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class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Syntax" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_simple.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Give to Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Syntax" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Syntax" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about changes from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related pages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syntactic_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntactic_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Syntactic terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntactic_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Syntax</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 115 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">115 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinsbou" title="Sinsbou – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sinsbou" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88" title="علم النحو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم النحو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxi" title="Sintaxi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sintaxi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Շարահիւսութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Շարահիւսութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxis" title="Sintaxis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sintaxis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%27%E1%BA%BDjoajukatu" title="Ñe'ẽjoajukatu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñe'ẽjoajukatu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="বাক্যতত্ত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাক্যতত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B9-hoat" title="Kù-hoat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kù-hoat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Сінтаксіс мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сінтаксіс мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81" title="Сынтаксіс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сынтаксіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevreadurezh" title="Kevreadurezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kevreadurezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxi" title="Sintaxi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sintaxi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystrawen" title="Cystrawen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cystrawen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaks" title="Syntaks – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Syntaks" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3" title="سينطاكس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سينطاكس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCntaks" title="Süntaks – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Süntaks" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B7_(%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Σύνταξη (γλωσσολογία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύνταξη (γλωσσολογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxis" title="Sintaxis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sintaxis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintakso" title="Sintakso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sintakso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxi" title="Sintaxi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sintaxi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88" title="نحو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نحو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxe" title="Syntaxe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Syntaxe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinlear" title="Sinlear – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sinlear" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comhr%C3%A9ir" title="Comhréir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Comhréir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-ordrail" title="Co-ordrail – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Co-ordrail" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxe" title="Sintaxe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sintaxe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EC%82%AC%EB%A1%A0" title="통사론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="통사론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Շարահյուսություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շարահյուսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="वाक्यविन्यास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वाक्यविन्यास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaksa" title="Syntaksa – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Syntaksa" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksa" title="Sintaksa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sintaksa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxo" title="Sintaxo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sintaxo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxe" title="Syntaxe – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Syntaxe" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setningafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Setningafræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Setningafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintassi" title="Sintassi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sintassi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8" title="תחביר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תחביר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8" title="ಪದವಿನ್ಯಾಸ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪದವಿನ್ಯಾಸ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="სინტაქსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სინტაქსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksi" title="Sintaksi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sintaksi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentaks" title="Sentaks – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sentaks" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxis" title="Syntaxis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Syntaxis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintakse" title="Sintakse – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sintakse" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaks%C4%97" title="Sintaksė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sintaksė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxis" title="Syntaxis – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Syntaxis" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintatica" title="Sintatica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sintatica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/genlalske" title="genlalske – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="genlalske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintassi" title="Sintassi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sintassi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szintaxis_(nyelv%C3%A9szet)" title="Szintaxis (nyelvészet) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szintaxis (nyelvészet)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Синтакса – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Синтакса" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rariteny" title="Rariteny – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rariteny" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A8" title="വാക്യഘടന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാക്യഘടന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Синтаксиссь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Синтаксиссь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxis_(taalkunde)" title="Syntaxis (taalkunde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Syntaxis (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="सिन्ट्याक्स – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सिन्ट्याक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%AA%9E%E8%AB%96" title="統語論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="統語論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaks" title="Syntaks – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Syntaks" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaks" title="Syntaks – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Syntaks" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxe" title="Sintaxe – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Sintaxe" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88" title="نحو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نحو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint%C3%A1ksis" title="Sintáksis – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sintáksis" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaktyka_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)" title="Syntaktyka (językoznawstwo) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Syntaktyka (językoznawstwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxe" title="Sintaxe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sintaxe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintax%C4%83" title="Sintaxă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sintaxă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxa" title="Sintaxa – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Sintaxa" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knklaan_gaya_nkari" title="Knklaan gaya nkari – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Knklaan gaya nkari" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksa" title="Sintaksa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sintaksa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نحويات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نحويات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax_(jazykoveda)" title="Syntax (jazykoveda) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Syntax (jazykoveda)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skladnja" title="Skladnja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Skladnja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%B7%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%AF%D1%8C" title="Сѷнтаѯь – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Сѷнтаѯь" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ڕستەناسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕستەناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Синтакса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Синтакса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksa" title="Sintaksa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sintaksa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaksi" title="Syntaksi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Syntaksi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaugnayan" title="Palaugnayan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Palaugnayan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சொற்றொடரியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சொற்றொடரியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C" title="วากยสัมพันธ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วากยสัมพันธ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Аъзои ҷумла – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аъзои ҷумла" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6zdizim" title="Sözdizim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sözdizim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88" title="نحو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نحو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintasi" title="Sintasi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sintasi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BA_ph%C3%A1p_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Cú pháp học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cú pháp học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjin%C3%A7aedje_del_fr%C3%A5ze" title="Adjinçaedje del fråze – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Adjinçaedje del fråze" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="語法學 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="語法學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" title="句法 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="句法" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="句法學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="句法學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%97ntaks%C4%97" title="Sėntaksė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sėntaksė" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Syntactic" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntactic_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syntactic (disambiguation) (not yet started)">Syntactic (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <b>syntax</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the study of the rules that govern the structure of <a href="/wiki/Sentence" title="Sentence">sentences</a>. </p><p>The term <i>syntax</i> can also be used to refer to these rules themselves, as in “the syntax of a language”. Modern research in syntax attempts to describe <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a> in terms of such rules, and, for many practitioners, to find general rules that apply to all languages. </p><p>Here are some important points about syntax: </p> <ul><li><b>Word Order:</b> Different languages have different rules about the order in which words must appear in a sentence. For example, English generally follows a subject-verb-object (SVO) order in declarative sentences ("She eats apples").</li> <li><b>Phrase Structure:</b> Sentences are typically made up of phrases, which are groups of words that function as a unit within a sentence. Common types of phrases include noun phrases (NP), verb phrases (VP), prepositional phrases (PP), etc.</li> <li><b>Grammatical Relations:</b> Syntax deals with how different parts of a sentence relate to each other grammatically. This includes subjects and objects of verbs, modifiers of nouns, and other syntactic roles.</li> <li><b>Sentence Types:</b> Syntax also covers the formation of different types of sentences (declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory) and how they are structured differently.</li> <li><b>Syntactic Ambiguity:</b> Sometimes, sentences can be ambiguous because they can be parsed or interpreted in more than one way syntactically. For example, "I saw the man with the telescope" could mean "I used a telescope to see the man" or "I saw a man who had a telescope."</li> <li><b>Syntax and Meaning:</b> Syntax is closely related to semantics (the study of meaning). The arrangement of words in a sentence can affect the meaning and interpretation of that sentence.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">Phrase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">Grammar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntactic_terms">Syntactic terms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Syntactic terms" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Syntactic terms"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div>   <table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">Article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative" title="Comparative">Comparative</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Infinitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">Phrase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrasal_verb" title="Phrasal verb">Phrasal verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">Plural</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preposition" title="Preposition">Preposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">Pronoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superlative" title="Superlative">Superlative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense" class="mw-disambig" title="Tense">Tense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">Word order</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Notes"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> συν- <i>syn-</i>, “together”, and τάξις <i>táxis</i>, “arrangement”</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Concise Encyclopedia of Syntactic Theories</i>. New York: Elsevier Science. 1996. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-042711-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-042711-1"><bdi>0-08-042711-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Syntactic+Theories&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-08-042711-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Syntax</i>. Critical Concepts in Linguistics. New York: Routledge. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-24672-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-24672-5"><bdi>0-415-24672-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syntax&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Critical+Concepts+in+Linguistics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-24672-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGraffi2001" class="citation book cs1">Graffi, Giorgio (2001). <i>200 Years of Syntax. A Critical Survey</i>. Studies in the History of the Language Sciences 98. Amsterdam: Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-4587-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-4587-8"><bdi>90-272-4587-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=200+Years+of+Syntax.+A+Critical+Survey&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Studies+in+the+History+of+the+Language+Sciences+98&rft.pub=Benjamins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=90-272-4587-8&rft.aulast=Graffi&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/syntax-textbook">The syntax of natural language</a> (Beatrice Santorini & Anthony Kroch, University of Pennsylvania)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allsyntax.com">Learn Programming Language Syntax</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070925030239/http://www.allsyntax.com/">Archived</a> 2007-09-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Various syntactic constructs used in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://merd.sourceforge.net/pixel/language-study/syntax-across-languages/">computer programming languages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080510185903/http://merd.sourceforge.net/pixel/language-study/syntax-across-languages/">Archived</a> 2008-05-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="/w/index.php?title=Discontinuity_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discontinuity (linguistics) (not yet started)">Discontinuous constituent</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endocentric_and_exocentric&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endocentric and exocentric (not yet started)">Endocentricity and exocentricity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parse_tree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parse tree (not yet started)">Parse tree</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modifier_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modifier (linguistics) (not yet started)">Modifier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonconfigurational_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nonconfigurational language (not yet started)">Nonconfigurationality</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrase_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phrase (linguistics) (not yet started)">Phrase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=X-bar_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X-bar theory (not yet started)">X-bar theory</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ergative_alignment.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ergative_alignment.svg/100px-Ergative_alignment.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ergative_alignment.svg/150px-Ergative_alignment.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ergative_alignment.svg/200px-Ergative_alignment.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical relations">Grammatical relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">Object</a> <ul><li>Direct</li> <li>Indirect</li> <li>Oblique</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjunct_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adjunct (linguistics) (not yet started)">Adjunct</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argument (linguistics) (not yet started)">Argument</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subject_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subject (linguistics) (not yet started)">Subject</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">Word order</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agreement_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agreement (linguistics) (not yet started)">Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Case (linguistics) (not yet started)">Case</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependent-marking_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dependent-marking language (not yet started)">Dependent-marking</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Government (linguistics) (not yet started)">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-marking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Head-marking (not yet started)">Head-marking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morphosyntactic_alignment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morphosyntactic alignment (not yet started)">Alignment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language" title="Ergative–absolutive language">Ergative-absolutive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Active%E2%80%93stative_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Active–stative language (not yet started)">Active–stative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_alignment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austronesian alignment (not yet started)">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indirective_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indirective language (not yet started)">Indirective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct%E2%80%93inverse_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Direct–inverse language (not yet started)">Inverse marking</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marked_nominative_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marked nominative language (not yet started)">Marked nominative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nominative%E2%80%93accusative_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nominative–accusative language (not yet started)">Nominative-accusative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secundative_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secundative language (not yet started)">Secundative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Split_ergativity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Split ergativity (not yet started)">Split ergative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripartite_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tripartite language (not yet started)">Tripartite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reference&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reference (not yet started)">Reference</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expression</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">Gerund</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nominalization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nominalization (not yet started)">Nominalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" class="mw-redirect" title="Noun phrase">Noun phrase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">Pronoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">Proper noun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coreference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaphora_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anaphora (linguistics) (not yet started)">Anaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binding_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Binding (linguistics) (not yet started)">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cataphora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cataphora (not yet started)">Cataphora</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Control (linguistics) (not yet started)">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossover_effects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crossover effects (not yet started)">Crossover effects</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raising_(syntax)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raising (syntax) (not yet started)">Raising</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflexive_pronoun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reflexive pronoun (not yet started)">Reflexive</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Reciprocal_(grammar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reciprocal (grammar) (not yet started)">Reciprocal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Switch-reference&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Switch-reference (not yet started)">Switch-reference</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro-drop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pro-drop (not yet started)">Zero anaphora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animacy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Animacy (not yet started)">Animacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_(grammar)" title="Case (grammar)">Case</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Definiteness_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Definiteness (linguistics) (not yet started)">Definiteness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noun_class&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noun class (not yet started)">Noun class</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_(grammar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender (grammar) (not yet started)">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Number_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Number (linguistics) (not yet started)">Number</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specificity_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Specificity (linguistics) (not yet started)">Specificity</a></li> <li><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_category&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammatical category (not yet started)">more</a>...</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">Predication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_predicate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Complex predicate (not yet started)">Complex predicate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noun_incorporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noun incorporation (not yet started)">Noun incorporation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predicative_expression&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predicative expression (not yet started)">Predicative expression</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro-verb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pro-verb (not yet started)">Pro-verb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resultative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resultative (not yet started)">Resultative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_verb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serial verb (not yet started)">Serial verb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verb_phrase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verb phrase (not yet started)">Verb phrase</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argument structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subcategorisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subcategorisation (not yet started)">Subcategorisation</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Valency_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valency (linguistics) (not yet started)">Valency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitive verb">Transitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">Intransitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ditransitive_verb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ditransitive verb (not yet started)">Ditransitivity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipassive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antipassive (not yet started)">Antipassive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applicative_voice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Applicative voice (not yet started)">Applicative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benefactive_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benefactive case (not yet started)">Benefactive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Causative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Causative (not yet started)">Causative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dative_shift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dative shift (not yet started)">Dative shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive voice">Passive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflexive_verb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reflexive verb (not yet started)">Reflexive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aspect (linguistics) (not yet started)">Aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidentiality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evidentiality (not yet started)">Evidentiality</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modality_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modality (linguistics) (not yet started)">Modality</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarity_(grammar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polarity (grammar) (not yet started)">Polarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense_(grammar)" title="Tense (grammar)">Tense</a></li> <li><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_category&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammatical category (not yet started)">more</a>...</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modifier_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modifier (linguistics) (not yet started)">Modification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjective_phrase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adjective phrase (not yet started)">Adjective phrase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjunct_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adjunct (linguistics) (not yet started)">Adjunct</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverb_phrase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adverb phrase (not yet started)">Adverb phrase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">Determiner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Possession_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Possession (linguistics) (not yet started)">Possessor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantifier_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantifier (linguistics) (not yet started)">Quantifier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adpositional_phrase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adpositional phrase (not yet started)">Adpositional phrase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">Relative clause</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentence-final_particle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentence-final particle (not yet started)">Sentence-final particle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clause_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clause (linguistics) (not yet started)">Clauses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">Auxiliary verb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleft_sentence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cleft sentence (not yet started)">Cleft sentence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complement_clause&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Complement clause (not yet started)">Complement clause</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complementizer_phrase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Complementizer phrase (not yet started)">Complementizer phrase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finite_verb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finite verb (not yet started)">Finiteness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inflection_phrase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inflection phrase (not yet started)">Inflection phrase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro-sentence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pro-sentence (not yet started)">Pro-sentence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">Relative clause</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentence_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentence (linguistics) (not yet started)">Sentence</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Declarative_mood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Declarative mood (not yet started)">Declarative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperative mood (not yet started)">Imperative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interrogative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interrogative (not yet started)">Interrogative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clause linking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coordination_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coordination (linguistics) (not yet started)">Coordination</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypotaxis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypotaxis (not yet started)">Hypotaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parataxis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parataxis (not yet started)">Parataxis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subordination_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subordination (linguistics) (not yet started)">Subordination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntactic_movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syntactic movement (not yet started)">Movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dislocation_(syntax)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dislocation (syntax) (not yet started)">Dislocation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraposition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extraposition (not yet started)">Extraposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inversion_(linguistics)" title="Inversion (linguistics)">Inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasitic_gap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parasitic gap (not yet started)">Parasitic gap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scrambling_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scrambling (linguistics) (not yet started)">Scrambling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shifting_(syntax)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shifting (syntax) (not yet started)">Shifting</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topicalization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Topicalization (not yet started)">Topicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tough_movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tough movement (not yet started)">Tough movement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wh-movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wh-movement (not yet started)">Wh-movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellipsis_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellipsis (linguistics) (not yet started)">Ellipsis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Answer_ellipsis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Answer ellipsis (not yet started)">Answer ellipsis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gapping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gapping (not yet started)">Gapping</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noun_ellipsis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noun ellipsis (not yet started)">Noun ellipsis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudogapping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudogapping (not yet started)">Pseudogapping</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sluicing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sluicing (not yet started)">Sluicing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stripping_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stripping (linguistics) (not yet started)">Stripping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Morphosyntax</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clitic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clitic (not yet started)">Clitic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_category&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammatical category (not yet started)">Grammatical category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">Word</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Word_class&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Word class (not yet started)">Word class</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adposition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adposition (not yet started)">Adposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_category" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical category">more...</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frameworks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categorial_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categorial grammar (not yet started)">CG</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combinatory_categorial_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Combinatory categorial grammar (not yet started)">CCG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tree-adjoining_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tree-adjoining grammar (not yet started)">TAG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction_Grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Construction Grammar (not yet started)">CxG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependency_Grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dependency Grammar (not yet started)">DG</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Word_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Word grammar (not yet started)">WG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_Discourse_Grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Functional Discourse Grammar (not yet started)">FDG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexical_Functional_Grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexical Functional Grammar (not yet started)">LFG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrase_structure_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phrase structure grammar (not yet started)">PSG</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generalised_Phrase_Structure_Grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar (not yet started)">GPSG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head-Driven_Phrase_Structure_Grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (not yet started)">HPSG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optimality_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optimality theory (not yet started)">OT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relational_Grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relational Grammar (not yet started)">RG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role_and_Reference_Grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Role and Reference Grammar (not yet started)">RRG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transformational_Grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transformational Grammar (not yet started)">TG</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_and_Binding_Theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Government and Binding Theory (not yet started)">GB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_and_Parameters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principles and Parameters (not yet started)">P&P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimalist_Program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minimalist Program (not yet started)">MP</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_linguistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outline of linguistics (not yet 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