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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Historical background </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Historical background subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jameson_Raid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jameson_Raid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Jameson Raid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jameson_Raid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escalation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escalation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Escalation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escalation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arming_the_Boers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arming_the_Boers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Arming the Boers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arming_the_Boers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_case_for_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_case_for_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 British case for war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_case_for_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negotiations_fail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negotiations_fail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Negotiations fail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negotiations_fail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kruger's_ultimatum_and_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kruger's_ultimatum_and_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Kruger's ultimatum and war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kruger's_ultimatum_and_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_phase:_The_Boer_offensive_(October–December_1899)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_phase:_The_Boer_offensive_(October–December_1899)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 First phase: The Boer offensive (October–December 1899) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_phase:_The_Boer_offensive_(October–December_1899)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle First phase: The Boer offensive (October–December 1899) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-First_phase:_The_Boer_offensive_(October–December_1899)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_Army_deployed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Army_deployed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 British Army deployed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Army_deployed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boer_organization_and_skills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boer_organization_and_skills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Boer organization and skills </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boer_organization_and_skills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boers_besiege_Ladysmith,_Mafeking_and_Kimberley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boers_besiege_Ladysmith,_Mafeking_and_Kimberley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Boers besiege Ladysmith, Mafeking and Kimberley </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boers_besiege_Ladysmith,_Mafeking_and_Kimberley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_British_relief_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_British_relief_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 First British relief attempts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_British_relief_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_phase:_The_British_offensive_of_January_to_September_1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_phase:_The_British_offensive_of_January_to_September_1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Second phase: The British offensive of January to September 1900 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_phase:_The_British_offensive_of_January_to_September_1900-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Second phase: The British offensive of January to September 1900 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Second_phase:_The_British_offensive_of_January_to_September_1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buller_replaced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buller_replaced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Buller replaced </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buller_replaced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roberts_relieves_the_sieges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roberts_relieves_the_sieges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Roberts relieves the sieges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roberts_relieves_the_sieges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capture_of_Pretoria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capture_of_Pretoria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Capture of Pretoria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capture_of_Pretoria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boers_retreat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boers_retreat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Boers retreat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boers_retreat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prisoners_of_war_sent_overseas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prisoners_of_war_sent_overseas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Prisoners of war sent overseas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prisoners_of_war_sent_overseas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oath_of_neutrality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oath_of_neutrality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Oath of neutrality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oath_of_neutrality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_phase:_Guerrilla_war_(September_1900_–_May_1902)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_phase:_Guerrilla_war_(September_1900_–_May_1902)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Third phase: Guerrilla war (September 1900 – May 1902) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Third_phase:_Guerrilla_war_(September_1900_–_May_1902)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Third phase: Guerrilla war (September 1900 – May 1902) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Third_phase:_Guerrilla_war_(September_1900_–_May_1902)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_of_blockhouses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_blockhouses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Use of blockhouses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_blockhouses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scorched_earth_campaign_against_civilians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scorched_earth_campaign_against_civilians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Scorched earth campaign against civilians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scorched_earth_campaign_against_civilians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_committees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_committees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Peace committees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_committees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joiners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joiners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Joiners </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joiners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orange_Free_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orange_Free_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Orange Free State </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orange_Free_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Transvaal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Transvaal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Western Transvaal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Transvaal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Transvaal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Transvaal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Eastern Transvaal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Transvaal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cape_Colony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cape_Colony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Cape Colony </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cape_Colony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boer_foreign_volunteers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boer_foreign_volunteers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Boer foreign volunteers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boer_foreign_volunteers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conclusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conclusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Conclusion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conclusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nonwhite_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonwhite_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Nonwhite roles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nonwhite_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concentration_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concentration_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Concentration camps </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Concentration_camps-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Concentration camps subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Concentration_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cost_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Cost of the war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_crimes_trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crimes_trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 War crimes trial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_crimes_trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_and_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_and_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Aftermath and analysis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath_and_analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath and analysis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_and_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Union_of_South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_of_South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Union of South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_of_South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_of_the_war_on_domestic_British_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_the_war_on_domestic_British_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Effect of the war on domestic British politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_the_war_on_domestic_British_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Horses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Imperial involvement </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Imperial_involvement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Imperial involvement subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Imperial_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhodesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhodesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5 Rhodesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhodesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.6 South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_participants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_participants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notable participants </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_participants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable participants subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_participants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boer_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boer_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Boer leaders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boer_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_and_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_and_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 United Kingdom and empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_and_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.1 Military leaders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilians_and_other_combatants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilians_and_other_combatants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.2 Civilians and other combatants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilians_and_other_combatants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Final overview </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Final_overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Final overview subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Final_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Views_on_British_tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_British_tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Views on British tactics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_British_tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Commemorations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Second Boer War</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" > 63 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Vryheidsoorlog" title="Tweede Vryheidsoorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tweede Vryheidsoorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حرب البوير الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب البوير الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_B%C3%B3er" title="Segunda Guerra Bóer – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Segunda Guerra Bóer" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kinci_Bur_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="İkinci Bur müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İkinci Bur müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="ایکینجی بوئر ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی بوئر ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-j%C4%AB-chh%C3%B9_Boer_Chi%C3%A0n-cheng" title="Tē-jī-chhù Boer Chiàn-cheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-jī-chhù Boer Chiàn-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Втора англо-бурска война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Втора англо-бурска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eil_brezel_ar_Voeren" title="Eil brezel ar Voeren – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eil brezel ar Voeren" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segona_Guerra_B%C3%B2er" title="Segona Guerra Bòer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segona Guerra Bòer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_b%C3%BArsk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Druhá búrská válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Druhá búrská válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ail_Ryfel_y_Boer" title="Ail Ryfel y Boer – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ail Ryfel y Boer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anden_Boerkrig" title="Anden Boerkrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anden Boerkrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="lesenswerter Artikel"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweiter_Burenkrieg" title="Zweiter Burenkrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zweiter Burenkrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teine_buuri_s%C3%B5da" title="Teine buuri sõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teine buuri sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%82" title="Δεύτερος Πόλεμος των Μπόερς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δεύτερος Πόλεμος των Μπόερς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_guerra_b%C3%B3er" title="Segunda guerra bóer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Segunda guerra bóer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_Bura_milito" title="Dua Bura milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dua Bura milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigarren_Boer_Gerra" title="Bigarren Boer Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bigarren Boer Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="جنگ بوئر دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ بوئر دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconde_guerre_des_Boers" title="Seconde guerre des Boers – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Seconde guerre des Boers" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twadde_Boere-oarloch" title="Twadde Boere-oarloch – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Twadde Boere-oarloch" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dara_Cogadh_na_mB%C3%B3rach" title="Dara Cogadh na mBórach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dara Cogadh na mBórach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_guerra_b%C3%B3er" title="Segunda guerra bóer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Segunda guerra bóer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%B0%A8_%EB%B3%B4%EC%96%B4_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="제2차 보어 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2차 보어 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%B8-%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Անգլո-բուրական պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անգլո-բուրական պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_burski_rat" title="Drugi burski rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Drugi burski rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Boer_Kedua" title="Perang Boer Kedua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Boer Kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinna_B%C3%BAastr%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Seinna Búastríðið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Seinna Búastríðið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_guerra_boera" title="Seconda guerra boera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Seconda guerra boera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מלחמת הבורים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת הבורים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ბურების მეორე ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბურების მეორე ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD-%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ағылшын-Бур соғысы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ағылшын-Бур соғысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D1%83" title="Англия-Бур согушу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Англия-Бур согушу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang%C4%BCu%E2%80%94b%C5%ABru_kar%C5%A1" title="Angļu—būru karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Angļu—būru karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1sodik_b%C3%BAr_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Második búr háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Második búr háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="दुसरे बोअर युद्ध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दुसरे बोअर युद्ध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Boer_Kedua" title="Perang Boer Kedua – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Boer Kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A_%E1%80%97%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2" title="ဒုတိယ ဗိုးဝါးစစ်ပွဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒုတိယ ဗိုးဝါးစစ်ပွဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Boerenoorlog" title="Tweede Boerenoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tweede Boerenoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naist_Buurenkrich" title="Naist Buurenkrich – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Naist Buurenkrich" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boerkrigen" title="Boerkrigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Boerkrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segonda_Gu%C3%A8rra_dei_Boers" title="Segonda Guèrra dei Boers – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Segonda Guèrra dei Boers" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angliya-Burlar_urushi" title="Angliya-Burlar urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Angliya-Burlar urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د بوئر دویمه جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د بوئر دویمه جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_wojna_burska" title="II wojna burska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="II wojna burska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_dos_B%C3%B4eres" title="Segunda Guerra dos Bôeres – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Segunda Guerra dos Bôeres" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_al_Burilor" title="Al Doilea Război al Burilor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Al Doilea Război al Burilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вторая англо-бурская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вторая англо-бурская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Second Boer War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1899–1902 war in South Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Boer War" redirects here. For the first conflict, see <a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Boer_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Boer War (disambiguation)">Boer War (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Second Boer War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Boer_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Wars">Boer Wars</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Boer_War_Collage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Second_Boer_War_Collage.png/250px-Second_Boer_War_Collage.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Second_Boer_War_Collage.png/375px-Second_Boer_War_Collage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Second_Boer_War_Collage.png/500px-Second_Boer_War_Collage.png 2x" data-file-width="2662" data-file-height="2761" /></a> Clockwise from top left: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Boers in action at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Colenso" title="Second Battle of Colenso">Second Battle of Colenso</a></li> <li>The 17th Lancers holding off an attack at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elands_River_(1901)" title="Battle of Elands River (1901)">Elands River</a></li> <li>Boers at the besieged city of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mafeking" title="Siege of Mafeking">Mafeking</a></li> <li>Boer militia at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spion_Kop" title="Battle of Spion Kop">Battle of Spion Kop</a></li> <li>Canadian troops during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paardeberg" title="Battle of Paardeberg">Battle of Paardeberg</a></li> <li>General <a href="/wiki/Redvers_Buller" title="Redvers Buller">Redvers Buller</a> entering <a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Ladysmith" title="Relief of Ladysmith">Ladysmith</a> on 27 Feb 1900</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902 (2 years, 7 months, 20 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Southern Africa (present-day <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Jones1999-3">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> British victory <ul><li>Conquest and dissolution of the South African Republic and Orange Free State<a href="#cite_note-Grattan2009-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haydon1964-5">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vereeniging" title="Treaty of Vereeniging">Treaty of Vereeniging</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> The Boer republics are absorbed into the British Empire in accordance with the Treaty of Vereeniging.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Cape_Colony_%281876%E2%80%931910%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cape_Colony_%281876%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Cape_Colony_%281876%E2%80%931910%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cape_Colony_%281876%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Cape_Colony_%281876%E2%80%931910%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cape_Colony_%281876%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Cape_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_the_Natal_Colony_%281875%E2%80%931910%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Natal_Colony_%281875%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_the_Natal_Colony_%281875%E2%80%931910%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Natal_Colony_%281875%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_the_Natal_Colony_%281875%E2%80%931910%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Natal_Colony_%281875%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Natal_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Natal Colony">Natal Colony</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_BSAC.svg/23px-Flag_of_BSAC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_BSAC.svg/35px-Flag_of_BSAC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_BSAC.svg/46px-Flag_of_BSAC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Australia_%281901%E2%80%931903%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%281901%E2%80%931903%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Australia_%281901%E2%80%931903%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%281901%E2%80%931903%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Australia_%281901%E2%80%931903%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%281901%E2%80%931903%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> </li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Transvaal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Transvaal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Transvaal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Transvaal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Transvaal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Transvaal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_the_Orange_Free_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Orange_Free_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_the_Orange_Free_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Orange_Free_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_the_Orange_Free_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Orange_Free_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="280" /> <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape</a> <a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Boer_foreign_volunteers" title="Boer foreign volunteers">Foreign volunteers:</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/19px-Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/29px-Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/38px-Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Sweden–Norway</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Leinster_%28bright%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Leinster_%28bright%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Leinster_%28bright%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Leinster_%28bright%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Leinster_%28bright%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Leinster_%28bright%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">Ireland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Royal_Standard_of_the_Tsar_of_Poland_%281815%E2%80%931830%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_Tsar_of_Poland_%281815%E2%80%931830%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Royal_Standard_of_the_Tsar_of_Poland_%281815%E2%80%931830%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_Tsar_of_Poland_%281815%E2%80%931830%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Royal_Standard_of_the_Tsar_of_Poland_%281815%E2%80%931830%29.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_Tsar_of_Poland_%281815%E2%80%931830%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Poland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Robert Gascoyne-Cecil</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Milner,_1st_Viscount_Milner" title="Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner">Alfred Milner</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Frederick Roberts</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Robertson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Robertson, 1st Baronet">William Robertson</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Methuen,_3rd_Baron_Methuen" title="Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen">Paul Methuen</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Redvers_Buller" title="Redvers Buller">Redvers Buller</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Herbert Kitchener</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Lambart,_10th_Earl_of_Cavan" title="Rudolph Lambart, 10th Earl of Cavan">Rudolph Lambart</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baden-Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Baden-Powell">Robert Baden-Powell</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Plumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Plumer">Herbert Plumer</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Louis_Lessard" title="François-Louis Lessard">François-Louis Lessard</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Australia_%281901%E2%80%931903%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%281901%E2%80%931903%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Australia_%281901%E2%80%931903%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%281901%E2%80%931903%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Australia_%281901%E2%80%931903%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%281901%E2%80%931903%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Tunbridge" title="Walter Tunbridge">Walter Tunbridge</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Transvaal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Transvaal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Transvaal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Transvaal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Transvaal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Transvaal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kruger" title="Paul Kruger">Paul Kruger</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Transvaal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Transvaal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Transvaal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Transvaal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Transvaal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Transvaal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Koos_de_la_Rey" title="Koos de la Rey">Koos de la Rey</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Transvaal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Transvaal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Transvaal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Transvaal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Transvaal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Transvaal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Botha" title="Louis Botha">Louis Botha</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Transvaal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Transvaal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Transvaal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Transvaal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Transvaal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Transvaal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Schalk_W._Burger" class="mw-redirect" title="Schalk W. Burger">Schalk W. Burger</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Transvaal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Transvaal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Transvaal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Transvaal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Transvaal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Transvaal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Piet_Cronj%C3%A9" title="Piet Cronjé">Piet Cronjé</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Transvaal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Transvaal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Transvaal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Transvaal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Transvaal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Transvaal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Piet_Joubert" title="Piet Joubert">Piet Joubert</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Transvaal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Transvaal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Transvaal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Transvaal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Transvaal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Transvaal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_the_Orange_Free_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Orange_Free_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_the_Orange_Free_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Orange_Free_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_the_Orange_Free_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Orange_Free_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="280" /> <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Theunis_Steyn" title="Martinus Theunis Steyn">Martinus Steyn</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_the_Orange_Free_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Orange_Free_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_the_Orange_Free_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Orange_Free_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_the_Orange_Free_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Orange_Free_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="280" /> <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_de_Wet" title="Christiaan de Wet">Christiaan de Wet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> British: 347,000 Colonial: 103,000–153,000 African auxiliaries: 100,000<a href="#cite_note-auto-6">[4]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Boer Commandos: 25,000 Transvaal Boers 15,000 Free State Boers 6,000–7,000 Cape Boers<a href="#cite_note-Scholtz-7">[5]</a> African auxiliaries: 10,000<a href="#cite_note-auto-6">[4]</a> Foreign volunteers: 5,400+[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 22,092 dead<a href="#cite_note-9">[c]</a> 75,430 returned home sick or wounded<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessels201179-10">[7]</a> 934 missing Total: ~99,284</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 6,189 dead<a href="#cite_note-11">[d]</a> 24,000 captured (sent overseas)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] 21,256 <a href="/wiki/Bittereinder" title="Bittereinder">bitter-enders</a> surrendered (at the end of the war)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessels201179-10">[7]</a> Total: ~51,445</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Civilian casualties: 46,370 fatalities 26,370 Boer women and children died in concentration camps 20,000+ Africans of the 115,000 interned in separate concentration camps.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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<li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Tunisia" title="French conquest of Tunisia">Tunisia (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Sudan (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Egypt (1882)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandingo_Wars" title="Mandingo Wars">Wassoulou (1883)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Hova_Wars" title="Franco-Hova Wars">Madagascar (1883)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition" title="Emin Pasha Relief Expedition">Equatoria (1886–89)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banadir_resistance" title="Banadir resistance">Somalia (1888–1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Ethiopian_War_of_1887%E2%80%931889" title="Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889">Eritrea (1889)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batetela_rebellion" title="Batetela rebellion">Congo (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Franco-Dahomean_War" title="First Franco-Dahomean War">Dahomey (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Column" title="Pioneer Column">Mashonaland (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stairs_Expedition_to_Katanga" title="Stairs Expedition to Katanga">Katanga (1891−92)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Franco-Dahomean_War" title="Second Franco-Dahomean War">Dahomey (1892)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">Matabeleland (1893)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Melillan_campaign" title="First Melillan campaign">Morocco (1893–94)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandingo_Wars" title="Mandingo Wars">Wassoulou (1894)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars" title="Anglo-Ashanti wars">Ashanti (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid"> South Africa (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia (1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Matabele_War" title="Second Matabele War">Matabeleland (1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zanzibar_War" title="Anglo-Zanzibar War">Zanzibar (1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897" title="Benin Expedition of 1897">Benin (1897)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandingo_Wars" title="Mandingo Wars">Wassoulou (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voulet%E2%80%93Chanoine_Mission" title="Voulet–Chanoine Mission">Chad (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashoda_Incident" title="Fashoda Incident">Fashoda (1898)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Africa (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland (1900)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Aro_War" title="Anglo-Aro War">Aro (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailundo_revolt" title="Bailundo revolt">Angola (1902)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herero_Wars" title="Herero Wars">Namibia (1904)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maji_Maji_Rebellion" title="Maji Maji Rebellion">Tanganyika (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Morocco (1905–06)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">South Africa (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">Morocco (1907–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mufilo" title="Battle of Mufilo">Mufilo (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Melillan_campaign" title="Second Melillan campaign">Morocco (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadai_War" title="Wadai War">Ouaddai (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Morocco (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Libya (1911–12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">South Africa (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Darfur (1916)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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title="Battle of Elandslaagte">Elandslaagte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ladysmith" title="Battle of Ladysmith">1st Ladysmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ladysmith" title="Siege of Ladysmith">2nd Ladysmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Colenso" title="First Battle of Colenso">1st Colenso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chieveley" title="Battle of Chieveley">Chieveley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Willow_Grange" title="Battle of Willow Grange">Willow Grange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belmont_(1899)" title="Battle of Belmont (1899)">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Graspan" title="Battle of Graspan">Graspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Modder_River" title="Battle of Modder River">Modder River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Week" title="Black Week">Black Week</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stormberg" title="Battle of Stormberg">Stormberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magersfontein" title="Battle of Magersfontein">Magersfontein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Colenso" title="Second Battle of Colenso">2nd Colenso</a></li></ul></li></ul> 1900 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spion_Kop" title="Battle of Spion Kop">Spion Kop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vaal_Krantz" title="Battle of Vaal Krantz">Vaal Krantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paardeberg" title="Battle of Paardeberg">Paardeberg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1900)" title="Bloody Sunday (1900)">Bloody Sunday</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tugela_Heights" title="Battle of the Tugela Heights">Tugela Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Ladysmith" title="Relief of Ladysmith">3rd Ladysmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poplar_Grove" title="Battle of Poplar Grove">Poplar Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Driefontein" title="Battle of Driefontein">Driefontein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanna%27s_Post" title="Sanna's Post">Sanna's Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boshof" title="Battle of Boshof">Boshof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Veertien_Strome" title="Battle of Veertien Strome">Veertien Strome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advance_on_Pretoria" title="Advance on Pretoria">Pretoria Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Faber%27s_Put" title="Battle of Faber's Put">Faber's Put</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diamond_Hill" title="Battle of Diamond Hill">Diamond Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Witpoort" title="Battle of Witpoort">Witpoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elands_River_(1900)" title="Battle of Elands River (1900)">1st Elands River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bergendal" title="Battle of Bergendal">Bergendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bothaville" title="Battle of Bothaville">Bothaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhenosterkop" title="Battle of Rhenosterkop">Rhenosterkop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leliefontein" title="Battle of Leliefontein">Leliefontein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nooitgedacht" title="Battle of Nooitgedacht">Nooitgedacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helvetia" title="Battle of Helvetia">Helvetia</a></li></ul> 1901 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Middelfontein" title="Battle of Middelfontein">Middelfontein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hartbeesfontein" title="Battle of Hartbeesfontein">Hartbeesfontein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Groenkloof" title="Battle of Groenkloof">Groenkloof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaker_Morant#The_Battle_at_Duivelskloof" title="Breaker Morant">Duivelskloof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elands_River_(1901)" title="Battle of Elands River (1901)">2nd Elands River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blood_River_Poort" title="Battle of Blood River Poort">Blood River Poort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bakenlaagte" title="Battle of Bakenlaagte">Bakenlaagte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Groenkop" title="Battle of Groenkop">Groenkop</a></li></ul> 1902 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tweebosch" title="Battle of Tweebosch">Tweebosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hart%27s_River" title="Battle of Hart's River">Hart's River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rooiwal" title="Battle of Rooiwal">Rooiwal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natal_Front" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Natal Front</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talana_Hill" title="Battle of Talana Hill">Talana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elandslaagte" title="Battle of Elandslaagte">Elandslaagte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ladysmith" title="Battle of Ladysmith">Ladysmith (Battle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ladysmith" title="Siege of Ladysmith">Ladysmith (Siege)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Colenso" title="First Battle of Colenso">1st Colenso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chieveley" title="Battle of Chieveley">Chieveley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Willow_Grange" title="Battle of Willow Grange">Willow Grange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Colenso" title="Second Battle of Colenso">2nd Colenso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spion_Kop" title="Battle of Spion Kop">Spion Kop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vaal_Krantz" title="Battle of Vaal Krantz">Vaal Kranz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tugela_Heights" title="Battle of the Tugela Heights">Tugela Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Ladysmith" title="Relief of Ladysmith">Ladysmith (Relief)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laing%27s_Nek_(1900)" title="Battle of Laing's Nek (1900)">Laing's Nek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blood_River_Poort" title="Battle of Blood River Poort">Blood River Port</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bechuanaland_Front" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Bechuanaland_Front" title="Template:Campaignbox Bechuanaland Front"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Campaignbox_Bechuanaland_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Bechuanaland Front (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Bechuanaland_Front" 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aria-labelledby="Orange_Free_State_Front" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Orange_Free_State_Front" title="Template:Campaignbox Orange Free State Front"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Campaignbox_Orange_Free_State_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Orange 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title="Battle of Magersfontein">Magersfontein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paardeberg" title="Battle of Paardeberg">Paardeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poplar_Grove" title="Battle of Poplar Grove">Poplar Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Driefontein" title="Battle of Driefontein">Driefontein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanna%27s_Post" title="Sanna's Post">Sanna's Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boshof" title="Battle of Boshof">Boshof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zand_River" title="Battle of Zand River">Zand River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Biddulphsberg" title="Battle of Biddulphsberg">Biddulphsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Groenkop" title="Battle of Groenkop">Groenkop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cape_Colony_Front" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Cape_Colony_Front" title="Template:Campaignbox Cape Colony Front"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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Streams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elands_River_(1901)" title="Battle of Elands River (1901)">2nd Elands River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Groenkloof" title="Battle of Groenkloof">Groenkloof</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transvaal_Front" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Transvaal_Front" title="Template:Campaignbox Transvaal Front"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Transvaal_Front" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Transvaal Front"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Transvaal_Front" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Transvaal Front"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transvaal_Front" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Transvaal Front</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advance_on_Pretoria" title="Advance on Pretoria">Pretoria Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doornkop" title="Battle of Doornkop">Doornkop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diamond_Hill" title="Battle of Diamond Hill">Diamond Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Witpoort" title="Battle of Witpoort">Witpoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elands_River_(1900)" title="Battle of Elands River (1900)">1st Elands River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bergendal" title="Battle of Bergendal">Bergendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhenosterkop" title="Battle of Rhenosterkop">Rhenosterkop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leliefontein" title="Battle of Leliefontein">Leliefontein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nooitgedacht" title="Battle of Nooitgedacht">Nooitgedacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helvetia" title="Battle of Helvetia">Helvetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Middelfontein" title="Battle of Middelfontein">Middelfontein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hartbeesfontein" title="Battle of Hartbeesfontein">Hartbeesfontein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaker_Morant#The_Battle_at_Duivelskloof" title="Breaker Morant">Duivelskloof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bakenlaagte" title="Battle of Bakenlaagte">Bakenlaagte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rooiwal" title="Battle of Rooiwal">Rooiwal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The Second Boer War (<a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a>: Tweede Vryheidsoorlog, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Second Freedom War', 11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902), also known as the Boer War, Transvaal War,<a href="#cite_note-12">[8]</a> Anglo–Boer War, or South African War, was a conflict fought between the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and the two <a href="/wiki/Boer_republics" title="Boer republics">Boer republics</a> (the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a>) over the Empire's influence in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand Gold Rush</a> caused a large influx of "<a href="/wiki/Uitlander" title="Uitlander">foreigners</a>" (Uitlanders) to the South African Republic (SAR), mostly British from the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>. As they, for fear of a hostile takeover of the SAR, were permitted to vote only after fourteen years of residence, they protested to the British authorities in the Cape. Negotiations failed at the botched <a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein_Conference" title="Bloemfontein Conference">Bloemfontein Conference</a> in June 1899. The conflict broke out in October after the British government decided to send 10,000 troops to South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-13">[9]</a> With a delay, this provoked a Boer and British ultimatum and subsequent Boer <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">irregulars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> attacks on British colonial settlements in <a href="/wiki/Natal_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Natal Colony">Natal Colony</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a> placed <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ladysmith" title="Siege of Ladysmith">Ladysmith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kimberley" title="Siege of Kimberley">Kimberley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mafeking" title="Siege of Mafeking">Mafeking</a> under siege, and won victories at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colenso" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Colenso">Colenso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magersfontein" title="Battle of Magersfontein">Magersfontein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stormberg" title="Battle of Stormberg">Stormberg</a>. Increased numbers of <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> soldiers were brought to Southern Africa and mounted unsuccessful attacks against the Boers. However, British fortunes changed when their commanding officer, <a href="/wiki/Redvers_Buller" title="Redvers Buller">General Redvers Buller</a>, was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Lord Roberts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Lord Kitchener</a>, who relieved the besieged cities and invaded the Boer republics in early 1900 at the head of a 180,000-strong expeditionary force. The Boers, aware they were unable to resist such a large force, refrained from fighting <a href="/wiki/Pitched_battle" title="Pitched battle">pitched battles</a>, allowing the British to occupy both republics and their capitals, <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-millard-14">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAHonline-16">[12]</a> Boer politicians, including <a href="/wiki/State_President_of_the_South_African_Republic" title="State President of the South African Republic">President of the South African Republic</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kruger" title="Paul Kruger">Paul Kruger</a>, either fled or went into hiding; the British Empire officially annexed the two republics in 1900. In Britain, the <a href="/wiki/Unionist_government,_1895%E2%80%931905#Salisbury_ministry" title="Unionist government, 1895–1905">Conservative ministry</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a> attempted to capitalise on British military successes by calling an <a href="/wiki/1900_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1900 United Kingdom general election">early general election</a>, dubbed by contemporary observers as a "<a href="/wiki/Khaki_election" title="Khaki election">khaki election</a>". However, Boer fighters took to the hills and launched a guerrilla campaign, becoming known as <a href="/wiki/Bittereinder" title="Bittereinder">bittereinders</a>. Led by generals such as <a href="/wiki/Louis_Botha" title="Louis Botha">Louis Botha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_de_Wet" title="Christiaan de Wet">Christiaan de Wet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Koos_de_la_Rey" title="Koos de la Rey">Koos de la Rey</a>, Boer guerrillas used <a href="/wiki/Hit-and-run_tactics" title="Hit-and-run tactics">hit-and-run attacks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambush" title="Ambush">ambushes</a> against the British for two years.<a href="#cite_note-bristolmercury-17">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a> The guerrilla campaign proved difficult for the British to defeat, due to unfamiliarity with guerrilla tactics and extensive support for the guerrillas among civilians. In response to failures to defeat the guerrillas, British high command ordered <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> policies as part of a large scale and multi-pronged <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a> campaign; a network of <a href="/wiki/Net_(device)" title="Net (device)">nets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">blockhouses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strongpoint" title="Strongpoint">strongpoints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">barbed wire</a> fences was constructed, virtually partitioning the occupied republics. Over 100,000 Boer civilians, mostly women and children, were forcibly relocated into <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War_concentration_camps" title="Second Boer War concentration camps">concentration camps</a>, where 26,000 died, mostly by starvation and disease. Black Africans were interned in concentration camps to prevent them from supplying the Boers; 20,000 died.<a href="#cite_note-www.sahistory.org.za-2011-19">[15]</a> British <a href="/wiki/Mounted_infantry" title="Mounted infantry">mounted infantry</a> were deployed to track down guerrillas, leading to small-scale <a href="/wiki/Skirmisher" title="Skirmisher">skirmishes</a>. Few combatants on either side were <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">killed in action</a>, with most casualties dying from disease. Kitchener offered generous terms of surrender to remaining Boer leaders to end the conflict. Eager to ensure fellow Boers were released from the camps, most Boer commanders accepted the British terms in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vereeniging" title="Treaty of Vereeniging">Treaty of Vereeniging</a>, surrendering in May 1902.<a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a> The former republics were transformed into the British colonies of the <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a>, and in 1910 were merged with the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> and Cape Colonies to form the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">self-governing</a> <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> within the British Empire.<a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> British expeditionary efforts were aided significantly by colonial forces from the Cape Colony, the Natal, <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a> and many volunteers from the British Empire worldwide, particularly <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. Black African recruits contributed increasingly to the British war effort. International public opinion was <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Second_Boer_War#Among_neutrals" title="Opposition to the Second Boer War">sympathetic to the Boers and hostile to the British</a>. Even within the UK, there existed significant <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Second_Boer_War" title="Opposition to the Second Boer War">opposition to the war</a>. As a result, the Boer cause attracted thousands of volunteers from <a href="/wiki/Boer_foreign_volunteers" title="Boer foreign volunteers">neutral countries</a>, including the German Empire, United States, Russia and even some parts of the British Empire such as Australia and Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> Some consider the war the beginning of questioning the British Empire's veneer of impenetrable global dominance, due to the war's surprising duration and the unforeseen losses suffered by the British.<a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant" title="Court-martial of Breaker Morant">trial for British war crimes</a> committed during the war, including the killings of civilians and prisoners, was opened in January 1901. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afrika_Politische_Uebersicht_Maerz_1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Afrika_Politische_Uebersicht_Maerz_1885.jpg/290px-Afrika_Politische_Uebersicht_Maerz_1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Afrika_Politische_Uebersicht_Maerz_1885.jpg/435px-Afrika_Politische_Uebersicht_Maerz_1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Afrika_Politische_Uebersicht_Maerz_1885.jpg/580px-Afrika_Politische_Uebersicht_Maerz_1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2515" /></a><figcaption>The geography of Africa in 1885, between the <a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First</a> and Second Boer Wars</figcaption></figure> The war had three phases. In the first phase, the Boers mounted preemptive strikes into British-held territory in Natal and the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>, besieging the British garrisons of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ladysmith" title="Siege of Ladysmith">Ladysmith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mafeking" title="Siege of Mafeking">Mafeking</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kimberley" title="Siege of Kimberley">Kimberley</a>. The Boers then won a series of tactical victories at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stormberg" title="Battle of Stormberg">Stormberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magersfontein" title="Battle of Magersfontein">Magersfontein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colenso" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Colenso">Colenso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spion_Kop" title="Battle of Spion Kop">Spion Kop</a>. In the second phase, after the number of British troops greatly increased under the command of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Lord Roberts</a>, the British launched another offensive in 1900 to relieve the sieges, this time achieving success. After Natal and the Cape Colony were secure, the British army was able to invade the Transvaal, and the republic's capital, <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>, was ultimately captured in June 1900. In the third and final phase, beginning in March 1900 and lasting a further two years, the Boers conducted a hard-fought guerrilla war, attacking British troop columns, telegraph sites, railways, and storage depots. To deny supplies to the Boer guerrillas, the British, now under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Lord Kitchener</a>, adopted a <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> policy. They cleared vast areas, destroying Boer farms and moving the civilians into concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-Pakenham1979-26">[22]</a>: 439–495  Some parts of the British press and British government expected the campaign to be over within months, and the protracted war gradually became less popular, especially after revelations about the conditions in the concentration camps (where as many as 26,000 Afrikaner women and children died of disease and malnutrition). The Boer forces finally surrendered on Saturday, 31 May 1902, with 54 of the 60 delegates from the Transvaal and Orange Free State voting to accept the terms of the peace treaty.<a href="#cite_note-Wessels2000-27">[23]</a>: 97  This was known as the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vereeniging" title="Treaty of Vereeniging">Treaty of Vereeniging</a>, and under its provisions, the two republics were absorbed into the British Empire, with the promise of self-government in the future. This promise was fulfilled with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> in 1910. The war had a lasting effect on the region and on British domestic politics. For Britain, the Second Boer War was the longest, the most expensive (£211 million, £19.9 billion at 2022 prices), and the bloodiest conflict between 1815 and 1914,<a href="#cite_note-Pakenham1979-26">[22]</a>: xv  lasting three months longer and resulting in more British combat casualties than the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> (1853–1856). Disease took a greater toll in the Crimean War, claiming 17,580 British.<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name">Name</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Duncan_Turnbull_1901,_Boer_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/53/Alexander_Duncan_Turnbull_1901%2C_Boer_War.jpg/170px-Alexander_Duncan_Turnbull_1901%2C_Boer_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="456" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/53/Alexander_Duncan_Turnbull_1901%2C_Boer_War.jpg/255px-Alexander_Duncan_Turnbull_1901%2C_Boer_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/53/Alexander_Duncan_Turnbull_1901%2C_Boer_War.jpg/340px-Alexander_Duncan_Turnbull_1901%2C_Boer_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>(A typical British soldier) Corporal Alexander Duncan Turnbull of Kitchener's Fighting Scouts</figcaption></figure> The conflict is commonly referred to simply as "the Boer War" because the <a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a> (December 1880 to March 1881) was a much smaller conflict. <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boer</a> (meaning "farmer") is the common name for <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/White_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="White South African">white South Africans</a> descended from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>'s original settlers at the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>. Among some South Africans, it is known as the (Second) Anglo–Boer War. In <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, it may be called (in order of frequency) the 'Tweede Vryheidsoorlog ("Second Freedom War"), 'Tweede Boereoorlog ("Second Boer War"), Anglo–Boereoorlog ("Anglo–Boer War") or Engelse oorlog ("English War").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGronum1977-29">[25]</a> In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, it is officially called the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Wars_(1879%E2%80%931915)" title="South African Wars (1879–1915)">South African War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''South_African_History_Online''2011-30">[26]</a> In fact, according to a 2011 <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> report, "most scholars prefer to call the war of 1899–1902 the South African War, thereby acknowledging that all South Africans, white and black, were affected by the war and that many were participants".<a href="#cite_note-bbc01-31">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> The origins of the war were complex and stemmed from more than a century of conflict between the Boers and Britain. Of immediate importance, however, was the question of who would control and benefit most from the very lucrative Witwatersrand gold mines<a href="#cite_note-Pakenham1979-26">[22]</a>: xxi  discovered by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Gerrit_Bantjes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Gerrit Bantjes (page does not exist)">Jan Gerrit Bantjes</a> in June 1884. The first European settlement in South Africa was founded at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652, and thereafter administered as part of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keegan-32">[28]</a> The Cape was governed by the Dutch East India Company, until its bankruptcy in the late 18th century, and was thereafter governed directly by the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greaves-33">[29]</a> As a result of political turmoil in the Netherlands, the British occupied the Cape three times during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, and the occupation became permanent after British forces defeated the Dutch at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Battle of Blaauwberg</a> in 1806.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrisLinnegar200458–95-34">[30]</a> At the time, the colony was home to about 26,000 colonists settled under Dutch rule.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica1933-35">[31]</a> A relative majority represented old Dutch families brought to the Cape during the late 17th and early 18th centuries; however, close to one-fourth of this demographic was of German origin and one-sixth of French <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-Boeren-36">[32]</a> Cleavages were likelier to occur along socio-economic rather than ethnic lines. Broadly speaking, the colonists included a number of distinct subgroups, including the <a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tribalism-37">[33]</a> The Boers were itinerant farmers who lived on the colony's frontiers, seeking better pastures for their livestock.<a href="#cite_note-Greaves-33">[29]</a> Many were dissatisfied with aspects of British administration, in particular with Britain's abolition of slavery on 1 December 1834. Boers who used forced labor would have been unable to collect compensation for their slaves.<a href="#cite_note-Grant-2015-38">[34]</a> Between 1836 and 1852, many elected to migrate away from British rule in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">Great Trek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrisLinnegar200458–95-34">[30]</a> Around 15,000 trekking Boers departed the Cape Colony and followed the eastern coast towards <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a>. After Britain annexed Natal in 1843, they journeyed farther northwards into South Africa's vast eastern interior. There, they established two independent Boer republics: the South African Republic (1852; also known as the Transvaal Republic) and the Orange Free State (1854). Britain recognised the two Boer republics in 1852 and 1854 but attempted British annexation of the Transvaal in 1877 led to the First Boer War in 1880–1881. After Britain suffered defeats, particularly at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majuba_Hill" title="Battle of Majuba Hill">Battle of Majuba Hill</a> (1881), the independence of the two republics was restored, subject to certain conditions. However, relations remained uneasy. In 1866, diamonds were discovered at <a href="/wiki/Kimberley,_Northern_Cape" title="Kimberley, Northern Cape">Kimberley</a>, prompting a <a href="/wiki/Diamond_rush" title="Diamond rush">diamond rush</a> and a massive influx of foreigners to the borders of the Orange Free State. Then, in June 1884, gold was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand" title="Witwatersrand">Witwatersrand</a> area of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> by <a href="/wiki/Graaff-Reinet" title="Graaff-Reinet">Jan Gerrit Bantjes</a>. Gold made the Transvaal the richest nation in southern Africa; however, the country had neither the manpower nor the industrial base to develop the resource on its own. As a result, the Transvaal reluctantly acquiesced to the immigration of <a href="/wiki/Uitlander" title="Uitlander">uitlanders</a> (foreigners), mainly English-speaking men from Britain, who came to the Boer region in search of fortune and employment. As a result, the number of uitlanders in the Transvaal threatened to exceed the number of Boers, precipitating confrontations between the Boer settlers and the newer, non-Boer arrivals. Britain's expansionist ideas (notably propagated by <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a>) as well as disputes over uitlander political and economic rights led to the failed <a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid</a> of 1895. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Leander_Starr_Jameson" title="Leander Starr Jameson">Leander Starr Jameson</a>, who led the raid, intended to encourage an uprising of the uitlanders in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>. However, the uitlanders did not take up arms in support, and Transvaal government forces surrounded the column and captured Jameson's men before they could reach Johannesburg.<a href="#cite_note-Pakenham1979-26">[22]</a>: 1–5  As tensions escalated, political manoeuvrings and negotiations attempted to reach compromise on the issues of uitlanders' rights within the South African Republic, control of the gold mining industry, and Britain's desire to incorporate the Transvaal and the Orange Free State into a federation under British control. Given the British origins of the majority of uitlanders and the ongoing influx of new uitlanders into Johannesburg, the Boers recognised that granting full voting rights to the uitlanders would eventually result in the loss of ethnic Boer control in the South African Republic. The June 1899 <a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein_Conference" title="Bloemfontein Conference">negotiations in Bloemfontein</a> failed, and in September 1899 British <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Colonial Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> demanded full voting rights and representation for the uitlanders residing in the Transvaal. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kruger" title="Paul Kruger">Paul Kruger</a>, the President of the South African Republic, issued an ultimatum on 9 October 1899, giving the British government 48 hours to withdraw all their troops from the borders of both the Transvaal and the Orange Free State, failing which the Transvaal, allied to the Orange Free State, would declare war on the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a>. (In fact, Kruger had ordered <a href="/wiki/Boer_Commando" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Commando">commandos</a> to the Natal border in early September, and Britain had only troops in garrison towns far from the border.)<a href="#cite_note-Gale_and_Polden-1910-39">[35]</a> The British government rejected the South African Republic's ultimatum, and the South African Republic and <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a> declared war on Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Gale_and_Polden-1910-39">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Historical background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foto_van_oorlog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Foto_van_oorlog.jpg/220px-Foto_van_oorlog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Foto_van_oorlog.jpg/330px-Foto_van_oorlog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Foto_van_oorlog.jpg/440px-Foto_van_oorlog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>Boer victory over the British at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majuba_Hill" title="Battle of Majuba Hill">Battle of Majuba Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a>, 1881</figcaption></figure> The southern part of the African continent was dominated in the 19th century by a set of struggles to create within it a single unified state. In 1868, Britain annexed <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lesotho" title="History of Lesotho">Basutoland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Drakensberg" title="Drakensberg">Drakensberg</a> Mountains, following an appeal from <a href="/wiki/Moshoeshoe_I" title="Moshoeshoe I">Moshoeshoe I</a>, the king of the <a href="/wiki/Sotho_people" title="Sotho people">Sotho people</a>, who sought British protection against the Boers. While the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a> of 1884–1885 sought to draw boundaries between the European powers' African possessions, it also set the stage for further scrambles. Britain attempted to annex first the South African Republic in 1880, and then, in 1899, both the South African Republic and the Orange Free State. In the 1880s, <a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) became the object of a dispute between the Germans to the west, the Boers to the east, and Britain's Cape Colony to the south. Although Bechuanaland had no economic value, the "<a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">Missionaries Road</a>" passed through it towards territory farther north. After the Germans annexed <a href="/wiki/Damaraland" title="Damaraland">Damaraland</a> and Namaqualand (modern <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>) in 1884, Britain annexed Bechuanaland in 1885. In the <a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a> of 1880–1881 the Boers of the Transvaal Republic proved skilful fighters in resisting Britain's attempt at annexation, causing a series of British defeats. The British government of <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> was unwilling to become mired in a distant war, requiring substantial troop reinforcement and expense, for what was perceived at the time to be a minimal return. An armistice ended the war, and subsequently a peace treaty was signed with the Transvaal President Paul Kruger. In June 1884, British imperial interests were ignited in the discovery by Jan Gerrit Bantjes of what would prove to be the world's largest deposit of gold-bearing ore at an outcrop on a large ridge some 69 km (43 mi) south of the Boer capital at Pretoria. The ridge was known locally as the "Witwatersrand" (white water ridge, a watershed). A <a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">gold rush</a> to the Transvaal brought thousands of British and other prospectors and settlers from around the globe and over the border from the Cape Colony, which had been under British control since 1806. <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:right; font-size:95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" style="background:#ccf;">Gold Production on the Witwatersrand 1898 to 1910<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYapLeong_Man1996134-40">[36]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Year</td> <td>No. of Mines</td> <td>Gold output (fine ounces)</td> <td>Value (<a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>)</td> <td>Relative 2010 value (<a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>)<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1898</td> <td>77</td> <td>4,295,608</td> <td>£15,141,376</td> <td>£6,910,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1899 (Jan–Oct)</td> <td>85</td> <td>3,946,545</td> <td>£14,046,686</td> <td>£6,300,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1899 (Nov) – 1901 (Apr)</td> <td>12</td> <td>574,043</td> <td>£2,024,278</td> <td>£908,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1901 (May–Dec)</td> <td>12</td> <td>238,994</td> <td>£1,014,687</td> <td>£441,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1902</td> <td>45</td> <td>1,690,100</td> <td>£7,179,074</td> <td>£3,090,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1903</td> <td>56</td> <td>2,859,482</td> <td>£12,146,307</td> <td>£5,220,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1904</td> <td>62</td> <td>3,658,241</td> <td>£15,539,219</td> <td>£6,640,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1905</td> <td>68</td> <td>4,706,433</td> <td>£19,991,658</td> <td>£8,490,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" colspan="5" style="color:#900;"> </th></tr></tbody></table> The city of Johannesburg sprang up nearly overnight as a <a href="/wiki/Shanty_town" title="Shanty town">shanty town</a>. <a href="/wiki/Uitlanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Uitlanders">Uitlanders</a> (foreigners, white outsiders) poured in and settled around the mines. The influx was so rapid that uitlanders quickly outnumbered the Boers in Johannesburg and along the Rand, although they remained a minority in the Transvaal. The Boers, nervous and resentful of the uitlanders' growing presence, sought to contain their influence through requiring lengthy residential qualifying periods before voting rights could be obtained; by imposing taxes on the gold industry; and by introducing controls through licensing, tariffs and administrative requirements. Among the issues giving rise to tension between the Transvaal government on the one hand and the uitlanders and British interests on the other, were: <ul><li>Established uitlanders, including the mining magnates, wanted political, social, and economic control over their lives. These rights included a stable constitution, a fair franchise law, an independent judiciary and a better educational system. The Boers, for their part, recognised that the more concessions they made to the uitlanders the greater the likelihood—with approximately 30,000 white male Boer voters and potentially 60,000 white male uitlanders—that their independent control of the Transvaal would be lost, and the territory absorbed into the British Empire.</li> <li>The uitlanders resented the taxes levied by the Transvaal government, particularly when this money was not spent on Johannesburg or uitlander interests but diverted to projects elsewhere in the Transvaal. For example, as the gold-bearing ore sloped away from the outcrop underground to the south, more and more blasting was necessary to extract it, and mines consumed vast quantities of explosives. A box of dynamite costing five pounds included five shillings tax. Not only was this tax perceived as exorbitant, but British interests were offended when President <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kruger" title="Paul Kruger">Paul Kruger</a> gave monopoly rights for the manufacture of the explosive to a non-British branch of the Nobel company, which infuriated Britain.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2010)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartwright1964[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2010]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2010)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-42">[38]</a> The so-called "dynamite monopoly" became a <a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a>.</li></ul> British imperial interests were alarmed when in 1894–1895 Kruger proposed building a railway through <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese East Africa">Portuguese East Africa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Maputo_Bay" title="Maputo Bay">Delagoa Bay</a>, bypassing British-controlled ports in Natal and Cape Town and avoiding British tariffs.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2017)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1941[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2017)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-43">[39]</a> At the time, the Prime Minister of the Cape Colony was Cecil Rhodes, a man driven by a vision of a British-controlled Africa extending from the <a href="/wiki/Cape_to_Cairo_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape to Cairo Road">Cape to Cairo</a>. Certain self-appointed uitlanders' representatives and British mine owners became increasingly frustrated and angered by their dealings with the Transvaal government. A Reform Committee (Transvaal) was formed to represent the uitlanders. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jameson_Raid">Jameson Raid</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jameson Raid">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leander_Starr_Jameson00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Leander_Starr_Jameson00.jpg/220px-Leander_Starr_Jameson00.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Leander_Starr_Jameson00.jpg/330px-Leander_Starr_Jameson00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Leander_Starr_Jameson00.jpg/440px-Leander_Starr_Jameson00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1193" /></a><figcaption>A sketch showing the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson</a> after the failed raid, in 1896</figcaption></figure> In 1895, a plan to take Johannesburg and end the control of the Transvaal government was hatched with the connivance of the Cape Prime Minister Rhodes and Johannesburg gold magnate <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Beit" title="Alfred Beit">Alfred Beit</a>. A column of 600 armed men was led over the border from Bechuanaland towards Johannesburg by Jameson, the <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">Administrator in Rhodesia</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a>, of which Cecil Rhodes was the chairman. The column, mainly made up of <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodesia (name)">Rhodesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Bechuanaland">Bechuanaland</a> <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Police" title="British South Africa Police">British South Africa Policemen</a>, was equipped with <a href="/wiki/Maxim_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxim machine gun">Maxim machine guns</a> and some artillery pieces. The plan was to make a three-day dash to Johannesburg and trigger an uprising by the primarily British expatriate uitlanders, organised by the <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Reform_Committee" title="Johannesburg Reform Committee">Johannesburg Reform Committee</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/Boer_commando" title="Boer commando">Boer commandos</a> could mobilise. However, the Transvaal authorities had advance warning of the Jameson Raid and tracked it from the moment it crossed the border. Four days later, the weary and dispirited column was surrounded near <a href="/wiki/Krugersdorp" title="Krugersdorp">Krugersdorp</a>, within sight of Johannesburg. After a brief skirmish in which the column lost 65 killed and wounded—while the Boers lost but one man—Jameson's men surrendered and were arrested by the Boers.<a href="#cite_note-Pakenham1979-26">[22]</a>: 1–5  The botched raid had repercussions throughout southern Africa and in Europe. In Rhodesia, the departure of so many policemen enabled the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people" title="Northern Ndebele people">Matabele</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Mashona</a> peoples' rising against the British South Africa Company. The rebellion, known as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Matabele_War" title="Second Matabele War">Second Matabele War</a>, was suppressed only at a great cost. A few days after the raid, the <a href="/wiki/German_Emperor" title="German Emperor">German Kaiser</a> sent a telegram—known to history as "the <a href="/wiki/Kruger_telegram" title="Kruger telegram">Kruger telegram</a>"—congratulating President Kruger and the government of the South African Republic on their success. When the text of this telegram was disclosed in the British press, it generated a storm of anti-German feeling. In the baggage of the raiding column, to the great embarrassment of Britain, the Boers found telegrams from Cecil Rhodes and the other plotters in Johannesburg. Chamberlain had approved Rhodes' plans to send armed assistance in the case of a Johannesburg uprising, but he quickly moved to condemn the raid. Rhodes was severely censured at the Cape inquiry and the London parliamentary inquiry and was forced to resign as Prime Minister of the Cape and as Chairman of the British South Africa Company, for having sponsored the failed coup d'état. The Boer government handed their prisoners over to the British for trial. Jameson was tried in England, where the British press and London society, inflamed by anti-Boer and anti-German feeling and in a frenzy of jingoism, lionised him and treated him as a hero. Although sentenced to 15 months imprisonment (which he served in <a href="/wiki/Holloway_(HM_Prison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holloway (HM Prison)">Holloway</a>), Jameson was later rewarded by being named Prime Minister of the Cape Colony (1904–1908) and was ultimately anointed as one of the founders of the Union of South Africa. For conspiring with Jameson, the uitlander members of the Reform Committee (Transvaal) were tried in the Transvaal courts and found guilty of high treason. The four leaders were sentenced to death by hanging, but the next day this sentence was commuted to 15 years' imprisonment. In June 1896, the other members of the committee were released on payment of £2,000 each in fines, all of which were paid by Cecil Rhodes. One Reform Committee member, Frederick Gray, committed suicide while in Pretoria <a href="/wiki/Gaol" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaol">gaol</a>, on 16 May. His death was a factor in softening the Transvaal government's attitude to the surviving prisoners. Jan C. Smuts wrote, in 1906: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The Jameson Raid was the real declaration of war ... And that is so in spite of the four years of truce that followed ... [the] aggressors consolidated their alliance ... the defenders on the other hand silently and grimly prepared for the inevitable".<a href="#cite_note-Pakenham1979-26">[22]</a>: 9  </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escalation">Escalation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Escalation">edit</a>]</div> The Jameson Raid alienated many Cape Afrikaners from Britain and united the Transvaal Boers behind President Kruger and his government. It also had the effect of drawing the Transvaal and the Orange Free State (led by President <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Theunis_Steyn" title="Martinus Theunis Steyn">Martinus Theunis Steyn</a>) together in opposition to British imperialism. In 1897, the two republics concluded a military pact. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arming_the_Boers">Arming the Boers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Arming the Boers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KrugerPaulusJohannes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/KrugerPaulusJohannes.jpg/170px-KrugerPaulusJohannes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/KrugerPaulusJohannes.jpg/255px-KrugerPaulusJohannes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/KrugerPaulusJohannes.jpg/340px-KrugerPaulusJohannes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kruger" title="Paul Kruger">Paul Kruger</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> (Transvaal)</figcaption></figure> In earlier conflicts, the Boers' most common weapon was the British <a href="/wiki/Westley_Richards" title="Westley Richards">Westley Richards</a> falling-block breech-loader. In his book The First Boer War, Joseph Lehmann offers this comment: "Employing chiefly the very fine breech-loading Westley Richards – calibre 45; paper cartridge; percussion-cap replaced on the nipple manually—they made it exceedingly dangerous for the British to expose themselves on the skyline".<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rifle,_bolt_action_(AM_1930.61-17).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Rifle%2C_bolt_action_%28AM_1930.61-17%29.jpg/220px-Rifle%2C_bolt_action_%28AM_1930.61-17%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Rifle%2C_bolt_action_%28AM_1930.61-17%29.jpg/330px-Rifle%2C_bolt_action_%28AM_1930.61-17%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Rifle%2C_bolt_action_%28AM_1930.61-17%29.jpg/440px-Rifle%2C_bolt_action_%28AM_1930.61-17%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>Mauser 1895 bolt-action rifle (at the Auckland Museum)</figcaption></figure> Kruger re-equipped the Transvaal army, importing 37,000 of the latest 7x57 mm <a href="/wiki/Mauser_Model_1895" title="Mauser Model 1895">Mauser Model 1895</a> rifles supplied by Germany,<a href="#cite_note-Smith-Christmas-2016-45">[41]</a> and some 40 to 50 million rounds of ammunition.<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wessels2000-27">[23]</a>: 80  Some commandos used the <a href="/wiki/Martini-Henry" class="mw-redirect" title="Martini-Henry">Martini-Henry</a> Mark III, because thousands of these had been purchased. Unfortunately, the large puff of white smoke after firing gave away the shooter's position.<a href="#cite_note-Scarlata-2017-47">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> Roughly 7,000 Guedes 1885 rifles had also been purchased a few years earlier, and these were also used during the hostilities.<a href="#cite_note-Scarlata-2017-47">[43]</a> As the war went on, some commandos relied on captured British rifles, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lee-Metford" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee-Metford">Lee-Metford</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Enfield" title="Lee–Enfield">Enfield</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-Christmas-2016-45">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc01-31">[27]</a> Indeed, when the ammunition for the Mausers ran out, the Boers relied primarily on the captured Lee-Metfords.<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> Regardless of the rifle, few of the Boers used bayonets.<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grant-2015-38">[34]</a> The Boers also purchased the best modern European German Krupp artillery. By October 1899, the Transvaal State Artillery had 73 heavy guns, including four 155 mm <a href="/wiki/155_mm_Creusot_Long_Tom" title="155 mm Creusot Long Tom">Creusot fortress guns</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> and 25 of the 37 mm <a href="/wiki/QF_1_pounder_pom-pom" class="mw-redirect" title="QF 1 pounder pom-pom">Maxim Nordenfeldt guns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wessels2000-27">[23]</a>: 80  The Boers' Maxim, larger than the British Maxims,<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> was a large calibre, belt-fed, water-cooled "auto cannon" that fired explosive rounds (smokeless ammunition) at 450 rounds per minute. It became known as the "Pom Pom".<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> Aside from weaponry, the tactics used by the Boers were significant. As one modern source states, "Boer soldiers ... were adept at guerrilla warfare—something the British had difficulty countering".<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> The Transvaal army was transformed: Approximately 25,000 men equipped with modern rifles and artillery could mobilise within two weeks. However, President Kruger's victory in the Jameson Raid incident did nothing to resolve the fundamental problem of finding a formula to conciliate the uitlanders, without surrendering the independence of the Transvaal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_case_for_war">British case for war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: British case for war">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lee-Metford_Mk_II_-_AM.032034.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Lee-Metford_Mk_II_-_AM.032034.jpg/220px-Lee-Metford_Mk_II_-_AM.032034.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Lee-Metford_Mk_II_-_AM.032034.jpg/330px-Lee-Metford_Mk_II_-_AM.032034.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Lee-Metford_Mk_II_-_AM.032034.jpg/440px-Lee-Metford_Mk_II_-_AM.032034.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2380" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A British <a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Metford" title="Lee–Metford">Lee–Metford</a> rifle used by British troops during the Second Boer War</figcaption></figure> The failure to gain improved rights for uitlanders (notably the goldfields dynamite tax) became a pretext for war and a justification for a big military build-up in Cape Colony. The case for war was developed and espoused as far away as the Australian colonies.<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> Cape Colony Governor Sir <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Milner" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Milner">Alfred Milner</a>; Rhodes; Chamberlain; and <a href="/wiki/Randlord" title="Randlord">mining syndicate owners</a> such as Beit, <a href="/wiki/Barney_Barnato" title="Barney Barnato">Barney Barnato</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Phillips" title="Lionel Phillips">Lionel Phillips</a>, favoured annexation of the Boer republics. Confident that the Boers would be quickly defeated, they planned and organised a short war, citing the uitlanders' grievances as the motivation for the conflict. In contrast, the influence of the war party within the British government was limited. UK Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a>, despised <a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">jingoism</a> and jingoists.<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> He was also uncertain of the abilities of the British Army. Despite both his moral and practical reservations, Salisbury led the United Kingdom to war in order to preserve the British Empire's prestige and feeling a sense of obligation to British South Africans.<a href="#cite_note-58">[e]</a> Salisbury also detested the Boers treatment of native Africans, referring to the <a href="/wiki/London_Convention_(1884)" title="London Convention (1884)">London Convention of 1884</a>, (following Britain's defeat in the first war), as an agreement "really in the interest of slavery".<a href="#cite_note-Steele2000-59">[54]</a>: 7 <a href="#cite_note-Steele2000-59">[54]</a>: 6  Salisbury was not alone in this concern. <a href="/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement">Roger Casement</a>, already well on the way to becoming an Irish Nationalist, was nevertheless happy to gather intelligence for the British against the Boers because of their cruelty to Africans.<a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:England_und_der_Krieg_in_S%C3%BCdafrika_-_Rata_Langa_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/England_und_der_Krieg_in_S%C3%BCdafrika_-_Rata_Langa_1899.jpg/220px-England_und_der_Krieg_in_S%C3%BCdafrika_-_Rata_Langa_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/England_und_der_Krieg_in_S%C3%BCdafrika_-_Rata_Langa_1899.jpg/330px-England_und_der_Krieg_in_S%C3%BCdafrika_-_Rata_Langa_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/England_und_der_Krieg_in_S%C3%BCdafrika_-_Rata_Langa_1899.jpg/440px-England_und_der_Krieg_in_S%C3%BCdafrika_-_Rata_Langa_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3572" data-file-height="2576" /></a><figcaption>1899 German political cartoon: "War and Capitalism, or the transformation of human blood into gold"</figcaption></figure> The British government went against the advice of its generals (including Wolseley) and declined to send substantial reinforcements to South Africa before war broke out. Secretary of State for War Lansdowne did not believe the Boers were preparing for war and that if Britain were to send large numbers of troops to the region it would strike too aggressive a posture and possibly derail a negotiated settlement—or even encourage a Boer attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESurridge200024-61">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negotiations_fail">Negotiations fail</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Negotiations fail">edit</a>]</div> Steyn of the Orange Free State invited Milner and Kruger to attend a conference in <a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a>. The conference started on 30 May 1899, but negotiations quickly broke down, as Kruger had no intention of granting meaningful concessions,<a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a>: 91  and Milner had no intention of accepting his normal delaying tactics.<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kruger's_ultimatum_and_war">Kruger's ultimatum and war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kruger's ultimatum and war">edit</a>]</div> On 9 October 1899, after convincing the Orange Free State to join him and mobilising their forces, Kruger issued an ultimatum giving Britain 48 hours to withdraw all their troops from the border of Transvaal (despite the fact that the only regular British army troops anywhere near the border of either republic were 4 companies of the <a href="/wiki/Loyal_Regiment_(North_Lancashire)" title="Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire)">Loyal North Lancs</a>, who had been deployed to defend Kimberley.<a href="#cite_note-Ash2020-64">[59]</a>: 14 ) Otherwise, the Transvaal, allied with the Orange Free State, would declare war. News of the ultimatum reached London on the day it expired. Outrage and laughter were the main responses. The editor of the Times purportedly laughed out loud when he read it, saying 'an official document is seldom amusing and useful yet this was both'. The Times denounced the ultimatum as an 'extravagant farce' and The Globe denounced this 'trumpery little state'. Most editorials were similar to the Daily Telegraph's, which declared: 'of course there can only be one answer to this grotesque challenge. Kruger has asked for war and war he must have!'[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Such views were far from those of the British government and from those in the army. To most sensible observers, army reform had been a matter of pressing concern since the 1870s, constantly put off because the British public did not want the expense of a larger, more professional army and because a large home army was not politically welcome. Lord Salisbury, the Prime Minister, had to tell a surprised <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> that 'We have no army capable of meeting even a second-class Continental Power'.<a href="#cite_note-Steele2000-59">[54]</a>: 4  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_phase:_The_Boer_offensive_(October–December_1899)">First phase: The Boer offensive (October–December 1899)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: First phase: The Boer offensive (October–December 1899)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Army_deployed">British Army deployed</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: British Army deployed">edit</a>]</div> When war with the Boer republics was imminent in September 1899, a Field Force, referred to as the Army Corps (sometimes 1st Army Corps) was mobilised and sent to Cape Town. It was "about the equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="I Corps (United Kingdom)">I Army Corps</a> of the existing mobilization scheme" and was placed under the command of Gen Sir <a href="/wiki/Redvers_Buller" title="Redvers Buller">Redvers Buller</a>, general officer commanding-in-chief of <a href="/wiki/Aldershot_Command" title="Aldershot Command">Aldershot Command</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a> In South Africa the corps never operated as such and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_1st_Division_between_1809%E2%80%931909" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the British 1st Division between 1809–1909">1st</a>, <a href="/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="2nd Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">2nd</a>, <a href="/wiki/3rd_Division_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Division (United Kingdom)">3rd</a> divisions were widely dispersed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boer_organization_and_skills">Boer organization and skills</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Boer organization and skills">edit</a>]</div> War was declared on 11 October 1899 with a Boer offensive into the British-held Natal and Cape Colony areas. The Boers had about 33,000 soldiers, and decisively outnumbered the British, who could move only 13,000 troops to the front line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESearle2004276-66">[61]</a> The Boers had no problems with mobilisation, since the fiercely independent Boers had no regular army units, apart from the Staatsartillerie (Dutch for 'State Artillery') of both republics. As with the First Boer War, since most of the Boers were members of civilian militias, none had adopted uniforms or insignia. Only the members of the Staatsartillerie wore light green uniforms. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mafikeng_Second_Boer_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mafikeng_Second_Boer_War.jpg/290px-Mafikeng_Second_Boer_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mafikeng_Second_Boer_War.jpg/435px-Mafikeng_Second_Boer_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mafikeng_Second_Boer_War.jpg/580px-Mafikeng_Second_Boer_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Boers in a trench at Mafeking, 1899</figcaption></figure> When danger loomed, all the burgers (citizens) in a district would form a military unit called a commando and would elect officers. A full-time official called a Veldkornet maintained muster rolls but had no disciplinary powers. Each man brought his own weapon, usually a hunting rifle, and his own horse. Those who could not afford a gun were given one by the authorities.<a href="#cite_note-Wessels2000-27">[23]</a>: 80  The Presidents of the Transvaal and Orange Free State simply signed decrees to concentrate within a week, and the commandos could muster between 30,000 and 40,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-Pakenham1979-26">[22]</a>: 56  The average Boer nevertheless was not thirsty for war. Many did not look forward to fighting against fellow <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> and, by and large, fellow Protestants. Many may have had an overly optimistic sense of what the war would involve, imagining that victory could be achieved as fast and easily as it had been in the First Anglo-Boer War.<a href="#cite_note-Wessels2000-27">[23]</a>: 74  Many, including many generals, also had a sense that their cause was holy and just, and blessed by God.<a href="#cite_note-Wessels2000-27">[23]</a>: 179  It rapidly became clear that the Boer forces presented the British forces with a severe tactical challenge. What the Boers presented was a mobile and innovative approach to warfare, drawing on their experiences from the First Boer War. The average Boers who made up their commandos were farmers who had spent almost all their working life in the saddle, both as farmers and hunters. They depended on the pot, horse and rifle; they were also skilled stalkers and marksmen. As hunters, they had learned to fire from cover; from a <a href="/wiki/Prone_position" title="Prone position">prone position</a> and to make the first shot count, knowing that if they missed, the game would either be long gone or could charge and potentially kill them. At community gatherings, target shooting was a major sport; they practised shooting at targets, such as hens' eggs perched on posts 100 metres (110 yd) away. They made expert <a href="/wiki/Mounted_infantry" title="Mounted infantry">mounted infantry</a>, using every scrap of cover, from which they could pour in a destructive fire using modern, smokeless, <a href="/wiki/Mauser" title="Mauser">Mauser</a> rifles. In preparation for hostilities, the Boers had acquired around one hundred of the latest <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a> <a href="/wiki/8_cm_Kanone_C/80" title="8 cm Kanone C/80">field guns</a>, all horse-drawn and dispersed among the various Kommando groups and several <a href="/wiki/Le_Creusot" title="Le Creusot">Le Creusot</a> "Long Tom" siege guns. The Boers' skill in adapting themselves to become first-rate artillerymen shows that they were a versatile adversary.<a href="#cite_note-Pakenham1979-26">[22]</a>: 30  The Transvaal also had an intelligence service that stretched across South Africa and of whose extent and efficiency the British were as yet unaware.<a href="#cite_note-Wessels2000-27">[23]</a>: 81  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boers_besiege_Ladysmith,_Mafeking_and_Kimberley">Boers besiege Ladysmith, Mafeking and Kimberley</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Boers besiege Ladysmith, Mafeking and Kimberley">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NorthNatalWarTheatre,_colour,_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/NorthNatalWarTheatre%2C_colour%2C_crop.png/220px-NorthNatalWarTheatre%2C_colour%2C_crop.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/NorthNatalWarTheatre%2C_colour%2C_crop.png/330px-NorthNatalWarTheatre%2C_colour%2C_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/NorthNatalWarTheatre%2C_colour%2C_crop.png/440px-NorthNatalWarTheatre%2C_colour%2C_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="1006" /></a><figcaption>War theatre in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Natal_Commando" title="Northern Natal Commando">northern Natal</a></figcaption></figure> The Boers struck first on 12 October at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kraaipan" title="Battle of Kraaipan">Battle of Kraaipan</a>, an attack that heralded the invasion of the Cape Colony and Natal between October 1899 and January 1900.<a href="#cite_note-Ash2020-64">[59]</a>: 20  With speed and surprise, the Boers drove quickly towards the British garrison at Ladysmith and the smaller ones at Mafeking and Kimberley. The quick Boer mobilisation resulted in early military successes against scattered British forces. Sir <a href="/wiki/George_White_(British_Army_officer)" title="George White (British Army officer)">George Stuart White</a>, commanding the British division at <a href="/wiki/Ladysmith,_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal">Ladysmith</a>, unwisely allowed Major-General <a href="/wiki/Penn_Symons" title="Penn Symons">Penn Symons</a> to throw a brigade forward to the coal-mining town of Dundee (also reported as Glencoe), which was surrounded by hills. This became the site of the first major clash of the war, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talana_Hill" title="Battle of Talana Hill">Battle of Talana Hill</a>. Boer guns began shelling the British camp from the summit of Talana Hill at dawn on 20 October. Penn Symons immediately counter-attacked: His infantry drove the Boers from the hill, for the loss of 446 British casualties, including Penn Symons. Another Boer force occupied Elandslaagte, which lay between Ladysmith and Dundee. The British under Major General <a href="/wiki/John_French,_1st_Earl_of_Ypres" title="John French, 1st Earl of Ypres">John French</a> and Colonel <a href="/wiki/Ian_Standish_Monteith_Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton">Ian Hamilton</a> attacked to clear the line of communications to Dundee. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elandslaagte" title="Battle of Elandslaagte">Battle of Elandslaagte</a> was a clear-cut British tactical victory,<a href="#cite_note-Ash2020-64">[59]</a>: 29  but Sir George White feared that more Boers were about to attack his main position and so ordered a chaotic retreat from Elandslaagte, throwing away any advantage gained. The detachment from Dundee was compelled to make an exhausting cross-country retreat to rejoin White's main force. As Boers surrounded Ladysmith and opened fire on the town with siege guns, White ordered a major sortie against their positions.<a href="#cite_note-Ash2020-64">[59]</a>: 33  The result was a disaster, with 140 men killed and over 1,000 captured. The siege of Ladysmith began: it was to last several months. Meanwhile, to the north-west at Mafeking, on the border with Transvaal, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baden-Powell,_1st_Baron_Baden-Powell" title="Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell">Robert Baden-Powell</a> had raised two regiments of local forces amounting to about 1,200 men in order to attack and create diversions if things went amiss further south. As a railway junction, Mafeking provided good supply facilities and was the obvious place for Baden-Powell to fortify in readiness for such attacks. However, instead of being the aggressor, Baden-Powell was forced to defend Mafeking when 6,000 Boer, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Piet_Cronj%C3%A9" title="Piet Cronjé">Piet Cronjé</a>, attempted a determined assault on the town. This quickly subsided into a desultory affair, with the Boers prepared to starve the stronghold into submission. So, on 13 October, the 217-day siege of Mafeking began. Lastly, over 360 kilometres (220 mi) to the south of Mafeking lay the diamond mining city of Kimberley, which was also subjected to a siege. Although not militarily significant, it nonetheless represented an enclave of British imperialism on the borders of the Orange Free State and was hence an important Boer objective. In early November, about 7,500 Boer began their siege, again content to starve the town into submission. Despite Boer shelling, the 40,000 inhabitants, of which only 5,000 were armed, were under little threat, because the town was well-stocked with provisions. The garrison was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kekewich" title="Robert Kekewich">Robert Kekewich</a>, although Rhodes was also a prominent figure in the town's defences. Siege life took its toll on both the defending soldiers and the civilians in the cities of Mafeking, Ladysmith, and Kimberley as food began to grow scarce after a few weeks. In Mafeking, <a href="/wiki/Sol_Plaatje" title="Sol Plaatje">Sol Plaatje</a> wrote, "I saw horseflesh for the first time being treated as a human foodstuff." The cities under siege also dealt with constant artillery bombardment, making the streets a dangerous place. Near the end of the siege of Kimberley, it was expected that the Boers would intensify their bombardment, so Rhodes displayed a notice encouraging people to go down into shafts of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Hole" title="Big Hole">Kimberley Mine</a> for protection. The townspeople panicked, and people surged into the mineshafts constantly for a 12-hour period. Although the bombardment never came, this did nothing to diminish the anxious civilians' distress. The most well-heeled of the townspeople, including Cecil Rhodes, sheltered in the Sanatorium, site of the present-day <a href="/wiki/McGregor_Museum" title="McGregor Museum">McGregor Museum</a>; the poorer residents, notably the black population, did not have any shelter from shelling. In retrospect, the Boers' decision to commit themselves to sieges (<a href="/wiki/Sitzkrieg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitzkrieg">Sitzkrieg</a>) was a mistake and one of the best illustrations of their lack of strategic vision[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Historically, it had little in its favour. Of the seven sieges in the First Boer War, the Boers had prevailed in none. More importantly, it handed the initiative back to the British and allowed them time to recover, which they did. Generally speaking, throughout the campaign, the Boers were too defensive and passive, wasting the opportunities they had for victory. Yet that passivity also testified to the fact that they had no desire to conquer British territory, but only to preserve their ability to rule in their own territory.<a href="#cite_note-Wessels2000-27">[23]</a>: 82–85  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_British_relief_attempts">First British relief attempts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: First British relief attempts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VCRedversHenryBuller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/VCRedversHenryBuller.jpg/170px-VCRedversHenryBuller.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/VCRedversHenryBuller.jpg/255px-VCRedversHenryBuller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/VCRedversHenryBuller.jpg/340px-VCRedversHenryBuller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Redvers_Henry_Buller" class="mw-redirect" title="Redvers Henry Buller">Redvers Henry Buller</a> launched an offensive against the Boers in the early phases of the war but after several defeats, culminating at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colenso" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Colenso">Battle of Colenso</a>, he was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Lord Roberts</a>.</figcaption></figure> On 31 October 1899, General Sir <a href="/wiki/Redvers_Henry_Buller" class="mw-redirect" title="Redvers Henry Buller">Redvers Henry Buller</a>, a much-respected commander, arrived in South Africa with the Army Corps, made up of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd divisions. Buller originally intended an offensive straight up the railway line leading from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> through Bloemfontein to Pretoria. Finding on arrival that the British troops already in South Africa were under siege, he split his army corps into detachments to relieve the besieged garrisons. One division, led by Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Paul_Methuen,_3rd_Baron_Methuen" title="Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen">Lord Methuen</a>, was to follow the Western Railway to the north and relieve Kimberley and Mafeking. A smaller force of about 3,000, led by Major General <a href="/wiki/William_Forbes_Gatacre" title="William Forbes Gatacre">William Gatacre</a>, was to push north towards the railway junction at Stormberg and secure the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Midlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cape Midlands (page does not exist)">Cape Midlands</a> District from Boer raids and local rebellions by Boer inhabitants. Buller led the major part of the army corps to relieve Ladysmith to the east. The initial results of this offensive were mixed, with Methuen winning several bloody skirmishes in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belmont_(1899)" title="Battle of Belmont (1899)">Battle of Belmont</a> on 23 November, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Graspan" title="Battle of Graspan">Battle of Graspan</a> on 25 November, and at a larger engagement, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Modder_River" title="Battle of Modder River">Battle of Modder River</a>, on 28 November resulting in British losses of 71 dead and over 400 wounded. British commanders had been trained on the lessons of the Crimean War and were adept at battalion and regimental set pieces, with columns manoeuvring in jungles, deserts and mountainous regions. What British generals failed to comprehend was the impact of destructive fire from trench positions and the mobility of cavalry raids. The British troops went to war with what would prove to be antiquated tactics—and in some cases antiquated weapons—against the mobile Boer forces with the destructive fire of their modern Mausers, the latest Krupp field guns and their novel tactics.<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> The middle of December was disastrous for the British Army. In a period known as <a href="/wiki/Black_Week" title="Black Week">Black Week</a> (10–15 December 1899), the British suffered defeats on each of the three fronts. On 10 December, General Gatacre tried to recapture Stormberg railway junction about 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of the <a href="/wiki/Orange_River" title="Orange River">Orange River</a>. Gatacre's attack was marked by administrative and tactical blunders and the Battle of Stormberg ended in a British defeat, with 135 killed and wounded and two guns and over 600 troops captured. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magersfontein" title="Battle of Magersfontein">Battle of Magersfontein</a> on 11 December, Methuen's 14,000 British troops attempted to capture a Boer position in a dawn attack to relieve Kimberley. This too turned into a disaster when the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Brigade_(Scottish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland Brigade (Scottish)">Highland Brigade</a> became pinned down by accurate Boer fire. After suffering from intense heat and thirst for nine hours, they eventually broke in ill-disciplined retreat. The Boer commanders, <a href="/wiki/Koos_de_la_Rey" title="Koos de la Rey">Koos de la Rey</a> and Cronjé, had ordered <a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">trenches</a> to be dug in an unconventional place to fool the British and to give their riflemen a greater firing range. The plan worked, and this tactic helped to write the doctrine of the supremacy of the defensive position, using modern small arms and trench fortifications.<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The British lost 120 killed and 690 wounded and were prevented from relieving Kimberley and Mafeking. A British soldier said of the defeat: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cape_Town_QE4_138.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Cape_Town_QE4_138.jpg/220px-Cape_Town_QE4_138.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Cape_Town_QE4_138.jpg/330px-Cape_Town_QE4_138.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Cape_Town_QE4_138.jpg/440px-Cape_Town_QE4_138.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3233" data-file-height="2249" /></a><figcaption>Lord Roberts's arrival at Cape Town</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Such was the day for our regiment Dread the revenge we will take. Dearly we paid for the blunder – A drawing-room General's mistake. Why weren't we told of the trenches? Why weren't we told of the wire? Why were we marched up in column, May <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Atkins" title="Tommy Atkins">Tommy Atkins</a> enquire ...<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Private Smith<a href="#cite_note-69">[f]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Nadir" title="Nadir">nadir</a> of Black Week was the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Colenso" title="Second Battle of Colenso">Second Battle of Colenso</a> on 15 December, where 21,000 British troops, commanded by Buller, attempted to cross the <a href="/wiki/Tugela_River" title="Tugela River">Tugela River</a> to relieve Ladysmith, where 8,000 Transvaal Boers under the command of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Botha" title="Louis Botha">Louis Botha</a> were waiting for them. Through a combination of artillery and accurate rifle fire and better use of the ground, the Boers repelled all British attempts to cross the river. After his first attacks failed, Buller broke off the battle and ordered a retreat, abandoning many wounded men, several isolated units and ten field guns to be captured by Botha's men. Buller's forces lost 145 men killed and 1,200 missing or wounded and the Boers suffered only 40 casualties, including 8 killed.<a href="#cite_note-Steele2000-59">[54]</a>: 12  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_phase:_The_British_offensive_of_January_to_September_1900">Second phase: The British offensive of January to September 1900</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Second phase: The British offensive of January to September 1900">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Second_Boer_War" title="Special:EditPage/Second Boer War">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Second+Boer+War%22">"Second Boer War"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Second+Boer+War%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Second+Boer+War%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Second+Boer+War%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Second+Boer+War%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Second+Boer+War%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (October 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_casualties,_Spionkop,_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/British_casualties%2C_Spionkop%2C_1900.jpg/220px-British_casualties%2C_Spionkop%2C_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/British_casualties%2C_Spionkop%2C_1900.jpg/330px-British_casualties%2C_Spionkop%2C_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/British_casualties%2C_Spionkop%2C_1900.jpg/440px-British_casualties%2C_Spionkop%2C_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>British casualties lie dead on the battlefield after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spion_Kop" title="Battle of Spion Kop">Battle of Spion Kop</a>, 24 January 1900.</figcaption></figure> The British government took these defeats badly and with the sieges still continuing was compelled to send two more divisions plus large numbers of colonial volunteers. By January 1900 this would become the largest force Britain had ever sent overseas, amounting to some 180,000 men with further reinforcements being sought.<a href="#cite_note-SAHonline-16">[12]</a> While watching for these reinforcements, Buller made another bid to relieve Ladysmith by crossing the Tugela west of <a href="/wiki/Colenso,_KwaZulu-Natal" class="mw-redirect" title="Colenso, KwaZulu-Natal">Colenso</a>. Buller's subordinate, Major General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Warren" title="Charles Warren">Charles Warren</a>, successfully crossed the river, but was then faced with a fresh defensive position centred on a prominent hill known as Spion Kop. In the resulting Battle of Spion Kop, British troops captured the summit by surprise during the early hours of 24 January 1900, but as the early morning fog lifted, they realised too late that they were overlooked by Boer gun emplacements on the surrounding hills. The rest of the day resulted in a disaster caused by poor communication between Buller and his commanders. Between them they issued contradictory orders, on the one hand ordering men off the hill, while other officers ordered fresh reinforcements to defend it. The result was 350 men killed and nearly 1,000 wounded and a retreat across the Tugela River into British territory. There were nearly 300 Boer casualties. Buller attacked Louis Botha again on 5 February at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vaal_Krantz" title="Battle of Vaal Krantz">Vaal Krantz</a> and was again defeated. Buller withdrew early when it appeared that the British would be isolated in an exposed bridgehead across the Tugela, for which he was nicknamed "Sir Reverse" by some of his officers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buller_replaced">Buller replaced</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Buller replaced">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piet_de_Wet01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Piet_de_Wet01.jpg/220px-Piet_de_Wet01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Piet_de_Wet01.jpg/330px-Piet_de_Wet01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Piet_de_Wet01.jpg/440px-Piet_de_Wet01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Boer General <a href="/wiki/Piet_de_Wet" title="Piet de Wet">Piet de Wet</a>, 1900</figcaption></figure> By taking command in person in Natal, Buller had allowed the overall direction of the war to drift. Because of concerns about his performance and negative reports from the field, he was replaced as Commander in Chief by Roberts. Roberts quickly assembled an entirely new team for headquarters staff and he chose military men from far and wide: Kitchener (Chief of Staff) from the Sudan; <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Frederick Russell Burnham</a> (Chief of Scouts), the American scout, from the Klondike; <a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Robert_Henderson" title="George Francis Robert Henderson">George Henderson</a> from the Staff College; <a href="/wiki/Neville_Bowles_Chamberlain" title="Neville Bowles Chamberlain">Neville Bowles Chamberlain</a> from Afghanistan; and <a href="/wiki/William_Nicholson,_1st_Baron_Nicholson" title="William Nicholson, 1st Baron Nicholson">William Nicholson</a> (Military Secretary) from Calcutta.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Like Buller, Roberts first intended to attack directly along the Cape Town–Pretoria railway but, again like Buller, was forced to relieve the beleaguered garrisons. Leaving Buller in command in Natal, Roberts massed his main force near the Orange River and along the Western Railway behind Methuen's force at the <a href="/wiki/Modder_River" title="Modder River">Modder River</a> and prepared to make a wide outflanking move to relieve Kimberley. Except in Natal, the war had stagnated. Other than a single attempt to storm Ladysmith, the Boers made no attempt to capture the besieged towns. In the Cape Midlands, the Boers did not exploit the British defeat at Stormberg and were prevented from capturing the railway junction at <a href="/wiki/Colesberg" title="Colesberg">Colesberg</a>. In the dry summer, the grazing on the veld became parched, weakening the Boers' horses and draught oxen, and many Boer families joined their menfolk in the siege lines and laagers (encampments), fatally encumbering Cronjé's army. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roberts_relieves_the_sieges">Roberts relieves the sieges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Roberts relieves the sieges">edit</a>]</div> Roberts launched his main attack on 10 February 1900 and although hampered by a long supply route, managed to outflank the Boers defending <a href="/wiki/Magersfontein" title="Magersfontein">Magersfontein</a>. On 14 February, a cavalry division under French launched a major attack to relieve Kimberley. Although encountering severe fire, a massed cavalry charge split the Boer defences on 15 February, opening the way for French to enter Kimberley that evening, ending its 124 days' siege. Meanwhile, Roberts pursued Piet Cronjé's 7,000-strong force, which had abandoned Magersfontein to head for Bloemfontein. General French's cavalry was ordered to assist in the pursuit by embarking on an epic 50 km (31 mi) drive towards Paardeberg where Cronjé was attempting to cross the Modder River. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paardeberg" title="Battle of Paardeberg">Battle of Paardeberg</a> from 18 to 27 February, Roberts then surrounded Cronjé's retreating Boer army. On 17 February, a pincer movement involving both French's cavalry and the main British force attempted to take the entrenched position, but the frontal attacks were uncoordinated and so were repulsed by the Boers. Finally, Roberts resorted to bombarding Cronjé into submission. It took ten days, and when the British troops used the polluted Modder River as water supply, <a href="/wiki/Typhoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoid">typhoid</a> killed many troops. General Cronjé was finally forced to surrender at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paardeberg" title="Battle of Paardeberg">Battle of Paardeberg</a> with 4,000 men. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Relief_of_Ladysmith_by_John_Henry_Frederick_Bacon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The_Relief_of_Ladysmith_by_John_Henry_Frederick_Bacon.jpg/220px-The_Relief_of_Ladysmith_by_John_Henry_Frederick_Bacon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The_Relief_of_Ladysmith_by_John_Henry_Frederick_Bacon.jpg/330px-The_Relief_of_Ladysmith_by_John_Henry_Frederick_Bacon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The_Relief_of_Ladysmith_by_John_Henry_Frederick_Bacon.jpg/440px-The_Relief_of_Ladysmith_by_John_Henry_Frederick_Bacon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>The Relief of Ladysmith. Sir <a href="/wiki/George_White_(British_Army_officer)" title="George White (British Army officer)">George Stuart White</a> greets Major <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Gough" title="Hubert Gough">Hubert Gough</a> on 28 February. Painting by <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Frederick_Bacon" title="John Henry Frederick Bacon">John Henry Frederick Bacon</a> (1868–1914).</figcaption></figure> In Natal, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tugela_Heights" title="Battle of the Tugela Heights">Battle of the Tugela Heights</a>, which started on 14 February was Buller's fourth attempt to relieve Ladysmith. The losses Buller's troops had sustained convinced Buller to adopt Boer tactics "in the firing line—to advance in small rushes, covered by rifle fire from behind; to use the tactical support of artillery; and above all, to use the ground, making rock and earth work for them as it did for the enemy." Despite reinforcements his progress was painfully slow against stiff opposition. However, on 26 February, after much deliberation, Buller used all his forces in one all-out attack for the first time and at last succeeded in forcing a crossing of the Tugela to defeat Botha's outnumbered forces north of Colenso. After a siege lasting 118 days, the <a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Ladysmith" title="Relief of Ladysmith">Relief of Ladysmith</a> was effected, the day after Cronjé surrendered, but at a total cost of 7,000 British casualties. Buller's troops marched into Ladysmith on 28 February.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakenham1991a573-70">[64]</a> After a succession of defeats, the Boers realised that against such overwhelming numbers of troops, they had little chance of defeating the British and so became demoralised. Roberts then advanced into the Orange Free State from the west, putting the Boers to flight at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poplar_Grove" title="Battle of Poplar Grove">Battle of Poplar Grove</a> and capturing Bloemfontein, the capital, unopposed on 13 March with the Boer defenders escaping and scattering. Meanwhile, he detached a small force to relieve Baden-Powell. The <a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Mafeking" class="mw-redirect" title="Relief of Mafeking">Relief of Mafeking</a> on 18 May 1900 provoked riotous celebrations in Britain, the origin of the Edwardian slang word "mafficking". On 28 May, the Orange Free State was annexed and renamed the Orange River Colony. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capture_of_Pretoria">Capture of Pretoria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Capture of Pretoria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Advance_on_Pretoria" title="Advance on Pretoria">Advance on Pretoria</a></div> After being forced to delay for several weeks at Bloemfontein by a shortage of supplies, an outbreak of typhoid at Paardeberg, and poor medical care, <a href="/wiki/Advance_on_Pretoria" title="Advance on Pretoria">Roberts finally resumed his advance.</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[65]</a> He was forced to halt again at Kroonstad for 10 days, due once again to the collapse of his medical and supply systems, but finally captured Johannesburg on 31 May and the capital of the Transvaal, Pretoria, on 5 June. The first into Pretoria was Lt. William Watson of the New South Wales Mounted Rifles, who persuaded the Boers to surrender the capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilcox200284–85-72">[66]</a> Before the war, the Boers had constructed several forts south of Pretoria, but the artillery had been removed from the forts for use in the field, and in the event they abandoned Pretoria without a fight. Having won the principal cities, Roberts declared the war over on 3 September 1900; and the South African Republic was formally annexed. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PACronje_CHM_VA2863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/PACronje_CHM_VA2863.jpg/220px-PACronje_CHM_VA2863.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/PACronje_CHM_VA2863.jpg/330px-PACronje_CHM_VA2863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/PACronje_CHM_VA2863.jpg/440px-PACronje_CHM_VA2863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Piet_Cronj%C3%A9" title="Piet Cronjé">Piet Cronjé</a> as a prisoner of war in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>, 1900–02. He was captured, along with 4,000 soldiers, after the loss of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paardeberg" title="Battle of Paardeberg">Battle of Paardeberg</a>.</figcaption></figure> British observers believed the war to be all but over after the capture of the two capital cities. However, the Boers had earlier met at the temporary new capital of the Orange Free State, <a href="/wiki/Kroonstad" title="Kroonstad">Kroonstad</a>, and planned a guerrilla campaign to hit the British supply and communication lines. The first engagement of this new form of warfare was at <a href="/wiki/Sanna%27s_Post" title="Sanna's Post">Sanna's Post</a> on 31 March where 1,500 Boers under the command of <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_De_Wet" class="mw-redirect" title="Christiaan De Wet">Christiaan de Wet</a> attacked Bloemfontein's waterworks about 37 kilometres (23 mi) east of the city, and ambushed a heavily escorted convoy, which caused 155 British casualties and the capture of seven guns, 117 wagons, and 428 British troops.<a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a> After the fall of Pretoria, one of the last formal battles was at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diamond_Hill" title="Battle of Diamond Hill">Diamond Hill</a> on 11–12 June, where Roberts attempted to drive the remnants of the Boer field army under Botha beyond striking distance of Pretoria. Although Roberts drove the Boers from the hill, Botha did not regard it as a defeat, for he inflicted 162 casualties on the British while suffering only around 50 casualties. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boers_retreat">Boers retreat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Boers retreat">edit</a>]</div> The set-piece period of the war now largely gave way to a mobile guerrilla war, but one final operation remained. President Kruger and what remained of the Transvaal government had retreated to eastern Transvaal. Roberts, joined by troops from Natal under Buller, advanced against them, and broke their last defensive position at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bergendal" title="Battle of Bergendal">Bergendal</a> on 26 August. As Roberts and Buller followed up along the railway line to <a href="/wiki/Komatipoort" title="Komatipoort">Komatipoort</a>, Kruger sought asylum in Portuguese East Africa (modern <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>). Some dispirited Boers did likewise, and the British gathered up much war material. However, the core of the Boer fighters under Botha easily broke back through the Drakensberg Mountains into the Transvaal highveld after riding north through the bushveld. As Roberts's army occupied Pretoria, the Boer fighters in the Orange Free State retreated into the <a href="/wiki/Brandwater_Basin" title="Brandwater Basin">Brandwater Basin</a>, a fertile area in the south-east of the Republic. This offered only temporary sanctuary, as the mountain passes leading to it could be occupied by the British, trapping the Boers. A force under General <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hunter" title="Archibald Hunter">Archibald Hunter</a> set out from Bloemfontein to achieve this in July 1900. The hard core of the Free State Boers under De Wet, accompanied by President Steyn, left the basin early. Those remaining fell into confusion and most failed to break out before Hunter trapped them. 4,500 Boers surrendered and much equipment was captured but as with Roberts's drive against Kruger at the same time, these losses were of relatively little consequence, as the hard core of the Boer armies and their most determined and active leaders remained at large. From the Basin, Christiaan de Wet headed west. Although hounded by British columns, he succeeded in crossing the Vaal into western Transvaal, to allow Steyn to travel to meet their leaders. There was much sympathy for the Boers on mainland Europe. In October, President Kruger and members of the Transvaal government left Portuguese East Africa on the Dutch warship <a href="/wiki/De_Gelderland" class="mw-redirect" title="De Gelderland">De Gelderland</a>, sent by the Queen <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmina of the Netherlands">Wilhelmina of the Netherlands</a>. Paul Kruger's wife, however, was too ill to travel and remained in South Africa where she died on 20 July 1901 without seeing her husband again. President Kruger first went to Marseille and then on to the Netherlands, where he stayed for a while before moving finally to <a href="/wiki/Clarens,_Switzerland" title="Clarens, Switzerland">Clarens, Switzerland</a>, where he died in exile on 14 July 1904. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prisoners_of_war_sent_overseas">Prisoners of war sent overseas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Prisoners of war sent overseas">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Point_-_Cape_Town_-_Boer_War_-_Transit_Camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Green_Point_-_Cape_Town_-_Boer_War_-_Transit_Camp.jpg/220px-Green_Point_-_Cape_Town_-_Boer_War_-_Transit_Camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Green_Point_-_Cape_Town_-_Boer_War_-_Transit_Camp.jpg/330px-Green_Point_-_Cape_Town_-_Boer_War_-_Transit_Camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Green_Point_-_Cape_Town_-_Boer_War_-_Transit_Camp.jpg/440px-Green_Point_-_Cape_Town_-_Boer_War_-_Transit_Camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>A Transit camp for <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of War">Prisoners of War</a> near <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> during the war. Prisoners were then transferred for internment in other parts of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>.</figcaption></figure> The first sizeable batch of Boer prisoners of war taken by the British consisted of those captured at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elandslaagte" title="Battle of Elandslaagte">Battle of Elandslaagte</a> on 21 October 1899. Initially, these POWs were held on troopships in <a href="/wiki/Simon%27s_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon's Bay">Simons Bay</a> until POW camps in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simon%27s_Town" title="Simon's Town">Simonstown</a> were completed. In total, six prisoner of war camps would be set up in South Africa during the war.<a href="#cite_note-:0-74">[68]</a> As numbers grew, the British decided they did not want them kept locally. The capture of 4000 POWs in February 1900 was a key event, which made the British realise they could not accommodate all POWs in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-collint-75">[69]</a> The British feared they could be freed by sympathetic locals. Moreover, they already had trouble supplying their own troops in South Africa and did not want the added burden of sending supplies for the POWs. Britain therefore chose to send many POWs overseas. Around 31 prisoner of war camps were consequently set up in British colonies overseas during the war.<a href="#cite_note-:0-74">[68]</a> The first overseas (off African mainland) camps were opened in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>, which ultimately received about 5,000 POWs.<a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a> About 5,000 POWs were sent to <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Ceylon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a> Other POWs were sent to <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-collint-75">[69]</a> In all, nearly 26,000 POWs were sent overseas.<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oath_of_neutrality">Oath of neutrality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Oath of neutrality">edit</a>]</div> On 15 March 1900, Lord Roberts proclaimed an amnesty for all <a href="/wiki/Burgher_(Boer_republics)" title="Burgher (Boer republics)">burghers</a>, except leaders, who took an oath of neutrality and returned quietly to their homes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1986207-79">[73]</a> It is estimated that between 12,000 and 14,000 burghers took this oath between March and June 1900.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake201046-80">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_phase:_Guerrilla_war_(September_1900_–_May_1902)">Third phase: Guerrilla war (September 1900 – May 1902)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Third phase: Guerrilla war (September 1900 – May 1902)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_102586_Lord_Herbert_Kichener_on_horseback..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/StateLibQld_1_102586_Lord_Herbert_Kichener_on_horseback..jpg/170px-StateLibQld_1_102586_Lord_Herbert_Kichener_on_horseback..jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/StateLibQld_1_102586_Lord_Herbert_Kichener_on_horseback..jpg/255px-StateLibQld_1_102586_Lord_Herbert_Kichener_on_horseback..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/StateLibQld_1_102586_Lord_Herbert_Kichener_on_horseback..jpg/340px-StateLibQld_1_102586_Lord_Herbert_Kichener_on_horseback..jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Kitchener succeeded Roberts in November 1900 and launched anti-guerrilla campaigns. 1898 photograph in 1910 magazine.</figcaption></figure> By September 1900, the British were nominally in control of both Republics, with the exception of the northern part of the Transvaal. However, they soon discovered that they only controlled the territory their columns physically occupied. Despite the loss of their two capital cities and half of their army, the Boer commanders adopted <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> tactics, primarily conducting raids against railways, resource and supply targets, all aimed at disrupting the operational capacity of the British Army. They avoided pitched battles and casualties were light. Each Boer commando unit was sent to the district from which its members had been recruited, which meant that they could rely on local support and personal knowledge of the terrain and the towns within the district thereby enabling them to live off the land. Their orders were simply to act against the British whenever possible. Their tactics were to strike fast and hard causing as much damage to the enemy as possible, and then to withdraw and vanish before enemy reinforcements could arrive. The vast distances of the republics allowed the Boer commandos considerable freedom to move about and made it nearly impossible for the 250,000 British troops to control the territory effectively using columns alone. As soon as a British column left a town or district, British control of that area faded away. The Boer commandos were especially effective during the initial guerrilla phase of the war because Roberts had assumed that the war would end with the capture of the Boer capitals and the dispersal of the main Boer armies. Many British troops were therefore redeployed out of the area, and had been replaced by lower-quality contingents of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Yeomanry" title="Imperial Yeomanry">Imperial Yeomanry</a> and locally raised irregular corps. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eul_ms_202_1900_25_theatre_royal_playbill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Eul_ms_202_1900_25_theatre_royal_playbill.jpg/170px-Eul_ms_202_1900_25_theatre_royal_playbill.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Eul_ms_202_1900_25_theatre_royal_playbill.jpg/255px-Eul_ms_202_1900_25_theatre_royal_playbill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Eul_ms_202_1900_25_theatre_royal_playbill.jpg/340px-Eul_ms_202_1900_25_theatre_royal_playbill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9259" data-file-height="13923" /></a><figcaption>Playbill for an "illustrated lecture" on the campaign by war correspondent and artist René Bull,1900</figcaption></figure> From late May 1900, the first successes of the Boer guerrilla strategy were at Lindley (where 500 Yeomanry surrendered), and at Heilbron (where a large convoy and its escort were captured) and other skirmishes resulting in 1,500 British casualties in less than ten days. In December 1900, De la Rey and <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Beyers" class="mw-redirect" title="Christiaan Beyers">Christiaan Beyers</a> attacked and mauled a British brigade at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nooitgedacht" title="Battle of Nooitgedacht">Nooitgedacht</a>, inflicting over 650 casualties. As a result of these and other Boer successes, the British, led by Lord Kitchener, mounted three extensive searches for <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_de_Wet" title="Christiaan de Wet">Christiaan de Wet</a>, but without success. However, the Boer raids on British army camps and other targets were sporadic and poorly planned, and the very nature of the Boer guerrilla war itself had practically no overall long-term objectives, with the exception to simply harass the British. This led to a disorganised pattern of scattered engagements between the British and the Boers throughout the region. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_blockhouses">Use of blockhouses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Use of blockhouses">edit</a>]</div> The British were forced to quickly revise their tactics. They concentrated on restricting the freedom of movement of the Boer commandos and depriving them of local support. The railway lines had provided vital lines of communication and supply, and as the British had advanced across South Africa, they had used <a href="/wiki/Armoured_train" title="Armoured train">armoured trains</a> and had established fortified <a href="/wiki/Blockhouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Blockhouses">blockhouses</a> at key points.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-81">[75]</a> They now built additional blockhouses (each housing between six and eight soldiers) and fortified these to protect supply routes against Boer <a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">raiders</a>. Eventually some 8,000 such blockhouses were built across the two South African republics, radiating from the larger towns along principal routes. Each blockhouse cost between £800 and £1,000 and took about three months to build. Despite the expense, they proved very effective; not one bridge at which a blockhouse was sited and manned was blown up.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-81">[75]</a> The blockhouse system required an enormous number of troops to garrison. Well over 50,000 British troops, or 50 battalions, were involved in blockhouse duty, greater than the approximately 30,000 Boers in the field during the guerrilla phase. In addition, up to 16,000 Africans were used both as armed guards and to patrol the line at night.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-81">[75]</a> The Army linked the blockhouses with barbed wire fences to parcel up the wide veld into smaller areas. "New Model" drives were mounted under which a continuous line of troops could sweep an area of veld bounded by blockhouse lines, unlike the earlier inefficient scouring of the countryside by scattered columns. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scorched_earth_campaign_against_civilians">Scorched earth campaign against civilians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Scorched earth campaign against civilians">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VerskroeideAarde1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/VerskroeideAarde1.jpg/220px-VerskroeideAarde1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/VerskroeideAarde1.jpg/330px-VerskroeideAarde1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/VerskroeideAarde1.jpg/440px-VerskroeideAarde1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>One British response to the guerrilla war was a <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> policy to deny the guerrillas supplies and refuge. In this image <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boer</a> civilians watch their house as it is burned.</figcaption></figure> The British also implemented a scorched earth policy under which they targeted everything within the controlled areas that could give sustenance to the Boer guerrillas with a view to making it harder for the Boers to survive. As British troops swept the countryside, they systematically destroyed crops, burned homesteads and farms and interned Boer and African men, women, children and workers in concentration camps. Finally, the British also established their own mounted raiding columns in support of the sweeper columns. These were used to rapidly follow and relentlessly harass the Boers with a view to delaying them and cutting off escape, while the sweeper units caught up. Many of the 90 or so mobile columns formed by the British to participate in such drives were a mixture of British and colonial troops, but they also had a large minority of armed Africans. The total number of armed Africans serving with these columns has been estimated at 20,000. The British Army also made use of Boer auxiliaries who had been persuaded to change sides and enlist as "<a href="/wiki/National_Scouts" title="National Scouts">National Scouts</a>". Serving under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Andries_Petrus_Johannes_Cronj%C3%A9" title="Andries Petrus Johannes Cronjé">Andries Cronjé</a> (1849–1923), the National Scouts were despised as joiners but came to number a fifth of the fighting Afrikaners by the end of the War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakenham1991571-82">[76]</a> The British utilised armoured trains throughout the war to deliver rapid reaction forces much more quickly to incidents (such as Boer attacks on blockhouses and columns) or to drop them off ahead of retreating Boer columns. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_committees">Peace committees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Peace committees">edit</a>]</div> Among those Burghers who had stopped fighting, it was decided to form peace committees to persuade those who were still fighting to desist. In December 1900, Lord Kitchener gave permission that a central Burgher Peace Committee be inaugurated in Pretoria. By the end of 1900 some thirty envoys were sent out to the various districts to form local peace committees to persuade burghers to give up the fight. Previous leaders of the Boers, like Generals Piet de Wet and Andries Cronjé were involved in the organisation. <a href="/wiki/Meyer_de_Kock" title="Meyer de Kock">Meyer de Kock</a> was the only emissary of a peace committee to be convicted of high treason and executed by firing squad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake2010140-83">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joiners">Joiners</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Joiners">edit</a>]</div> Some burghers joined the British in their fight against the Boers. By the end of hostilities in May 1902, there were no fewer than 5,464 burghers working for the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPloeger198515–22-84">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orange_Free_State">Orange Free State</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Orange Free State">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christiaan_de_Wet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Christiaan_de_Wet.jpg/170px-Christiaan_de_Wet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Christiaan_de_Wet.jpg/255px-Christiaan_de_Wet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Christiaan_de_Wet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_De_Wet" class="mw-redirect" title="Christiaan De Wet">Christiaan De Wet</a> was the most formidable leader of the Boer guerrillas. He successfully evaded capture on numerous occasions and was later involved in the negotiations for a peace settlement.</figcaption></figure> After having conferred with the Transvaal leaders, de Wet returned to the Orange Free State, where he inspired a series of successful attacks and raids in the western part of the country, though he suffered a rare defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bothaville" title="Battle of Bothaville">Bothaville</a> in November 1900. Many Boers who had earlier returned to their farms and towns, sometimes after being given formal parole by the British, took up arms again. In late January 1901, De Wet led a renewed invasion of Cape Colony. This was less successful, because there was no general uprising among the Cape Boers, and De Wet's men were hampered by bad weather and relentlessly pursued by British forces. They narrowly escaped across the Orange River. From then until the final days of the war, De Wet remained comparatively quiet, rarely attacking British army camps and columns partly because the Orange Free State was effectively left desolate by British sweeps. In late 1901, De Wet overran an isolated British detachment at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Groenkop" title="Battle of Groenkop">Groenkop</a>, inflicting heavy casualties. This prompted Kitchener to launch the first of the "New Model" drives against him. De Wet escaped the first such drive but lost 300 of his fighters. This was a severe loss, and a portent of further attrition, although the subsequent attempts to round up De Wet were badly handled, and De Wet's forces avoided capture. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Transvaal">Western Transvaal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Western Transvaal">edit</a>]</div> The Boer commandos in the Western Transvaal were very active after September 1901. Several battles of importance were fought there between September 1901 and March 1902. At Moedwil on 30 September 1901 and again at Driefontein on 24 October, General <a href="/wiki/Koos_De_La_Rey" class="mw-redirect" title="Koos De La Rey">Koos De La Rey</a>'s forces attacked British camps and outposts but were forced to withdraw after the British offered strong resistance. From late 1901 to early 1902, a time of relative quiet descended on the western Transvaal. February 1902 saw the next major battle in that region. On 25 February, De La Rey attacked a British column under Lieutenant-Colonel <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Brenton_von_Donop" title="Stanley Brenton von Donop">S. B. von Donop</a> at Ysterspruit near <a href="/wiki/Wolmaransstad" title="Wolmaransstad">Wolmaransstad</a>. De La Rey succeeded in capturing many men and a large amount of ammunition. The Boer attacks prompted Lord Methuen, the British second-in-command after Kitchener, to move his column from Vryburg to Klerksdorp to deal with De La Rey. On the morning of 7 March 1902, the Boers attacked the rear guard of Methuen's moving column at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tweebosch" title="Battle of Tweebosch">Tweebosch</a>. Confusion reigned in British ranks and Methuen was wounded and captured by the Boers. The Boer victories in the west led to stronger action by the British. In the second half of March 1902, large British reinforcements were sent to the Western Transvaal under the direction of Ian Hamilton. The opportunity the British were waiting for arose on 11 April 1902 at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rooiwal" title="Battle of Rooiwal">Rooiwal</a>, where a commando led by General <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kemp_(South_African)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Kemp (South African)">Jan Kemp</a> and Commandant Potgieter attacked a superior force under Kekewich. The British soldiers were well positioned on the hillside and inflicted severe casualties on the Boers charging on horseback over a large distance, beating them back. This was the end of the war in the Western Transvaal and also the last major battle of the war. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Transvaal">Eastern Transvaal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Eastern Transvaal">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afrikaner_Commandos2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Afrikaner_Commandos2.JPG/170px-Afrikaner_Commandos2.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Afrikaner_Commandos2.JPG/255px-Afrikaner_Commandos2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Afrikaner_Commandos2.JPG/340px-Afrikaner_Commandos2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="1014" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boer_Commando" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Commando">Boer commandos</a></figcaption></figure> Two Boer forces fought in this area, one under Botha in the south east and a second under Ben Viljoen in the north east around Lydenburg. Botha's forces were particularly active, raiding railways and British supply convoys, and even mounting a renewed invasion of Natal in September 1901. After defeating British mounted infantry in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blood_River_Poort" title="Battle of Blood River Poort">Battle of Blood River Poort</a> near <a href="/wiki/Dundee,_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Dundee, KwaZulu-Natal">Dundee</a>, Botha was forced to withdraw by heavy rains that made movement difficult and crippled his horses. Back on the Transvaal territory around his home district of Vryheid, Botha attacked a British raiding column at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bakenlaagte" title="Battle of Bakenlaagte">Bakenlaagte</a>, using an effective mounted charge. One of the most active British units was effectively destroyed in this engagement. This made Botha's forces the target of increasingly large scorched earth drives by British forces, in which the British made particular use of native scouts and informers. Eventually, Botha had to abandon the high veld and retreat to a narrow enclave bordering <a href="/wiki/Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a>. To the north, Ben Viljoen grew steadily less active. His forces mounted comparatively few attacks and as a result, the Boer enclave around <a href="/wiki/Lydenburg" title="Lydenburg">Lydenburg</a> was largely unmolested. Viljoen was eventually captured. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cape_Colony">Cape Colony</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Cape Colony">edit</a>]</div> In parts of Cape Colony, particularly the Cape Midlands District where Boers formed a majority of the white inhabitants, the British had always feared a general uprising against them. In fact, no such uprising ever took place, even in the early days of the war when Boer armies had advanced across the Orange. The cautious conduct of some of the elderly Orange Free State generals had been one factor that discouraged the Cape Boers from siding with the Boer republics. Nevertheless, there was widespread pro-Boer sympathy. Some of the Cape Dutch volunteered to help the British, but a much larger number volunteered to help the other side. The political factor was more important than the military: the Cape Dutch, according to Milner 90 percent of whom favoured the rebels, controlled the provincial legislature, and it's authorities forbade the British Army to burn farms or to force Boer civilians into concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh1994483–485-85">[79]</a> The British had more limited options to suppress the insurgency in the Cape Colony as result. After he escaped across the Orange in March 1901, de Wet had left forces under Cape rebels <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Hendrik_Kritzinger" title="Pieter Hendrik Kritzinger">Kritzinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Scheepers" title="Gideon Scheepers">Gideon Scheepers</a> to maintain a guerrilla campaign in the Cape Midlands. The campaign here was one of the least chivalrous of the war, with intimidation by both sides of each other's civilian sympathisers. In one of many skirmishes, Commandant <a href="/wiki/Johannes_L%C3%B6tter" title="Johannes Lötter">Johannes Lötter's</a> small commando was tracked down by a much-superior British column and wiped out at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Groenkloof" title="Battle of Groenkloof">Groenkloof</a>. Several captured Boers, including Lotter and Scheepers, who was captured when he fell ill with appendicitis, were executed by the British for treason or for capital crimes such as the murder of British prisoners or of unarmed civilians. Some of the executions took place in public, to deter further disaffection. Fresh Boer forces under <a href="/wiki/Jan_Christiaan_Smuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Christiaan Smuts">Jan Christiaan Smuts</a>, joined by the surviving rebels under Kritzinger, made another attack on the Cape in September 1901. They suffered severe hardships and were hard pressed by British columns, but eventually rescued themselves by routing some of their pursuers at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elands_River_(1901)" title="Battle of Elands River (1901)">Battle of Elands River</a> and capturing their equipment. From then until the end of the war, Smuts increased his forces from among Cape rebels until they numbered 3,000. However, no general uprising took place, and the situation in the Cape remained stalemated. In January 1902, Boer leader <a href="/wiki/Manie_Maritz" title="Manie Maritz">Manie Maritz</a> was implicated in the <a href="/wiki/Leliefontein_massacre" title="Leliefontein massacre">Leliefontein massacre</a> in the far <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape" title="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boer_foreign_volunteers">Boer foreign volunteers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Boer foreign volunteers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boer_foreign_volunteers" title="Boer foreign volunteers">Boer foreign volunteers</a></div> While no other government actively supported the Boer cause, individuals from several countries volunteered and formed Foreign Volunteer Units. These primarily came from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, particularly the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Sweden-Norway</a>. Other countries such as <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (then part of the United Kingdom), and restive areas of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, also formed smaller volunteer corps. Finns fought in the Scandinavian Corps. Two volunteers, <a href="/wiki/George_Henri_Anne-Marie_Victor_de_Villebois-Mareuil" class="mw-redirect" title="George Henri Anne-Marie Victor de Villebois-Mareuil">George Henri Anne-Marie Victor de Villebois-Mareuil</a> of France and <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Maximov" title="Yevgeny Maximov">Yevgeny Maximov</a> of Russia, became veggeneraals (fighting generals) of the South African Republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidsonFilatova199880-86">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conclusion">Conclusion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Conclusion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitchener_at_the_Peace_Conference_that_ended_the_Second_Boer_War.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kitchener_at_the_Peace_Conference_that_ended_the_Second_Boer_War.png/220px-Kitchener_at_the_Peace_Conference_that_ended_the_Second_Boer_War.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kitchener_at_the_Peace_Conference_that_ended_the_Second_Boer_War.png/330px-Kitchener_at_the_Peace_Conference_that_ended_the_Second_Boer_War.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kitchener_at_the_Peace_Conference_that_ended_the_Second_Boer_War.png/440px-Kitchener_at_the_Peace_Conference_that_ended_the_Second_Boer_War.png 2x" data-file-width="3316" data-file-height="1968" /></a><figcaption>Peace conference at <a href="/wiki/Vereeniging" title="Vereeniging">Vereeniging</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Transvaal_War_12_lantern_slides_Queen_Victoria_-_no._01,_early_1900s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Transvaal_War_12_lantern_slides_Queen_Victoria_-_no._01%2C_early_1900s.jpg/220px-The_Transvaal_War_12_lantern_slides_Queen_Victoria_-_no._01%2C_early_1900s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/The_Transvaal_War_12_lantern_slides_Queen_Victoria_-_no._01%2C_early_1900s.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>"Transvaal War". Queen Victoria on her throne among various Commonwealth subjects in front of London. First British magic lantern slide in an educational series for children, 1900s.</figcaption></figure> Towards the end of the war in the early months of 1902, British tactics of containment, denial, and harassment finally began to yield results against the Boer guerrillas. The sourcing and co-ordination of intelligence became increasingly efficient with regular reporting from observers in the blockhouses, from units patrolling the fences and conducting "sweeper" operations, and from native Africans in rural areas who increasingly supplied intelligence, as the Scorched Earth policy took effect and they found themselves competing with the Boers for food supplies. Kitchener's forces at last began to seriously affect the Boers' fighting strength and freedom of manoeuvre, and made it harder for the Boers and their families to survive. Despite this success, almost half the Boer fighting strength, around 15,000 men, were still in the field fighting by May 1902. However, Kitchener's tactics were very costly: Britain was running out of time, patience, and money needed for the war.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2017)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien1988[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2017)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-87">[81]</a> The British offered terms of peace on various occasions, notably in March 1901, but were rejected by Botha and the "Bitter-enders" among the Boers. They pledged to fight until the bitter end and rejected the demand for compromise made by the "Hands-uppers". Their reasons included hatred of the British, loyalty to their dead comrades, solidarity with fellow commandos, an intense desire for independence, religious arguments, and fear of captivity or punishment. On the other hand, their women and children were dying nearly every day in prison camps and independence seemed more and more impossible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrundlingh1980258–278-88">[82]</a> The last of the Boers finally surrendered in May 1902 and the war ended with the Treaty of Vereeniging signed on 31 May 1902. After a period of obstinacy, the British reneged and offered the Boers generous terms of conditional surrender in order to bring the war to a victorious conclusion. The Boers were given £3,000,000 for reconstruction and were promised eventual limited self-government, which was granted in 1906 and 1907. The treaty ended the existence of the Transvaal and Orange Free State as independent Boer republics and placed them within the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. The Union of South Africa was established as a <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> of the British Empire in 1910. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nonwhite_roles">Nonwhite roles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Nonwhite roles">edit</a>]</div> The policy on both sides was to minimise the role of nonwhites, but the need for manpower continuously stretched those resolves. At the battle of Spion Kop in Ladysmith, <a href="/wiki/Mohandas_K._Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas K. Gandhi">Mohandas K. Gandhi</a> with 300 free burgher Indians and 800 indentured Indian labourers started the Ambulance Corps serving the British side. As the war raged across African farms and their homes were destroyed, many became refugees and they, like the Boers, moved to the towns where the British hastily created internment camps. Subsequently, the British scorched earth policies were applied to both Boers and Africans. Although most black Africans were not considered by the British to be hostile, many tens of thousands were also forcibly removed from Boer areas and also placed in concentration camps.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Africans were held separately from Boer internees.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Eventually there were a total of 64 tented camps for Africans. Conditions were as bad as in the camps for the Boers, but even though, after the Fawcett Commission report, conditions improved in the Boer camps, "improvements were much slower in coming to the black camps"; 20,000 died there.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2017)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarwick1983[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2017)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-89">[83]</a> The Boers and the British both feared the consequences of arming Africans. The memories of the Zulu and other tribal conflicts were still fresh, and they recognised that whoever won would have to deal with the consequences of a mass militarisation of the tribes. There was therefore an unwritten agreement that this war would be a "white man's war."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] At the outset, British officials instructed all white magistrates in the Natal Colony to appeal to Zulu amakhosi (chiefs) to remain neutral, and President Kruger sent emissaries asking them to stay out of it. However, in some cases there were old scores to be settled, and some Africans, such as the <a href="/wiki/Swazi_people" title="Swazi people">Swazis</a>, were eager to enter the war with the specific aim of reclaiming land won by the Boers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As the war went on there was greater involvement of Africans, and in particular large numbers became embroiled in the conflict on the British side, either voluntarily or involuntarily. By the end of the war, many Africans had been armed and had shown conspicuous gallantry in roles such as scouts, messengers, watchmen in blockhouses, and auxiliaries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] And there were more flash points outside of the war. On 6 May 1902 at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Holkrans" title="Battle of Holkrans">Holkrantz</a> in the southeastern Transvaal, a Zulu faction had their cattle stolen and their women and children tortured by the Boers as a punishment for assisting the British. The local Boer officer then sent an insulting message to the tribe, challenging them to take back their cattle. The Zulus attacked at night, and in a mutual bloodbath, the Boers lost 56 killed and 3 wounded, while the Africans suffered 52 killed and 48 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-Pakenham1979-26">[22]</a>: 601  About 10,000 black men were attached to Boer units where they performed camp duties; a handful unofficially fought in combat. The British Army employed over 14,000 Africans as wagon drivers. Even more had combatant roles as spies, guides, and eventually as soldiers. By 1902 there were about 30,000 armed Africans in the British Army.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2017)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPretorius2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2017)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-90">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concentration_camps">Concentration camps</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Concentration camps">edit</a>]</div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War_concentration_camps" title="Second Boer War concentration camps">Second Boer War concentration camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#South_Africa" title="British war crimes">British war crimes § South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-215-94-Derivative01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-215-94-Derivative01.jpg/220px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-215-94-Derivative01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-215-94-Derivative01.jpg/330px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-215-94-Derivative01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-215-94-Derivative01.jpg/440px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-215-94-Derivative01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Tents in the <a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a> concentration camp</figcaption></figure> The term "<a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camp</a>" was used to describe camps operated by the British in South Africa during this conflict in the years 1900–1902, and the term grew in prominence during this period. The camps had originally been set up by the British Army as "<a href="/wiki/Refugee_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugee camps">refugee camps</a>" to provide refuge for civilian families who had been forced to abandon their homes for whatever reason related to the war. However, when Kitchener took over in late 1900, he introduced new tactics in an attempt to break the guerrilla campaign and the influx of civilians grew dramatically as a result. Disease and starvation killed thousands.<a href="#cite_note-www.sahistory.org.za-2011-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-black-92">[86]</a> Kitchener initiated plans to <blockquote><blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa ); color: var( --color-base, black ); border: 1px solid #aaa; display:table; float:none;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;">... flush out guerrillas in a series of systematic drives, organised like a sporting shoot, with success defined in a weekly 'bag' of killed, captured and wounded, and to sweep the country bare of everything that could give sustenance to the guerrillas, including women and children ... It was the clearance of civilians—uprooting a whole nation—that would come to dominate the last phase of the war. <cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — Pakenham, The Boer War<a href="#cite_note-Pakenham1979-26">[22]</a>: 493 </cite></div></blockquote></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LizzieVanZyl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/LizzieVanZyl.jpg/253px-LizzieVanZyl.jpg" decoding="async" width="253" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/LizzieVanZyl.jpg/380px-LizzieVanZyl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/LizzieVanZyl.jpg/506px-LizzieVanZyl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2412" data-file-height="1644" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_van_Zyl" title="Lizzie van Zyl">Lizzie van Zyl</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boer</a> child (age 7), photographed by <a href="/wiki/Emily_Hobhouse" title="Emily Hobhouse">Emily Hobhouse</a> in a British <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camp</a> near Bloemfontein, February 1901</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronkerspruit,_c.1901._(22702453419).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bronkerspruit%2C_c.1901._%2822702453419%29.jpg/220px-Bronkerspruit%2C_c.1901._%2822702453419%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bronkerspruit%2C_c.1901._%2822702453419%29.jpg/330px-Bronkerspruit%2C_c.1901._%2822702453419%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bronkerspruit%2C_c.1901._%2822702453419%29.jpg/440px-Bronkerspruit%2C_c.1901._%2822702453419%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4057" data-file-height="4055" /></a><figcaption>Native Africans interned in the Bronkerspruit camp</figcaption></figure> As Boer farms were destroyed by the British under their "<a href="/wiki/Scorched_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorched Earth">Scorched Earth</a>" policy—including the systematic destruction of crops and slaughtering of livestock, the burning down of homesteads and farms—to prevent the Boers from resupplying from a home base, many tens of thousands of women and children were forcibly moved into the concentration camps. This was not the first appearance of internment camps, as the Spanish had used internment in Cuba in the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Ten Years' War</a>, and the Americans in the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a> but the Boer War concentration camp system was the first time that a whole nation had been systematically targeted, and the first in which whole regions had been depopulated. Eventually, there were a total of 45 tented camps built for Boer internees and 64 for black Africans. Of the 28,000 Boer men captured as <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a>, 25,630 were sent overseas to <a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Prisoner-of-war camp">prisoner-of-war camps</a> throughout the British Empire. The vast majority of Boers remaining in the local camps were women and children. Around 26,370 Boer women and children were to perish in these concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessels201032-94">[88]</a> Of the more than 120,000 Blacks (and <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a>) imprisoned too, around 20,000 died.<a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-black-92">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a> The camps were poorly administered from the outset and became increasingly overcrowded when Kitchener's troops implemented the internment strategy on a vast scale. Conditions were terrible for the health of the internees, mainly due to neglect, poor hygiene and bad sanitation. The supply of all items was unreliable, partly because of the constant disruption of communication lines by the Boers. The food <a href="/wiki/Ration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ration">rations</a> were meagre and there was a two-tier allocation policy, whereby families of men who were still fighting were routinely given smaller rations than others.<a href="#cite_note-Pakenham1979-26">[22]</a>: 505  The inadequate shelter, poor diet, bad hygiene and overcrowding led to malnutrition and endemic contagious diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, typhoid, and <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>, to which the children were particularly vulnerable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuddSurridge2013195-97">[91]</a> Coupled with a shortage of modern medical facilities, many of the internees died. While much of the British press, including <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, played down the problems in the camps, <a href="/wiki/Emily_Hobhouse" title="Emily Hobhouse">Emily Hobhouse</a> helped raise public awareness in Britain of the atrocious conditions, as well as being instrumental in bringing relief to the concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESibbald1993227–232-98">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost_of_the_war">Cost of the war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Cost of the war">edit</a>]</div> It is estimated that the total cost of the war to the British government was £211,156, 000<a href="#cite_note-CostofWar-99">[93]</a> (equivalent to £19.9bn in 2022). <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:right; font-size:95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" style="background:#ccf;">Cost of War over its entire course </th></tr> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Cost at the time<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeasuringworth2015-100">[94]</a></th> <th>Relative value in 2022<a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1899–1900</td> <td>£23,000,000</td> <td>£2,180,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1900–1901</td> <td>£63,737,000</td> <td>£6,000,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1901–1902</td> <td>£67,670,000</td> <td>£6,410,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1902–1903</td> <td>£47,500,000</td> <td>£4,450,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sub-total</td> <td>£201,907,000</td> <td>£19,040,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Interest</td> <td>£9,249,000</td> <td>£866,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grand total</td> <td>£211,156,000</td> <td>£19,906,000,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_crimes_trial">War crimes trial</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: War crimes trial">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#South_Africa" title="British war crimes">British war crimes § South Africa</a></div> The Boer War also saw the first war crimes prosecutions in British military history. They centered around the <a href="/wiki/Bushveldt_Carbineers" title="Bushveldt Carbineers">Bushveldt Carbineers</a> (BVC), a <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">irregular regiment</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mounted_rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Mounted rifles">mounted rifles</a> active in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Transvaal" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Transvaal">Northern Transvaal</a>. Originally raised in February 1901, the BVC was composed mainly of British and Commonwealth servicemen with a generous admixture of defectors from the <a href="/wiki/Boer_Commando" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Commando">Boer Commandos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a> On 4 October 1901, a letter signed by 15 members of the <a href="/wiki/Bushveldt_Carbineers" title="Bushveldt Carbineers">Bushveldt Carbineers</a> (BVC) garrison at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Edward_(South_Africa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fort Edward (South Africa) (page does not exist)">Fort Edward</a> was secretly dispatched to Col. F.H. Hall, the British Army <a href="/wiki/Officer_Commanding" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer Commanding">Officer Commanding</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pietersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pietersburg">Pietersburg</a>. Written by BVC Trooper Robert Mitchell Cochrane, a former <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">justice of the peace</a> from <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a> the letter accused members of the Fort Edward garrison of six "disgraceful incidents": 1. The shooting of six surrendered <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner people">Afrikaner</a> men and boys and the theft of their money and livestock at <a href="/wiki/Valdezia" title="Valdezia">Valdezia</a> on 2 July 1901. The orders had been given by Captains <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Taylor_(British_Army_officer)" title="Alfred Taylor (British Army officer)">Alfred Taylor</a> and James Huntley Robertson, and relayed by Sgt. Maj. K.C.B. Morrison to Sgt. D.C. Oldham. The actual killing was alleged to have been carried out by Sgt. Oldham and BVC Troopers Eden, Arnold, Brown, Heath, and Dale.<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a> 2. The shooting of BVC Trooper B.J. van Buuren by BVC Lt. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Handcock" title="Peter Handcock">Peter Handcock</a> on 4 July 1901. Trooper van Buuren, an Afrikaner, had "disapproved" of the killings at Valdezia, and had informed the victims' wives and children, who were imprisoned at Fort Edward, of what had happened.<a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a> 3. The <a href="/wiki/Revenge_killing" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenge killing">revenge killing</a> of Floris Visser, a wounded <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a>, near the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koedoes_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koedoes River (page does not exist)">Koedoes River</a> on 11 August 1901. Visser had been captured by a BVC patrol led by Lieut. <a href="/wiki/Breaker_Morant" title="Breaker Morant">Harry Morant</a> two days before his death. After Visser had been exhaustively interrogated and conveyed for 15 miles by the patrol, Lt. Morant had ordered his men to form a <a href="/wiki/Firing_squad" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing squad">firing squad</a> and shoot him. The squad consisted of BVC Troopers A.J. Petrie, J.J. Gill, Wild, and T.J. Botha. A <a href="/wiki/Coup_de_gr%C3%A2ce" title="Coup de grâce">coup de grâce</a> was delivered by BVC Lt. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Picton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Picton (page does not exist)">Harry Picton</a>. The slaying of Floris Visser was in retaliation for the combat death of Morant's close friend, BVC Captain Percy Frederik Hunt, at <a href="/wiki/Duivelskloof" class="mw-redirect" title="Duivelskloof">Duivelskloof</a> on 6 August 1901.<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> 4. The shooting, ordered by Capt. Taylor and Lt. Morant, of four surrendered Afrikaners and four <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> schoolteachers, who had been captured at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elim_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elim Hospital (page does not exist)">Elim Hospital</a> in Valdezia, on the morning of 23 August 1901. The firing squad consisted of BVC Lt. <a href="/wiki/George_Witton" title="George Witton">George Witton</a>, Sgt. D.C. Oldham, and Troopers J.T. Arnold, Edward Brown, T. Dale, and A. Heath. Although Trooper Cochrane's letter made no mention of the fact, three Native South African witnesses were also shot dead.<a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a> The ambush and fatal shooting of the Reverend <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Heese" title="Daniel Heese">Carl August Daniel Heese</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Missionary_Society" title="Berlin Missionary Society">Berlin Missionary Society</a> near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandolierkop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandolierkop (page does not exist)">Bandolierkop</a> on the afternoon of 23 August 1901. Rev. Heese had spiritually counseled the Dutch and Afrikaner victims that morning and had angrily protested to Lt. Morant at Fort Edward upon learning of their deaths. Trooper Cochrane alleged that the killer of Rev. Heese was BVC Lt. Peter Handcock. Although Cochrane made no mention of the fact, Rev. Heese's driver, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_people" title="Southern Ndebele people">Southern Ndebele people</a>, was also killed.<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> 5. The orders, given by BVC Lt. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_H.G._Hannam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles H.G. Hannam (page does not exist)">Charles H.G. Hannam</a>, to open fire on a wagon train containing Afrikaner women and children who were coming in to surrender at Fort Edward, on 5 September 1901. The ensuing gunfire led to the deaths of two boys, aged 5- and 13-years, and the wounding of a 9-year-old girl.<a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> 6. The shooting of Roelf van Staden and his sons Roelf and Christiaan, near Fort Edward on 7 September 1901. All were coming in to surrender in the hope of gaining medical treatment for teenaged Christiaan, who was suffering from recurring bouts of fever. Instead, they were met at the Sweetwaters Farm near Fort Edward by a party consisting of Lts. Morant and Handcock, joined by BVC Sgt. Maj. Hammet, Corp. MacMahon, and Troopers Hodds, Botha, and Thompson. Roelf van Staden and both his sons were then shot, allegedly after being forced to dig their own graves.<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a> The letter then accused the <a href="/wiki/Field_Commander" title="Field Commander">Field Commander</a> of the BVC, Major <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_William_Lenehan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert William Lenehan (page does not exist)">Robert William Lenehan</a>, of being "privy to these misdeamenours. It is for this reason that we have taken the liberty of addressing this communication direct to you." After listing numerous civilian witnesses who could confirm their allegations, Trooper Cochrane concluded, "Sir, many of us are <a href="/wiki/Australian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian people">Australians</a> who have fought throughout nearly the whole war while others are <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner people">Africaners</a> who have fought from Colenso till now. We cannot return home with the stigma of these crimes attached to our names. Therefore we humbly pray that a full and exhaustive inquiry be made by Imperial officers in order that the truth be elicited and justice done. Also we beg that all witnesses may be kept in camp at Pietersburg till the inquiry is finished. So deeply do we deplore the opprobrium which must be inseparably attached to these crimes that scarcely a man once his time is up can be prevailed to re-enlist in this corps. Trusting for the credit of thinking you will grant the inquiry we seek."<a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a> In response to the letter written by Trooper Cochrane, Col. Hall summoned all Fort Edward officers and non-commissioned officers to Pietersburg on 21 October 1901. All were met by a party of mounted infantry five miles outside Pietersburg on the morning of 23 October 1901 and "brought into town like criminals". Lt. Morant was arrested after returning from leave in <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>, where he had gone to settle the affairs of his deceased friend Captain Hunt.<a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breaker-morant-grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Breaker-morant-grave.jpg/170px-Breaker-morant-grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Breaker-morant-grave.jpg/255px-Breaker-morant-grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Breaker-morant-grave.jpg/340px-Breaker-morant-grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Major <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Thomas" title="James Francis Thomas">James Francis Thomas</a> standing over the joint grave of <a href="/wiki/Breaker_Morant" title="Breaker Morant">Breaker Morant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Handcock" title="Peter Handcock">Peter Handcock</a>, officers executed after a <a href="/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant" title="Court-martial of Breaker Morant">1902 court-martial</a>.</figcaption></figure> Although the trial transcripts, like almost all others dating from between 1850 and 1914, were later destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">Civil Service</a>,<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a> it is known that a Court of Inquiry, the British military's equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a>, was convened on 16 October 1901. The President of the Court was Col. H.M. Carter, who was assisted by Captain E. Evans and Major Wilfred N. Bolton, the <a href="/wiki/Provost_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Provost Marshal">Provost Marshal</a> of Pietersburg. The first session of the Court took place on 6 November 1901 and continued for four weeks. Deliberations continued for a further two weeks,<a href="#cite_note-Leach_2012,_page_105-115">[109]</a> at which time it became clear that the indictments would be as follows: 1. In what became known as "The Six Boers Case", Captains Robertson and Taylor, as well as Sgt. Maj. Morrison, were charged with committing the offense of murder while on active service.<a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a> 2. In relation to what was dubbed "The Van Buuren Incident", Maj. Lenahan was charged with, "When on active service by culpable neglect failing to make a report which it was his duty to make."<a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a> 3. In relation to "The Visser Incident", Lts. Morant, Handcock, Witton, and Picton were charged with "While on active service committing the offense of murder".<a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a> 4. In relation to what was incorrectly dubbed "The Eight Boers Case", Lieuts. Morant, Handcock, and Witton were charged with, "While on active service committing the offense of murder".<a href="#cite_note-Leach_2012,_page_109,_203-119">[113]</a> In relation to the slaying of Rev Heese, Lts. Morant and Handcock were charged with, "While on active service committing the offense of murder". 5. No charges were filed for the three children who had been shot by the Bushveldt Carbineers near Fort Edward.<a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a> 6. In relation to what became known as "The Three Boers Case", Lts. Morant and Handcock were charged with, "While on active service committing the offense of murder".<a href="#cite_note-Leach_2012,_page_109,_203-119">[113]</a> Following the indictments, Maj. R. Whigham and Col. James St. Clair ordered Bolton to appear for the prosecution, as he was considered less expensive than hiring a <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a> Bolton vainly requested to be excused, writing, "My knowledge of law is insufficient for so intricate a matter."<a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a> The first court martial opened on 16 January 1901, with Lieut.-Col. H.C. Denny presiding over a panel of six judges. Maj. J.F. Thomas, a <a href="/wiki/Solicitor" title="Solicitor">solicitor</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tenterfield,_New_South_Wales" title="Tenterfield, New South Wales">Tenterfield, New South Wales</a>, had been retained to defend Maj. Lenahan. The night before, however, he agreed to represent all six defendants.<a href="#cite_note-Leach_2012,_page_105-115">[109]</a> The "Visser Incident" was the first case to go to trial. Lt. Morant's former orderly and interpreter, BVC Trooper Theunis J. Botha, testified that Visser, who had been promised that his life would be spared, was cooperative during two days of interrogation and that all his information was later found to have been true. Despite this, Lt. Morant ordered him shot.<a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> In response, Lt. Morant testified that he <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg defense">only followed orders</a> to <a href="/wiki/Take_no_prisoners" class="mw-redirect" title="Take no prisoners">take no prisoners</a> as relayed to the late Captain Hunt by Col. <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Hamilton" title="Hubert Hamilton">Hubert Hamilton</a>. He also alleged that Floris Visser had been captured wearing a British Army jacket and that Captain Hunt's body had been mutilated.<a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a> In response, the court moved to Pretoria, where Col. Hamilton testified that he had "never spoken to Captain Hunt with reference to his duties in the Northern Transvaal". Though stunned, Maj. Thomas argued that his clients were not guilty because they believed that they "acted under orders". In response, Maj. Bolton argued that they were "illegal orders" and said, "The right of killing an armed man exists only so long as he resists; as soon as he submits he is entitled to be treated as a prisoner of war." The Court ruled in Maj. Bolton's favor.<a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> Lt. Morant was found guilty of murder. Lts. Handcock, Witton, and Picton were convicted of the lesser charge of <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">manslaughter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> On 27 February 1902, two <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> Lieutenants  — Anglo-Australian <a href="/wiki/Breaker_Morant" title="Breaker Morant">Harry Morant</a> and Australian born <a href="/wiki/Peter_Handcock" title="Peter Handcock">Peter Handcock</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bushveldt_Carbineers" title="Bushveldt Carbineers">Bushveldt Carbineers</a> — were executed by <a href="/wiki/Firing_squad" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing squad">firing squad</a> after being <a href="/wiki/Court_martial_of_Breaker_Morant" class="mw-redirect" title="Court martial of Breaker Morant">convicted of murdering eight Afrikaner POWs</a>. This court-martial for war crimes was one of the first such prosecutions in British military history. Although Morant left a written confession in his cell, he went on to become a <a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk hero">folk hero</a> in modern Australia. Believed by many Australians to be the victim of a <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_court" title="Kangaroo court">kangaroo court</a>, public appeals have been made for Morant to be retried or pardoned. His court-martial and death have been the subject of books, a <a href="/wiki/Breaker_Morant_(play)" title="Breaker Morant (play)">stage play</a>, and an award-winning <a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a> <a href="/wiki/Breaker_Morant_(film)" title="Breaker Morant (film)">film adaptation</a> by director <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beresford" title="Bruce Beresford">Bruce Beresford</a>. Witton was sentenced to death, but reprieved. Due to immense political pressure for his release, he was released after serving 32 months of a life sentence. Picton was cashiered.<a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath_and_analysis">Aftermath and analysis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Aftermath and analysis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boer_War_memorial_Quebec_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Boer_War_memorial_Quebec_City.jpg/170px-Boer_War_memorial_Quebec_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Boer_War_memorial_Quebec_City.jpg/255px-Boer_War_memorial_Quebec_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Boer_War_memorial_Quebec_City.jpg/340px-Boer_War_memorial_Quebec_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="2310" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> who fell in the Second Boer War, <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a></figcaption></figure> The Second Boer War cast long shadows over the history of the South African region. The predominantly agrarian society of the former Boer republics was profoundly and fundamentally affected by the scorched earth policy of Roberts and Kitchener. The devastation of both Boer and black African populations in the concentration camps and through war and exile were to have a lasting effect on the demography and quality of life in the region. Many exiles and prisoners were unable to return to their farms at all; others attempted to do so but were forced to abandon the farms as unworkable given the damage caused by farm burning in the course of the scorched earth policy. Destitute Boers and black Africans swelled the ranks of the unskilled urban poor competing with the "uitlanders" in the mines.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2017)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnselen1982[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2017)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-129">[123]</a> The postwar reconstruction administration was presided over by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Milner" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Milner">Lord Milner</a> and his largely <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>-educated <a href="/wiki/Milner%27s_Kindergarten" title="Milner's Kindergarten">Milner's Kindergarten</a>. This small group of civil servants had a profound effect on the region, eventually leading to the Union of South Africa: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In the aftermath of the war, an imperial administration freed from accountability to a domestic electorate set about reconstructing an economy that was by then predicated unambiguously on gold. At the same time, British civil servants, municipal officials, and their cultural adjuncts were hard at work in the heartland of the former Boer Republics helping to forge new identities—first as 'British South Africans' and then, later still, as 'white South Africans'.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</blockquote> Some scholars, for good reasons, identify these new identities as partly underpinning the act of union that followed in 1910. Although challenged by a <a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">Boer rebellion</a> only four years later, they did much to shape South African politics between the two world wars and right up to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnselen2003483–526-130">[124]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Milner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Lord_Milner.jpg/170px-Lord_Milner.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Lord_Milner.jpg/255px-Lord_Milner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Lord_Milner.jpg/340px-Lord_Milner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Alfred, Lord Milner, was the British <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner">High Commissioner</a> of Southern Africa. He was involved from the start of the war and had a role in the peace process and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>.</figcaption></figure> The counterinsurgency techniques and lessons (the restriction of movement, the containment of space, the ruthless targeting of anything, everything and anyone that could give sustenance to guerrillas, the relentless harassment through sweeper groups coupled with rapid reaction forces, the sourcing and co-ordination of intelligence, and the nurturing of native allies) learned during the Boer War were used by the British (and other forces) in future guerrilla campaigns including to counter <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Malayan</a> communist rebels during the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a>. In World War II the British also adopted some of the concepts of raiding from the Boer commandos when, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">fall of France</a>, they set up their special raiding forces, and in acknowledgement of their erstwhile enemies, chose the name <a href="/wiki/British_Commandos" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commandos">British Commandos</a>. Many of the Boers referred to the war as the second of the Freedom Wars. The most resistant of Boers wanted to continue the fight and were known as "<a href="/wiki/Bittereinder" title="Bittereinder">Bittereinders</a>" (or irreconcilables) and at the end of the war a number of Boer fighters such as <a href="/wiki/Deneys_Reitz" title="Deneys Reitz">Deneys Reitz</a> chose exile rather than sign an oath, such as the following, to pledge allegiance to Britain:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwardt199897-131">[125]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote" style="width:50%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The bearer, <prisoner name> has been released from prison of war camp <Camp name> on signing that he acknowledge terms of surrender and becomes a British subject. </blockquote> </div> Over the following decade, many returned to South Africa and never signed the pledge. Some, like Reitz, eventually reconciled themselves to the new status quo, but others did not. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_of_South_Africa">Union of South Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Union of South Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a></div> One of the most important events in the decade after the end of the war was the creation of the Union of South Africa (later the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of South Africa">Republic of South Africa</a>). It proved a key ally to Britain as a Dominion of the British Empire during the World Wars. At the start of the First World War a crisis ensued when the South African government led by Louis Botha and other former Boer fighters, such as <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a>, declared support for Britain and agreed to send troops to take over the German colony of <a href="/wiki/German_South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="German South-West Africa">German South-West Africa</a> (Namibia). Many Boers were opposed to fighting for Britain, especially against Germany, which had been sympathetic to their struggle. A number of bittereinders and their allies took part in a revolt known as the Maritz Rebellion. This was quickly suppressed, and in 1916 the leading Boer rebels in the Maritz Rebellion escaped lightly (especially compared with the fate of leading Irish rebels of the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising#Arrests_and_executions" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a>), with terms of imprisonment of six and seven years and heavy fines. Two years later, they were released from prison, as Louis Botha recognised the value of reconciliation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_of_the_war_on_domestic_British_politics">Effect of the war on domestic British politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Effect of the war on domestic British politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Second_Boer_War" title="Opposition to the Second Boer War">Opposition to the Second Boer War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dublin_St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_North_Transept_Window_King_Cormac_of_Cashel_Detail_Irish_Royal_Regiment_2012_09_26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dublin_St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_North_Transept_Window_King_Cormac_of_Cashel_Detail_Irish_Royal_Regiment_2012_09_26.jpg/220px-Dublin_St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_North_Transept_Window_King_Cormac_of_Cashel_Detail_Irish_Royal_Regiment_2012_09_26.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dublin_St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_North_Transept_Window_King_Cormac_of_Cashel_Detail_Irish_Royal_Regiment_2012_09_26.jpg/330px-Dublin_St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_North_Transept_Window_King_Cormac_of_Cashel_Detail_Irish_Royal_Regiment_2012_09_26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dublin_St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_North_Transept_Window_King_Cormac_of_Cashel_Detail_Irish_Royal_Regiment_2012_09_26.jpg/440px-Dublin_St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_North_Transept_Window_King_Cormac_of_Cashel_Detail_Irish_Royal_Regiment_2012_09_26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1767" data-file-height="1881" /></a><figcaption>Memorial window from <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin" title="St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin">St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin</a> by <a href="/wiki/An_T%C3%BAr_Gloine" title="An Túr Gloine">An Túr Gloine</a>. Many Irish Republicans sympathised with the Boer side,<a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a> rather than the British side on which fought the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Regiment_(1684%E2%80%931922)" title="Royal Irish Regiment (1684–1922)">Royal Irish Regiment</a>.</figcaption></figure> Many <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish nationalist">Irish nationalists</a> sympathised with the Boers, viewing them to be a people oppressed by British <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>, much like they viewed themselves. Irish miners already in the Transvaal at the start of the war formed the nucleus of two <a href="/wiki/Irish_commandos" title="Irish commandos">Irish commandos</a>. The Second Irish Brigade was headed up by an Australian of Irish parents, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lynch_(politician)" title="Arthur Lynch (politician)">Arthur Lynch</a>. In addition, small groups of Irish volunteers went to South Africa to fight with the Boers—this despite the fact that there were many Irish troops fighting in the British army, including the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dublin_Fusiliers" title="Royal Dublin Fusiliers">Royal Dublin Fusiliers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[g]</a> In Britain, the "Pro-Boer" campaign expanded,<a href="#cite_note-134">[h]</a> with writers often idealising the Boer society. The war also highlighted the dangers of Britain's policy of non-alignment and deepened her isolation. The <a href="/wiki/1900_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1900 United Kingdom general election">1900 UK general election</a>, also known as the "<a href="/wiki/Khaki_election" title="Khaki election">Khaki election</a>", was called by the Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury, on the back of recent British victories. There was much enthusiasm for the war at this point, resulting in a victory for the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> government. However, public support quickly waned as it became apparent that the war would not be easy and it dragged on, partially contributing to <a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">the Conservatives' spectacular defeat in 1906</a>. There was public outrage at the use of scorched earth tactics and at the conditions in the concentration camps. It also became apparent that there were serious problems with public health in Britain since up to 40% of recruits in Britain were unfit for <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">military service</a> and suffered from medical problems such as <a href="/wiki/Rickets" title="Rickets">rickets</a> and other poverty-related illnesses. That came at a time of increasing concern for the state of the poor in Britain. Having taken the country into a prolonged war, the Conservative government was rejected by the electorate at the first general election after the war was over. Balfour succeeded his uncle, Lord Salisbury in 1903, immediately after the war, took over a Conservative Party that had won two successive landslide majorities but led it to a landslide defeat in 1906. The 2nd Anglo-Boer War was a victory that costed British taxpayers more than £200m; 22,000 Empire troops, and more than 400,000 army horses, donkeys and mules were killed. Britain had expected a swift victory against a mostly unmilitarised and predominantly agricultural-based opponent. However, the conflict dragged on into the 20th century and the reign of a new monarch.<a href="#cite_note-135">[127]</a> At the time, Britain was the world's most technologically advanced military. The results caused many both domestically and internationally to question the dominance of the British Empire, especially as nations like the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> had started to become major powers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horses">Horses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Horses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horses_on_board_ship_-_a_guide_to_their_management-page69.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Horses_on_board_ship_-_a_guide_to_their_management-page69.jpg/220px-Horses_on_board_ship_-_a_guide_to_their_management-page69.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Horses_on_board_ship_-_a_guide_to_their_management-page69.jpg/330px-Horses_on_board_ship_-_a_guide_to_their_management-page69.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Horses_on_board_ship_-_a_guide_to_their_management-page69.jpg/440px-Horses_on_board_ship_-_a_guide_to_their_management-page69.jpg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>A horse destined to serve in the war, being offloaded in <a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Elizabeth">Port Elizabeth</a></figcaption></figure> The number of horses killed in the war was at the time unprecedented in modern warfare. For example, in the relief of Kimberley, French's cavalry rode 500 horses to their deaths in a single day. The wastage was particularly heavy among British forces for several reasons: overloading of horses with unnecessary equipment and saddlery, failure to rest and acclimatise horses after long sea voyages and, later in the war, poor management by inexperienced mounted troops and distant control by unsympathetic staffs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcElwee1974223–229-136">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[129]</a> The average life expectancy of a British horse, from the time of its arrival in Port Elizabeth, was around six weeks.<a href="#cite_note-Hayes1902-138">[130]</a>: 213–214  Most of the horses and mules brought to South Africa during the war came from the United States. In total, 109,878 horses and 81,524 mules were shipped from New Orleans to South Africa in 166 voyages from October 1899 to June 1902. The cost of these animals and their transport was an average of US$597,978 per month. A significant number of horses and mules died during the transit across the Atlantic; for example, during the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liners#Initial_operations_1898–1914" title="Manchester Liners">SS Manchester City</a>'s 36-day passage, 187 of her 2,090 mules died.<a href="#cite_note-139">[131]</a> Horses were slaughtered for their meat when needed. During the sieges of Kimberley and Ladysmith, horses were consumed as food once the regular sources of meat were depleted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis190034-140">[132]</a> The besieged British forces in Ladysmith also produced chevril, a <a href="/wiki/Bovril" title="Bovril">Bovril</a>-like paste, by <a href="/wiki/Boiling_down" title="Boiling down">boiling down</a> the horse meat to a jelly paste and serving it like beef tea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt1982-141">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacson190888-142">[134]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Horse_Memorial" title="Horse Memorial">Horse Memorial</a> in Port Elizabeth is a tribute to the 300,000 horses that died during the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1917viii_fn._11-143">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imperial_involvement">Imperial involvement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Imperial involvement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_Victorian_Era#Second_Boer_War" title="British Army during the Victorian Era">British Army during the Victorian Era § Second Boer War</a></div> The vast majority of troops fighting for the British army came from Great Britain. Yet a significant number came from other parts of the British Empire. These countries had their own internal disputes over whether they should remain tied to London, or have full independence, which carried over into the debate around the sending of forces to assist the war. Though not fully independent on foreign affairs, these countries did have local say over how much support to provide, and the manner it was provided. Ultimately, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and British South African Company-administered Rhodesia all sent volunteers to aid the United Kingdom. Troops were also raised to fight with the British from the Cape Colony and Natal. Some Boer fighters, such as Smuts and Botha, were technically British subjects as they came from the Cape Colony and Colony of Natal, respectively.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There were also many volunteers from the Empire who were not selected for the official contingents from their countries and travelled privately to South Africa to form private units, such as the Canadian Scouts and Doyle's Australian Scouts. There were also some European volunteer units from <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British Ceylon</a>, though the British Government refused offers of non-white troops from the Empire. Some <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a> also volunteered early in the war, but later some of them were effectively conscripted and kept in segregated units. As a community, they received comparatively little reward for their services. In many ways, the war set the pattern for the Empire's later involvement in the two <a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World Wars</a>. Specially raised units, consisting mainly of volunteers, were dispatched overseas to serve with forces from elsewhere in the British Empire. The United States stayed neutral in the conflict, but some American citizens were eager to participate. Early in the war Lord Roberts cabled Burnham, a veteran of both Matabele wars but at that very moment prospecting in the <a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike</a>, to serve on his personal staff as Chief of Scouts. Burnham went on to receive the highest awards of any American who served in the war, but American mercenaries participated on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarwell1976-144">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Australian_Army#Boer_War_1899–1902" title="History of the Australian Army">History of the Australian Army § Boer War 1899–1902</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Second_Boer_War" title="Military history of Australia during the Second Boer War">Military history of Australia during the Second Boer War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boer_War_officers_P03206.001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Boer_War_officers_P03206.001.jpg/220px-Boer_War_officers_P03206.001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Boer_War_officers_P03206.001.jpg/330px-Boer_War_officers_P03206.001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Boer_War_officers_P03206.001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">Australian</a> officers in South Africa, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900</figcaption></figure> From 1899 to 1901 the six separate <a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">self-governing colonies</a> in Australia sent their own contingents to serve in the Boer War. That much of the population of the colonies had originated from <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a> explains a general desire to support Britain during the conflict. After the colonies formed the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a> in 1901, the new <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Government of Australia</a> sent "Commonwealth" contingents to the war.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2019)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilcox2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2019]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2019)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-145">[137]</a> The Boer War was thus the first war in which the Commonwealth of Australia fought. A few Australians fought on the Boer side.<a href="#cite_note-146">[138]</a> The most famous and colourful character was Colonel <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Alfred_Lynch" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Alfred Lynch">Arthur Alfred Lynch</a>, formerly of <a href="/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat">Ballarat</a>, Victoria, who raised the Second Irish Brigade. The Australian <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Australia" title="Climate of Australia">climate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Australia" title="Geography of Australia">geography</a> were far closer to that of South Africa than most other parts of the empire, so Australians adapted quickly to the environment, with troops serving mostly among the army's "mounted rifles". Enlistment in all official Australian contingents totalled 16,463.<a href="#cite_note-147">[139]</a> Another five to seven thousand Australians served in "irregular" regiments raised in South Africa. Perhaps five hundred Australian irregulars were killed. In total 20,000 or more Australians served and about 1,000 were killed. A total of 267 died from disease, 251 were killed in action or died from wounds sustained in battle. A further 43 men were reported missing.<a href="#cite_note-148">[140]</a> When the war began some Australians, like some Britons, opposed it. As the war dragged on some Australians became disenchanted, in part because of the sufferings of Boer civilians reported in the press. In an interesting twist (for Australians), when the British missed capturing President Paul Kruger, as he escaped Pretoria during its fall in June 1900, a <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Punch" title="Melbourne Punch">Melbourne Punch</a>, 21 June 1900, cartoon depicted how the War could be won, using the <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelly Gang">Kelly Gang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilcox2002103-149">[141]</a> The convictions and executions of two Australian lieutenants, <a href="/wiki/Breaker_Morant" title="Breaker Morant">Harry Harbord Morant</a>, colloquially known as 'The Breaker' for his skill with horses, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Handcock" title="Peter Handcock">Peter Handcock</a> in 1902, and the imprisonment of a third, <a href="/wiki/George_Witton" title="George Witton">George Witton</a>, had minimal impact on the Australian public at the time despite later legend[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. The controversial <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a> saw the three convicted of executing Boer prisoners under their authority. After the war, though, Australians joined an empire-wide campaign that saw Witton released from jail. Much later,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] some Australians came to see the execution of Morant and Handcock as instances of wrongfully executed Australians, as illustrated in the 1980 Australian film <a href="/wiki/Breaker_Morant_(film)" title="Breaker Morant (film)">Breaker Morant</a>. It is believed that up to 50 <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> served in the Boer War as trackers. According to Dale Kerwin, an Indigenous research fellow at <a href="/wiki/Griffith_University" title="Griffith University">Griffith University</a>, such is the lack of information that is available about the trackers it is even uncertain as to whether they returned to Australia at the end of the war. He has claimed that at the end of the war in 1902 when the Australian contingents returned the trackers may not have been allowed back to Australia due to the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="White Australia Policy">White Australia Policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-abc-150">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Canadian_Appeal_for_the_Widows_and_Orphans_of_the_South_African_War" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Canadian Appeal for the Widows and Orphans of the South African War">Canadian Appeal for the Widows and Orphans of the South African War</a></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada#Boer_War" title="Military history of Canada">Military history of Canada § Boer War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1908_Toronto_SouthAfrican_War_Memorial_QueenSt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/1908_Toronto_SouthAfrican_War_Memorial_QueenSt.jpg/220px-1908_Toronto_SouthAfrican_War_Memorial_QueenSt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/1908_Toronto_SouthAfrican_War_Memorial_QueenSt.jpg/330px-1908_Toronto_SouthAfrican_War_Memorial_QueenSt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/1908_Toronto_SouthAfrican_War_Memorial_QueenSt.jpg/440px-1908_Toronto_SouthAfrican_War_Memorial_QueenSt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption>The unveiling of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_War_Memorial_(Toronto)" title="South African War Memorial (Toronto)">South African War Memorial</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada, in 1908</figcaption></figure> A total of around 8000 Canadians arrived in South Africa to fight for Britain. These arrived in two contingents: the first on 30 October 1899, the second on 21 January 1900. A third contingent of cavalry (<a href="/wiki/Strathcona%27s_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Strathcona's Horse">Strathcona's Horse</a>) embarked for South Africa on 16/17 March 1900.<a href="#cite_note-151">[143]</a> They remained until May 1902.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb201075–90-152">[144]</a> With approximately 7,368<a href="#cite_note-Boer_War_Remembered-153">[145]</a> soldiers in a combat situation, the conflict became the largest military engagement involving Canadian soldiers from the time of Confederation until the <a href="/wiki/Great_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great War">Great War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb201075–90-152">[144]</a> Eventually, 270 of these soldiers died in the course of the Boer War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb201075–90-152">[144]</a> As one of the country's first major wars, the arrival and movement of troops was widely documented by early war photographers. English-born (and later Canadian) Inglis Sheldon-Williams was one of the most notable, documenting the movement of hundreds of troops between North America and Southern Africa.<a href="#cite_note-154">[146]</a> The Canadian public was initially divided on the decision to go to war as some citizens did not want Canada to become Britain's 'tool' for engaging in armed conflicts. Many <a href="/wiki/English_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="English Canadian">Anglophone</a> citizens were pro-<a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a>, and wanted the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Wilfrid_Laurier" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Wilfrid Laurier">Sir Wilfrid Laurier</a>, to support the British in their conflict. On the other hand, many <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">Francophone</a> citizens felt threatened by the continuation of British imperialism to their national <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-South_African_War-155">[147]</a> In the end, to appease the citizens who wanted war and to avoid angering those who oppose it, Laurier sent 1,000 volunteers under the command of Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_Dillon_Otter" title="William Dillon Otter">William Otter</a> to aid the confederation in its war to 'liberate' the peoples of the Boer controlled states in South Africa. The volunteers were provided to the British if the latter paid costs of the battalion after it arrived in South Africa.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2017)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatstein2010[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2017)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-156">[148]</a> The supporters of the war claimed that it "pitted British Freedom, justice and civilization against Boer backwardness".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-157">[149]</a> The French Canadians' opposition to the Canadian involvement in a British 'colonial venture' eventually led to a three-day riot in various areas of Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-Boer_War_Remembered-153">[145]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HaroldBorden2ndBoerWar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/HaroldBorden2ndBoerWar.jpg/170px-HaroldBorden2ndBoerWar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/HaroldBorden2ndBoerWar.jpg/255px-HaroldBorden2ndBoerWar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/HaroldBorden2ndBoerWar.jpg/340px-HaroldBorden2ndBoerWar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harold_Lothrop_Borden" title="Harold Lothrop Borden">Harold Lothrop Borden</a> – son of the National Minister of Defence and the most famous Canadian casualty of the war</figcaption></figure> Commonwealth involvement in the Boer War can be summarised into three parts. The first part (October 1899 – December 1899) was characterised by questionable decisions and blunders from the Commonwealth leadership which affected its soldiers greatly. The soldiers of the Commonwealth were shocked at the number of Afrikaner soldiers who were willing to oppose the British. The Afrikaner troops were very willing to fight for their country and were armed with modern weaponry and were highly mobile soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-South_African_War-155">[147]</a> This was one of the best examples of <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">Guerrilla</a> style warfare, which would be employed throughout the twentieth century after <a href="/wiki/Set_piece_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Set piece battle">set piece fighting</a> was seen as a hindrance by certain groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb201075–90-152">[144]</a> The Boer soldiers would evade capture and secure provisions from their enemies therefore they were able to exist as a fighting entity for an indeterminate period of time.<a href="#cite_note-The_Guerrilla_War-158">[150]</a> The end of the First part was the period in mid-December, referred to as the "Black Week". During the week of 10–17 December 1899, the British suffered three major defeats at the hands of the Boers at the battlefields of Stormberg, Magersfontein and Colenso. Afterwards, the British called upon more volunteers to take part in the war from the Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-Black_Week-159">[151]</a> The second part of the war (February–April 1900) was the opposite of the first. After the British reorganised and reinforced under new leadership, they began to experience success against the Boer soldiers. <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> soldiers resorted to using blockhouses, farm burning and concentration camps to 'persuade' the resisting Boers into submission.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_the_Boer_War-160">[152]</a> The final phase of the war was the guerrilla phase in which many Boer soldiers turned to guerrilla tactics such as raiding infrastructure or communications lines. Many Canadian soldiers did not actually see combat after they had been shipped over to South Africa since many arrived around the time of the signing of the Treaty of Vereeniging on 31 May 1902.<a href="#cite_note-The_Peace_of_Vereeniging-161">[153]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Notable Canadian Engagements </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Battle</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paardeberg" title="Battle of Paardeberg">Paardeberg</a> </td> <td>A British-led attack trapped a Boer Army in Central South Africa on the banks of the Modder River from 18 to 27 February 1900. Over 800 Canadian soldiers from Otter's 2nd Special Service Battalion were attached to the British attack force. This was the first major attack involving the Canadians in the Boer War, as well as the first major victory for Commonwealth soldiers. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zand_River" title="Battle of Zand River">Zand River</a> </td> <td>On 6 May 1900, the Commonwealth's northwards advance to the capital of Pretoria was well on its way. However, the British soldiers encountered a position of Boer soldiers on the Zand River on 10 May. The British commander felt that the best course of action was to use cavalry to envelop the Boers on their left flank and infantry would therefore march on the Boer right flank to secure a crossing. The Canadian 2nd Battalion was the lead unit advancing on the right flank. However, due to disease and casualties from earlier encounters, the 2nd battalion was reduced to approximately half of its initial strength. The Canadian battalion came under fire from the Boers who were occupying protected positions. The battle continued for several hours until the British cavalry was able to flank the Boers and force a retreat. Canadian casualties were two killed and two wounded. The skirmishes around the Zand River would continue and more soldiers from various Commonwealth countries would become involved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary1999-162">[154]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Doornkop" title="Doornkop">Doornkop</a> </td> <td>On the days of 29–29 May 1900, both the Canadian 2nd battalion and the 1st Mounted Infantry Brigade fought together on the same battlefield for the first, and only, time. The Mounted Brigade, which encompassed units such as the Canadian Mounted Rifles and the Royal Canadian Dragoons were given the task to establish a beachhead across a river which the Boers had fortified in an attempt to halt the advancing Commonwealth before they could reach the city of Johannesburg.<a href="#cite_note-Wessels2009-163">[155]</a> Since the Boers were mounting a heavy resistance to the advancing mounted units, the Commonwealth infantry units were tasked with holding the Boer units while the mounted units found another route across the river with less resistance.<a href="#cite_note-Wessels2009-163">[155]</a> Even after the cavalry made it across to the other side of the river further down the line, the infantry had to advance onto the town of Doornkop as they were the ones who were tasked with its capture. The Canadians suffered very minimal casualties and achieved their objective after the Boer soldiers retreated from their positions.<a href="#cite_note-Wessels2009-163">[155]</a> Although the Canadians suffered minimal casualties, the lead British unit in the infantry advance, the Gordon Highlanders, did sustain heavy casualties in their march from the riflemen of the Boer force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStirling2009-164">[156]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leliefontein" title="Battle of Leliefontein">Leliefontein</a> </td> <td>On 7 November 1900, a British-Canadian force was searching for a unit of Boer commandos which were known to be operating around the town of Belfast, South Africa. After the British Commander reached the farm of Leliefontein, he began to fear that his line had expanded too far and ordered a withdrawal of the front line troops. The rear guard, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Dragoons" title="Royal Canadian Dragoons">Royal Canadian Dragoons</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_BL_12_pounder_7_cwt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance BL 12 pounder 7 cwt">12 pound guns</a> from D section of the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, were tasked with covering the retreat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase2012-165">[157]</a> The Boers mounted a heavy assault against the Canadians with the intention of capturing the two 12 pound artillery pieces. During this battle, the Afrikaners outnumbered the Canadians almost three to one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulsifer2017-166">[158]</a> A small group of the Dragoons interposed themselves between the Boers and the artillery in order to allow the guns and their crews time to escape. The Dragoons won three <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Crosses" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Crosses">Victoria Crosses</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase2012-165">[157]</a> for their actions during the battle of Leliefontein, the most in any battle with the exception of the Battle of Vimy Ridge in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulsifer2017-166">[158]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_Boer_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gandhi_Boer_War.jpg/220px-Gandhi_Boer_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gandhi_Boer_War.jpg/330px-Gandhi_Boer_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gandhi_Boer_War.jpg/440px-Gandhi_Boer_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3644" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Natal Indian Ambulance Corps with future leader <a href="/wiki/Mohandas_K._Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas K. Gandhi">Mohandas K. Gandhi</a> (Middle row, 5th from left)</figcaption></figure> British garrisons in India contributed 18,534 British officers and men, as well as an estimated 10,000 Indian auxiliaries deployed to assist them. India also sent 7,000 horses, ponies and mules.<a href="#cite_note-Reddy-1999-167">[159]</a> Indian auxiliaries were only employed in non-combatant roles.<a href="#cite_note-168">[160]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Natal_Indian_Ambulance_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Natal Indian Ambulance Corps">Natal Indian Ambulance Corps</a>, created by Gandhi and financed by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">local Indian community</a>, served at the battles of Colenso and Spion Kop.<a href="#cite_note-Reddy-1999-167">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: New Zealand">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand#Second_Boer_War_1899–1902" title="Military history of New Zealand">Military history of New Zealand § Second Boer War 1899–1902</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixth_New_Zealand_Contingent_marching_down_Wellesley_Street,_Auckland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sixth_New_Zealand_Contingent_marching_down_Wellesley_Street%2C_Auckland.jpg/220px-Sixth_New_Zealand_Contingent_marching_down_Wellesley_Street%2C_Auckland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sixth_New_Zealand_Contingent_marching_down_Wellesley_Street%2C_Auckland.jpg/330px-Sixth_New_Zealand_Contingent_marching_down_Wellesley_Street%2C_Auckland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sixth_New_Zealand_Contingent_marching_down_Wellesley_Street%2C_Auckland.jpg/440px-Sixth_New_Zealand_Contingent_marching_down_Wellesley_Street%2C_Auckland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> troops marching down <a href="/wiki/Wellesley_Street,_Auckland" title="Wellesley Street, Auckland">Wellesley Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, to embark for <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </figcaption></figure> When the Second Boer War seemed imminent, New Zealand offered its support. On 28 September 1899, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Richard_Seddon" title="Richard Seddon">Richard Seddon</a> asked <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of New Zealand">Parliament</a> to approve the offer to the imperial government of a contingent of mounted rifles, thus becoming the first British Colony to send troops to the Boer War. The British position in the dispute with the Transvaal was "moderate and righteous", he maintained. He stressed the "crimson tie" of Empire that bound New Zealand to the mother-country and the importance of a strong British Empire for the colony's security.<a href="#cite_note-169">[161]</a> By the time peace was concluded two and a half years later, 10 contingents of volunteers, totalling nearly 6,500 men from New Zealand, with 8,000 horses had fought in the conflict, along with doctors, nurses, veterinary surgeons and a small number of school teachers.<a href="#cite_note-170">[162]</a> Some 70 New Zealanders died from enemy action, with another 158 killed accidentally or by disease.<a href="#cite_note-171">[163]</a> The first New Zealander to be killed was Farrier G.R. Bradford at Jasfontein Farm on 18 December 1899.<a href="#cite_note-Pugsley-2016-172">[164]</a> The Boer War was greeted with extraordinary enthusiasm when the war was over, and peace was greeted with patriotism and national pride.<a href="#cite_note-173">[165]</a> This is best shown by the fact that the Third, Fourth and Fifth contingents from New Zealand were funded by public conscription.<a href="#cite_note-Pugsley-2016-172">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Rhodesia">edit</a>]</div> Rhodesian military units such as the British South Africa Police, <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_Regiment" title="Rhodesia Regiment">Rhodesia Regiment</a> and Southern Rhodesian Volunteers served in the Second Boer War. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: South Africa">edit</a>]</div> During the war, the British army also included substantial contingents from South Africa itself. There were large communities of English-speaking immigrants and settlers in Natal and Cape Colony (especially around Cape Town and <a href="/wiki/Grahamstown" class="mw-redirect" title="Grahamstown">Grahamstown</a>), which formed volunteer units that took the field, or local "town guards". At one stage of the war, a "Colonial Division", consisting of five light horse and infantry units under Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Edward_Brabant" title="Edward Brabant">Edward Brabant</a>, took part in the invasion of the Orange Free State] Part of it withstood a siege by Christiaan de Wet at <a href="/wiki/Wepener" title="Wepener">Wepener</a> on the borders of <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Basutoland</a>. Another large source of volunteers was the uitlander community, many of whom hastily left Johannesburg in the days immediately preceding the war. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodesians_leaving_Salisbury_for_Boer_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Rhodesians_leaving_Salisbury_for_Boer_War.jpg/220px-Rhodesians_leaving_Salisbury_for_Boer_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Rhodesians_leaving_Salisbury_for_Boer_War.jpg/330px-Rhodesians_leaving_Salisbury_for_Boer_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Rhodesians_leaving_Salisbury_for_Boer_War.jpg/440px-Rhodesians_leaving_Salisbury_for_Boer_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1175" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_(region)" title="Rhodesia (region)">Rhodesian</a> volunteers leaving <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Salisbury</a> for service in the Second Boer War, 1899</figcaption></figure> Later during the war, Kitchener attempted to form a Boer Police Force, as part of his efforts to pacify the occupied areas and effect a reconciliation with the Boer community. The members of this force were despised as traitors by the Boers still in the field. Those Boers who attempted to remain neutral after giving their parole to British forces were derided as "hensoppers" (hands-uppers) and were often coerced into giving support to the Boer guerrillas (which formed one of the reasons for the British decision to launch scorched earth campaigns throughout the countryside and detain Boers in concentration camps in order to deny anything of use to the Boer guerrillas).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Like the Canadian and particularly the Australian and New Zealand contingents, many of the volunteer units formed by South Africans were "<a href="/wiki/Light_cavalry" title="Light cavalry">light horse</a>" or mounted infantry, well suited to the countryside and manner of warfare. Some regular British officers scorned their comparative lack of formal discipline, but the light horse units were hardier and more suited to the demands of campaigning than the overloaded British cavalry, who were still obsessed with the charge by lance or sabre.<a href="#cite_note-174">[i]</a> At their peak, 24,000 South Africans (including volunteers from the Empire) served in the field in various "colonial" units. Notable units (in addition to the Imperial Light Horse) were the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Light_Horse" title="South African Light Horse">South African Light Horse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rimington%27s_Guides" title="Rimington's Guides">Rimington's Guides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kitchener%27s_Horse" title="Kitchener's Horse">Kitchener's Horse</a> and the Imperial Light Infantry.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_participants">Notable participants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Notable participants">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boer_leaders">Boer leaders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Boer leaders">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Botha" title="Louis Botha">Louis Botha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Botha" title="Philip Botha">Philip Botha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schalk_Willem_Burger" title="Schalk Willem Burger">Schalk Willem Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Cronj%C3%A9" title="Piet Cronjé">Piet Cronjé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Joubert" title="Piet Joubert">Piet Joubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koos_de_la_Rey" title="Koos de la Rey">Koos de la Rey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kruger" title="Paul Kruger">Paul Kruger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marthinus_Prinsloo" title="Marthinus Prinsloo">Marthinus Prinsloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Theunis_Steyn" title="Martinus Theunis Steyn">Martinus Theunis Steyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_de_Wet" title="Christiaan de Wet">Christiaan de Wet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_and_empire">United Kingdom and empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: United Kingdom and empire">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_leaders">Military leaders</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Military leaders">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redvers_Buller" title="Redvers Buller">Redvers Buller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Baden-Powell,_1st_Baron_Baden-Powell" title="Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell">Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig" title="Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig">Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_French,_1st_Earl_of_Ypres" title="John French, 1st Earl of Ypres">John French, 1st Earl of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civilians_and_other_combatants">Civilians and other combatants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Civilians and other combatants">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Lothrop_Borden" title="Harold Lothrop Borden">Harold Lothrop Borden</a> - son of Canada's <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Militia_and_Defence_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Militia and Defence (Canada)">Canadian Minister of Defence and Militia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Borden" title="Frederick William Borden">Frederick William Borden</a>. Serving in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Dragoons" title="Royal Canadian Dragoons">Royal Canadian Dragoons</a>, he became the most famous Canadian casualty of the Second Boer War.<a href="#cite_note-biographi.ca-175">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> asked F. W. Borden for a photograph of his son, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a> praised his services, tributes arrived from across Canada, and in his home town <a href="/wiki/Canning,_Nova_Scotia" title="Canning, Nova Scotia">Canning, Nova Scotia</a>, there is a monument (by <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_MacCarthy" title="Hamilton MacCarthy">Hamilton MacCarthy</a>) erected to his memory.<a href="#cite_note-biographi.ca-175">[166]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boer_War_Memorial,_Plymouth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Boer_War_Memorial%2C_Plymouth.jpg/220px-Boer_War_Memorial%2C_Plymouth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Boer_War_Memorial%2C_Plymouth.jpg/330px-Boer_War_Memorial%2C_Plymouth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Boer_War_Memorial%2C_Plymouth.jpg/440px-Boer_War_Memorial%2C_Plymouth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="2204" /></a><figcaption>Memorial at <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Emil_Fuchs_(artist)" title="Emil Fuchs (artist)">Emil Fuchs</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Hughes" title="Sam Hughes">Sam Hughes</a> – Senior Militia officer and later a Federally elected <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet minister">cabinet minister</a>. Hughes became involved in the Boer war as a member of Brigadier-General Herbert Settle's expedition after Hughes unsuccessfully tried to raise his own brigade of soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_the_Boer_War-160">[152]</a> However, Hughes was dismissed and was sent home in the summer of 1900 for; sending letters back home which were published outlining British command incompetence, his impatience and boastfulness and his providing surrendering enemies favourable conditions. Hughes later became the Canadian Minister of Defence and Militia in 1911, just prior the outbreak of World War I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2009-176">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_McCrae" title="John McCrae">John McCrae</a> – Best known as the author of the World War I poem <a href="/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields" title="In Flanders Fields">In Flanders Fields</a>, McCrae started his active military service in the Boer War as an artillery officer. After completing several major campaigns, McCrae's artillery unit was sent home to Canada in 1901 with what would be referred to today as an 'honourable discharge'. McCrae ended up becoming a special professor in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vermont" title="University of Vermont">University of Vermont</a> for <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathology</a> and he would later serve in World War I as a Medical officer until his death from <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> while on active duty in 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeddie2009-177">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Breaker_Morant" title="Breaker Morant">Harry "Breaker" Morant</a> – Australian soldier who, as a commanding officer, was accused of participation in <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a> of Boer prisoners and the killing of a German missionary who had been a witness to the shootings. Morant was found guilty along with Peter Handcock and George Witton at their court-martial, with the two former being executed and the latter's sentence commuted, and later released from British prison to return to Australia after sustained public pressure to do so.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2017)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitton2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2017)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-178">[169]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Second_Anglo_-_Boer_War,_South_Africa_1899_-_1902_ZZZ7150D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_Second_Anglo_-_Boer_War%2C_South_Africa_1899_-_1902_ZZZ7150D.jpg/220px-The_Second_Anglo_-_Boer_War%2C_South_Africa_1899_-_1902_ZZZ7150D.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_Second_Anglo_-_Boer_War%2C_South_Africa_1899_-_1902_ZZZ7150D.jpg/330px-The_Second_Anglo_-_Boer_War%2C_South_Africa_1899_-_1902_ZZZ7150D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_Second_Anglo_-_Boer_War%2C_South_Africa_1899_-_1902_ZZZ7150D.jpg/440px-The_Second_Anglo_-_Boer_War%2C_South_Africa_1899_-_1902_ZZZ7150D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2441" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>A group of British prisoners, with <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> on the right</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> – Best known as the prime minister of Britain. During the main part of the Second Boer War, Churchill worked as a war correspondent for <a href="/wiki/The_Morning_Post" title="The Morning Post">The Morning Post</a>. At the age of twenty-six,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakenham1991a568-179">[170]</a> he was captured and held prisoner in a camp in Pretoria from which he escaped and rejoined the British army. He received a commission in the South African Light Horse (still working as a correspondent) and witnessed the capture of Ladysmith and Pretoria.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2017)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2017)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-180">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> – Best known as the leader of the independence movement in India, he lived in South Africa 1893–1915 where he worked on behalf of Indians. He volunteered in 1900 to help the British by forming teams of ambulance drivers and raising 1100 Indian volunteer medics. At Spioenkop Gandhi and his bearers had to carry wounded soldiers for miles to a field hospital because the terrain was too rough for the ambulances. General Redvers Buller mentioned the courage of the Indians in his dispatch. Gandhi and thirty-seven other Indians received the War Medal.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2017)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesaiVahed2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2017)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-181">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Conan_Doyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Arthur Conan Doyle">Sir Arthur Conan Doyle</a> – Author and creator of <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a>. Served as a volunteer doctor in the Langman Field Hospital at Bloemfontein between March and June 1900. In his widely distributed and translated pamphlet 'The War in South Africa: Its Cause and Conduct' he justified both the reasonings behind the war and handling of the conflict itself. In response to complaints about concentration camps he pointed out that over 14,000 British soldiers had died of disease during the conflict (as opposed to 8,000 killed in combat) and at the height of epidemics he was seeing 50–60 British soldiers dying each day in a single ill-equipped and overwhelmed military hospital.<a href="#cite_note-182">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Craig,_1st_Viscount_Craigavon" title="James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon">James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon</a> – Future Prime Minister of Northern Ireland. Served as a captain in the 3rd Battalion of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Irish Rifles">Royal Irish Rifles</a> and as part of the 13th battalion of the Imperial Yeomanry. He was captured in 1900 but released due to a perforated colon and served as a deputy assistant director of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Military_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Military Railways">Imperial Military Railways</a> until being evacuated to the UK due to ill-health.<a href="#cite_note-183">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Frederick Russell Burnham</a> – American scout and adventurer who frequently assisted the British in Africa, Burnham was prospecting in the Klondike at the time of the war's outbreak and originally was not intending to take part. However, a note from Lord Roberts reached him in Alaska, asking him to take on the role of Chief Scout of Roberts' staff if he should so choose. Burnham, on the other side of the globe, hurried to Africa and was commissioned a captain in the British army (a highly unusual practice given that Burnham was an American citizen, not a British subject). Burnham arrived at the front just before the Battle of Paardeberg and spent most of his time behind Boer lines gathering information and sabotaging railroads. Burnham was captured and escaped by the Boers twice<a href="#cite_note-188">[179]</a> and severely wounded at one point.<a href="#cite_note-189">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_overview">Final overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Final overview">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unloading_Hospital_Train_Wellcome_L0034439.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Unloading_Hospital_Train_Wellcome_L0034439.jpg/220px-Unloading_Hospital_Train_Wellcome_L0034439.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Unloading_Hospital_Train_Wellcome_L0034439.jpg/330px-Unloading_Hospital_Train_Wellcome_L0034439.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Unloading_Hospital_Train_Wellcome_L0034439.jpg/440px-Unloading_Hospital_Train_Wellcome_L0034439.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="2638" /></a><figcaption>Unloading the hospital train with wounded British soldiers, around 1900. Nurse Constance Louisa Agg's album.</figcaption></figure> The Second Boer War was the harbinger of a new type of combat which would persevere throughout the twentieth century, guerrilla warfare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb201075–90-152">[144]</a> After the war was over, the entire British army underwent a period of reform which was focused on lessening the emphasis placed on mounted units in combat.<a href="#cite_note-Reconnaissance_and_the_British_Cavalry_1899-1914-190">[181]</a> It was determined that the traditional role of <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> was antiquated and improperly used on the battlefield in the modern warfare of the Boer War, and that the First World War was the final proof that mounted attacks had no place in twentieth century combat.<a href="#cite_note-Reconnaissance_and_the_British_Cavalry_1899-1914-190">[181]</a> Cavalry was put to better use after the reforms in the theatres of the Middle East and World War I, and the idea of mounted infantry was useful in the times when the war was more mobile.<a href="#cite_note-Reconnaissance_and_the_British_Cavalry_1899-1914-190">[181]</a> An example was during the First World War during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons" title="Battle of Mons">Battle of Mons</a> in which the British cavalry held the Belgian town against an initial German assault. Another was the use of mounted infantry at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo (1918)</a> in which Allenby's force routed the enemy owing to speed and dexterity of arms.<a href="#cite_note-Battle_of_Mons-191">[182]</a> The Canadian units of the Royal Canadian Dragoons and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Rifles">Royal Canadian Mounted Rifles</a> fought in the First World War in the same role as the Boer War. However, during, and after, the Second World War the regiments swapped their horses for mechanised vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_Royal_Canadian_Dragoons-192">[183]</a> It was also the beginning of types of conflict involving machine guns, shrapnel and observation balloons which were all used extensively in the First World War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb201075–90-152">[144]</a> To the Canadians however, <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">attrition</a> was the leading cause of death in the Second Boer War, with disease being the cause of approximately half of the Canadian deaths.<a href="#cite_note-Canadian_casualties_in_the_Boer_War-193">[184]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strathcona%27s_Horse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Strathcona%27s_Horse.jpg/220px-Strathcona%27s_Horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Strathcona%27s_Horse.jpg/330px-Strathcona%27s_Horse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Strathcona%27s_Horse.jpg/440px-Strathcona%27s_Horse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Canadian soldiers of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Strathcona%27s_Horse_(Royal_Canadians)" title="Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)">Lord Strathcona's Horse</a> en route to South Africa in 1899.</figcaption></figure> Both sides used a scorched Earth policy to deprive the marching enemy of food. And both had to corral civilians into makeshift huts by 'concentrating' them into camps.<a href="#cite_note-South_African_War-155">[147]</a> For example, at <a href="/wiki/Buffelspoort" title="Buffelspoort">Buffelspoort</a>, British soldiers were held in captivity in Boer encampments after surrendering their arms, and civilians were often mixed in with service personnel because the Boers did not have the resources to do otherwise. A total of 116,000 women, children and Boer soldiers were confined to the Commonwealth concentration camps, of which at least 28,000, mainly women and children, would die.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulsifer2017-166">[158]</a> The lack of food, water, and sanitary provisions was a feature of 20th-century warfare for both civilians and armed services personnel, yet one consequence of the Boer War and investigative commissions was the implementation of The Hague Convention (1899)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">how?</a>] and Geneva Convention (1904); of which there were many further agreements thereafter.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_British_tactics">Views on British tactics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Views on British tactics">edit</a>]</div> The British saw their tactics of scorched earth and concentration camps as a legitimate way of depriving the Boer guerrillas of supplies and safe havens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESibbald1993214-194">[185]</a> The Boers saw them as a British attempt to coerce the Boers into surrender,<a href="#cite_note-The_Bitter_Legacy_of_the_Boer_War-195">[186]</a> with the camp inmates—mainly families of Boer fighters—seen as deliberately kept in poor conditions to encourage high death rates.<a href="#cite_note-Concentration_Camps_1899-1902-196">[187]</a> Even in 2019, the controversy around the British tactics continued to make headlines.<a href="#cite_note-Boer_War:_British_MP_sparks_outrage-197">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemorations">Commemorations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Commemorations">edit</a>]</div> The Australian National Boer War Memorial Committee organises events to mark the war on 31 May each year. In <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>, a commemorative service is usually held at the <a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist_Church,_Reid" title="St John the Baptist Church, Reid">St John the Baptist Church</a> in Reid. Floral tributes are laid for the dead.<a href="#cite_note-National_Boer_War_Memorial-198">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1088965794">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .columns-start .column{float:left;min-width:20em}.mw-parser-output .columns-2 .column{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .columns-3 .column{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .columns-4 .column{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .columns-5 .column{width:20%}}</style><div class="columns-start columns-2"><div class="column"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein_Conference" title="Bloemfontein Conference">Bloemfontein Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_in_the_Second_Boer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment in the Second Boer War">Bombardment in the Second Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_logistics_in_the_Boer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="British logistics in the Boer War">British logistics in the Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">First Italo–Ethiopian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa" title="History of South Africa">History of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_in_South_Africa#Second_Boer_War_(11_October_1899_–_31_May_1902)" title="List of battles in South Africa">List of Second Boer War battles</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"></div><div class="column"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Second_Boer_War_Victoria_Cross_recipients" title="List of Second Boer War Victoria Cross recipients">List of Second Boer War Victoria Cross recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_democracies" title="List of wars between democracies">List of wars between democracies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_to_Ladysmith_via_Pretoria" title="London to Ladysmith via Pretoria">London to Ladysmith via Pretoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa" title="Military history of South Africa">Military history of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vereeniging" title="Treaty of Vereeniging">Treaty of Vereeniging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkstaat" title="Volkstaat">Volkstaat</a></li></ul> </div><div style="clear: both"></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Before <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a> in 1901, Australian involvement in the war consisted of forces from the following separate colonies: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Western_Australia_%281870%E2%80%931953%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Western_Australia_%281870%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Western_Australia_%281870%E2%80%931953%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Western_Australia_%281870%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Western_Australia_%281870%E2%80%931953%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Western_Australia_%281870%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_Australia#Colonial_era" title="History of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Tasmania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tasmania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Tasmania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tasmania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Tasmania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tasmania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_South_Australia_%281876%E2%80%931904%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Australia_%281876%E2%80%931904%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_South_Australia_%281876%E2%80%931904%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Australia_%281876%E2%80%931904%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_South_Australia_%281876%E2%80%931904%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Australia_%281876%E2%80%931904%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Australia#Proclamation_of_South_Australia_(1836)" title="History of South Australia">South Australia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Victoria_%281877-1901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Victoria_%281877-1901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Victoria_%281877-1901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Victoria_%281877-1901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Victoria_%281877-1901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Victoria_%281877-1901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)#Colonial_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland"><img alt="Queensland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Queensland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Queensland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Queensland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Queensland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Queensland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Queensland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Larger numbers of volunteers came from the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Sweden-Norway</a>. Smaller forces came from <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> 5,774 killed in battle; 2,108 died of wounds; 14,210 died of disease<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEveleigh_Nash1914309-8">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> 3,990 killed in battle; 157 died in accidents; 924 of wounds and disease; 1,118 while prisoners of war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessels201179-10">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Salisbury felt that the Transvaal, the Orange Free State, and Cape Boers aspired to a "Dutch South Africa". The achievement of such a state would damage British imperial prestige </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> From the "Battle of Magersfontein", verse by Private Smith of the Black Watch December 1899. (Quoted in Pakenham (1979)<a href="#cite_note-Pakenham1979-26">[22]</a>: 115  </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> "Although some 30,000 Irishmen served in the British Army under Irish General Lord Frederick Roberts, who had been Commander of Chief of British Forces in Ireland prior to his transfer to South Africa, some historians argue that the sympathies of many of their compatriots lay with the Boers. Nationalist-controlled local authorities passed pro-Boer resolutions and there were proposals to confer civic honours on Boer leader, Paul Kruger." (Irish Ambassador Daniel Mulhall <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.promuda-prodigy.com/archives/000083.html">written</a> for History Ireland, 2004.) </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Keir Hardie</a> were members of the <a href="/wiki/Stop_the_War_Committee" title="Stop the War Committee">Stop the War Committee</a> (See the founder's biography: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attackingthedevil.co.uk/worksabout/bairns.php">William T. Stead's</a>.) Many British authors gave their "Pro-Boer" opinions in British press, such as <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a>'s writing to 1905 – (see <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000605083501/http://www.cs.rice.edu:80/~ssiyer/minstrels/poems/228.html">Chesterton's poetry analysis)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> British cavalry travelled light compared with earlier campaigns, but were still expected to carry all kit with them on campaign owing to distances covered on the Veldt. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jones1999-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Jones1999_3-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJones1999" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Huw M. (October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222104222/http://rapidttp.co.za/milhist/vol113hj.html">"Neutrality compromised: Swaziland and the Anglo–Boer War, 1899–1902"</a>. Military History Journal. 11 (3/4). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rapidttp.co.za/milhist/vol113hj.html">the original</a> on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+History+Journal&rft.atitle=Neutrality+compromised%3A+Swaziland+and+the+Anglo%E2%80%93Boer+War%2C+1899%E2%80%931902&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.date=1999-10&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Huw+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frapidttp.co.za%2Fmilhist%2Fvol113hj.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grattan2009-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Grattan2009_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrattan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Grattan, Robert (2009). "The Entente in World War I: a case study in strategy formulation in an alliance". 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Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. pp. 2–5, 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-4880-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-4880-9"><bdi>978-1-4039-4880-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+the+Boers+Lost+the+War&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=2-5%2C+119&rft.pub=Palgrave-Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-4880-9&rft.aulast=Scholtz&rft.aufirst=Leopold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEveleigh_Nash1914309-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEveleigh_Nash1914309_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEveleigh_Nash1914">Eveleigh Nash 1914</a>, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessels201179-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessels201179_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessels201179_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessels201179_10-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWessels2011">Wessels 2011</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/sim_illustrated-london-news_1899-10-28_115_3158">The Illustrated London News 1899-10-28: Vol 115 Iss 3158</a>. 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New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-42742-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-42742-4"><bdi>0-394-42742-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boer+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-394-42742-4&rft.aulast=Pakenham&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fboerwar00pake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wessels2000-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wessels2000_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessels2000_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessels2000_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessels2000_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessels2000_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessels2000_27-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessels2000_27-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessels2000_27-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWessels2000" class="citation book cs1">Wessels, André (2000). "Afrikaners at War". In Gooch, John (ed.). The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image. London: Cass.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Afrikaners+at+War&rft.btitle=The+Boer+War%3A+Direction%2C+Experience+and+Image&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cass&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Wessels&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzCDgAAQBAJ">Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492–2015</a> (4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7470-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7470-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-7470-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+armed+conflicts%3A+a+statistical+encyclopedia+of+casualty+and+other+figures%2C+1492%E2%80%932015&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7470-7&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkNzCDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGronum1977-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGronum1977_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGronum1977">Gronum 1977</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''South_African_History_Online''2011-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''South_African_History_Online''2011_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouth_African_History_Online2011">South African History Online 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc01-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc01_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc01_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPretorius2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fransjohan_Pretorius" title="Fransjohan Pretorius">Pretorius, Fransjohan</a> (18 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/boer_wars_01.shtml">"History – The Boer Wars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407234451/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/boer_wars_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%E2%80%93+The+Boer+Wars&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2008-03-18&rft.aulast=Pretorius&rft.aufirst=Fransjohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fvictorians%2Fboer_wars_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keegan-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Keegan_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan1996" class="citation book cs1">Keegan, Timothy (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonialsouthafr0000keeg">Colonial South Africa and the Origins of the Racial Order</a> (1996 ed.). David Philip Publishers (Pty) Ltd. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonialsouthafr0000keeg/page/15">15–37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1735-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1735-1"><bdi>978-0-8139-1735-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+South+Africa+and+the+Origins+of+the+Racial+Order&rft.pages=15-37&rft.edition=1996&rft.pub=David+Philip+Publishers+%28Pty%29+Ltd&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-1735-1&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolonialsouthafr0000keeg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greaves-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greaves_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greaves_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreaves2013" class="citation book cs1">Greaves, Adrian (2013). The Tribe that Washed its Spears: The Zulus at War. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. pp. 36–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62914-513-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62914-513-6"><bdi>978-1-62914-513-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tribe+that+Washed+its+Spears%3A+The+Zulus+at+War&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pages=36-55&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-62914-513-6&rft.aulast=Greaves&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrisLinnegar200458–95-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrisLinnegar200458–95_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrisLinnegar200458–95_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorrisLinnegar2004">Morris & Linnegar 2004</a>, pp. 58–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica1933-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica1933_35-0">^</a> Entry: Cape Colony. Encyclopædia Britannica Volume 4 Part 2: Brain to Casting. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1933. James Louis Garvin, editor. </li> <li id="cite_note-Boeren-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Boeren_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColenbrander2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Colenbrander, Herman (2010) [1902]. De Afkomst Der Boeren [The Origin of the Peasants] (in Dutch). Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1167481994" title="Special:BookSources/978-1167481994"><bdi>978-1167481994</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Afkomst+Der+Boeren&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1167481994&rft.aulast=Colenbrander&rft.aufirst=Herman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tribalism-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Tribalism_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiliomee1991" class="citation book cs1">Giliomee, Hermann (1991). The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 21–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07420-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07420-0"><bdi>978-0-520-07420-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+Tribalism+in+Southern+Africa&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=21-28&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07420-0&rft.aulast=Giliomee&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant-2015-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grant-2015_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grant-2015_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2015" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Neil (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xbKdCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37">Mauser Military Rifles</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0595-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0595-9"><bdi>978-1-4728-0595-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mauser+Military+Rifles&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-0595-9&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxbKdCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gale_and_Polden-1910-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gale_and_Polden-1910_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gale_and_Polden-1910_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/15699/15699-h/15699-h.htm">A Handbook of the Boer War</a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gale_and_Polden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale and Polden">Gale and Polden</a>. 1910. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-374-97455-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-374-97455-5"><bdi>978-1-374-97455-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+the+Boer+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Gale+and+Polden&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-1-374-97455-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F15699%2F15699-h%2F15699-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYapLeong_Man1996134-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYapLeong_Man1996134_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYapLeong_Man1996">Yap & Leong Man 1996</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeasuringworth2015">Measuringworth 2015</a>, Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount – average earnings, retrieved on 27 January 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartwright1964[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2010]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2010)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartwright1964[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2010]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2010)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartwright1964">Cartwright 1964</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1941[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2017)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENathan1941[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2017)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNathan1941">Nathan 1941</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachanik" class="citation web cs1">Machanik, Felix. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol052fm.html">"Firearms and Firepower – First War of Independence, 1880–1881 – Journal"</a>. South African Military History Society. Retrieved 28 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+African+Military+History+Society&rft.atitle=Firearms+and+Firepower+%E2%80%93+First+War+of+Independence%2C+1880%E2%80%931881+%E2%80%93+Journal&rft.aulast=Machanik&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsamilitaryhistory.org%2Fvol052fm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-Christmas-2016-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith-Christmas-2016_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith-Christmas-2016_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith-Christmas2016" class="citation web cs1">Smith-Christmas, Kenneth L. (1 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/2016/6/1/the-guns-of-the-boer-commandos/">"The Guns of the Boer Commandos"</a>. American Rifleman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200314072227/https://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/2016/6/1/the-guns-of-the-boer-commandos/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2020. 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Human & Rousseau. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7981-3808-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7981-3808-6"><bdi>978-0-7981-3808-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+on+Commando+during+the+Anglo%E2%80%93Boer+War+1899%E2%80%931902&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Human+%26+Rousseau&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7981-3808-6&rft.aulast=Pretorius&rft.aufirst=Fransjohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWfovAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuller1986" class="citation book cs1">Muller, C. F. J. 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Taylor & Francis. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-27181-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-27181-7"><bdi>978-1-135-27181-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boer+War%3A+Direction%2C+Experience+and+Image&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-27181-7&rft.aulast=Gooch&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCVy4AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLunderstedt2000" class="citation book cs1">Lunderstedt, Steve (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgMwAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA22">From Belmont to Bloemfontein: the western campaign of the Anglo–Boer War, February 1899 to April 1900</a>. 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Boer Politics.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Walker, A History of Southern Africa, p. 480 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ash2020-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ash2020_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ash2020_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ash2020_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ash2020_64-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsh2020" class="citation book cs1">Ash, Chris (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.30degreessouth.co.za/the_boer_war_atlas.htm">The Boer War Atlas</a>. 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University of Toronto Press. pp. 233–234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6113-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6113-3"><bdi>978-0-8020-6113-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1036947483">1036947483</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/senseofpowerstud00berg_0">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sense+of+Power%3A+Studies+in+the+Ideas+of+Canadian+Imperialism+1867%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=233-234&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1036947483&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-6113-3&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsenseofpowerstud00berg_0%2Fpage%2F233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBester1994" class="citation book cs1">Bester, R. 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The Art of War: Waterloo to Mons. London: Purnell. pp. 223–229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-31075-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-31075-X"><bdi>0-253-31075-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+War%3A+Waterloo+to+Mons&rft.place=London&rft.pages=223-229&rft.pub=Purnell&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-253-31075-X&rft.aulast=McElwee&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeasuringworth2015" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare">"Relative Value of UK£: using Economic Power in 2014 (using the share of GDP)"</a>. 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(1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horsesprs00poco">Horses</a>. London: J. Murray. p. viii fn. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-665-99382-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-665-99382-X"><bdi>0-665-99382-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horses&rft.place=London&rft.pages=viii+fn.+11&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1917&rft.isbn=0-665-99382-X&rft.aulast=Pocock&rft.aufirst=Roger+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhorsesprs00poco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2015" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Sean-Andre (2015). How Did Winston S. 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American Society for Legal History: 483–526. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3595118">10.2307/3595118</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3595118">3595118</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145286422">145286422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+and+History+Review&rft.atitle=%27The+Modernization+of+the+Zuid+Afrikaansche+Republiek%3A+F.+E.+T.+Krause%2C+J.+C.+Smuts%2C+and+the+Struggle+for+the+Johannesburg+Public+Prosecutor%27s+Office%2C+1898%E2%80%931899&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=483-526&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145286422%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3595118%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3595118&rft.aulast=Onselen&rft.aufirst=Charles+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakenham1991" class="citation book cs1">Pakenham, Thomas (1991) [1979]. 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African Sun Media. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-920383-27-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-920383-27-5"><bdi>978-1-920383-27-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo%E2%80%93Boer+War+1889%E2%80%931902%3A+White+Man%27s+War%2C+Black+Man%27s+War%2C+Traumatic+War&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=African+Sun+Media&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-920383-27-5&rft.aulast=Wessels&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyKgKAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWessels2009" class="citation web cs1">Wessels, Elria (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130214023659/http://www.knra.co.za/history_articles/boer-position_TB.htm">"Boers positions in the Klipriviersberg"</a>. Veldslae-Anglo–Boereoorlog 1899–1902. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knra.co.za/history_articles/boer-position_TB.htm">the original</a> on 14 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Veldslae-Anglo%E2%80%93Boereoorlog+1899%E2%80%931902&rft.atitle=Boers+positions+in+the+Klipriviersberg&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Wessels&rft.aufirst=Elria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knra.co.za%2Fhistory_articles%2Fboer-position_TB.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilcox2002" class="citation book cs1">Wilcox, Craig (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ftyAAAAMAAJ">Australia's Boer War: The War in South Africa, 1899–1902</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-551637-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-551637-1"><bdi>978-0-19-551637-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+Boer+War%3A+The+War+in+South+Africa%2C+1899%E2%80%931902&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-551637-1&rft.aulast=Wilcox&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ftyAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitton2003" class="citation book cs1">Witton, George (2003). Scapegoats of the Empire: The True Story of Breaker Morant's Bushveldt Carbineers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scapegoats+of+the+Empire%3A+The+True+Story+of+Breaker+Morant%27s+Bushveldt+Carbineers&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Witton&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Scapegoats-Empire-Breaker-Bushveldt-Carbineers/dp/1849026211/">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYapLeong_Man1996" class="citation book cs1">Yap, Melanie; Leong Man, Dainne (1996). Colour, Confusion and Concessions: The History of the Chinese in South Africa. Hong Kong: <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. p. 510. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-6220-9423-6" title="Special:BookSources/9-6220-9423-6"><bdi>9-6220-9423-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colour%2C+Confusion+and+Concessions%3A+The+History+of+the+Chinese+in+South+Africa&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=510&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9-6220-9423-6&rft.aulast=Yap&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft.au=Leong+Man%2C+Dainne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrebs1999" class="citation book cs1">Krebs, Paula M. (1999). Gender, Race, and the Writing of Empire: Public Discourse and the Boer War. Cambridge UP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender%2C+Race%2C+and+the+Writing+of+Empire%3A+Public+Discourse+and+the+Boer+War&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Krebs&rft.aufirst=Paula+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeibold2011" class="citation book cs1">Seibold, Birgit (2011). Emily Hobhouse and the Reports on the Concentration Camps during the Boer War, 1899–1902: Two Different Perspectives. Columbia UP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emily+Hobhouse+and+the+Reports+on+the+Concentration+Camps+during+the+Boer+War%2C+1899%E2%80%931902%3A+Two+Different+Perspectives&rft.pub=Columbia+UP&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Seibold&rft.aufirst=Birgit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Hartesveldt2000" class="citation book cs1">Van Hartesveldt, Fred R. (2000). The Boer War: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography. Greenwood.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boer+War%3A+Historiography+and+Annotated+Bibliography&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Van+Hartesveldt&rft.aufirst=Fred+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreytenbach1969–1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Johan_Hendrik_Breytenbach" title="Johan Hendrik Breytenbach">Breytenbach, J. H.</a> (1969–1996). Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899–1902 [The History of the Second War of Independence in South Africa, 1899–1902] (in Afrikaans). Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Geskiedenis+van+die+Tweede+Vryheidsoorlog+in+Suid-Afrika%2C+1899%E2%80%931902&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.pub=Die+Staatsdrukker&rft.date=1969%2F1996&rft.aulast=Breytenbach&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreytenbach1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Breytenbach, J. H. (1969). Die Boere-offensief, Okt. – Nov. 1899 [The Boer Offensive, Oct. – Nov. 1899]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899–1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. I. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/798106662">798106662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Boere-offensief%2C+Okt.+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BNov.+1899&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.series=Die+Geskiedenis+van+die+Tweede+Vryheidsoorlog+in+Suid-Afrika%2C+1899%E2%80%931902&rft.pub=Die+Staatsdrukker&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F798106662&rft.aulast=Breytenbach&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreytenbach1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Breytenbach, J. H. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=31L9XwAACAAJ">Die eerste Britse offensief, Nov. – Des. 1899</a> [The first British offensive, Nov. – Dec. 1899]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899–1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. II. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+eerste+Britse+offensief%2C+Nov.+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BDes.+1899&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.series=Die+Geskiedenis+van+die+Tweede+Vryheidsoorlog+in+Suid-Afrika%2C+1899%E2%80%931902&rft.pub=Die+Staatsdrukker&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Breytenbach&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D31L9XwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreytenbach1973" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Breytenbach, J. H. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8J61uyKo-IYC">Die stryd in Natal, Jan. – Feb. 1900</a> [The battle in Natal, Jan. – Feb. 1900]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899–1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. III. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780797012394" title="Special:BookSources/9780797012394"><bdi>9780797012394</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/612581136">612581136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+stryd+in+Natal%2C+Jan.+%E2%80%93+Feb.+1900&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.series=Die+Geskiedenis+van+die+Tweede+Vryheidsoorlog+in+Suid-Afrika%2C+1899%E2%80%931902&rft.pub=Die+Staatsdrukker&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F612581136&rft.isbn=9780797012394&rft.aulast=Breytenbach&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8J61uyKo-IYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreytenbach1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Breytenbach, J. H. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WspBAAAAYAAJ">Die Boereterugtog uit Kaapland</a> [The Boer retreat from the Cape Colony]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899–1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. IV. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Boereterugtog+uit+Kaapland&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.series=Die+Geskiedenis+van+die+Tweede+Vryheidsoorlog+in+Suid-Afrika%2C+1899%E2%80%931902&rft.pub=Die+Staatsdrukker&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Breytenbach&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWspBAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreytenbach1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Breytenbach, J. H. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Up4NAQAAIAAJ">Die Britse Opmars tot in Pretoria</a> [The British advance to Pretoria]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899–1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. V. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780621083606" title="Special:BookSources/9780621083606"><bdi>9780621083606</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/769254652">769254652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Britse+Opmars+tot+in+Pretoria&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.series=Die+Geskiedenis+van+die+Tweede+Vryheidsoorlog+in+Suid-Afrika%2C+1899%E2%80%931902&rft.pub=Die+Staatsdrukker&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F769254652&rft.isbn=9780621083606&rft.aulast=Breytenbach&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUp4NAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreytenbach1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Breytenbach, J. H. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4b-ASwAACAAJ">Die beleg van Mafeking tot met die Slag van Bergendal</a> [The siege of Mafeking up to the Battle of Bergendal]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899–1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. VI. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780797033214" title="Special:BookSources/9780797033214"><bdi>9780797033214</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/813492747">813492747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+beleg+van+Mafeking+tot+met+die+Slag+van+Bergendal&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.series=Die+Geskiedenis+van+die+Tweede+Vryheidsoorlog+in+Suid-Afrika%2C+1899%E2%80%931902&rft.pub=Die+Staatsdrukker&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F813492747&rft.isbn=9780797033214&rft.aulast=Breytenbach&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4b-ASwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGooch" class="citation book cs1">Gooch, John (ed.). The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image. London: Cass. p. 179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boer+War%3A+Direction%2C+Experience+and+Image&rft.place=London&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Cass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"> – an anthology frequently cited in this article.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2013" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Nicholas (2013). The Rocky Road to the Great War: the Evolution of Trench Warfare to 1914. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rocky+Road+to+the+Great+War%3A+the+Evolution+of+Trench+Warfare+to+1914&rft.place=Dulles%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOckerbloom2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ockerbloom, John Mark, ed. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/browse?type=lcsubc&key=South%20African%20War%2C%201899-1902&c=x">"South African War, 1899–1902"</a>. The Online Books Page.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Online+Books+Page&rft.atitle=South+African+War%2C+1899%E2%80%931902&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinebooks.library.upenn.edu%2Fwebbin%2Fbook%2Fbrowse%3Ftype%3Dlcsubc%26key%3DSouth%2520African%2520War%252C%25201899-1902%26c%3Dx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"> – a Boer War bibliography of on-line books.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_War_OfficeMauriceGrant1906–1910" class="citation book cs1">British War Office; <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Maurice_(British_Army_officer,_born_1841)" title="Frederick Maurice (British Army officer, born 1841)">Maurice, Sir John Frederick</a>; Grant, Maurice Harold (1906–1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofwarinso04grea">History of the war in South Africa, 1899–1902</a> (1st in four volumes ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+war+in+South+Africa%2C+1899%E2%80%931902&rft.edition=1st+in+four+volumes&rft.date=1906%2F1910&rft.au=British+War+Office&rft.au=Maurice%2C+Sir+John+Frederick&rft.au=Grant%2C+Maurice+Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofwarinso04grea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"> – detailed official British history <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofwarinso01mauruoft">volume 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofwarinso01grea">maps volume 1</a> (1906)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofwarinso02mauruoft">volume 2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofwarinso02grea">maps volume 2</a> (1907)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofwarinso03mauruoft">volume 3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofwarinso03grea">maps volume 3</a> (1908)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofwarinso04mauruoft">volume 4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofwarinso03grea">maps volume 4</a> (1910)</li></ul></li> <li>Miller, Stephen M. "Politics, the Press, and the Royal Commission on the War in South Africa" International Journal of Military History and Historiography (2022) 44#1 pp. 42–70</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReitz1929" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deneys_Reitz" title="Deneys Reitz">Reitz, Deneys</a> (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/reitzd/commando/index.htm">Commando: A Boer Journal of the Boer War</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/801364049">801364049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commando%3A+A+Boer+Journal+of+the+Boer+War&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F801364049&rft.aulast=Reitz&rft.aufirst=Deneys&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcivilisation.com%2Fsmartboard%2Fshop%2Freitzd%2Fcommando%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1902/mar/04/south-african-war-concentration-camps">"South African War – Concentration Camps. HC Deb"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a>. 104 (cc402-67). <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>. 4 March 1902.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hansard&rft.atitle=South+African+War+%E2%80%93+Concentration+Camps.+HC+Deb&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=cc402-67&rft.date=1902-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1902%2Fmar%2F04%2Fsouth-african-war-concentration-camps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Boer+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Second_Boer_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Second_Boer_War" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WCsm4HvzRQo&list=PLieZXU6naIJK9dW4WowLHxDuHJ8aQN_Q7">The Boer War</a>, A 2 part documentary series shown on British television (1999).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanhistoryprojects.com/downloads/military.htm#H.">Americanhistoryprojects.com: links to books & articles on Second Boer War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.lib.byu.edu/repositories/14/resources/7748">Scrapbook of Boer War, MSS P 456</a> at <a href="/wiki/L._Tom_Perry_Special_Collections" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Tom Perry Special Collections">L. Tom Perry Special Collections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_B._Lee_Library" title="Harold B. Lee Library">Harold B. Lee Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boer.co.za/boerwar/hellkamp.htm">The Concentration Camps 1899–1902 by Hennie Barnard</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200323123802/http://www.boer.co.za/boerwar/hellkamp.htm">Archived</a> 23 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>British Commanders of the Boer War, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishcommander00wdhoiala/mode/2up">Link</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_history_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_history_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political history of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1075–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1220)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a> (1652–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mthethwa_Paramountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mthethwa Paramountcy">Mthethwa Paramountcy</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1780–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1780–1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a> (1816–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Republic" title="Natalia Republic">Natalia Republic</a> (1839–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal Colony</a> (1843–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a> (1854–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> (1856–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_East" title="Griqualand East">Griqualand East</a> (1861–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_West" title="Griqualand West">Griqualand West</a> (1870–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Goshen" title="State of Goshen">Goshen</a> (1882–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellaland" title="Stellaland">Stellaland</a> (1882–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Republiek" title="Nieuwe Republiek">Nieuwe Republiek</a> (1884–1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upingtonia" title="Upingtonia">Upingtonia</a> (1885–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein_Vrystaat" title="Klein Vrystaat">Klein Vrystaat</a> (1886–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River Colony</a> (1902–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal Colony</a> (1902–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> (1910–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a> (1976–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bophuthatswana" title="Bophuthatswana">Bophuthatswana</a> (1977–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venda" title="Venda">Venda</a> (1979–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciskei" title="Ciskei">Ciskei</a> (1981–1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_South_Africa" title="Early history of South Africa">Pre-colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salt_River" title="Battle of Salt River">Battle of Salt River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1652%E2%80%931815)" title="History of South Africa (1652–1815)">1652–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cape_Colony_before_1806#First_settlement" title="History of the Cape Colony before 1806">Dutch settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">French Huguenot settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi%E2%80%93Dutch_Wars" title="Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars">Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muizenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Muizenberg">Battle of Muizenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Battle of Blaauwberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1814" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814">Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1815%E2%80%931910)" title="History of South Africa (1815–1910)">1815–1910</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_Settlers" title="1820 Settlers">1820 Settlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">Great Trek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boer_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Republics">Boer Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Civil_War" title="Transvaal Civil War">Transvaal Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_Revolution" title="Mineral Revolution">Mineral Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Wars_(1879%E2%80%931915)" title="South African Wars (1879–1915)">South African Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Act_1909" title="South Africa Act 1909">South Africa Act 1909</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Convention_(South_Africa)" title="National Convention (South Africa)">National Convention</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1910%E2%80%9348)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Africa (1910–48)">1910–1948</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West Africa campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Rebellion" title="Rand Rebellion">Rand Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_South_Africa" title="Great Depression in South Africa">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_African_Mine_Workers%27_Union_strike" title="1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike">1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_South_African_general_election" title="1948 South African general election">1948 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid_legislation" title="Apartheid legislation">Apartheid legislation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pass_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Pass laws">Pass laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">Internal resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloured-vote_constitutional_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured-vote constitutional crisis">Coloured-vote constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defiance_Campaign" title="Defiance Campaign">Defiance Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_People_(1955)" title="Congress of the People (1955)">Congress of the People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_(South_Africa)" title="Women's March (South Africa)">Women's March 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Alexandra_bus_boycott" title="1957 Alexandra bus boycott">1957 Alexandra bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre" title="Sharpeville massacre">Sharpeville massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_South_African_republic_referendum" title="1960 South African republic referendum">1960 republic referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa_during_apartheid" title="Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid">International isolation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_1761" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1761">UN Resolution 1761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_591" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 591">UNSC Resolution 591</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_boycott_of_South_Africa" title="Academic boycott of South Africa">Academic boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa" title="Disinvestment from South Africa">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_engagement" title="Constructive engagement">Constructive engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_Baby_Option" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar Baby Option">Tar Baby Option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporting_boycott_of_South_Africa_during_the_apartheid_era" title="Sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era">Sporting boycott</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid-era_South_Africa_and_the_Olympics" title="Apartheid-era South Africa and the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_and_apartheid" title="Rugby union and apartheid">Rugby union</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durban_Moment" title="Durban Moment">Durban Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations#Strategic_relations" title="Israel–South Africa relations">Israeli alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_Agreement" title="Israel–South Africa Agreement">Israel–South Africa Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafeje_affair" title="Mafeje affair">Mafeje affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soweto_uprising" title="Soweto uprising">Soweto Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Africa and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Coast" title="Project Coast">Project Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Street_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Street bombing">Church Street bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_South_African_constitutional_referendum" title="1983 South African constitutional referendum">1983 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langa_massacre" title="Langa massacre">Langa massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_speech" title="Rubicon speech">Rubicon speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vula" title="Operation Vula">Operation Vula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakar_Conference" title="Dakar Conference">Dakar Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Transkei_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Transkei coup d'état">Transkei coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Ciskei_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Ciskei coup d'état">Ciskei coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Venda_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Venda coup d'état">Venda coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(South_Africa)" title="Third Force (South Africa)">Third Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">CODESA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Kempton_Park_World_Trade_Centre" title="Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre">Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisho_massacre" title="Bisho massacre">Bisho massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_South_African_apartheid_referendum" title="1992 South African apartheid referendum">1992 apartheid referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_James_Church_massacre" title="Saint James Church massacre">Saint James Church massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">Bophuthatswana crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_House_massacre" title="Shell House massacre">Shell House massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1994%E2%80%93present)" title="History of South Africa (1994–present)">Post- apartheid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">1994 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nelson_Mandela" title="Cabinet of Nelson Mandela">Government of National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_and_Development_Programme" title="Reconstruction and Development Programme">Reconstruction and Development Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Arms_Deal" title="South African Arms Deal">Arms Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_crossing_(South_Africa)" title="Floor crossing (South Africa)">Floor crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Soweto_bombings" title="2002 Soweto bombings">Soweto bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Renaissance" title="African Renaissance">African Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travelgate_(South_Africa)" title="Travelgate (South Africa)">Travelgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">Xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Kennedy_Road" title="Attack on Kennedy Road">Attack on Kennedy Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blikkiesdorp" title="Blikkiesdorp">Blikkiesdorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marikana_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Marikana killings">Marikana massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_2012_Farm_Workers%27_strike" title="Western Cape 2012 Farm Workers' strike">2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkandla_(homestead)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nkandla (homestead)">Nkandlagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_South_African_platinum_strike" title="2014 South African platinum strike">2014 platinum strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Must_Fall" title="Rhodes Must Fall">#RhodesMustFall protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FeesMustFall" title="FeesMustFall">#FeesMustFall student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshwane_riots,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshwane riots, 2016">Tshwane riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_service_delivery_protests" title="2019 service delivery protests">2019 service delivery protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Johannesburg_riots" title="2019 Johannesburg riots">2019 Johannesburg riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Phala_Phala_Robbery" title="2020 Phala Phala Robbery">2020 Phala Phala Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_South_African_unrest" title="2021 South African unrest">2021 unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_R_incident" title="Lady R incident">Lady R incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Calvinism" title="Afrikaner Calvinism">Afrikaner Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azania" title="Azania">Azania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baasskap" title="Baasskap">Baasskap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boerehaat" title="Boerehaat">Boerehaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black Consciousness Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Independence">Cape Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Vow" title="Day of the Vow">Day of the Vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_South_Africa" title="Greater South Africa">Greater South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_whites" title="Honorary whites">Honorary whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooi_gevaar" title="Rooi gevaar">Rooi gevaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swart_gevaar" title="Swart gevaar">Swart gevaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uitlander" title="Uitlander">Uitlander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkstaat" title="Volkstaat">Volkstaat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civic and political organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Bond" title="Afrikaner Bond">Afrikaner Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Broederbond" title="Afrikaner Broederbond">Afrikaner Broederbond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Party" title="Afrikaner Party">Afrikaner Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_Income_Tax_and_Usury_Party" title="Abolition of Income Tax and Usury Party">AITUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Political_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="African Political Organization">APO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Volksfront" title="Afrikaner Volksfront">AVF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_People%27s_Convention" title="Black People's Convention">BPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sash" title="Black Sash">Black Sash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boerestaat_Party" title="Boerestaat Party">Boerestaat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Christian Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">CDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciskei_National_Independence_Party" title="Ciskei National Independence Party">CNIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Ecology_Group" title="Cape Town Ecology Group">CTEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Congress_of_Democrats" title="South African Congress of Democrats">COD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Alliance" title="Congress Alliance">Congress Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_Objector_Support_Group" title="Conscientious Objector Support Group">COSG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of South Africa">CP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_Front" title="Democratic Left Front">DLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Dominion Party (South Africa)">Dominion Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa,_1973)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa, 1973)">DP (1973–1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa)">DP (1989–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party_(Transkei)" title="Democratic Progressive Party (Transkei)">DPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Movement_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Socialist Movement (South Africa)">DSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_Conscription_Campaign" title="End Conscription Campaign">ECC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Federal Alliance (South Africa)">FA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Democrats_(South_Africa)" title="Federation of Democrats (South Africa)">FD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genootskap_van_Regte_Afrikaners" title="Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners">Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purified_National_Party" title="Purified National Party">GNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Het_Volk_(political_party)" title="Het Volk (political party)">Het Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herenigde_Nasionale_Party" title="Herenigde Nasionale Party">HNP (Herenigde)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herstigte_Nasionale_Party" title="Herstigte Nasionale Party">HNP (Herstigte)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Democratic_Alternatives_in_South_Africa" title="Institute for Democratic Alternatives in South Africa">IDASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Democrats" title="Independent Democrats">ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Independent Party (South Africa)">IP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_League_(South_Africa)" title="International Socialist League (South Africa)">ISL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeugkrag" title="Jeugkrag">Jeugkrag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Reform_Committee" title="Johannesburg Reform Committee">Johannesburg Reform Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Labour Party (South Africa)">Labour Party (1910–1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa,_1969)" title="Labour Party (South Africa, 1969)">Labour Party (1969–1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Liberal Party of South Africa">Liberal Party (1953–1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(South_Africa)" title="National Action (South Africa)">NA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Conservative Party (South Africa)">NCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natal_Indian_Congress" title="Natal Indian Congress">Natal Indian Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New Labour Party (South Africa)">NLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New National Party (South Africa)">NNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">NP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Party_(South_Africa,_1981)" title="National People's Party (South Africa, 1981)">NPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Republic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New Republic Party (South Africa)">NRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_South_African_Students" title="National Union of South African Students">NUSAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_South_Africa" title="Occupy South Africa">Occupy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangia_Unie" title="Orangia Unie">Orangia Unie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vereniging_van_Oranjewerkers" title="Vereniging van Oranjewerkers">Oranjewerkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orde_Boerevolk" title="Orde Boerevolk">Orde Boerevolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_ANC_Voters_Network" title="Progressive ANC Voters Network">PAVN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Federal_Party" title="Progressive Federal Party">PFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Cape_Colony)" title="Progressive Party (Cape Colony)">Progressive Party (Cape Colony)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Party (South Africa)">Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Reform Party (South Africa)">PRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Freedom" title="Radio Freedom">Radio Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Reform Party (South Africa)">Reform Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Business_Party" title="South African Business Party">SABP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Democratic_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Democratic Convention">SADECO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Indian_Congress" title="South African Indian Congress">SAIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Students%27_Organisation" title="South African Students' Organisation">SASO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Youth_Congress" title="South African Youth Congress">SAYCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Youth_Revolutionary_Council" title="South African Youth Revolutionary Council">SAYRCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party_(Cape_Colony)" title="South African Party (Cape Colony)">South African Party (Cape Colony)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party" title="South African Party">South African Party (1911–1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party_(Republic_of_South_Africa)" title="South African Party (Republic of South Africa)">South African Party (1977–1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transkei_National_Independence_Party" title="Transkei National Independence Party">TNIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch_Commando" title="Torch Commando">Torch Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Federal_Party" title="Union Federal Party">UFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Party_(South_Africa)" title="United Party (South Africa)">United Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Unionist Party (South Africa)">Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Venda" title="National Party of Venda">National Party of Venda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksparty" title="Volksparty">Volksparty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Workers Party of South Africa">Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Organisation_for_Socialist_Action" title="Workers Organisation for Socialist Action">WOSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade unions and social movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Privatisation_Forum" title="Anti-Privatisation Forum">APF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">BCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Trade_Union_of_Transnet_Workers" title="Black Trade Union of Transnet Workers">BLATU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Non-European_Trade_Unions" title="Council of Non-European Trade Unions">CNETU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Stevedoring_Workers_Union" title="Cape Town Stevedoring Workers Union">CTSWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Canning_Workers%27_Union" title="Food and Canning Workers' Union">FCWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Non-European_Trade_Unions" title="Federation of Non-European Trade Unions">FNETU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Federation of South African Trade Unions">FOSATU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_Commercial_Workers%27_Union" title="Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union">ICU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World_(South_Africa)" title="Industrial Workers of the World (South Africa)">IWW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicians_Union_of_South_Africa" title="Musicians Union of South Africa">MUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-European_Unity_Movement" title="Non-European Unity Movement">NEUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Railway_and_Harbour_Servants" title="National Union of Railway and Harbour Servants">NURHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_Arts_Workers%27_Equity" title="Performing Arts Workers' Equity">PAWE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Agricultural_Plantation_and_Allied_Workers_Union" title="South African Agricultural Plantation and Allied Workers Union">SAAPAWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Congress_of_Trade_Unions" title="South African Congress of Trade Unions">SACTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Industrial_Federation" title="South African Industrial Federation">SAIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Railways_and_Harbours_Union" title="South African Railways and Harbours Union">SARHU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Trades_Union_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Trades Union Council">SATUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Spoorbund" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Spoorbund">Die Spoorbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(South_Africa)" title="United Democratic Front (South Africa)">UDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umkosi_Wezintaba" title="Umkosi Wezintaba">Umkosi Wezintaba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paramilitary and terrorist organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Azanian People's Liberation Army">APLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Resistance_Movement" title="African Resistance Movement">ARM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">AWB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanke_Bevrydingsbeweging" title="Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging">BBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeremag" title="Boeremag">Boeremag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe">MK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orde_van_die_Dood" title="Orde van die Dood">Orde van die Dood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Against_Gangsterism_and_Drugs" title="People Against Gangsterism and Drugs">PAGAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Front" title="South African National Front">SANF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Histories of political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="History of the African National Congress">African National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="History of the Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="History of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan Africanist Congress of Azania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Political history of South Africa">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonial conflicts involving the <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Ireland</a> (1593–1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars" title="Anglo-Powhatan Wars">Virginia</a> (1609–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Swally" title="Battle of Swally">Swally</a> (1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Ormuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Persian capture of Ormuz">Ormuz</a> (1622)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_Genocide_of_1626" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinago Genocide of 1626">Saint Kitts</a> (1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_July_1628" title="Action of 17 July 1628">Quebec</a> (1628)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a> (1634–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion</a> (1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a> (1641–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> (1649–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians#English_colony_(1654–1667)" title="History of the Acadians">Acadia</a> (1654–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1654–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Maroon_War" title="First Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1655–1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1662)" title="Battle of Tangier (1662)">1st Tangier</a> (1662)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1664)" title="Battle of Tangier (1664)">2nd Tangier</a> (1664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a> (1675–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mughal_War_(1686%E2%80%931690)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)">Child's War</a> (1686–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_War" title="Anglo-Siamese War">Siam</a> (1687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a> (1688–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a> (1688–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komenda_Wars" title="Komenda Wars">Ghana</a> (1694–1700)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> (1702–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_War" title="Tuscarora War">Tuscarora War</a> (1711–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamasee_War" title="Yamasee War">Yamasee War</a> (1715–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Father Rale's War/Dummer's War</a> (1722–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> (1740–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a> (1744–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">Carnatic Wars</a> (1746–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Nova Scotia</a> (1749–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a> (1756–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Cherokee_War" title="Anglo-Cherokee War">Anglo-Cherokee War</a> (1758–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacky%27s_Revolt" title="Tacky's Revolt">Jamaica</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1762–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> (1763–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_Movement_in_North_Carolina" title="Regulator Movement in North Carolina">Regulator Movement in North Carolina</a> (1765–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carib_War" title="First Carib War">First Carib War</a> (1769–73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rohilla_War" title="First Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1773–74)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1775–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1779–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley%27s_Gold_Coast_expedition" title="Shirley's Gold Coast expedition">Gold Coast</a> (1781–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Radharam" title="Revolt of Radharam">Assam</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a> (1788–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Crisis" title="Nootka Crisis">Nootka Sound</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1789–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotiote_War" title="Cotiote War">Cotiote (Wayanad) War</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rohilla_War" title="Second Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony" title="Invasion of the Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Maroon_War" title="Second Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9don%27s_rebellion" title="Fédon's rebellion">Grenada</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ceylon" title="Invasion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a> (1796–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion</a> (1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Siege of Malta (1798–1800)">Malta</a> (1798–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1798–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dwyer#Guerilla_campaign" title="Michael Dwyer">Dwyer's guerrilla campaign</a> (1799–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a> (1799–1805)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Irish_Uprising_in_Newfoundland" title="United Irish Uprising in Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> (1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1803–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion" title="Castle Hill convict rebellion">Castle Hill convict rebellion</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Surinam_(1804)" title="Invasion of Surinam (1804)">Surinam</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Cape Colony</a> (1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">Río de la Plata</a> (1806–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_expedition_of_1807" title="Alexandria expedition of 1807">Egypt</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froberg_mutiny" title="Froberg mutiny">Froberg mutiny</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santo_Domingo_of_1808" title="Siege of Santo Domingo of 1808">Santo Domingo</a> (1808–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1809)" title="Invasion of Martinique (1809)">Martinique</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1810)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1810)">Guadeloupe</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_%C3%8Ele_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Île Bonaparte">Reunion</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Isle_de_France" title="Invasion of Isle de France">Mauritius</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles#The_Quincy_era" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Java</a> (1810–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a> (1811–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">USA</a> (1812–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Nepal</a> (1814–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1815)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1815)">Guadeloupe</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slachter%27s_Nek_Rebellion" title="Slachter's Nek Rebellion">Cape Colony</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Algiers</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1817–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1819">Persian Gulf</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara_rebellion_of_1823" title="Demerara rebellion of 1823">Guiana</a> (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars" title="Anglo-Ashanti wars">Anglo-Ashanti wars</a> (1824–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="First Anglo-Burmese War">First Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1824–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War (Van Diemen's Land)</a> (1828–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_War" title="Baptist War">Jamaica</a> (1831–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naning_War" title="Naning War">Malacca</a> (1831–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Expedition" title="Aden Expedition">Aden Expedition</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1839%E2%80%931841)" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)">Egyptian–Ottoman War</a> (1839–41)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> (1845–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1845–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (1845–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Canton" title="Expedition to Canton">Canton</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">British Honduras</a> (1847–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Ceylon</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1848–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Second Anglo-Burmese War">Second Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka Rebellion</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a> (1854–56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_War" title="Anglo-Persian War">Anglo-Persian War</a> (1856–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a> (1856–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion</a> (1857–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Rajab_Ali" title="Revolt of Rajab Ali">Revolt of Rajab Ali</a> (1857–58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima" title="Bombardment of Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambela_campaign" title="Ambela campaign">Ambela campaign</a> (1863–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_campaign" title="Shimonoseki campaign">Shimonoseki</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duar_War" title="Duar War">Duar War</a> (1864–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian Rebellion in Canada</a> (1866–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Expedition to Abyssinia">Abyssinia</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Manitoba</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_War" title="Perak War">Perak</a> (1875–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1879–80)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basuto_Gun_War" title="Basuto Gun War">Basutoland</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a> (1881–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian War</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">Saskatchewan</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Third Anglo-Burmese War">Third Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition" title="Emin Pasha Relief Expedition">Central Africa</a> (1886–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_Expedition_of_1888" title="Hazara Expedition of 1888">Hazara</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Column" title="Pioneer Column">Mashonaland</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunza%E2%80%93Nagar_Campaign" title="Hunza–Nagar Campaign">Hunza–Nagar Campaign</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Manipur_War" title="Anglo-Manipur War">Anglo-Manipur War</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Uprising" title="Pahang Uprising">Pahang Uprising</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">Matabeleland</a> (1893–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">North Borneo</a> (1894–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitral_Expedition" title="Chitral Expedition">Chitral Expedition</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid South Africa</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zanzibar_War" title="Anglo-Zanzibar War">Anglo-Zanzibar War</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chimurenga" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chimurenga">Matabeleland</a> (1896–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897" title="Benin Expedition of 1897">Benin Expedition</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand" title="Siege of Malakand">Siege of Malakand</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1897%E2%80%931898" title="Mohmand campaign of 1897–1898">First Mohmand campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirah_campaign" title="Tirah campaign">Tirah campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War_(1899)" title="Six-Day War (1899)">Six-Day War</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> (1898–1901)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland</a> (1900–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Aro_War" title="Anglo-Aro War">West Africa</a> (1901–02)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">Tibet expedition</a> (1903–04)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Bambatha Rebellion</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_in_the_Tochi" title="Operations in the Tochi">Tochi</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilembwe_uprising" title="Chilembwe uprising">Nyasaland</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussa_rebellion" title="Bussa rebellion">Nigeria</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_against_the_Mohmands,_Bunerwals_and_Swatis_in_1915" title="Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis in 1915">Peshawar</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_blockade" title="Mohmand blockade">Mohmand</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Quebec</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adubi_War" title="Adubi War">Nigeria</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1919–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_rebellion" title="Malabar rebellion">Malabar rebellion</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Kurdistan</a> (1922–24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwan_Rebellion" title="Adwan Rebellion">Transjordan</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink%27s_War" title="Pink's War">Pink's War</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_revolt" title="Ikhwan revolt">Ikhwan revolt</a> (1927–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afridi_Redshirt_Rebellion,_Indian_North_West_Frontier_1930%E2%80%931931" title="Afridi Redshirt Rebellion, Indian North West Frontier 1930–1931">Tirah</a> (1930–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Barzani revolt</a> (1931–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1935" title="Mohmand campaign of 1935">Second Mohmand campaign</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt in Palestine</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woyane_rebellion" title="Woyane rebellion">Ethiopia</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish revolt in Palestine</a> (1944–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Indochina</a> (1945–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya" title="Battle of Surabaya">Indonesia</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1946–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> (1948–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Kenya Emergency</a> (1952–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Oman</a> (1954–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a> (1955–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Oman</a> (1962–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1962–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Malaysia</a> (1962–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden</a> (1963–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">Northern Ireland Troubles</a> (1969–mid-1990s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands</a> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Palliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Palliser">Sierra Leone Civil War</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">War in Afghanistan</a> (2001–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">Somali Civil War (2009–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2012–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mali_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mali conflict">Northern Mali conflict</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">ISIS war</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intervention against ISIS">Military intervention against ISIS</a> (2014–present</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_armed_conflicts_involving_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Sri_Lanka" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armed_conflicts_involving_Sri_Lanka" title="Template:Armed conflicts involving Sri Lanka"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armed_conflicts_involving_Sri_Lanka" title="Template talk:Armed conflicts involving Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armed_conflicts_involving_Sri_Lanka" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armed conflicts involving Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_armed_conflicts_involving_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Sri_Lanka" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Sri_Lanka" title="List of wars involving Sri Lanka">armed conflicts</a> involving <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kotte_conquest_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom" title="Kotte conquest of the Jaffna kingdom">Kotte conquest of the Jaffna kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vijithapura" title="Battle of Vijithapura">Battle of Vijithapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_invasion_of_Pandya" title="Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya">Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_conquest_of_Anuradhapura" title="Chola conquest of Anuradhapura">Chola conquest of Anuradhapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa%E2%80%93Pagan_War" title="Polonnaruwa–Pagan War">Polonnaruwa–Pagan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1173_Polonnaruwa_invasion_of_Chola" title="1173 Polonnaruwa invasion of Chola">1173 Polonnaruwa invasion of Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Civil_War_(1169%E2%80%931177)" title="Pandyan Civil War (1169–1177)">Pandyan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_invasions_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Malay invasions of Sri Lanka">Malay invasions of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Kotte_War" title="Ming–Kotte War">Ming–Kotte War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Sinhalese–Portuguese conflicts">Sinhalese–Portuguese conflicts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kotte_(1557%E2%80%931558)" title="Siege of Kotte (1557–1558)">Siege of Kotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mulleriyawa" title="Battle of Mulleriyawa">Battle of Mulleriyawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Danture" title="Campaign of Danture">Campaign of Danture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch–Portuguese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom" title="Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom">Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom_(1560)" title="Portuguese invasion of the Jaffna kingdom (1560)">1560</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom_(1591)" title="Portuguese invasion of the Jaffna kingdom (1591)">1591</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan%E2%80%93Dutch_war_(1670%E2%80%931675)" title="Kandyan–Dutch war (1670–1675)">First Kandyan–Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan%E2%80%93Dutch_war_(1764%E2%80%931766)" title="Kandyan–Dutch war (1764–1766)">Second Kandyan–Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rebellion_of_1817%E2%80%931818" title="Great Rebellion of 1817–1818">Great Rebellion of 1817–1818</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Matale rebellion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Easter Sunday Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands_mutiny" title="Cocos Islands mutiny">Cocos Islands mutiny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Prosperity_Guardian" title="Operation Prosperity Guardian">Operation Prosperity Guardian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peacekeeping</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanon" title="United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon">United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Stabilization_Mission_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti">United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_the_Central_African_Republic_and_Chad" title="United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad">United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanon" title="United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon">United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armed_Forces#History" title="Sri Lanka Armed Forces">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_in_World_War_II" title="Ceylon in World War II">Ceylon in World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4147009-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85125514">United 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src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&oldid=1262394787">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Boer_War&oldid=1262394787</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Second_Boer_War" title="Category:Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Boer_Wars" title="Category:Boer Wars">Boer Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1899_in_South_Africa" title="Category:1899 in South Africa">1899 in South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1900_in_South_Africa" title="Category:1900 in 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