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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Motifs and ornaments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motifs_and_ornaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Civil architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religious architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functional_and_utopian_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabinet-making_and_marquetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet-making_and_marquetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cabinet-making and marquetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet-making_and_marquetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tapestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tapestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Tapestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tapestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wallpaper_and_printed_fabric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wallpaper_and_printed_fabric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Wallpaper and printed fabric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wallpaper_and_printed_fabric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Painting_and_sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painting_and_sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Painting and sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painting_and_sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Revivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="طراز لويس السادس عشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طراز لويس السادس عشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estil_Llu%C3%ADs_XVI" title="Estil Lluís XVI – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estil Lluís XVI" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%C3%A9z" title="Luiséz – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Luiséz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Seize" title="Louis Seize – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Louis Seize" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-seize" title="Louis-seize – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Louis-seize" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_stiil" title="Louis XVI stiil – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Louis XVI stiil" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estilo_Luis_XVI" title="Estilo Luis XVI – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estilo Luis XVI" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%DA%A9_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85" title="سبک لوئی شانزدهم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سبک لوئی شانزدهم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_Louis_XVI" title="Style Louis XVI – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Style Louis XVI" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estilo_Lois_XVI" title="Estilo Lois XVI – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estilo Lois XVI" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stile_Luigi_XVI" title="Stile Luigi XVI – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stile Luigi XVI" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%A8" title="סגנון לואי השישה עשר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סגנון לואי השישה עשר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVI._Lajos-st%C3%ADlus" title="XVI. Lajos-stílus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="XVI. Lajos-stílus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodewijk_XVI-stijl" title="Lodewijk XVI-stijl – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lodewijk XVI-stijl" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-seize-stil" title="Louis-seize-stil – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Louis-seize-stil" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-seize-stil" title="Louis-seize-stil – Norwegian 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searchaux" style="display:none">Neoclassical style within architecture and design</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Louis XVI style</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #AAAAAA;width:300px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg/149px-Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg/224px-Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg/298px-Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2767" data-file-height="4117" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fauteuil_Jacob_cabinet_m%C3%A9ridienne_Versailles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fauteuil_Jacob_cabinet_m%C3%A9ridienne_Versailles.jpg/149px-Fauteuil_Jacob_cabinet_m%C3%A9ridienne_Versailles.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fauteuil_Jacob_cabinet_m%C3%A9ridienne_Versailles.jpg/224px-Fauteuil_Jacob_cabinet_m%C3%A9ridienne_Versailles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fauteuil_Jacob_cabinet_m%C3%A9ridienne_Versailles.jpg/298px-Fauteuil_Jacob_cabinet_m%C3%A9ridienne_Versailles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1942" data-file-height="3048" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle,_Paris_17_July_2016_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle%2C_Paris_17_July_2016_004.jpg/300px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle%2C_Paris_17_July_2016_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle%2C_Paris_17_July_2016_004.jpg/450px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle%2C_Paris_17_July_2016_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle%2C_Paris_17_July_2016_004.jpg/600px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle%2C_Paris_17_July_2016_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4872" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-henri_riesener,_angoliera,_1785_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jean-henri_riesener%2C_angoliera%2C_1785_ca.jpg/149px-Jean-henri_riesener%2C_angoliera%2C_1785_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jean-henri_riesener%2C_angoliera%2C_1785_ca.jpg/224px-Jean-henri_riesener%2C_angoliera%2C_1785_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jean-henri_riesener%2C_angoliera%2C_1785_ca.jpg/298px-Jean-henri_riesener%2C_angoliera%2C_1785_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2028" data-file-height="2418" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pictorial_print_MET_DP274334.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pictorial_print_MET_DP274334.jpg/149px-Pictorial_print_MET_DP274334.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pictorial_print_MET_DP274334.jpg/224px-Pictorial_print_MET_DP274334.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pictorial_print_MET_DP274334.jpg/298px-Pictorial_print_MET_DP274334.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1573" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Left to right, top to bottom: <i>Salon Doré</i> of <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>, Chateau de Versailles; Armchair by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Jacob" title="Georges Jacob">Georges Jacob</a>, Chateau of Versailles; <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle" title="Château de Bagatelle">Château de Bagatelle</a> (1777); Corner cabinet by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Riesener" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Henri Riesener">Jean-Henri Riesener</a> (1785); <i><a href="/wiki/Toile_de_Jouy" class="mw-redirect" title="Toile de Jouy">Toile de Jouy</a></i> printed fabric, with balloon design (1784)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1774–1789</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">France</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Louis XVI style</b>, also called <i><b>Louis Seize</b></i>, is a style of architecture, furniture, decoration and art which developed in France during the 19-year reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> (1774–1792), just before the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. It saw the final phase of the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> style as well as the birth of French <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a>. The style was a reaction against the elaborate ornament of the preceding Baroque period. It was inspired in part by the discoveries of Ancient Roman paintings, sculpture and architecture in <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>. Its features included the straight column, the simplicity of the <a href="/wiki/Post-and-lintel" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-and-lintel">post-and-lintel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Architrave" title="Architrave">architrave</a> of the Greek temple. It also expressed the <a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a>-inspired values of returning to nature and the view of nature as an idealized and wild but still orderly and inherently worthy model for the arts to follow.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable architects of the period included <a href="/wiki/Victor_Louis" title="Victor Louis">Victor Louis</a> (1731–1811), who completed the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Bordeaux" title="Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux">Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux</a> (1780). The <a href="/wiki/Od%C3%A9on-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_l%27Europe" title="Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe">Odeon Theatre</a> in Paris (1779–1782) was built by <a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Peyre" title="Marie-Joseph Peyre">Marie-Joseph Peyre</a> (1730–1785) and <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Wailly" title="Charles de Wailly">Charles de Wailly</a> (1729–1798). <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_B%C3%A9langer" title="François-Joseph Bélanger">François-Joseph Bélanger</a> completed the <a href="/wiki/Chateau_de_Bagatelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Chateau de Bagatelle">Chateau de Bagatelle</a> in just sixty-three days to win a bet for its builder, the King's brother. Another period landmark was the belvedere of the <a href="/wiki/Petit_Trianon" title="Petit Trianon">Petit Trianon</a>, built by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mique" title="Richard Mique">Richard Mique</a>. The most characteristic building of the late Louis XVI residential style is the Hôtel de Salm in Paris (now the <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_L%C3%A9gion_d%27Honneur" title="Palais de la Légion d'Honneur">Palais de la Légion d'Honneur</a>), built by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Rousseau_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Rousseau (architect) (page does not exist)">Pierre Rousseau</a> in 1751–1783. </p><p>Superbly crafted desks and cabinets were created for the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a> and other royal residences by cabinetmakers <a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Riesener" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Henri Riesener">Jean-Henri Riesener</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Roentgen" title="David Roentgen">David Roentgen</a>, using inlays of fine woods (particularly <a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a>) and decorated with gilded bronze and <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_pearl" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of pearl">mother of pearl</a>. Equally fine sets of chairs and tables were made by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Riesener" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Henri Riesener">Jean-Henri Riesener</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Jacob" title="Georges Jacob">Georges Jacob</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The royal tapestry works of <a href="/wiki/Gobelins_Manufactory" title="Gobelins Manufactory">Gobelins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aubusson_tapestry" title="Aubusson tapestry">Aubusson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beauvais_Tapestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Beauvais Tapestry">Beauvais</a> continued to make large tapestries, but an increasing part of their business was the manufacture of upholstery for the new sets of chairs, sofas and other furnishings for the royal residences and nobility. <a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a> also became an important part of interior design, thanks to new processes developed by Reveillon. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, it is known as <b>Copf Style</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_influences">Origins and influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XVI_style&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Louis XVI style was a reaction to and transition the <a href="/wiki/French_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="French Baroque">French Baroque</a> style, which had dominated French architecture, decoration and art since the mid-17th century, and partly from a desire to establish a new <i>Beau idéal</i>, or ideal of beauty, based on the purity and grandeur of the art of the Ancient Romans and Greeks. In 1754 The French engraver, painter and art critic <a href="/wiki/Charles-Nicolas_Cochin" title="Charles-Nicolas Cochin">Charles-Nicolas Cochin</a> denounced the curves and undulations of the predominant <a href="/wiki/Rocaille" title="Rocaille">rocaille</a> style: "Don't torture without reason those things which could be straight, and come back to the good sense which is the beginning of good taste."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDroguet200413_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDroguet200413-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis XVI himself showed little enthusiasm for art or architecture. He left the management of these to <a href="/wiki/Charles-Claude_Flahaut_de_la_Billaderie" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles-Claude Flahaut de la Billaderie">Charles-Claude Flahaut de la Billaderie</a>, the Count of Angiviller, who was made Director General of the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A2timents_du_Roi" title="Bâtiments du Roi">Bâtiments du Roi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDroguet200420_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDroguet200420-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Angeviller, for financial reasons, postponed a grand enlargement of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, but completed the new <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Château de Compiègne">Château de Compiègne</a> (1751–1783), begun by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a>, and decorated it from 1782 to 1786. The King's principal architectural addition to Versailles was the new library on the first floor (begun 1774). He was much more generous to Queen Marie Antoinette; she redecorated the Grand Apartments of the Queen at Versailles in 1785, and carried out important works on her apartments at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Palace of Fontainebleau</a> and Compiègne, as well as new apartments in the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a>. The King also gave the Queen the <a href="/wiki/Petit_Trianon" title="Petit Trianon">Petit Trianon</a> at Versailles, and in 1785 bought a new château for her at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Cloud" title="Château de Saint-Cloud">St. Cloud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDroguet200422_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDroguet200422-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a>, based Roman and Greek models had been used in French architecture since the time of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>; he rejected a plan by <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a> for a baroque façade of the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Palace" title="Louvre Palace">Louvre Palace</a>, and chose instead a classical façade with a colonnade and pediment. The architects of Louis XIV, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hardouin-Mansart" title="Jules Hardouin-Mansart">Jules Hardouin-Mansart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lemercier" title="Jacques Lemercier">Jacques Lemercier</a>, turned away from the gothic and renaissance style and used a baroque version of the Roman dome on the new churches at <a href="/wiki/Val-de-Gr%C3%A2ce_(church)" title="Val-de-Grâce (church)">Val-de-Grace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a>. Louis XV and his chief architects, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ange_Gabriel" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Ange Gabriel">Jacques Ange Gabriel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Germain_Soufflot" title="Jacques-Germain Soufflot">Jacques-Germain Soufflot</a> continued the style of architecture based upon symmetry and the straight line. Gabriel created the ensemble of classical buildings around the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde" title="Place de la Concorde">Place de la Concorde</a> while Soufflot designed the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a> (1758–1790) on the Roman model.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenault200669–70_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenault200669–70-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An influential building from the late Louis XV period was the <a href="/wiki/Petit_Trianon" title="Petit Trianon">Petit Trianon</a> at Versailles (1762–1764), by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ange_Gabriel" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Ange Gabriel">Jacques Ange Gabriel</a>, built for the mistress of the King, <a href="/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour" title="Madame de Pompadour">Madame de Pompadour</a>. Its cubic form, symmetric facade and Corinthian peristyle, similar to the villas of Palladio, made it model for the following Louis XVI style. </p><p>Another notable influence on the style was the architecture of the Renaissance architect <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio">Andrea Palladio</a>, which influenced the building of country houses in England, as well as the French architect <a href="/wiki/Claude-Nicolas_Ledoux" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude-Nicolas Ledoux">Claude-Nicolas Ledoux</a> (1736–1806). Palladio's ideas were the inspiration for the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Louveciennes" class="mw-redirect" title="Château de Louveciennes">Château de Louveciennes</a>, and its neoclassical music pavilion (1770–1771) built by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Nicolas_Ledoux" title="Claude Nicolas Ledoux">Claude Nicolas Ledoux</a> for the mistress of Louis XV, <a href="/wiki/Madame_du_Barry" title="Madame du Barry">Madame du Barry</a>. The pavilion is cubic in form, with a facade of four <a href="/wiki/Pilaster" title="Pilaster">pilasters</a> supporting the architrave and the pilaster of the terrace. It became the model for similar houses under Louis XVI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenault200674_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenault200674-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Petit Trianon at Versailles (1762–1764) by Jacques Ange Gabriel"><img alt="The Petit Trianon at Versailles (1762–1764) by Jacques Ange Gabriel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG/316px-West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG" decoding="async" width="211" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG/474px-West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG/631px-West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2946" data-file-height="2102" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Petit_Trianon" title="Petit Trianon">Petit Trianon</a> at Versailles (1762–1764) by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ange_Gabriel" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Ange Gabriel">Jacques Ange Gabriel</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PavillonDeMusique.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Music pavilion at the Château de Louveciennes (1770–1771) by Claude Nicolas Ledoux"><img alt="Music pavilion at the Château de Louveciennes (1770–1771) by Claude Nicolas Ledoux" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/PavillonDeMusique.jpg/338px-PavillonDeMusique.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/PavillonDeMusique.jpg/507px-PavillonDeMusique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/PavillonDeMusique.jpg/675px-PavillonDeMusique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Music pavilion at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Louveciennes" class="mw-redirect" title="Château de Louveciennes">Château de Louveciennes</a> (1770–1771) by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Nicolas_Ledoux" title="Claude Nicolas Ledoux">Claude Nicolas Ledoux</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motifs_and_ornaments">Motifs and ornaments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XVI_style&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Motifs and ornaments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The decorative motifs of Louis XVI style were inspired by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Louis XIV style</a>, and nature. Characteristic elements of the style: a torch crossed with a sheath with arrows, imbricated disks, <a href="/wiki/Guilloch%C3%A9" title="Guilloché">guilloché</a>, double bow-knots, smoking braziers, linear repetitions of small motifs (<a href="/wiki/Rosette_(design)" title="Rosette (design)">rosettes</a>, beads, oves), <a href="/wiki/Trophy_of_arms" title="Trophy of arms">trophy</a> or floral medallions hanging from a knotted ribbon, <a href="/wiki/Acanthus_(ornament)" title="Acanthus (ornament)">acanthus</a> leaves, <a href="/wiki/Gadrooning" title="Gadrooning">gadrooning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">interlace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meander_(art)" title="Meander (art)">meanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">cornucopias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mascaron_(architecture)" title="Mascaron (architecture)">mascarons</a>, Ancient urns, tripods, perfume burners, dolphins, ram and lion heads, <a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">chimeras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gryphon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gryphon">gryphons</a>. Greco-Roman architectural motifs are also very used: <a href="/wiki/Fluting_(architecture)" title="Fluting (architecture)">flutings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilaster" title="Pilaster">pilasters</a> (fluted and unfluted), fluted <a href="/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster">balusters</a> (twisted and straight), <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">columns</a> (<a href="/wiki/Engaged_column" title="Engaged column">engaged</a> and unengaged, sometimes replaced by <a href="/wiki/Caryatid" title="Caryatid">caryatids</a>), <a href="/wiki/Volute" title="Volute">volute</a> <a href="/wiki/Corbel" title="Corbel">corbels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triglyph" title="Triglyph">triglyphs</a> with <a href="/wiki/Gutta" title="Gutta">guttae</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 232px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_Railing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A torch crossed with a sheath with arrows on a railing from the Musée Nissim de Camondo (Paris)"><img alt="A torch crossed with a sheath with arrows on a railing from the Musée Nissim de Camondo (Paris)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Detail_of_Railing.jpg/345px-Detail_of_Railing.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Detail_of_Railing.jpg/518px-Detail_of_Railing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Detail_of_Railing.jpg/690px-Detail_of_Railing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="901" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A torch crossed with a sheath with arrows on a railing from the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Nissim_de_Camondo" title="Musée Nissim de Camondo">Musée Nissim de Camondo</a> (Paris)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 341.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 339.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_gate_of_the_Petit_Trianon_004.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Oculus of the Petit Trianon (Versailles, France), with a ribbon at the top and two festoon-derived hanging ornaments"><img alt="Oculus of the Petit Trianon (Versailles, France), with a ribbon at the top and two festoon-derived hanging ornaments" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/South_gate_of_the_Petit_Trianon_004.JPG/509px-South_gate_of_the_Petit_Trianon_004.JPG" decoding="async" width="340" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/South_gate_of_the_Petit_Trianon_004.JPG/765px-South_gate_of_the_Petit_Trianon_004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/South_gate_of_the_Petit_Trianon_004.JPG/1019px-South_gate_of_the_Petit_Trianon_004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3058" data-file-height="2072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Oculus_(architecture)" title="Oculus (architecture)">Oculus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Petit_Trianon" title="Petit Trianon">Petit Trianon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles">Versailles</a>, France), with a ribbon at the top and two <a href="/wiki/Festoon" title="Festoon">festoon</a>-derived hanging ornaments</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pendule_petits_appartements_reine_Versailles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pendulum clock with ormolu mounts and a porcelain column part"><img alt="Pendulum clock with ormolu mounts and a porcelain column part" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pendule_petits_appartements_reine_Versailles.jpg/229px-Pendule_petits_appartements_reine_Versailles.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pendule_petits_appartements_reine_Versailles.jpg/344px-Pendule_petits_appartements_reine_Versailles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pendule_petits_appartements_reine_Versailles.jpg/459px-Pendule_petits_appartements_reine_Versailles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2036" data-file-height="3060" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pendulum clock with <a href="/wiki/Ormolu" title="Ormolu">ormolu</a> mounts and a porcelain column part</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fauteuil_Georges_Jacob_Cabinet_dore_Reine_Versailles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armchair with a pair of cornucopias at the arms"><img alt="Armchair with a pair of cornucopias at the arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Fauteuil_Georges_Jacob_Cabinet_dore_Reine_Versailles.jpg/241px-Fauteuil_Georges_Jacob_Cabinet_dore_Reine_Versailles.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Fauteuil_Georges_Jacob_Cabinet_dore_Reine_Versailles.jpg/362px-Fauteuil_Georges_Jacob_Cabinet_dore_Reine_Versailles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Fauteuil_Georges_Jacob_Cabinet_dore_Reine_Versailles.jpg/483px-Fauteuil_Georges_Jacob_Cabinet_dore_Reine_Versailles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1995" data-file-height="2850" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armchair with a pair of <a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">cornucopias</a> at the arms</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Print_(France)_(CH_18236703).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two designs of legs, one featuring straight flutings and acanthus leafs, and the other twisted flutings"><img alt="Two designs of legs, one featuring straight flutings and acanthus leafs, and the other twisted flutings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Print_%28France%29_%28CH_18236703%29.jpg/216px-Print_%28France%29_%28CH_18236703%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Print_%28France%29_%28CH_18236703%29.jpg/324px-Print_%28France%29_%28CH_18236703%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Print_%28France%29_%28CH_18236703%29.jpg/432px-Print_%28France%29_%28CH_18236703%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2563" data-file-height="4096" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two designs of legs, one featuring straight flutings and <a href="/wiki/Acanthus_(ornament)" title="Acanthus (ornament)">acanthus</a> leafs, and the other twisted flutings</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 80px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 78px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barom%C3%A8tre_-_thermom%C3%A8tre_(Louvre,_OA_10545).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barometer - thermometer made of geometric shapes"><img alt="Barometer - thermometer made of geometric shapes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Barom%C3%A8tre_-_thermom%C3%A8tre_%28Louvre%2C_OA_10545%29.jpg/117px-Barom%C3%A8tre_-_thermom%C3%A8tre_%28Louvre%2C_OA_10545%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Barom%C3%A8tre_-_thermom%C3%A8tre_%28Louvre%2C_OA_10545%29.jpg/176px-Barom%C3%A8tre_-_thermom%C3%A8tre_%28Louvre%2C_OA_10545%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Barom%C3%A8tre_-_thermom%C3%A8tre_%28Louvre%2C_OA_10545%29.jpg/234px-Barom%C3%A8tre_-_thermom%C3%A8tre_%28Louvre%2C_OA_10545%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Barometer - thermometer made of geometric shapes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 147.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 145.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Materials_and_documents_of_architecture_and_sculpture_-_classified_alphabetically_(1915)_(14596228707).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Complex designs of cartouches"><img alt="Complex designs of cartouches" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Materials_and_documents_of_architecture_and_sculpture_-_classified_alphabetically_%281915%29_%2814596228707%29.jpg/218px-Materials_and_documents_of_architecture_and_sculpture_-_classified_alphabetically_%281915%29_%2814596228707%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Materials_and_documents_of_architecture_and_sculpture_-_classified_alphabetically_%281915%29_%2814596228707%29.jpg/327px-Materials_and_documents_of_architecture_and_sculpture_-_classified_alphabetically_%281915%29_%2814596228707%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Materials_and_documents_of_architecture_and_sculpture_-_classified_alphabetically_%281915%29_%2814596228707%29.jpg/436px-Materials_and_documents_of_architecture_and_sculpture_-_classified_alphabetically_%281915%29_%2814596228707%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2457" data-file-height="3886" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Complex designs of <a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(design)" title="Cartouche (design)">cartouches</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 308.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 306.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Compi%C3%A8gne_(60),_%C3%A9glise_Saint-Jacques,_ancienne_cl%C3%B4ture_de_lit_de_Louis_XVI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Railing with an interlace band at the top, flutings and acanthuses on the balusters, and a relief of an urn"><img alt="Railing with an interlace band at the top, flutings and acanthuses on the balusters, and a relief of an urn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Compi%C3%A8gne_%2860%29%2C_%C3%A9glise_Saint-Jacques%2C_ancienne_cl%C3%B4ture_de_lit_de_Louis_XVI.jpg/460px-Compi%C3%A8gne_%2860%29%2C_%C3%A9glise_Saint-Jacques%2C_ancienne_cl%C3%B4ture_de_lit_de_Louis_XVI.jpg" decoding="async" width="307" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Compi%C3%A8gne_%2860%29%2C_%C3%A9glise_Saint-Jacques%2C_ancienne_cl%C3%B4ture_de_lit_de_Louis_XVI.jpg/691px-Compi%C3%A8gne_%2860%29%2C_%C3%A9glise_Saint-Jacques%2C_ancienne_cl%C3%B4ture_de_lit_de_Louis_XVI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Compi%C3%A8gne_%2860%29%2C_%C3%A9glise_Saint-Jacques%2C_ancienne_cl%C3%B4ture_de_lit_de_Louis_XVI.jpg/920px-Compi%C3%A8gne_%2860%29%2C_%C3%A9glise_Saint-Jacques%2C_ancienne_cl%C3%B4ture_de_lit_de_Louis_XVI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Railing with an <a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">interlace</a> band at the top, <a href="/wiki/Fluting_(architecture)" title="Fluting (architecture)">flutings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acanthus_(ornament)" title="Acanthus (ornament)">acanthuses</a> on the balusters, and a relief of an urn</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 296.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 294.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pair_of_vases_MET_DP168509.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pair of amphora-shaped vases decorated with festoons, rinceaux, trophies (one made of musical instruments and the other made of scientific ones), and sphinxes"><img alt="Pair of amphora-shaped vases decorated with festoons, rinceaux, trophies (one made of musical instruments and the other made of scientific ones), and sphinxes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pair_of_vases_MET_DP168509.jpg/442px-Pair_of_vases_MET_DP168509.jpg" decoding="async" width="295" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pair_of_vases_MET_DP168509.jpg/663px-Pair_of_vases_MET_DP168509.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pair_of_vases_MET_DP168509.jpg/883px-Pair_of_vases_MET_DP168509.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3917" data-file-height="3060" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pair of <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphora</a>-shaped vases decorated with <a href="/wiki/Festoon" title="Festoon">festoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rinceau" title="Rinceau">rinceaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trophy_of_arms" title="Trophy of arms">trophies</a> (one made of musical instruments and the other made of scientific ones), and <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">sphinxes</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_architecture">Civil architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XVI_style&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Civil architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable monuments of Louis XVI civil architecture include the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_de_la_Monnaie" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel de la Monnaie">Hotel de la Monnaie</a> in Paris (1771–1776) by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Denis_Antoine" title="Jacques Denis Antoine">Jacques Denis Antoine</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_Justice,_Paris" title="Palais de Justice, Paris">Palais de Justice, Paris</a> by the same architect; and the theater of <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a> (1775) and the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_B%C3%A9nouville" title="Château de Bénouville">Château de Bénouville</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Calvados_(department)" title="Calvados (department)">Calvados</a>, both by Ledoux. The latter building has geometric architecture, a flat ceiling, and a portico in the <a href="/wiki/Giant_order" title="Giant order">giant order</a> of Corinthian columns. The <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_Chirurgie" class="mw-redirect" title="École de Chirurgie">École de Chirurgie</a>, or School of Surgery in Paris by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Gondoin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Gondoin">Jacques Gondoin</a> (1769) adapted the forms of the neoclassical town house, with a court of honor placed between a pavilion with a colonnade on the street and the main building. He also added a <a href="/wiki/Peristyle" title="Peristyle">peristyle</a> and another floor above the columns, and transformed he entrance to the courtyard into a miniature triumphal arch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrinaDemartini2006249_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrinaDemartini2006249-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theatres in Paris and Bordeaux were prominent examples of the new style. The architect <a href="/wiki/Victor_Louis" title="Victor Louis">Victor Louis</a> (1731–1811) completed the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Bordeaux" title="Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux">Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux</a> (1780); its majestic stairway was a forerunner of the stairway of the Paris <a href="/wiki/Opera_Garnier" class="mw-redirect" title="Opera Garnier">Opera Garnier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrinaDemartini2006249_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrinaDemartini2006249-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1791, in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, he completed the <a href="/wiki/Salle_Richelieu" title="Salle Richelieu">Salle Richelieu</a>, now the home of the <a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Od%C3%A9on-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_l%27Europe" title="Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe">Odeon Theatre</a> in Paris (1779–1782) was built by <a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Peyre" title="Marie-Joseph Peyre">Marie-Joseph Peyre</a> (1730–1785) and <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Wailly" title="Charles de Wailly">Charles de Wailly</a> (1729–1798). It featured a portico in the form of a covered gallery and columns in advance of the facade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenault200677_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenault200677-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the best-known buildings of the period is the small <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle" title="Château de Bagatelle">Château de Bagatelle</a> (1777), designed and built by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_B%C3%A9langer" title="François-Joseph Bélanger">François-Joseph Bélanger</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Comte d'Artois</a>, Louis XVI's brother. The small château was designed and completed in just sixty three days, to win a bet with <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a> that he could build a château in less than three months. Marie Antoinette had a similar small neoclassical belvedere created by architect <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mique" title="Richard Mique">Richard Mique</a>, who had also designed the <a href="/wiki/Hameau_de_la_Reine" title="Hameau de la Reine">Hameau de la Reine</a>, her picturesque rustic village in the gardens. </p><p>Another unusual architectural project was the transformation of the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Royal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palais Royal">Palais Royal</a> in the heart of Paris, into a grand shopping mall. In 1781 the <a href="/wiki/Duc_de_Chartres" class="mw-redirect" title="Duc de Chartres">Duc de Chartres</a>, needing money, commissioned architect <a href="/wiki/Victor_Louis" title="Victor Louis">Victor Louis</a> to create an arcade of shops, cafes and clubs on the ground floor. In 1788 he added a covered <a href="/wiki/Cirque" title="Cirque">cirque</a> in the center, a covered promenade and space for concerts and entertainments, with a trellis roof supported by seventy-two ionic columns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDroguet200425_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDroguet200425-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most characteristic building of the late Louis XVI residential style is the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Salm" class="mw-redirect" title="Hôtel de Salm">Hôtel de Salm</a> in Paris (Now the <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_L%C3%A9gion_d%27Honneur" title="Palais de la Légion d'Honneur">Palais de la Légion d'Honneur</a>, built by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Rousseau_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Rousseau (architect) (page does not exist)">Pierre Rousseau</a> in 1751–1783. The façade is distinguished by its simplicity and purity, and its harmony and balance. A colonnade of corinthian columns supports the <a href="/wiki/Entablature" title="Entablature">entablature</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(architecture)" title="Rotunda (architecture)">rotunda</a>, which is surmounted by statues. The façade is also animated by busts of Roman emperors in niches, and sculptures in relief above the windows of the semicircular central avant-corps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher1988162–163_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher1988162–163-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_-_H%C3%B4tel_des_Monnaies_-_Escalier_d%27honneur_-1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Stairs in the Hôtel des Monnaies by Jacques Denis Antoine (18th century)"><img alt="Stairs in the Hôtel des Monnaies by Jacques Denis Antoine (18th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Paris_-_H%C3%B4tel_des_Monnaies_-_Escalier_d%27honneur_-1.JPG/169px-Paris_-_H%C3%B4tel_des_Monnaies_-_Escalier_d%27honneur_-1.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Paris_-_H%C3%B4tel_des_Monnaies_-_Escalier_d%27honneur_-1.JPG/253px-Paris_-_H%C3%B4tel_des_Monnaies_-_Escalier_d%27honneur_-1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Paris_-_H%C3%B4tel_des_Monnaies_-_Escalier_d%27honneur_-1.JPG/337px-Paris_-_H%C3%B4tel_des_Monnaies_-_Escalier_d%27honneur_-1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stairs in the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_des_Monnaies,_Paris" title="Hôtel des Monnaies, Paris">Hôtel des Monnaies</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Denis_Antoine" title="Jacques Denis Antoine">Jacques Denis Antoine</a> (18th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 233.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%B4tel_de_Mlle_Guimard_-_Paris_-_Elevation.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hôtel Guimard by Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (1770–1773)"><img alt="Hôtel Guimard by Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (1770–1773)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/H%C3%B4tel_de_Mlle_Guimard_-_Paris_-_Elevation.jpg/350px-H%C3%B4tel_de_Mlle_Guimard_-_Paris_-_Elevation.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/H%C3%B4tel_de_Mlle_Guimard_-_Paris_-_Elevation.jpg/525px-H%C3%B4tel_de_Mlle_Guimard_-_Paris_-_Elevation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/H%C3%B4tel_de_Mlle_Guimard_-_Paris_-_Elevation.jpg/699px-H%C3%B4tel_de_Mlle_Guimard_-_Paris_-_Elevation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="822" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Guimard" title="Hôtel Guimard">Hôtel Guimard</a> by <a href="/wiki/Claude-Nicolas_Ledoux" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude-Nicolas Ledoux">Claude-Nicolas Ledoux</a> (1770–1773)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 249.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 247.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau_benouville.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Château de Bénouville by Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (1770–1780)"><img alt="Château de Bénouville by Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (1770–1780)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Chateau_benouville.jpg/371px-Chateau_benouville.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Chateau_benouville.jpg/558px-Chateau_benouville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Chateau_benouville.jpg/743px-Chateau_benouville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1905" data-file-height="1155" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_B%C3%A9nouville" title="Château de Bénouville">Château de Bénouville</a> by <a href="/wiki/Claude-Nicolas_Ledoux" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude-Nicolas Ledoux">Claude-Nicolas Ledoux</a> (1770–1780)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GrandTheatreBordeaux2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux by Victor Louis (1780)"><img alt="Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux by Victor Louis (1780)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/GrandTheatreBordeaux2.jpg/316px-GrandTheatreBordeaux2.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/GrandTheatreBordeaux2.jpg/475px-GrandTheatreBordeaux2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/GrandTheatreBordeaux2.jpg/632px-GrandTheatreBordeaux2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2490" data-file-height="1773" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Bordeaux" title="Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux">Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux</a> by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Louis" title="Victor Louis">Victor Louis</a> (1780)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_escalier_de_l%27op%C3%A9ra_de_Bordeaux.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stairway of the Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux, Victor Louis (1780)"><img alt="Stairway of the Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux, Victor Louis (1780)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Grand_escalier_de_l%27op%C3%A9ra_de_Bordeaux.jpg/169px-Grand_escalier_de_l%27op%C3%A9ra_de_Bordeaux.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Grand_escalier_de_l%27op%C3%A9ra_de_Bordeaux.jpg/253px-Grand_escalier_de_l%27op%C3%A9ra_de_Bordeaux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Grand_escalier_de_l%27op%C3%A9ra_de_Bordeaux.jpg/337px-Grand_escalier_de_l%27op%C3%A9ra_de_Bordeaux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stairway of the Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Louis" title="Victor Louis">Victor Louis</a> (1780)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle,_Paris_17_July_2016_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Château de Bagatelle by François-Joseph Bélanger (1777)"><img alt="Château de Bagatelle by François-Joseph Bélanger (1777)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle%2C_Paris_17_July_2016_004.jpg/301px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle%2C_Paris_17_July_2016_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle%2C_Paris_17_July_2016_004.jpg/452px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle%2C_Paris_17_July_2016_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle%2C_Paris_17_July_2016_004.jpg/601px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle%2C_Paris_17_July_2016_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4872" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle" title="Château de Bagatelle">Château de Bagatelle</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_B%C3%A9langer" title="François-Joseph Bélanger">François-Joseph Bélanger</a> (1777)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%B4tel_de_Salm,_Paris_May_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Hotel de Salm, Paris, by Pierre Rousseau (1751–1810)"><img alt="The Hotel de Salm, Paris, by Pierre Rousseau (1751–1810)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/H%C3%B4tel_de_Salm%2C_Paris_May_2014.jpg/384px-H%C3%B4tel_de_Salm%2C_Paris_May_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/H%C3%B4tel_de_Salm%2C_Paris_May_2014.jpg/577px-H%C3%B4tel_de_Salm%2C_Paris_May_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/H%C3%B4tel_de_Salm%2C_Paris_May_2014.jpg/768px-H%C3%B4tel_de_Salm%2C_Paris_May_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4577" data-file-height="2683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Hotel_de_Salm" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel de Salm">Hotel de Salm</a>, Paris, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Rousseau_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Rousseau (architect) (page does not exist)">Pierre Rousseau</a> (1751–1810)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 247.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 245.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petit_Trianon_-_Belv%C3%A9d%C3%A8re_2013_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Belvedere of the Petit Trianon at Versailles by Richard Mique (1789)"><img alt="The Belvedere of the Petit Trianon at Versailles by Richard Mique (1789)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Petit_Trianon_-_Belv%C3%A9d%C3%A8re_2013_-_1.jpg/368px-Petit_Trianon_-_Belv%C3%A9d%C3%A8re_2013_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="246" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Petit_Trianon_-_Belv%C3%A9d%C3%A8re_2013_-_1.jpg/553px-Petit_Trianon_-_Belv%C3%A9d%C3%A8re_2013_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Petit_Trianon_-_Belv%C3%A9d%C3%A8re_2013_-_1.jpg/736px-Petit_Trianon_-_Belv%C3%A9d%C3%A8re_2013_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2257" data-file-height="1380" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Belvedere of the <a href="/wiki/Petit_Trianon" title="Petit Trianon">Petit Trianon</a> at Versailles by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mique" title="Richard Mique">Richard Mique</a> (1789)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_architecture">Religious architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XVI_style&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religious architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Germain_Soufflot" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Germain Soufflot">Jacques Germain Soufflot</a> as the Church of Sainte-Geneviève and begun in 1757 under Louis XV, was the most prominent example of religious architecture under construction during the period. It replaced the colossal columns modeled after those of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9" title="Church of the Gesù">Church of the Gesù</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> in Rome with slender, graceful corinthian columns supporting a continuous entablature. The plan was also classical; the long nave with a vaulted ceiling was replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Cross-in-square" title="Cross-in-square">Greek cross</a>, with the dome in the center. Soufflot employed novel engineering techniques to support the dome; a system of contreforts and arches, and the use of iron bars to support the stone structure. The building was begun in 1764 but not completed until 1790, after the Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrinaDemartini2006249_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrinaDemartini2006249-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another important church completed in the Louis XVI period was <a href="/wiki/%C3%89glise_Saint-Philippe-du-Roule" title="Église Saint-Philippe-du-Roule">Église Saint-Philippe-du-Roule</a> (1768–1784) by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Chalgrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-François-Thérèse Chalgrin">Jean-François-Thérèse Chalgrin</a>. It was one of the last churches finished before the Revolution. The church is inspired by paleo-Christian architecture; it features massive columns and a pediment, and an interior with vaulted ceiling that suggests a vast Roman basilica.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETexier201260_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETexier201260-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 228px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eglise_St_Philippe_du_Roule_-_Int%C3%A9rieur.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of Eglise Saint-Philippe-du-Roule (1764–1784) by Jean-François-Thérèse Chalgrin"><img alt="Interior of Eglise Saint-Philippe-du-Roule (1764–1784) by Jean-François-Thérèse Chalgrin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Eglise_St_Philippe_du_Roule_-_Int%C3%A9rieur.jpg/342px-Eglise_St_Philippe_du_Roule_-_Int%C3%A9rieur.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Eglise_St_Philippe_du_Roule_-_Int%C3%A9rieur.jpg/514px-Eglise_St_Philippe_du_Roule_-_Int%C3%A9rieur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Eglise_St_Philippe_du_Roule_-_Int%C3%A9rieur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of Eglise Saint-Philippe-du-Roule (1764–1784) by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Chalgrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-François-Thérèse Chalgrin">Jean-François-Thérèse Chalgrin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantheon_1,_Paris_May_11,_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Panthéon (1764–1790), by Jacques-Germain Soufflot"><img alt="The Panthéon (1764–1790), by Jacques-Germain Soufflot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pantheon_1%2C_Paris_May_11%2C_2013.jpg/300px-Pantheon_1%2C_Paris_May_11%2C_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pantheon_1%2C_Paris_May_11%2C_2013.jpg/451px-Pantheon_1%2C_Paris_May_11%2C_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pantheon_1%2C_Paris_May_11%2C_2013.jpg/600px-Pantheon_1%2C_Paris_May_11%2C_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4576" data-file-height="3432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a> (1764–1790), by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Germain_Soufflot" title="Jacques-Germain Soufflot">Jacques-Germain Soufflot</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 390px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 388px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantheon_wider_centered.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of the Panthéon"><img alt="Interior of the Panthéon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pantheon_wider_centered.jpg/582px-Pantheon_wider_centered.jpg" decoding="async" width="388" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pantheon_wider_centered.jpg/874px-Pantheon_wider_centered.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pantheon_wider_centered.jpg/1164px-Pantheon_wider_centered.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2647" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of the Panthéon</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functional_and_utopian_architecture">Functional and utopian architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XVI_style&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Functional and utopian architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Utopian_architecture" title="Utopian architecture">Utopian architecture</a></div> <p>The architect <a href="/wiki/Claude-Nicolas_Ledoux" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude-Nicolas Ledoux">Claude-Nicolas Ledoux</a> specialized in designing functional buildings in greatly simplified the classical style. Examples included his simplified neoclassical design for the customs barrier at La Villette in Paris (1785–1789), with its classical facade and <a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(architecture)" title="Rotunda (architecture)">rotunda</a>. He was especially known for his project for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saltworks_at_Arc-et-Senans" title="Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans">Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans</a> (1775–1779) This was a model industrial site, in an elliptical shape, with the house of the factory director in the centre, with a rustic neoclassical colonnade, surrounded by the workshops, storerooms and offices in concentric rings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrinaDemartini2006250–251_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrinaDemartini2006250–251-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Etienne-Louis_Boull%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne-Louis Boullée">Etienne-Louis Boullée</a> (1728–1799) was another visionary architect of the period; his projects, never built, included a monument to <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (1784) in the form of an immense dome, with an <a href="/wiki/Oculus_(architecture)" title="Oculus (architecture)">oculus</a> allowing the light to enter, giving the impression of a sky full of stars. His project for an enlargement of the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Royal Library</a> (1785) was even more dramatic, with a gigantic arch sheltering the collection of books. While none of his projects were ever built, the images were widely published and inspired architects of the period to look outside the traditional forms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrinaDemartini2006250–251_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrinaDemartini2006250–251-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_arc_et_senas_saline_royal_main_building_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Director's house at the Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans by Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (1775–1779)"><img alt="Director's house at the Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans by Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (1775–1779)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/France_arc_et_senas_saline_royal_main_building_1.jpg/288px-France_arc_et_senas_saline_royal_main_building_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/France_arc_et_senas_saline_royal_main_building_1.jpg/432px-France_arc_et_senas_saline_royal_main_building_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/France_arc_et_senas_saline_royal_main_building_1.jpg/576px-France_arc_et_senas_saline_royal_main_building_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2108" data-file-height="1648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Director's house at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saltworks_at_Arc-et-Senans" title="Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans">Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans</a> by <a href="/wiki/Claude-Nicolas_Ledoux" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude-Nicolas Ledoux">Claude-Nicolas Ledoux</a> (1775–1779) </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_-_La_Rotonde_(22894527574).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rotonde de la Villette by Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (1785–1789)"><img alt="Rotonde de la Villette by Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (1785–1789)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Paris_-_La_Rotonde_%2822894527574%29.jpg/338px-Paris_-_La_Rotonde_%2822894527574%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Paris_-_La_Rotonde_%2822894527574%29.jpg/507px-Paris_-_La_Rotonde_%2822894527574%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Paris_-_La_Rotonde_%2822894527574%29.jpg/675px-Paris_-_La_Rotonde_%2822894527574%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5145" data-file-height="3430" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Rotonde de la Villette</i> by <a href="/wiki/Claude-Nicolas_Ledoux" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude-Nicolas Ledoux">Claude-Nicolas Ledoux</a> (1785–1789)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 264.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 262.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Newton_memorial_boullee.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Project for a monument to Isaac Newton by Etienne-Louis Boullée (1784)"><img alt="Project for a monument to Isaac Newton by Etienne-Louis Boullée (1784)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Newton_memorial_boullee.jpg/394px-Newton_memorial_boullee.jpg" decoding="async" width="263" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Newton_memorial_boullee.jpg/592px-Newton_memorial_boullee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Newton_memorial_boullee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="343" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Project for a monument to <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> by <a href="/wiki/Etienne-Louis_Boull%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne-Louis Boullée">Etienne-Louis Boullée</a> (1784)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 238.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 236.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bibliotheque_nationale_boul.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Project for the Royal Library by Etienne-Louis Boullée (1785)"><img alt="Project for the Royal Library by Etienne-Louis Boullée (1785)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bibliotheque_nationale_boul.jpg/355px-Bibliotheque_nationale_boul.jpg" decoding="async" width="237" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bibliotheque_nationale_boul.jpg/534px-Bibliotheque_nationale_boul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bibliotheque_nationale_boul.jpg/711px-Bibliotheque_nationale_boul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="973" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Project for the Royal Library by <a href="/wiki/Etienne-Louis_Boull%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne-Louis Boullée">Etienne-Louis Boullée</a> (1785)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interior_decoration">Interior decoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XVI_style&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Interior decoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Louis XVI style of decoration marked the triumph of neo-classicism, which had been underway in Europe since 1770. It reflected the murals and designs found in the early archeological excavations in <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, and the travels of groups of artists to Greece and Asia Minor. The "taste Pompeiian" was followed by the "taste Etruscan". Motifs in interior decoration included <a href="/wiki/Arabesques" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesques">arabesques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grotesques" class="mw-redirect" title="Grotesques">grotesques</a> on the Pompeiian model. <a href="/wiki/Bas-reliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-reliefs">Bas-reliefs</a> in the Greek and Roman style were popular, often in the form of rectangual friezes in bronze on furniture, or <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a>, marble, molded stucco, baked earth, or simply painted in <i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a></i> over doors. Other popular motifs included garlands of oak leaves or olive leaves, interlaced flowers, ribbons or vines, crowns of roses, flaming torches, horns of plenty, and particularly vases from which emerged flowers or vines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher1988158–159_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher1988158–159-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early part of the reign of Louis XVI, interior decoration was designed to overwhelm the viewer with its scale, majesty and opulence. Grand halls served multiple purposes, for theatre entertainments, balls, or banquets. An example of the early Louis XVI style is the dining room of the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Maisons" title="Château de Maisons">Château de Maisons</a>, rebuilt between 1777 and 1782 by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_B%C3%A9langer" title="François-Joseph Bélanger">François-Joseph Bélanger</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Comte d'Artois</a>, the brother of Louis XVI. This dining room, inspired by Grand style of Louis XIV and Louis XV. It features columns of the giant order, inches<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corbel" title="Corbel">consoles</a>, sculpture in relief, and a gigantic fireplace. </p><p>Later in the reign, the tendency shifted to smaller, more intimate and comfortable salons, studies, dining rooms and boudoirs, as the Cabinet Doré of Marie Antoinette at the Palace of Versailles (1783) and the boudoir of Marie Antoinette at Fontainebleau, in the Pompeiian style (1785). The Pompeiian style featured mythical animals, such as sphinxes and griffons, horns of plenty, and vases of flowers mounted on tripods. The style also was frequently used in <a href="/wiki/Friezes" class="mw-redirect" title="Friezes">friezes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">cameos</a>, in medallions and in white on blue <a href="/wiki/Wedgwood" title="Wedgwood">Wedgwood</a> porcelain. In the later years of the Louis XVI style, the decorative panels were divided into often geometric divisions, either circles or octagons,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher1988158–159_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher1988158–159-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salon_de_Compagnie_-_Petit_Trianon_(23935437909).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Salon de Compagnie of the Petit Trianon (1762–1768)"><img alt="The Salon de Compagnie of the Petit Trianon (1762–1768)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Salon_de_Compagnie_-_Petit_Trianon_%2823935437909%29.jpg/337px-Salon_de_Compagnie_-_Petit_Trianon_%2823935437909%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Salon_de_Compagnie_-_Petit_Trianon_%2823935437909%29.jpg/507px-Salon_de_Compagnie_-_Petit_Trianon_%2823935437909%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Salon_de_Compagnie_-_Petit_Trianon_%2823935437909%29.jpg/675px-Salon_de_Compagnie_-_Petit_Trianon_%2823935437909%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Salon de Compagnie of the <a href="/wiki/Petit_Trianon" title="Petit Trianon">Petit Trianon</a> (1762–1768)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Petit_Trianon_(23935245609).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Staircase of the Petit Trianon (1762–1768)"><img alt="Staircase of the Petit Trianon (1762–1768)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/The_Petit_Trianon_%2823935245609%29.jpg/337px-The_Petit_Trianon_%2823935245609%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/The_Petit_Trianon_%2823935245609%29.jpg/507px-The_Petit_Trianon_%2823935245609%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/The_Petit_Trianon_%2823935245609%29.jpg/675px-The_Petit_Trianon_%2823935245609%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Staircase of the Petit Trianon (1762–1768)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChateauDeMaisonsSalleAMangerDuComteDArtois.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dining Room of the Château de Maisons by François-Joseph Bélanger (1777–1782)"><img alt="The Dining Room of the Château de Maisons by François-Joseph Bélanger (1777–1782)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/ChateauDeMaisonsSalleAMangerDuComteDArtois.JPG/300px-ChateauDeMaisonsSalleAMangerDuComteDArtois.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/ChateauDeMaisonsSalleAMangerDuComteDArtois.JPG/451px-ChateauDeMaisonsSalleAMangerDuComteDArtois.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/ChateauDeMaisonsSalleAMangerDuComteDArtois.JPG/600px-ChateauDeMaisonsSalleAMangerDuComteDArtois.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Dining Room of the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Maisons" title="Château de Maisons">Château de Maisons</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_B%C3%A9langer" title="François-Joseph Bélanger">François-Joseph Bélanger</a> (1777–1782)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Cabinet Doré of Marie-Antoinette at the Palace of Versailles (1783)"><img alt="The Cabinet Doré of Marie-Antoinette at the Palace of Versailles (1783)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg/151px-Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg/227px-Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg/302px-Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2767" data-file-height="4117" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Cabinet Doré of <a href="/wiki/Marie-Antoinette" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie-Antoinette">Marie-Antoinette</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a> (1783)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boudoir_de_la_reine,_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Boudoir of Marie-Antoinette at the Palace of Fontainebleau in the Pompeiian Style (1785)"><img alt="The Boudoir of Marie-Antoinette at the Palace of Fontainebleau in the Pompeiian Style (1785)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Boudoir_de_la_reine%2C_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau.jpg/338px-Boudoir_de_la_reine%2C_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Boudoir_de_la_reine%2C_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau.jpg/507px-Boudoir_de_la_reine%2C_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Boudoir_de_la_reine%2C_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau.jpg/675px-Boudoir_de_la_reine%2C_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Boudoir of Marie-Antoinette at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Palace of Fontainebleau</a> in the Pompeiian Style (1785)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 244.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 242.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petit_appartement_du_roi_-_Cabinet_des_jeux_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Game Room in King's small apartments at Palace of Versailles. (1785). Chairs by Jean-Baptiste Boulard (1785), corner tables by Jean-Henri Riesener (1774)."><img alt="The Game Room in King's small apartments at Palace of Versailles. (1785). Chairs by Jean-Baptiste Boulard (1785), corner tables by Jean-Henri Riesener (1774)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Petit_appartement_du_roi_-_Cabinet_des_jeux_%281%29.jpg/364px-Petit_appartement_du_roi_-_Cabinet_des_jeux_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="243" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Petit_appartement_du_roi_-_Cabinet_des_jeux_%281%29.jpg/547px-Petit_appartement_du_roi_-_Cabinet_des_jeux_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Petit_appartement_du_roi_-_Cabinet_des_jeux_%281%29.jpg/728px-Petit_appartement_du_roi_-_Cabinet_des_jeux_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5730" data-file-height="3544" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Game Room in King's small apartments at Palace of Versailles. (1785). Chairs by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Boulard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Baptiste Boulard (page does not exist)">Jean-Baptiste Boulard</a> (1785), corner tables by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Riesener" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Henri Riesener">Jean-Henri Riesener</a> (1774).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salle_Marie-Antoinette_(Louvre)_D160106.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Salle Marie Antoinette of the Louvre"><img alt="The Salle Marie Antoinette of the Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Salle_Marie-Antoinette_%28Louvre%29_D160106.jpg/300px-Salle_Marie-Antoinette_%28Louvre%29_D160106.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Salle_Marie-Antoinette_%28Louvre%29_D160106.jpg/451px-Salle_Marie-Antoinette_%28Louvre%29_D160106.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Salle_Marie-Antoinette_%28Louvre%29_D160106.jpg/600px-Salle_Marie-Antoinette_%28Louvre%29_D160106.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Salle Marie Antoinette of the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Furniture">Furniture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XVI_style&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Furniture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_furniture" title="Louis XVI furniture">Louis XVI furniture</a></div> <p>Louis XVI style furniture, particularly the furniture made for the royal palaces, is among the most finely-crafted and valuable ever produced in France. Much of it was produced at the <i>Garde-Meuble du Roi</i>, the royal furniture workshop, directed by Francois II Foliot (1748–1808). Among the notable craftsmen of the period were <a href="/wiki/Georges_Jacob" title="Georges Jacob">Georges Jacob</a>, who made a suite of sofas and chairs for the apartments of Marie Antoinette at Versailles and for those of the Comte d'Artois, the King's brother, at the Temple. <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnut</a> were the woods most commonly used. The chairs of the early period made for Marie Antoinette were richly decorated gilded carvings, usually with floral patterns. The chairs and sofas were usually upholstered in satin, with more elaborate medallions embroidered in silk attached. Later in the period, more exotic themes, often taken from popular theatre productions in Paris, appeared in decoration of furniture. These included Chinese, Arabesque, and Etruscan figures. A variety of specialized pieces of furniture were created, including lightweight chairs for men sitting at gambling tables, and specialized chairs for boudoirs, dressing rooms, libraries, and antechambers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDroguet200492–102_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDroguet200492–102-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The beds, especially in the <i>chambers de parade</i> or ceremonial bedrooms of the royal palaces, were of monumental proportions and were usually separated from the rest of the room by a balustrade. These beds were termed <i>à la Duchesse</i>, and featured an ornate canopy over the bed. The sculpted and gilded wood frame of the silk embroidered canopy over the bed of Marie Antoinette at Fontainebleau, installed in 1787, was so heavy that two additional columns were placed under it at night avoid its collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDroguet200492–102_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDroguet200492–102-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 97.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 95.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fauteuil_Jacob_cabinet_m%C3%A9ridienne_Versailles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armchair by Georges Jacob for the apartments of Marie-Antoinette at Versailles"><img alt="Armchair by Georges Jacob for the apartments of Marie-Antoinette at Versailles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fauteuil_Jacob_cabinet_m%C3%A9ridienne_Versailles.jpg/143px-Fauteuil_Jacob_cabinet_m%C3%A9ridienne_Versailles.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fauteuil_Jacob_cabinet_m%C3%A9ridienne_Versailles.jpg/215px-Fauteuil_Jacob_cabinet_m%C3%A9ridienne_Versailles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fauteuil_Jacob_cabinet_m%C3%A9ridienne_Versailles.jpg/287px-Fauteuil_Jacob_cabinet_m%C3%A9ridienne_Versailles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1942" data-file-height="3048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armchair by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Jacob" title="Georges Jacob">Georges Jacob</a> for the apartments of Marie-Antoinette at Versailles</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-baptiste-claude_sen%C3%A9,_poltroncina_con_tappezzeria_di_beauvais,_parigi_1780-85_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armchair by Jean-Baptiste Séné with Beauvais tapestry upholstery (1780–1785)"><img alt="Armchair by Jean-Baptiste Séné with Beauvais tapestry upholstery (1780–1785)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jean-baptiste-claude_sen%C3%A9%2C_poltroncina_con_tappezzeria_di_beauvais%2C_parigi_1780-85_ca.jpg/166px-Jean-baptiste-claude_sen%C3%A9%2C_poltroncina_con_tappezzeria_di_beauvais%2C_parigi_1780-85_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jean-baptiste-claude_sen%C3%A9%2C_poltroncina_con_tappezzeria_di_beauvais%2C_parigi_1780-85_ca.jpg/250px-Jean-baptiste-claude_sen%C3%A9%2C_poltroncina_con_tappezzeria_di_beauvais%2C_parigi_1780-85_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jean-baptiste-claude_sen%C3%A9%2C_poltroncina_con_tappezzeria_di_beauvais%2C_parigi_1780-85_ca.jpg/332px-Jean-baptiste-claude_sen%C3%A9%2C_poltroncina_con_tappezzeria_di_beauvais%2C_parigi_1780-85_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="2128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armchair by Jean-Baptiste Séné with Beauvais tapestry upholstery (1780–1785)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 109.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 107.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armchair_MET_ES5079.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armchair by Georges Jacob"><img alt="Armchair by Georges Jacob" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Armchair_MET_ES5079.jpg/161px-Armchair_MET_ES5079.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Armchair_MET_ES5079.jpg/241px-Armchair_MET_ES5079.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Armchair_MET_ES5079.jpg/321px-Armchair_MET_ES5079.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1820" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armchair by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Jacob" title="Georges Jacob">Georges Jacob</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chambre_de_la_Reine_-_Mobilier_aux_%C3%A9pis_-_Tabouret_(tissu_original).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tabouret from the Petit Trianon by Georges Jacob (1787)"><img alt="Tabouret from the Petit Trianon by Georges Jacob (1787)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Chambre_de_la_Reine_-_Mobilier_aux_%C3%A9pis_-_Tabouret_%28tissu_original%29.jpg/338px-Chambre_de_la_Reine_-_Mobilier_aux_%C3%A9pis_-_Tabouret_%28tissu_original%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Chambre_de_la_Reine_-_Mobilier_aux_%C3%A9pis_-_Tabouret_%28tissu_original%29.jpg/508px-Chambre_de_la_Reine_-_Mobilier_aux_%C3%A9pis_-_Tabouret_%28tissu_original%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Chambre_de_la_Reine_-_Mobilier_aux_%C3%A9pis_-_Tabouret_%28tissu_original%29.jpg/676px-Chambre_de_la_Reine_-_Mobilier_aux_%C3%A9pis_-_Tabouret_%28tissu_original%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2764" data-file-height="1841" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Tabouret</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Petit_Trianon" title="Petit Trianon">Petit Trianon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Jacob" title="Georges Jacob">Georges Jacob</a> (1787)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P1290875_Fontainebleau_chateau_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bed of Marie Antoinette at Palace of Fontainebleau by Jean-Baptiste Séné (1787)"><img alt="Bed of Marie Antoinette at Palace of Fontainebleau by Jean-Baptiste Séné (1787)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/P1290875_Fontainebleau_chateau_rwk.jpg/171px-P1290875_Fontainebleau_chateau_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/P1290875_Fontainebleau_chateau_rwk.jpg/257px-P1290875_Fontainebleau_chateau_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/P1290875_Fontainebleau_chateau_rwk.jpg/342px-P1290875_Fontainebleau_chateau_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bed of Marie Antoinette at <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Palace of Fontainebleau</a> by Jean-Baptiste Séné (1787)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Folding_stool_(pliant)_(one_of_a_pair)_MET_DP113122.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Folding stool by Jean-Baptiste Séné"><img alt="Folding stool by Jean-Baptiste Séné" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Folding_stool_%28pliant%29_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP113122.jpg/245px-Folding_stool_%28pliant%29_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP113122.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Folding_stool_%28pliant%29_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP113122.jpg/368px-Folding_stool_%28pliant%29_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP113122.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Folding_stool_%28pliant%29_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP113122.jpg/490px-Folding_stool_%28pliant%29_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP113122.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3859" data-file-height="3547" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Folding stool by Jean-Baptiste Séné</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daybed_(Lit_de_repos_or_sultane)_(part_of_a_set)_MET_DP158381.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daybed or Lit de repos by Jean-Baptiste-Claude Sené (1788), Metropolitan Museum"><img alt="Daybed or Lit de repos by Jean-Baptiste-Claude Sené (1788), Metropolitan Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Daybed_%28Lit_de_repos_or_sultane%29_%28part_of_a_set%29_MET_DP158381.jpg/301px-Daybed_%28Lit_de_repos_or_sultane%29_%28part_of_a_set%29_MET_DP158381.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Daybed_%28Lit_de_repos_or_sultane%29_%28part_of_a_set%29_MET_DP158381.jpg/452px-Daybed_%28Lit_de_repos_or_sultane%29_%28part_of_a_set%29_MET_DP158381.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Daybed_%28Lit_de_repos_or_sultane%29_%28part_of_a_set%29_MET_DP158381.jpg/602px-Daybed_%28Lit_de_repos_or_sultane%29_%28part_of_a_set%29_MET_DP158381.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3883" data-file-height="2905" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Daybed or <i>Lit de repos</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Claude_Sen%C3%A9" title="Jean-Baptiste-Claude Sené">Jean-Baptiste-Claude Sené</a> (1788), Metropolitan Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daybed_(Lit_de_repos_or_sultane)_(part_of_a_set)_MET_DP105681.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of a daybed by Jean-Baptiste Sené"><img alt="Detail of a daybed by Jean-Baptiste Sené" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Daybed_%28Lit_de_repos_or_sultane%29_%28part_of_a_set%29_MET_DP105681.jpg/225px-Daybed_%28Lit_de_repos_or_sultane%29_%28part_of_a_set%29_MET_DP105681.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Daybed_%28Lit_de_repos_or_sultane%29_%28part_of_a_set%29_MET_DP105681.jpg/338px-Daybed_%28Lit_de_repos_or_sultane%29_%28part_of_a_set%29_MET_DP105681.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Daybed_%28Lit_de_repos_or_sultane%29_%28part_of_a_set%29_MET_DP105681.jpg/450px-Daybed_%28Lit_de_repos_or_sultane%29_%28part_of_a_set%29_MET_DP105681.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of a daybed by Jean-Baptiste Sené</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Baptiste-Claude_Sen%C3%A9_(1748-1803),_chaise_voyeuse_(1787),_Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chaise voyeuse by Jean-Baptiste-Claude Sené (1787)"><img alt="Chaise voyeuse by Jean-Baptiste-Claude Sené (1787)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Jean-Baptiste-Claude_Sen%C3%A9_%281748-1803%29%2C_chaise_voyeuse_%281787%29%2C_Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Boston.jpg/168px-Jean-Baptiste-Claude_Sen%C3%A9_%281748-1803%29%2C_chaise_voyeuse_%281787%29%2C_Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Boston.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Jean-Baptiste-Claude_Sen%C3%A9_%281748-1803%29%2C_chaise_voyeuse_%281787%29%2C_Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Boston.jpg/252px-Jean-Baptiste-Claude_Sen%C3%A9_%281748-1803%29%2C_chaise_voyeuse_%281787%29%2C_Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Boston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Jean-Baptiste-Claude_Sen%C3%A9_%281748-1803%29%2C_chaise_voyeuse_%281787%29%2C_Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Boston.jpg/336px-Jean-Baptiste-Claude_Sen%C3%A9_%281748-1803%29%2C_chaise_voyeuse_%281787%29%2C_Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Boston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chaise voyeuse by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Claude_Sen%C3%A9" title="Jean-Baptiste-Claude Sené">Jean-Baptiste-Claude Sené</a> (1787) </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cabinet-making_and_marquetry">Cabinet-making and marquetry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XVI_style&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cabinet-making and marquetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The craft of the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">ébéniste</a></i>, or cabinet-maker, was considered separate from that of other furniture-makers. About a third of the <i>ébénistes</i> in Paris were of foreign origin, either second-generation immigrants from Belgium and the Netherlands or first-generation from the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>. The latter group included some of the most famous craftsmen, including <a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Riesener" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Henri Riesener">Jean-Henri Riesener</a>, who became a master in 1768, and <a href="/wiki/David_Roentgen" title="David Roentgen">David Roentgen</a>. They received special protection and patronage from Marie-Antoinette, who admired German craftsmanship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDroguet2004115–139_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDroguet2004115–139-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several new varieties of the furniture were introduced, including a <a href="/wiki/Commode" title="Commode">commode</a> in the form of half-moon form, and the <i>commode dessert</i>, which had a door in the front with shelves on either side. The <i>commode bonheur-du-jour</i> was a dressing table for a <a href="/wiki/Boudoir" title="Boudoir">boudoir</a>, with a small armoire on top, with either a mirror or a curtain. The <i>table à la Tronchin</i>, named after <a href="/wiki/Jean_Robert_Tronchin" title="Jean Robert Tronchin">Jean Robert Tronchin</a>, was a table with a built-in-shelf which could be raised by a mechanism for reading. Some of the furniture was small and designed to be easily moved, to quickly rearrange salons. These included the <i>table bouillotte</i>, a small round table with four legs and drawer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenault200682_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenault200682-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tables and cabinets were usually decorated with sculpted and gilded bronze ornament, often in the forms of stylized roses, knotted ribbons, or pine cones. The surfaces were frequently inlaid with plaques of different colored exotic woods or <a href="/wiki/Mother-of-pearl" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-of-pearl">mother-of-pearl</a>, forming either a chequerboard pattern, a pattern of cubes, or more intricate designs. Sometimes the wood was dyed to achieve the color contrast, or pieces of wood were laid with the grain in different directions. Riesener was especially known for richly ornamented surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenault200682_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenault200682-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roentgen was particularly famous for his desks, which featured a variety of mechanical features as well as superb woodwork. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Henri_Riesener,_Writing_table_made_for_Marie_Antoinette,_1780-85_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Writing table made for Marie Antoinette by Jean-Henri Riesener, (1780–1785)"><img alt="Writing table made for Marie Antoinette by Jean-Henri Riesener, (1780–1785)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Jean-Henri_Riesener%2C_Writing_table_made_for_Marie_Antoinette%2C_1780-85_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg/303px-Jean-Henri_Riesener%2C_Writing_table_made_for_Marie_Antoinette%2C_1780-85_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Jean-Henri_Riesener%2C_Writing_table_made_for_Marie_Antoinette%2C_1780-85_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg/455px-Jean-Henri_Riesener%2C_Writing_table_made_for_Marie_Antoinette%2C_1780-85_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Jean-Henri_Riesener%2C_Writing_table_made_for_Marie_Antoinette%2C_1780-85_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg/606px-Jean-Henri_Riesener%2C_Writing_table_made_for_Marie_Antoinette%2C_1780-85_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3688" data-file-height="2740" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Writing table made for Marie Antoinette by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Riesener" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Henri Riesener">Jean-Henri Riesener</a>, (1780–1785) </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-henri_riesener,_angoliera,_1785_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Corner commode by Jean-Henri Riesener (1785)"><img alt="Corner commode by Jean-Henri Riesener (1785)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jean-henri_riesener%2C_angoliera%2C_1785_ca.jpg/189px-Jean-henri_riesener%2C_angoliera%2C_1785_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jean-henri_riesener%2C_angoliera%2C_1785_ca.jpg/283px-Jean-henri_riesener%2C_angoliera%2C_1785_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jean-henri_riesener%2C_angoliera%2C_1785_ca.jpg/377px-Jean-henri_riesener%2C_angoliera%2C_1785_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2028" data-file-height="2418" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Corner commode by Jean-Henri Riesener (1785)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bureau_Marie-Antoinette_Riesener_Versailles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Table for Marie-Antoinette by Jean-Henri Riesener (1785)"><img alt="Table for Marie-Antoinette by Jean-Henri Riesener (1785)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bureau_Marie-Antoinette_Riesener_Versailles.jpg/256px-Bureau_Marie-Antoinette_Riesener_Versailles.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bureau_Marie-Antoinette_Riesener_Versailles.jpg/385px-Bureau_Marie-Antoinette_Riesener_Versailles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bureau_Marie-Antoinette_Riesener_Versailles.jpg/512px-Bureau_Marie-Antoinette_Riesener_Versailles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1230" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Table for Marie-Antoinette by Jean-Henri Riesener (1785)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rolltop_Desk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rolltop desk by David Roentgen (about 1785)"><img alt="Rolltop desk by David Roentgen (about 1785)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Rolltop_Desk.jpg/213px-Rolltop_Desk.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Rolltop_Desk.jpg/320px-Rolltop_Desk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Rolltop_Desk.jpg/426px-Rolltop_Desk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3640" data-file-height="3843" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rolltop desk by <a href="/wiki/David_Roentgen" title="David Roentgen">David Roentgen</a> (about 1785)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tapestry">Tapestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XVI_style&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tapestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The royal tapestry workshop of <a href="/wiki/Gobelins_Manufactory" title="Gobelins Manufactory">Gobelins</a> continued to produce high-quality large works for royal residences and the nobility, but tastes had changed. The immense tapestries celebrating historical events were largely out of style. Instead of creating new designs, the manufactures of Gobelins, <a href="/wiki/Beauvais_Manufactory" title="Beauvais Manufactory">Beauvais</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aubusson_tapestry" title="Aubusson tapestry">Aubusson</a> recycled old designs, such as the <i>Metamorphoses</i> of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher" title="François Boucher">Boucher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDroguet200458–59_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDroguet200458–59-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An increasing amount of the work was the creation of designs, especially polychrome floral patterns, for the upholstery of the royal furniture. The other two major tapestry workshops, Aubusson and Beauvais, also oriented their work primarily to furniture upholstery. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 119.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 117.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gobelin_Manufactory_-_Portrait_of_Louis_XVI_(1745-93)_-_Walters_8227.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A tapestry portrait of Louis XVI from the Gobelins Manufactory"><img alt="A tapestry portrait of Louis XVI from the Gobelins Manufactory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gobelin_Manufactory_-_Portrait_of_Louis_XVI_%281745-93%29_-_Walters_8227.jpg/176px-Gobelin_Manufactory_-_Portrait_of_Louis_XVI_%281745-93%29_-_Walters_8227.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gobelin_Manufactory_-_Portrait_of_Louis_XVI_%281745-93%29_-_Walters_8227.jpg/264px-Gobelin_Manufactory_-_Portrait_of_Louis_XVI_%281745-93%29_-_Walters_8227.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gobelin_Manufactory_-_Portrait_of_Louis_XVI_%281745-93%29_-_Walters_8227.jpg/352px-Gobelin_Manufactory_-_Portrait_of_Louis_XVI_%281745-93%29_-_Walters_8227.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1799" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A tapestry portrait of Louis XVI from the <a href="/wiki/Gobelins_Manufactory" title="Gobelins Manufactory">Gobelins Manufactory</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sully_at_the_Feet_of_Henri_IV_from_a_set_of_The_History_of_France_MET_DP360588.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sully at the feet of Henry IV, Gobelins Manufactory (1788–1792)"><img alt="Sully at the feet of Henry IV, Gobelins Manufactory (1788–1792)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sully_at_the_Feet_of_Henri_IV_from_a_set_of_The_History_of_France_MET_DP360588.jpg/183px-Sully_at_the_Feet_of_Henri_IV_from_a_set_of_The_History_of_France_MET_DP360588.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sully_at_the_Feet_of_Henri_IV_from_a_set_of_The_History_of_France_MET_DP360588.jpg/275px-Sully_at_the_Feet_of_Henri_IV_from_a_set_of_The_History_of_France_MET_DP360588.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sully_at_the_Feet_of_Henri_IV_from_a_set_of_The_History_of_France_MET_DP360588.jpg/366px-Sully_at_the_Feet_of_Henri_IV_from_a_set_of_The_History_of_France_MET_DP360588.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3172" data-file-height="3898" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sully at the feet of Henry IV, Gobelins Manufactory (1788–1792)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pair_of_chair_backs_MET_DP234037.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gobelins upholstery for chair backs (1740–1780)"><img alt="Gobelins upholstery for chair backs (1740–1780)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Pair_of_chair_backs_MET_DP234037.jpg/202px-Pair_of_chair_backs_MET_DP234037.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Pair_of_chair_backs_MET_DP234037.jpg/303px-Pair_of_chair_backs_MET_DP234037.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Pair_of_chair_backs_MET_DP234037.jpg/404px-Pair_of_chair_backs_MET_DP234037.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3591" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gobelins upholstery for chair backs (1740–1780)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armchair_MET_SF1978_404_17_img1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armchair with Beauvais tapestry (1786–1792)"><img alt="Armchair with Beauvais tapestry (1786–1792)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Armchair_MET_SF1978_404_17_img1.jpg/166px-Armchair_MET_SF1978_404_17_img1.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Armchair_MET_SF1978_404_17_img1.jpg/249px-Armchair_MET_SF1978_404_17_img1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Armchair_MET_SF1978_404_17_img1.jpg/332px-Armchair_MET_SF1978_404_17_img1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="2007" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armchair with <a href="/wiki/Beauvais_tapestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Beauvais tapestry">Beauvais tapestry</a> (1786–1792)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 187.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tapisserie_d%27Aubusson_(Huet).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The offering of fidelity, An Aubusson tapestry from a design by Jean-Baptiste Huet (About 1780)"><img alt="The offering of fidelity, An Aubusson tapestry from a design by Jean-Baptiste Huet (About 1780)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tapisserie_d%27Aubusson_%28Huet%29.JPG/278px-Tapisserie_d%27Aubusson_%28Huet%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="186" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tapisserie_d%27Aubusson_%28Huet%29.JPG/418px-Tapisserie_d%27Aubusson_%28Huet%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tapisserie_d%27Aubusson_%28Huet%29.JPG/557px-Tapisserie_d%27Aubusson_%28Huet%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2233" data-file-height="1806" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The offering of fidelity</i>, An <a href="/wiki/Aubusson_tapestry" title="Aubusson tapestry">Aubusson tapestry</a> from a design by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Huet" title="Jean-Baptiste Huet">Jean-Baptiste Huet</a> (About 1780)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wallpaper_and_printed_fabric">Wallpaper and printed fabric</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XVI_style&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Wallpaper and printed fabric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hand-painted <a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">wallpaper</a> had been used since in the 16th century for interior decoration, followed by wood block prints. French aristocrats often used tapestries in the major rooms, but in the antechambers and lesser rooms they often used painted or printed of painted paper designs imported from China, India, and especially England. In 1765, the French government placed a heavy tax on imported wallpaper, stimulating French production. During the reign of Louis XVI, the largest French enterprise for making wallpaper was created <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_R%C3%A9veillon" title="Jean-Baptiste Réveillon">Jean-Baptiste Réveillon</a>. In 1784, they received the title of Royal Manufactory, opened a large depot near the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a>, and hired a group of noted artists and illustrators, including the son of the painter <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher" title="François Boucher">Boucher</a>, to design wallpaper. They also soon developed a process for printing the wallpaper in long rolls. He also made the colorful paper that covered the balloon that made the first manned flight in 1783.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDroguet200458–59_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDroguet200458–59-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their factory in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine became one of the largest in Paris, and was an early target of demonstrations at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. </p><p>Another popular style that developed during the period was the decoration of rooms with panoramic scenes, composed of a number of painted or printed panels put together. These were commonly used in boudoirs and bath chambers. The salon of the pavilion of the Countess of Provence in Montreuil, and the country <a href="/wiki/Cottage" title="Cottage">cottage</a> of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé">Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chantilly" title="Château de Chantilly">Chantilly</a> had a similar panorama installed in 1775.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDroguet200458–59_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDroguet200458–59-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another popular form of decoration was printed fine cotton, with elaborate arabesques and floral patterns. The most famous variety was <i><a href="/wiki/Toile_de_Jouy" class="mw-redirect" title="Toile de Jouy">toile de Jouy</a></i>. The fabric was made with wood block prints, was usually white and red or blue and red, was used to cover beds, for curtains, and for the covers of furniture. Another important industry was that of the manufacture of silk products. The best quality silk was made in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, and was sold to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> of Russia, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> of Prussia, and other royal clients. <a href="/wiki/Lampas" title="Lampas">Lampas</a> silk coverings with motifs of arabesques and medallions covered the walls of the billiards room of Marie-Antoinette in 1779, and thereafter became fashionable in Paris residences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDroguet200458–59_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDroguet200458–59-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidewall_(France),_1775%E2%80%9385_(CH_18394793).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sidewall pattern (1775)"><img alt="Sidewall pattern (1775)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sidewall_%28France%29%2C_1775%E2%80%9385_%28CH_18394793%29.jpg/228px-Sidewall_%28France%29%2C_1775%E2%80%9385_%28CH_18394793%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sidewall_%28France%29%2C_1775%E2%80%9385_%28CH_18394793%29.jpg/342px-Sidewall_%28France%29%2C_1775%E2%80%9385_%28CH_18394793%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sidewall_%28France%29%2C_1775%E2%80%9385_%28CH_18394793%29.jpg/455px-Sidewall_%28France%29%2C_1775%E2%80%9385_%28CH_18394793%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="4051" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sidewall pattern (1775)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidewall_(France),_1780_(CH_18319335).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sidewall pattern wallpaper (1780)"><img alt="Sidewall pattern wallpaper (1780)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sidewall_%28France%29%2C_1780_%28CH_18319335%29.jpg/180px-Sidewall_%28France%29%2C_1780_%28CH_18319335%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sidewall_%28France%29%2C_1780_%28CH_18319335%29.jpg/271px-Sidewall_%28France%29%2C_1780_%28CH_18319335%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sidewall_%28France%29%2C_1780_%28CH_18319335%29.jpg/360px-Sidewall_%28France%29%2C_1780_%28CH_18319335%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="4096" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sidewall pattern wallpaper (1780)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau_Versailles_cabinets_interieurs_de_la_Reine_cabinet_du_Billard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Woven Lampas silk on walls of the billiards at Versailles (1779)"><img alt="Woven Lampas silk on walls of the billiards at Versailles (1779)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Chateau_Versailles_cabinets_interieurs_de_la_Reine_cabinet_du_Billard.jpg/339px-Chateau_Versailles_cabinets_interieurs_de_la_Reine_cabinet_du_Billard.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Chateau_Versailles_cabinets_interieurs_de_la_Reine_cabinet_du_Billard.jpg/509px-Chateau_Versailles_cabinets_interieurs_de_la_Reine_cabinet_du_Billard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Chateau_Versailles_cabinets_interieurs_de_la_Reine_cabinet_du_Billard.jpg/678px-Chateau_Versailles_cabinets_interieurs_de_la_Reine_cabinet_du_Billard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3616" data-file-height="2401" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Woven <a href="/wiki/Lampas" title="Lampas">Lampas</a> silk on walls of the billiards at Versailles (1779)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pictorial_print_MET_DP274334.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Toile de Jouy printed fabric, with balloon design (1784)"><img alt="Toile de Jouy printed fabric, with balloon design (1784)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pictorial_print_MET_DP274334.jpg/177px-Pictorial_print_MET_DP274334.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pictorial_print_MET_DP274334.jpg/266px-Pictorial_print_MET_DP274334.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pictorial_print_MET_DP274334.jpg/354px-Pictorial_print_MET_DP274334.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1573" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Toile_de_Jouy" class="mw-redirect" title="Toile de Jouy">Toile de Jouy</a></i> printed fabric, with balloon design (1784)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Painting_and_sculpture">Painting and sculpture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XVI_style&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Painting and sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most famous painter of the later French baroque was <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher" title="François Boucher">François Boucher</a>, who perfectly captured the spirit and style of the period. After his death in 1770, shortly before the beginning of the reign of Louis XVI, he had no real successor in the baroque style. The end of the reign of Louis XV also brought to prominence the first artist to paint in the neoclassical style, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marie_Vien" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Marie Vien">Joseph Marie Vien</a>, who painted scenes of Rome inspired by the discoveries at <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>. Vien became the last holder of the title of <a href="/wiki/Premier_peintre_du_Roi" title="Premier peintre du Roi">first painter of the King</a>, which he held from 1789 to 1791. Jean Peyron was another neoclassicist in the early Louis XVI reign. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e_Le_Brun" title="Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun">Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun</a> was noted for her portraits of the royal family and nobility, including of Marie Antoinette and her children. </p><p>The most prominent neoclassicist by far was <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a>, whose works well before the revolution expressed the Roman virtues of noble and grave simplicity. His major early works included <i><a href="/wiki/Belisarius_Begging_for_Alms" title="Belisarius Begging for Alms">Belisarius Begging for Alms</a></i> (1781), <i><a href="/wiki/Andromache_Mourning_Hector" title="Andromache Mourning Hector">Andromache Mourning Hector</a></i> (1783), and especially <i><a href="/wiki/Oath_of_the_Horatii" title="Oath of the Horatii">Oath of the Horatii</a></i> (1784), exalting the willingness of Roman soldiers to give their lives for the nation. The painting was so popular when shown at the Salon of 1785 that David was permitted to establish his studio in the Louvre, a particular honor for artists. This painting became a model of the style that dominated French art during and after the Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECabanne1988134–136_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabanne1988134–136-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deux_femmes_au_bain_Joseph-Marie_Vien_mus%C3%A9e_de_Cahors_Henri-Martin_Ca.1.32.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two Women bathing by Joseph-Marie Vien (1763) helped launch the wave of neoclassicism"><img alt="Two Women bathing by Joseph-Marie Vien (1763) helped launch the wave of neoclassicism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Deux_femmes_au_bain_Joseph-Marie_Vien_mus%C3%A9e_de_Cahors_Henri-Martin_Ca.1.32.jpg/162px-Deux_femmes_au_bain_Joseph-Marie_Vien_mus%C3%A9e_de_Cahors_Henri-Martin_Ca.1.32.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Deux_femmes_au_bain_Joseph-Marie_Vien_mus%C3%A9e_de_Cahors_Henri-Martin_Ca.1.32.jpg/244px-Deux_femmes_au_bain_Joseph-Marie_Vien_mus%C3%A9e_de_Cahors_Henri-Martin_Ca.1.32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Deux_femmes_au_bain_Joseph-Marie_Vien_mus%C3%A9e_de_Cahors_Henri-Martin_Ca.1.32.jpg/325px-Deux_femmes_au_bain_Joseph-Marie_Vien_mus%C3%A9e_de_Cahors_Henri-Martin_Ca.1.32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3409" data-file-height="4724" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Two Women bathing</i> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Marie_Vien" title="Joseph-Marie Vien">Joseph-Marie Vien</a> (1763) helped launch the wave of neoclassicism</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Venus,_Wounded_by_Diomedes,_is_Saved_by_Iris%27_by_Joseph-Marie_Vien,_1775.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus. Wounded by Diomedes, is Saved by Iris, Joseph-Marie Vien (1775)"><img alt="Venus. Wounded by Diomedes, is Saved by Iris, Joseph-Marie Vien (1775)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%27Venus%2C_Wounded_by_Diomedes%2C_is_Saved_by_Iris%27_by_Joseph-Marie_Vien%2C_1775.jpg/300px-%27Venus%2C_Wounded_by_Diomedes%2C_is_Saved_by_Iris%27_by_Joseph-Marie_Vien%2C_1775.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%27Venus%2C_Wounded_by_Diomedes%2C_is_Saved_by_Iris%27_by_Joseph-Marie_Vien%2C_1775.jpg/451px-%27Venus%2C_Wounded_by_Diomedes%2C_is_Saved_by_Iris%27_by_Joseph-Marie_Vien%2C_1775.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%27Venus%2C_Wounded_by_Diomedes%2C_is_Saved_by_Iris%27_by_Joseph-Marie_Vien%2C_1775.jpg/600px-%27Venus%2C_Wounded_by_Diomedes%2C_is_Saved_by_Iris%27_by_Joseph-Marie_Vien%2C_1775.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3189" data-file-height="2391" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Venus. Wounded by Diomedes, is Saved by Iris</i>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Marie_Vien" title="Joseph-Marie Vien">Joseph-Marie Vien</a> (1775)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques-Louis_David_-_Oath_of_the_Horatii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oath of the Horatii by Jacques-Louis David (1786)"><img alt="Oath of the Horatii by Jacques-Louis David (1786)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jacques-Louis_David_-_Oath_of_the_Horatii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/289px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_Oath_of_the_Horatii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jacques-Louis_David_-_Oath_of_the_Horatii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/434px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_Oath_of_the_Horatii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jacques-Louis_David_-_Oath_of_the_Horatii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/577px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_Oath_of_the_Horatii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6156" data-file-height="4800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Oath_of_the_Horatii" title="Oath of the Horatii">Oath of the Horatii</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a> (1786)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Antoinette_and_her_Children_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marie Antoinette and her children by Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun (1787)"><img alt="Marie Antoinette and her children by Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun (1787)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Marie_Antoinette_and_her_Children_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun.jpg/172px-Marie_Antoinette_and_her_Children_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Marie_Antoinette_and_her_Children_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun.jpg/258px-Marie_Antoinette_and_her_Children_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Marie_Antoinette_and_her_Children_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun.jpg/344px-Marie_Antoinette_and_her_Children_by_%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2618" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Marie Antoinette and her children by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun" class="mw-redirect" title="Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun">Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun</a> (1787) </div> </li> </ul> <p>Sculpture evolved from the more animated forms of the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque art">Baroque art</a> to the more serene neoclassical style. The sculptors who were most prominent in the period included <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Maurice_Falconet" title="Étienne Maurice Falconet">Étienne Maurice Falconet</a>, who created table sculptures on classical and romantic themes for many Parisian salons, as well as the famous <i><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Horseman" title="Bronze Horseman">Bronze Horseman</a></i>, a statue of Peter the Great on horseback for <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>. Another notable portrait sculptor was <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Pajou" title="Augustin Pajou">Augustin Pajou</a>, who also made statues of Greek and Roman gods, illustrating virtues; his statue of Mercury represented commerce. The most celebrated portrait sculptor was <a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Houdon" title="Jean-Antoine Houdon">Jean-Antoine Houdon</a>, known for his busts of leading figures of the period, including, in 1790, in the midst of the Revolution, Louis XVI himself. <a href="/wiki/Louis-Simon_Boizot" title="Louis-Simon Boizot">Louis-Simon Boizot</a> was prominent for making busts of the nobility, including Marie Antoinette, but also for modeling figures for the <a href="/wiki/Sevres_porcelain" class="mw-redirect" title="Sevres porcelain">Sevres porcelain</a> factory, which became better known than his more formal sculpture. Examples include his <i>The Toilet of Madame</i>, made of hard-paste porcelain, mounted on a plaque of marble and gilded bronze. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 101.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 99.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bronze Horseman by Étienne Maurice Falconet"><img alt="The Bronze Horseman by Étienne Maurice Falconet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%281%29.jpg/149px-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%281%29.jpg/224px-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%281%29.jpg/298px-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Horseman" title="Bronze Horseman">Bronze Horseman</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Maurice_Falconet" title="Étienne Maurice Falconet">Étienne Maurice Falconet</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Falconet-amourmena%C3%A7ant.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Table sculpture of a cupid by Étienne Maurice Falconet"><img alt="Table sculpture of a cupid by Étienne Maurice Falconet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Falconet-amourmena%C3%A7ant.jpg/180px-Falconet-amourmena%C3%A7ant.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Falconet-amourmena%C3%A7ant.jpg/271px-Falconet-amourmena%C3%A7ant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Falconet-amourmena%C3%A7ant.jpg/361px-Falconet-amourmena%C3%A7ant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="662" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Table sculpture of a cupid by Étienne Maurice Falconet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voltaire_Houdon_Louvre_RF1426.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bust of Voltaire by Jean-Antoine Houdon (1778)"><img alt="Bust of Voltaire by Jean-Antoine Houdon (1778)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Voltaire_Houdon_Louvre_RF1426.jpg/169px-Voltaire_Houdon_Louvre_RF1426.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Voltaire_Houdon_Louvre_RF1426.jpg/253px-Voltaire_Houdon_Louvre_RF1426.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Voltaire_Houdon_Louvre_RF1426.jpg/337px-Voltaire_Houdon_Louvre_RF1426.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bust of <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Houdon" title="Jean-Antoine Houdon">Jean-Antoine Houdon</a> (1778)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 80px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 78px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_Pajou_Louvre_RF1624.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mercury or Commerce, by Augustin Pajou (1780)"><img alt="Mercury or Commerce, by Augustin Pajou (1780)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mercury_Pajou_Louvre_RF1624.jpg/117px-Mercury_Pajou_Louvre_RF1624.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mercury_Pajou_Louvre_RF1624.jpg/176px-Mercury_Pajou_Louvre_RF1624.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mercury_Pajou_Louvre_RF1624.jpg/234px-Mercury_Pajou_Louvre_RF1624.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2190" data-file-height="4200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mercury or Commerce, by <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Pajou" title="Augustin Pajou">Augustin Pajou</a> (1780)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 101.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 99.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie-Antoinette_Boizot_Louvre_RF4515.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marie Antoinette, by Louis-Simon Boizot for salon of 1781"><img alt="Marie Antoinette, by Louis-Simon Boizot for salon of 1781" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Marie-Antoinette_Boizot_Louvre_RF4515.jpg/149px-Marie-Antoinette_Boizot_Louvre_RF4515.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Marie-Antoinette_Boizot_Louvre_RF4515.jpg/225px-Marie-Antoinette_Boizot_Louvre_RF4515.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Marie-Antoinette_Boizot_Louvre_RF4515.jpg/299px-Marie-Antoinette_Boizot_Louvre_RF4515.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Marie Antoinette, by <a href="/wiki/Louis-Simon_Boizot" title="Louis-Simon Boizot">Louis-Simon Boizot</a> for salon of 1781</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A8vres_Porcelain_Manufactory_-_The_Toilet_of_Madame_-_Walters_48995.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Table centerpiece of Sevres porcelain by Louis-Simon Boizot (1775)"><img alt="Table centerpiece of Sevres porcelain by Louis-Simon Boizot (1775)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/S%C3%A8vres_Porcelain_Manufactory_-_The_Toilet_of_Madame_-_Walters_48995.jpg/223px-S%C3%A8vres_Porcelain_Manufactory_-_The_Toilet_of_Madame_-_Walters_48995.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/S%C3%A8vres_Porcelain_Manufactory_-_The_Toilet_of_Madame_-_Walters_48995.jpg/336px-S%C3%A8vres_Porcelain_Manufactory_-_The_Toilet_of_Madame_-_Walters_48995.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/S%C3%A8vres_Porcelain_Manufactory_-_The_Toilet_of_Madame_-_Walters_48995.jpg/447px-S%C3%A8vres_Porcelain_Manufactory_-_The_Toilet_of_Madame_-_Walters_48995.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Table centerpiece of Sevres porcelain by <a href="/wiki/Louis-Simon_Boizot" title="Louis-Simon Boizot">Louis-Simon Boizot</a> (1775)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XVI_style&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Musical tastes at court were guided by <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>. The Queen played the harp and sang, and had been, in Vienna, a student of <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck" title="Christoph Willibald Gluck">Christoph Willibald Gluck</a>. Her favorite composers were Gluck and <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9try" class="mw-redirect" title="Grétry">Grétry</a>, and she regularly attended concerts at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera" title="Paris Opera">Academy of Music</a> and the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concert_Sprituel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concert Sprituel (page does not exist)">Concert Sprituel</a></i>, a society created to support new religious music. Gluck came to Paris in December 1776 for performances of his opera <i><a href="/wiki/Iphigenie_en_Tauride" class="mw-redirect" title="Iphigenie en Tauride">Iphigenie en Tauride</a></i>, and remained to compose seven more operas. However, his opera, <i><a href="/wiki/Echo_et_Narcisse" class="mw-redirect" title="Echo et Narcisse">Echo et Narcisse</a></i> in 1779, was a failure, and he departed Paris, never to return.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVila200692–93_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVila200692–93-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a> came to Paris in 1778, where he conducted two symphonies including the <i><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._31_(Mozart)" title="Symphony No. 31 (Mozart)">Paris Symphony</a></i>, and gave music lessons to members of the nobility, as did <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>. The members of the new Masonic movement in Paris were particularly active in sponsoring music; they commissioned Haydn in 1785–86 to write the <i><a href="/wiki/Paris_symphonies" title="Paris symphonies">Symphonies parisiennes</a></i> all of which premiered in Paris under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Chevalier_de_Saint-Georges" title="Chevalier de Saint-Georges">Joseph Bologne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVila200685–87_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVila200685–87-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revivals">Revivals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XVI_style&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Revivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boudoir_de_l%27h%C3%B4tel_d%27Adolphe_Fould.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design for the boudoir of the Hôtel d'Adolphe Fould, Paris, by Alexandre-Dominique Denuelle, 19th century"><img alt="Design for the boudoir of the Hôtel d'Adolphe Fould, Paris, by Alexandre-Dominique Denuelle, 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Boudoir_de_l%27h%C3%B4tel_d%27Adolphe_Fould.jpg/273px-Boudoir_de_l%27h%C3%B4tel_d%27Adolphe_Fould.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Boudoir_de_l%27h%C3%B4tel_d%27Adolphe_Fould.jpg/410px-Boudoir_de_l%27h%C3%B4tel_d%27Adolphe_Fould.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Boudoir_de_l%27h%C3%B4tel_d%27Adolphe_Fould.jpg/546px-Boudoir_de_l%27h%C3%B4tel_d%27Adolphe_Fould.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4671" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Design for the <a href="/wiki/Boudoir" title="Boudoir">boudoir</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_d%27Adolphe_Fould&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hôtel d'Adolphe Fould (page does not exist)">Hôtel d'Adolphe Fould</a>, Paris, by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre-Dominique_Denuelle" title="Alexandre-Dominique Denuelle">Alexandre-Dominique Denuelle</a>, 19th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Voisins_Saint-Hilarion_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Château de Voisins, Saint-Hilarion, France, by René Sergent (1903–1906)[23]"><img alt="Château de Voisins, Saint-Hilarion, France, by René Sergent (1903–1906)[23]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Voisins_Saint-Hilarion_1.jpg/340px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Voisins_Saint-Hilarion_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Voisins_Saint-Hilarion_1.jpg/511px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Voisins_Saint-Hilarion_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Voisins_Saint-Hilarion_1.jpg/680px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Voisins_Saint-Hilarion_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Voisins_(Saint-Hilarion)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Château de Voisins (Saint-Hilarion) (page does not exist)">Château de Voisins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Hilarion" title="Saint-Hilarion">Saint-Hilarion</a>, France, by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Sergent" title="René Sergent">René Sergent</a> (1903–1906)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Salon_in_Mus%C3%A9e_Nissim_de_Camondo_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grand salon of the Musée Nissim de Camondo, Paris, by René Sergent (1910–1913)[24]"><img alt="Grand salon of the Musée Nissim de Camondo, Paris, by René Sergent (1910–1913)[24]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Grand_Salon_in_Mus%C3%A9e_Nissim_de_Camondo_5.jpg/383px-Grand_Salon_in_Mus%C3%A9e_Nissim_de_Camondo_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Grand_Salon_in_Mus%C3%A9e_Nissim_de_Camondo_5.jpg/575px-Grand_Salon_in_Mus%C3%A9e_Nissim_de_Camondo_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Grand_Salon_in_Mus%C3%A9e_Nissim_de_Camondo_5.jpg/765px-Grand_Salon_in_Mus%C3%A9e_Nissim_de_Camondo_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grand salon of the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Nissim_de_Camondo" title="Musée Nissim de Camondo">Musée Nissim de Camondo</a>, Paris, by René Sergent (1910–1913)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 187.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_venturi_per_paul_downs_cabinetmakers,_comodino_louis_xvi,_1984.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Postmodern Louis XVI lowboy by Robert Venturi for Arc International (c.1985), Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, USA[25]"><img alt="Postmodern Louis XVI lowboy by Robert Venturi for Arc International (c.1985), Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, USA[25]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Robert_venturi_per_paul_downs_cabinetmakers%2C_comodino_louis_xvi%2C_1984.jpg/278px-Robert_venturi_per_paul_downs_cabinetmakers%2C_comodino_louis_xvi%2C_1984.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Robert_venturi_per_paul_downs_cabinetmakers%2C_comodino_louis_xvi%2C_1984.jpg/418px-Robert_venturi_per_paul_downs_cabinetmakers%2C_comodino_louis_xvi%2C_1984.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Robert_venturi_per_paul_downs_cabinetmakers%2C_comodino_louis_xvi%2C_1984.jpg/556px-Robert_venturi_per_paul_downs_cabinetmakers%2C_comodino_louis_xvi%2C_1984.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1541" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodern</a> Louis XVI lowboy by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Venturi" title="Robert Venturi">Robert Venturi</a> for Arc International (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1985), <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art" title="Indianapolis Museum of Art">Indianapolis Museum of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, USA<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 117.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 115.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippe_starck_per_kartell_spa,_poltrona_masters,_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louis Ghost by Philippe Starck (2009), various locations[26]"><img alt="Louis Ghost by Philippe Starck (2009), various locations[26]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Philippe_starck_per_kartell_spa%2C_poltrona_masters%2C_2009.jpg/173px-Philippe_starck_per_kartell_spa%2C_poltrona_masters%2C_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Philippe_starck_per_kartell_spa%2C_poltrona_masters%2C_2009.jpg/260px-Philippe_starck_per_kartell_spa%2C_poltrona_masters%2C_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Philippe_starck_per_kartell_spa%2C_poltrona_masters%2C_2009.jpg/347px-Philippe_starck_per_kartell_spa%2C_poltrona_masters%2C_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1674" data-file-height="2460" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Louis Ghost by <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Starck" title="Philippe Starck">Philippe Starck</a> (2009), various locations<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XVI_style&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_period_styles" title="Louis period styles">Louis period styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li%C3%A8ge%E2%80%93Aachen_Baroque_furniture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liège–Aachen Baroque furniture (page does not exist)">Liège–Aachen Baroque furniture</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen-L%C3%BCtticher_M%C3%B6belstil" class="extiw" title="de:Aachen-Lütticher Möbelstil">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_in_Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baroque in Prince-Bishopric of Liège (page does not exist)">Baroque in Prince-Bishopric of Liège</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barok_in_het_prinsbisdom_Luik" class="extiw" title="nl:Barok in het prinsbisdom Luik">nl</a>]</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XVI_style&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Louis-XVI-style">"Louis XVI style"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louis+XVI+style&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FLouis-XVI-style&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marcmaison.com/architectural-antiques-resources/louis_xvi_style">"Louis XVI style"</a>. Marc Maison.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louis+XVI+style&rft.pub=Marc+Maison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marcmaison.com%2Farchitectural-antiques-resources%2Flouis_xvi_style&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDroguet200413-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDroguet200413_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDroguet2004">Droguet 2004</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDroguet200420-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDroguet200420_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDroguet2004">Droguet 2004</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDroguet200422-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDroguet200422_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDroguet2004">Droguet 2004</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenault200669–70-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenault200669–70_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRenault2006">Renault 2006</a>, pp. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenault200674-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenault200674_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRenault2006">Renault 2006</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSylvie2001" class="citation book cs1">Sylvie, Chadenet (2001). <i>French Furniture - From Louis XIII to Art Deco</i>. Little, Brown and Company. p. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Furniture+-+From+Louis+XIII+to+Art+Deco&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sylvie&rft.aufirst=Chadenet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrinaDemartini2006249-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrinaDemartini2006249_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrinaDemartini2006249_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrinaDemartini2006249_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrinaDemartini2006">Prina & Demartini 2006</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenault200677-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenault200677_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRenault2006">Renault 2006</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDroguet200425-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDroguet200425_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDroguet2004">Droguet 2004</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher1988162–163-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher1988162–163_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDucher1988">Ducher 1988</a>, pp. 162–163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETexier201260-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETexier201260_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTexier2012">Texier 2012</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrinaDemartini2006250–251-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrinaDemartini2006250–251_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrinaDemartini2006250–251_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrinaDemartini2006">Prina & Demartini 2006</a>, pp. 250–251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher1988158–159-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher1988158–159_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher1988158–159_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDucher1988">Ducher 1988</a>, pp. 158–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDroguet200492–102-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDroguet200492–102_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDroguet200492–102_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDroguet2004">Droguet 2004</a>, pp. 92–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDroguet2004115–139-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDroguet2004115–139_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDroguet2004">Droguet 2004</a>, pp. 115–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenault200682-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenault200682_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenault200682_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRenault2006">Renault 2006</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDroguet200458–59-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDroguet200458–59_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDroguet200458–59_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDroguet200458–59_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDroguet200458–59_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDroguet2004">Droguet 2004</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECabanne1988134–136-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECabanne1988134–136_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCabanne1988">Cabanne 1988</a>, pp. 134–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVila200692–93-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVila200692–93_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVila2006">Vila 2006</a>, pp. 92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVila200685–87-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVila200685–87_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVila2006">Vila 2006</a>, pp. 85–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkin2022" class="citation book cs1">Watkin, David (2022). <i>A History of Western Architecture</i>. Laurence King. p. 602. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2"><bdi>978-1-52942-030-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Architecture&rft.pages=602&rft.pub=Laurence+King&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-52942-030-2&rft.aulast=Watkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkin2022" class="citation book cs1">Watkin, David (2022). <i>A History of Western Architecture</i>. Laurence King. p. 602. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2"><bdi>978-1-52942-030-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Architecture&rft.pages=602&rft.pub=Laurence+King&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-52942-030-2&rft.aulast=Watkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGura2017" class="citation book cs1">Gura, Judith (2017). <i>Postmodern Design Complete</i>. Thames & Hudson. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51914-1"><bdi>978-0-500-51914-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postmodern+Design+Complete&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-500-51914-1&rft.aulast=Gura&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smow.com/philippe-starck/louis-ghost.html">"Philippe Starck, a pair of 'Louis Ghost' armchairs, Kartell. - Bukowskis"</a>. <i>smow.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=smow.com&rft.atitle=Philippe+Starck%2C+a+pair+of+%27Louis+Ghost%27+armchairs%2C+Kartell.+-+Bukowskis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smow.com%2Fphilippe-starck%2Flouis-ghost.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XVI_style&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDroguet2004" class="citation book cs1">Droguet, Anne (2004). <i>Les Styles Transition et Louis XVI</i>. Les Editions de l'Amateur. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-85917-406-0" title="Special:BookSources/2-85917-406-0"><bdi>2-85917-406-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Styles+Transition+et+Louis+XVI&rft.pub=Les+Editions+de+l%27Amateur&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=2-85917-406-0&rft.aulast=Droguet&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI+style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabanne1988" class="citation book cs1">Cabanne, Perre (1988). <i>L'Art Classique et le Baroque</i>. Paris, France: Larousse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-03-583324-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-03-583324-2"><bdi>978-2-03-583324-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Art+Classique+et+le+Baroque&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pub=Larousse&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-2-03-583324-2&rft.aulast=Cabanne&rft.aufirst=Perre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI+style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDucher1988" class="citation book cs1">Ducher, Robert (1988). <i>Caractéristique des Styles</i>. Paris, France: Flammarion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-08-011539-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-08-011539-1"><bdi>2-08-011539-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caract%C3%A9ristique+des+Styles&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=2-08-011539-1&rft.aulast=Ducher&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI+style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFierro1996" class="citation book cs1">Fierro, Alfred (1996). <i>Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris</i>. Robert Laffont. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-221-07862-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-221-07862-4"><bdi>2-221-07862-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+et+dictionnaire+de+Paris&rft.pub=Robert+Laffont&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=2-221-07862-4&rft.aulast=Fierro&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI+style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrinaDemartini2006" class="citation book cs1">Prina, Francesca; Demartini, Elena (2006). <i>Petite encylopédie de l'architecture</i>. Paris, France: Solar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-263-04096-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-263-04096-X"><bdi>2-263-04096-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petite+encylop%C3%A9die+de+l%27architecture&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pub=Solar&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=2-263-04096-X&rft.aulast=Prina&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rft.au=Demartini%2C+Elena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI+style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2014" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Owen (2014). <i>Les styles en architecture</i>. Dunod. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-10-070689-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-10-070689-1"><bdi>978-2-10-070689-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+styles+en+architecture&rft.pub=Dunod&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-10-070689-1&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI+style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenault2006" class="citation book cs1">Renault, Christophe (2006). <i>Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier</i>. Paris, France: Gisserot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-877-4746-58" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-877-4746-58"><bdi>978-2-877-4746-58</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Styles+de+l%27architecture+et+du+mobilier&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pub=Gisserot&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2-877-4746-58&rft.aulast=Renault&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI+style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTexier2012" class="citation book cs1">Texier, Simon (2012). <i>Paris- Panorama de l'architecture de l'Antiquité à nos jours</i>. Paris, France: Parigramme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84096-667-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84096-667-8"><bdi>978-2-84096-667-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris-+Panorama+de+l%27architecture+de+l%27Antiquit%C3%A9+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pub=Parigramme&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-2-84096-667-8&rft.aulast=Texier&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI+style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Dictionnaire Historique de Paris</i>. Le Livre de Poche. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-253-13140-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-253-13140-3"><bdi>978-2-253-13140-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+Historique+de+Paris&rft.pub=Le+Livre+de+Poche&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-2-253-13140-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI+style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVila2006" class="citation book cs1">Vila, Marie Christine (2006). <i>Paris Musique- Huit Siècles d'histoire</i>. Paris, France: Parigramme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84096-419-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84096-419-3"><bdi>978-2-84096-419-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+Musique-+Huit+Si%C3%A8cles+d%27histoire&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pub=Parigramme&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2-84096-419-3&rft.aulast=Vila&rft.aufirst=Marie+Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XVI+style" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture" title="Baroque Revival architecture">Baroque Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture">Neo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_Gothic" title="Carpenter Gothic">Carpenter Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Egyptian Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_provincial_architecture" title="French provincial architecture">French Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neo-Grec" title="Neo-Grec">Neo-Grec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Revival_architecture" title="Mayan Revival architecture">Mayan Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Renaissance Revival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauesque" title="Châteauesque">Châteauesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianate_architecture" title="Italianate architecture">Italianate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_style_architecture" title="Palazzo style architecture">Palazzo style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo_Revival" title="Rococo Revival">Rococo Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture" title="Romanesque Revival architecture">Romanesque Revival</a></li> <li>Second Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_style" title="Second Empire style">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture_in_Europe" title="Second Empire architecture in Europe">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Second Empire architecture in the United States and Canada">North American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial Revival architecture">Spanish Colonial Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_chalet_style" title="Swiss chalet style">Swiss chalet style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_style" title="Henry II style">Henry II style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_style" title="Henry IV style">Henry IV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_style" title="Louis XIII style">Louis XIII style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_Louis_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Style Louis XIV">Louis XIV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_Louis_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="Style Louis XV">Louis XV style</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis XVI style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_in_France" title="Neoclassicism in France">Neoclassicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Restoration_style" title="French Restoration style">French Restoration style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_style" title="Louis Philippe style">Louis Philippe style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_style" title="Second Empire style">Second Empire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany, Austria-Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit" title="Gründerzeit">Gründerzeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort_architecture" title="Resort architecture">Resort style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rundbogenstil" title="Rundbogenstil">Rundbogenstil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great Britain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adamesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Byzantine" title="Bristol Byzantine">Bristol Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_architecture" title="Edwardian architecture">Edwardian Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture_in_the_British_Isles" title="Egyptian Revival architecture in the British Isles">Egyptian Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Revival">Georgian Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a> <ul><li>British India</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobethan" title="Jacobethan">Jacobethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Palladian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Palladian">Neo-Palladian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture" title="Queen Anne style architecture">Queen Anne Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regency_architecture" title="Regency architecture">Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romanesque Revival architecture in the United Kingdom">Romanesque Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_baronial_architecture" title="Scottish baronial architecture">Scottish Baronial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture" title="Tudor Revival architecture">Tudor Revival</a> / <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_Revival_architecture" title="Black-and-white Revival architecture">Black-and-white Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Revival_architecture" title="Mycenaean Revival architecture">Mycenaean Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stile_Umbertino" title="Stile Umbertino">Stile Umbertino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Milan" title="Neoclassical architecture in Milan">Milan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(architecture)" title="Traditionalist School (architecture)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragestil" title="Dragestil">Dragon style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Romantic_style" title="National Romantic style">National Romantic style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavian_style" title="Gustavian style">Gustavian style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Classicism" title="Nordic Classicism">Nordic Classicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Manueline" title="Neo-Manueline">Neo-Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Neo-Mudéjar">Neo-Mudéjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_Portuguese_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft Portuguese style">Soft Portuguese style</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakopane_Style" title="Zakopane Style">Zakopane Style</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revival_architecture" title="Romanian Revival architecture">Romanian Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian Empire and USSR</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire">Neo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_neoclassical_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian neoclassical revival">Neoclassical Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival_architecture" title="Russian Revival architecture">Russian Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Byzantine_Revival_architecture" title="Serbo-Byzantine Revival architecture">Serbo-Byzantine Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Neo-Mudéjar">Neo-Mudéjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Renaissance" title="American Renaissance">American Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Gothic" title="Collegiate Gothic">Collegiate Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Colonial Revival architecture">Colonial Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Dutch Colonial Revival architecture">Dutch Colonial Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_architecture" title="Federal architecture">Federal style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco_Deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco Deco">Greco Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_architecture" title="Jeffersonian architecture">Jeffersonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture" title="Mediterranean Revival architecture">Mediterranean Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture" title="Mission Revival architecture">Mission Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revival_architecture" title="Pueblo Revival architecture">Pueblo Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cathedral_style" title="Polish cathedral style">Polish cathedral style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Queen Anne style architecture in the United States">Queen Anne style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richardsonian_Romanesque" title="Richardsonian Romanesque">Richardsonian Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Revival_architecture" title="Territorial Revival architecture">Territorial Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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