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Wiktionary, the free dictionary"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:English_pronunciation"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wiktionary/en.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wiktionary/en.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wiktionary (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wiktionary.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:English_pronunciation"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wiktionary Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin-vector-legacy mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-100 ns-subject page-Appendix_English_pronunciation rootpage-Appendix_English_pronunciation skin-vector action-view"><div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Appendix:English pronunciation</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wiktionary, the free dictionary</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="noprint plainlinks shortcut-box"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Shortcut" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiktionary:Shortcut">Shortcut</a>: <code><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Appendix:ENPRON&redirect=no">AP:ENPRON</a></code></div> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#English">1 English</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Vowels">1.1 Vowels</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="#Foreign_vowels">1.1.1 Foreign vowels</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Consonants">1.2 Consonants</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Fortis_and_lenis">1.2.1 Fortis and lenis</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Linking_semivowels">1.2.2 Linking semivowels</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Other_symbols">1.3 Other symbols</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also">2 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References">3 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Further_reading">4 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links">5 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English">English</h2></div> The following tables show the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA) and the English pronunciation (enPR) or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heritage_Dictionary" class="extiw" title="w:American Heritage Dictionary">American Heritage Dictionary</a> (AHD) symbols that are used to represent the various sounds of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" class="extiw" title="w:English language">English language</a>. The sounds of <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> (RP, UK), <a href="/wiki/General_American" title="General American">General American</a> pronunciation (GenAm, US), <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a> (CanE), <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a> (AuE), and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a> (NZE) are shown. For vowels in other dialects, see Wikipedia's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_chart_for_English" class="extiw" title="w:IPA chart for English">IPA chart for English</a>. An <a href="/wiki/File:IPA_Chart_for_English_2.png" title="File:IPA Chart for English 2.png">image of an old version of these tables</a> is available. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3></div> For a fuller list of dialects, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" class="extiw" title="w:International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rhoticity_in_English" class="extiw" title="w:rhoticity in English">Non-rhotic</a> dialects (RP, Australia, New Zealand) do not pronounce what was historically a syllable-final r; instead they have a schwa (/ə/), centering diphthong (ending in /ə̯/) or a long vowel (ending in /ː/). Rhotic dialects (General American and Canadian) pronounce the syllable-final r. Also, they make no vowel length distinction, so none of their vowels end in the length symbol /ː/. This vowel table below lists the standard phonemic vowel notations in each accent and contains both <a href="/wiki/monophthong" title="monophthong">monophthongs</a> and <a href="/wiki/diphthong" title="diphthong">diphthongs</a>. Variations of notation within the same accent are also listed. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Template:enPR" title="Template:enPR">enPR</a> / <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heritage_Dictionary" class="extiw" title="w:American Heritage Dictionary">AHD</a><a href="#cite_note-AHD-1">[1]</a> </th> <th colspan="5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="extiw" title="w:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">examples </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> RP</th> <th><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> GenAm</th> <th><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/45px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/60px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> CanE</th> <th><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> AuE</th> <th><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/30px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/45px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/60px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> NZE </th></tr> <tr> <th><big>ä</big> </th> <th><big>ɑː</big></th> <th><big>ɑ</big></th> <th><big>ɒ, ɑ</big></th> <th colspan="2"><big>ɐː, aː</big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/father#English" title="father">father</a>, <a href="/wiki/palm#English" title="palm">palm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>är</big> </th> <th><big>ɑː</big></th> <th colspan="2"><big>ɑɹ</big></th> <th colspan="2"><big>ɐː, aː</big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/arm#English" title="arm">arm</a>, <a href="/wiki/bard#English" title="bard">bard</a>, <a href="/wiki/starry#English" title="starry">starry</a>, <a href="/wiki/start#English" title="start">start</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ă</big> </th> <th><big>æ, <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg" class="internal" title="Open front unrounded vowel.ogg">a</a></big></th> <th colspan="3"><big><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg" class="internal" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel.ogg">æ</a></big></th> <th><big>ɛ</big> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/bad#English" title="bad">bad</a>, <a href="/wiki/cat#English" title="cat">cat</a>, <a href="/wiki/ran#English" title="ran">ran</a>, <a href="/wiki/trap#English" title="trap">trap</a><a href="#cite_note-oxforda-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-badlad-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ăr</big> </th> <th><big>æɹ, aɹ</big></th> <th><big>æɹ, ɛɹ</big></th> <th><big>ɛɹ</big></th> <th><big>æɹ</big></th> <th><big>ɛɹ</big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/carry#English" title="carry">carry</a>, <a href="/wiki/marry#English" title="marry">marry</a>, <a href="/wiki/paragraph#English" title="paragraph">paragraph</a><a href="#cite_note-Mary-marry-merry-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ā</big> </th> <th colspan="3"><big>eɪ</big></th> <th colspan="2"><big>æɪ</big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/day#English" title="day">day</a>, <a href="/wiki/pain#English" title="pain">pain</a>, <a href="/wiki/hey#English" title="hey">hey</a>, <a href="/wiki/weight#English" title="weight">weight</a>, <a href="/wiki/face#English" title="face">face</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>âr</big> </th> <th><big>ɛə</big></th> <th><big>eɹ, ɛɹ</big></th> <th><big>ɛɹ</big></th> <th><big>eː</big></th> <th><big>iə, eə</big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/hair#English" title="hair">hair</a>, <a href="/wiki/there#English" title="there">there</a>, <a href="/wiki/fairy#English" title="fairy">fairy</a>, <a href="/wiki/vary#English" title="vary">vary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary#English" title="Mary">Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/square#English" title="square">square</a><a href="#cite_note-airsymbol-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-RP_centring_diphthongs-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-near-square-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mary-marry-merry-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ĕ</big> </th> <th colspan="3"><big><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg" class="internal" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel.ogg">ɛ</a></big></th> <th colspan="2"><big><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg" class="internal" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel.ogg">e</a></big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/bed#English" title="bed">bed</a>, <a href="/wiki/egg#English" title="egg">egg</a>, <a href="/wiki/meadow#English" title="meadow">meadow</a>, <a href="/wiki/dress#English" title="dress">dress</a><a href="#cite_note-collinse-8">[8]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ĕr</big> </th> <th colspan="3"><big>ɛɹ</big></th> <th colspan="2"><big>eɹ</big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/very#English" title="very">very</a>, <a href="/wiki/error#English" title="error">error</a>, <a href="/wiki/merry#English" title="merry">merry</a><a href="#cite_note-Mary-marry-merry-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ē</big> </th> <th><big>iː</big></th> <th colspan="2"><big><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Close_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg" class="internal" title="Close front unrounded vowel.ogg">i</a></big></th> <th colspan="2"><big>iː</big> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/ease#English" title="ease">ease</a>, <a href="/wiki/see#English" title="see">see</a>, <a href="/wiki/siege#English" title="siege">siege</a>, <a href="/wiki/ceiling#English" title="ceiling">ceiling</a>, <a href="/wiki/fleece#English" title="fleece">fleece</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>îr</big> </th> <th><big>ɪə, ɪː</big></th> <th><big>ɪɹ</big></th> <th><big>iɹ</big></th> <th><big>ɪə</big></th> <th><big>iə, iːə</big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/near#English" title="near">near</a>, <a href="/wiki/here#English" title="here">here</a>, <a href="/wiki/serious#English" title="serious">serious</a><a href="#cite_note-RP_centring_diphthongs-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-near-square-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>(<big>ē</big>) </th> <th><big>ɪ, i, iː</big></th> <th colspan="2"><big>i</big></th> <th colspan="2"><big>iː</big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/city#English" title="city">city</a>, <a href="/wiki/happy#English" title="happy">happy</a>, <a href="/wiki/everyday#English" title="everyday">everyday</a>, <a href="/wiki/mania#English" title="mania">mania</a>, <a href="/wiki/geography#English" title="geography">geography</a><a href="#cite_note-happYvowel-9">[9]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ĭ</big> </th> <th colspan="4"><big><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg" class="internal" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel.ogg">ɪ</a></big></th> <th><big><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Schwa.ogg" class="internal" title="schwa.ogg">ə</a></big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/sit#English" title="sit">sit</a>, <a href="/wiki/city#English" title="city">city</a>, <a href="/wiki/bit#English" title="bit">bit</a>, <a href="/wiki/will#English" title="will">will</a>, <a href="/wiki/kit#English" title="kit">kit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>(<big>ĭ</big>) </th> <th><big><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Near-close_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg" class="internal" title="Near-close central unrounded vowel.ogg">ɪ</a></big></th> <th colspan="4"><big>ə</big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/roses#English" title="roses">roses</a>, <a href="/wiki/spotted#English" title="spotted">spotted</a>, <a href="/wiki/secure#English" title="secure">secure</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ĭr</big> </th> <th colspan="4"><big>ɪɹ</big></th> <th><big>əɹ</big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/mirror#English" title="mirror">mirror</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirius#English" title="Sirius">Sirius</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ī</big> </th> <th colspan="2"><big>aɪ</big></th> <th><big>aɪ</big> (<big>ʌɪ</big>)</th> <th><big>ɑɪ</big></th> <th><big>aɪ</big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/my#English" title="my">my</a>, <a href="/wiki/rice#English" title="rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/pie#English" title="pie">pie</a>, <a href="/wiki/hi#English" title="hi">hi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayan#English" title="Mayan">Mayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/price#English" title="price">price</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ŏ</big> </th> <th><big><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Open_back_rounded_vowel.ogg" class="internal" title="Open back rounded vowel.ogg">ɒ</a></big></th> <th><big><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Open_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg" class="internal" title="Open back unrounded vowel.ogg">ɑ</a></big></th> <th><big>ɒ, ɑ</big></th> <th colspan="2"><big><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg" class="internal" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel.ogg">ɔ,</a> <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Open_back_rounded_vowel.ogg" class="internal" title="Open back rounded vowel.ogg">ɒ</a></big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/not#English" title="not">not</a>, <a href="/wiki/wasp#English" title="wasp">wasp</a>, <a href="/wiki/cot#English" title="cot">cot</a>, <a href="/wiki/lot#English" title="lot">lot</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ŏr</big> </th> <th><big>ɒɹ</big></th> <th><big>ɑɹ</big> (rarely <big>oɹ</big>)</th> <th><big>oɹ</big></th> <th colspan="2"><big>ɔɹ, ɒɹ</big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/borrow#English" title="borrow">borrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/sorry#English" title="sorry">sorry</a>, <a href="/wiki/sorrow#English" title="sorrow">sorrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/tomorrow#English" title="tomorrow">tomorrow</a> (sometimes <a href="/wiki/morrow#English" title="morrow">morrow</a>)<a href="#cite_note-borrow-forest-11">[11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ŏr</big> </th> <th><big>ɒɹ</big></th> <th><big>oɹ</big> (regionally <big>ɑɹ</big>)</th> <th><big>oɹ</big></th> <th colspan="2"><big>ɔɹ, ɒɹ</big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/horror#English" title="horror">horror</a>, <a href="/wiki/forest#English" title="forest">forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/orange#English" title="orange">orange</a>, <a href="/wiki/quarrel#English" title="quarrel">quarrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/warrior#English" title="warrior">warrior</a><a href="#cite_note-borrow-forest-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-prevocalic_or-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-or-notation-13">[13]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ôr</big> </th> <th><big>ɔːɹ</big></th> <th colspan="2"><big>oɹ</big></th> <th colspan="2"><big>oːɹ</big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/forum#English" title="forum">forum</a>, <a href="/wiki/glory#English" title="glory">glory</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ôr</big> </th> <th><big>ɔː</big></th> <th colspan="2"><big>oɹ</big></th> <th colspan="2"><big><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg" class="internal" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel.ogg">oː</a></big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/horse#English" title="horse">horse</a>, <a href="/wiki/north#English" title="north">north</a>,<a href="#cite_note-RP_centring_diphthongs-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/hoarse#English" title="hoarse">hoarse</a>, <a href="/wiki/force#English" title="force">force</a><a href="#cite_note-or-notation-13">[13]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ô</big> </th> <th><big>ɔː</big></th> <th><big>ɔ</big> (with the cot-caught merger: <big>ɑ</big>)</th> <th><big>ɒ, ɑ</big></th> <th colspan="2"><big>oː</big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/law#English" title="law">law</a>, <a href="/wiki/caught#English" title="caught">caught</a>, <a href="/wiki/thought#English" title="thought">thought</a><a href="#cite_note-General_American_law-14">[14]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ō</big> </th> <th><big>əʊ</big></th> <th colspan="2"><big>oʊ</big></th> <th><big>əʉ, ɐʉ</big></th> <th><big>ɐʉ</big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/no#English" title="no">no</a>, <a href="/wiki/go#English" title="go">go</a>, <a href="/wiki/hope#English" title="hope">hope</a>, <a href="/wiki/know#English" title="know">know</a>, <a href="/wiki/toe#English" title="toe">toe</a>, <a href="/wiki/goat#English" title="goat">goat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>oi</big> </th> <th colspan="3"><big>ɔɪ</big></th> <th colspan="2"><big>oɪ</big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/boy#English" title="boy">boy</a>, <a href="/wiki/noise#English" title="noise">noise</a>, <a href="/wiki/choice#English" title="choice">choice</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>o͝o, ŏŏ</big> </th> <th colspan="5"><big><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel.ogg" class="internal" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel.ogg">ʊ</a></big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/put#English" title="put">put</a>, <a href="/wiki/foot#English" title="foot">foot</a>, <a href="/wiki/wolf#English" title="wolf">wolf</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>o͝or, ŏŏr</big> </th> <th><big>ʊə, ɔː(ɹ)</big></th> <th colspan="2"><big>ʊɹ</big></th> <th><big>ʊə</big></th> <th><big>ʉə, ʉːə, oː</big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/cure#English" title="cure">cure</a>, <a href="/wiki/tour#English" title="tour">tour</a>, <a href="/wiki/tourism#English" title="tourism">tourism</a>, <a href="/wiki/stoor#English" title="stoor">stoor</a><a href="#cite_note-RP_centring_diphthongs-6">[6]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>o͞o, ōō</big> </th> <th><big>uː</big></th> <th colspan="2"><big><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Close_back_rounded_vowel.ogg" class="internal" title="Close back rounded vowel.ogg">u</a></big></th> <th colspan="2"><big><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Close_central_rounded_vowel.ogg" class="internal" title="Close central rounded vowel.ogg">ʉː</a></big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/lose#English" title="lose">lose</a>, <a href="/wiki/soon#English" title="soon">soon</a>, <a href="/wiki/through#English" title="through">through</a>, <a href="/wiki/goose#English" title="goose">goose</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ou</big> </th> <th colspan="3"><big>aʊ</big></th> <th><big>æɔ</big></th> <th><big>æʊ</big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/house#English" title="house">house</a>, <a href="/wiki/now#English" title="now">now</a>, <a href="/wiki/tower#English" title="tower">tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/mouth#English" title="mouth">mouth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ŭ</big> </th> <th colspan="3"><big><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg" class="internal" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel.ogg">ʌ</a></big></th> <th colspan="2"><big><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Near-open_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg" class="internal" title="Near-open central unrounded vowel.ogg">ɐ</a>, a</big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/run#English" title="run">run</a>, <a href="/wiki/enough#English" title="enough">enough</a>, <a href="/wiki/up#English" title="up">up</a>, <a href="/wiki/other#English" title="other">other</a>, <a href="/wiki/strut#English" title="strut">strut</a><a href="#cite_note-strut-15">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ûr</big> </th> <th><big>ɜː</big></th> <th colspan="2"><big>ɜɹ</big></th> <th><big><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg" class="internal" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel.ogg">ɜː</a></big></th> <th><big><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel.ogg" class="internal" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel.ogg">øː</a></big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/fur#English" title="fur">fur</a>, <a href="/wiki/blurry#English" title="blurry">blurry</a>, <a href="/wiki/bird#English" title="bird">bird</a>, <a href="/wiki/swerve#English" title="swerve">swerve</a>, <a href="/wiki/nurse#English" title="nurse">nurse</a><a href="#cite_note-North_American_er-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-interchangeableVR-17">[17]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ə</big> </th> <th colspan="5"><big><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Schwa.ogg" class="internal" title="Schwa.ogg">ə</a></big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/Rosa#English" title="Rosa">Rosa's</a>, <a href="/wiki/about#English" title="about">about</a>, <a href="/wiki/oppose#English" title="oppose">oppose</a>, <a href="/wiki/comma#English" title="comma">comma</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ər</big> </th> <th><big>ə</big></th> <th colspan="2"><big><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/En-us-er.ogg" class="internal" title="En-us-er.ogg">əɹ</a></big></th> <th><big>ə</big></th> <th><big>ə, ɐ, a</big> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/winner#English" title="winner">winner</a>, <a href="/wiki/enter#English" title="enter">enter</a>, <a href="/wiki/error#English" title="error">error</a>, <a href="/wiki/doctor#English" title="doctor">doctor</a>, <a href="/wiki/letter#English" title="letter">letter</a>, <a href="/wiki/asterism#English" title="asterism">asterism</a>, <a href="/wiki/terrorist#English" title="terrorist">terrorist</a><a href="#cite_note-North_American_er-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-interchangeableVR-17">[17]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_vowels">Foreign vowels</h4></div> Found primarily in some English dictionaries' transcription of the original (foreign) pronunciations of foreign words, especially French or German. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Template:enPR" title="Template:enPR">enPR</a> / <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heritage_Dictionary" class="extiw" title="w:American Heritage Dictionary">AHD</a><a href="#cite_note-AHD-1">[1]</a> </th> <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="extiw" title="w:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>examples </th></tr> <tr> <th><big>œ</big> </th> <th><big>œ, ø</big> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/oeuvre" title="oeuvre">oeuvre</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ü</big> </th> <th><big>y</big> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Debussy" title="Debussy">Debussy</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a> (also used in some dialects, e.g. the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" class="extiw" title="w:Multicultural London English">MLE</a> pronunciation of <a href="/wiki/wound" title="wound">wound</a>) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79053813">.mw-parser-output .reflist.list-style-lower-alpha ol{list-style:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist.list-style-upper-alpha ol{list-style:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist.list-style-lower-roman ol{list-style:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist.list-style-upper-roman ol{list-style:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist.list-style-lower-greek ol{list-style:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist.list-style-disc ol{list-style:disc}.mw-parser-output .reflist.list-style-square ol{list-style:square}.mw-parser-output .reflist.list-style-none ol{list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .reflist.nobacklinks .mw-cite-backlink,.mw-parser-output .reflist.nobacklinks li>a{display:none}.mw-parser-output .reflist.font-size-xx-small ol{font-size:xx-small}.mw-parser-output .reflist.font-size-x-small ol{font-size:x-small}.mw-parser-output .reflist.font-size-smaller ol{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .reflist.font-size-small ol{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output .reflist.font-size-medium ol{font-size:medium}.mw-parser-output .reflist.font-size-large ol{font-size:large}.mw-parser-output .reflist.font-size-larger ol{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .reflist.font-size-x-large ol{font-size:x-large}.mw-parser-output .reflist.font-size-xx-large ol{font-size:xx-large}.mw-parser-output .reflist[data-column-count="2"] .mw-references-wrap{column-count:2}.mw-parser-output .reflist[data-column-count="3"] .mw-references-wrap{column-count:3}.mw-parser-output .reflist[data-column-count="4"] .mw-references-wrap{column-count:4}.mw-parser-output .reflist[data-column-count="5"] .mw-references-wrap{column-count:5}</style><div class="reflist"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AHD-1">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-AHD_1-0">1.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHD_1-1">1.1</a> “Pronunciation Key”, in <cite>The American Heritage Dictionary Of The English Language</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://archive.today/mSgk0">[1]</a>, 5th edition, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/application/resources/misc/pronkey.pdf">the original</a> on 19 January 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-oxforda-2"><a href="#cite_ref-oxforda_2-0"> ^ </a> RP /æ/ is sometimes transcribed /a/, for example in dictionaries of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-badlad-3"><a href="#cite_ref-badlad_3-0"> ^ </a> See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bad%E2%80%93lad_split" class="extiw" title="w:bad–lad split">bad–lad split</a> for more discussion of the vowel /æ/ in Australian English. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mary-marry-merry-4">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Mary-marry-merry_4-0">4.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mary-marry-merry_4-1">4.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mary-marry-merry_4-2">4.2</a> In many accents in the United States and most accents in Canada, some or all of the vowels of Mary, marry, and merry are merged (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%E2%80%93marry%E2%80%93merry_merger" class="extiw" title="w:Mary–marry–merry merger">Mary–marry–merry merger</a>). If all three are merged, the resulting vowel is usually transcribed /ɛɹ/. In accents that distinguish all three, marry has /æɹ/, merry has /ɛɹ/, and Mary has /eɹ/. </li> <li id="cite_note-airsymbol-5"><a href="#cite_ref-airsymbol_5-0"> ^ </a> An older alternative symbol to RP /ɛə/ is /eə/, reflecting the mid height of the vowel in earlier RP, and the fact that it was a centring diphthong. </li> <li id="cite_note-RP_centring_diphthongs-6">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-RP_centring_diphthongs_6-0">6.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RP_centring_diphthongs_6-1">6.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RP_centring_diphthongs_6-2">6.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RP_centring_diphthongs_6-3">6.3</a> RP in the early 20th century had five centring diphthongs /ɑə/, /eə/, /ɪə/, /ɔə/, /ʊə/. Of these, /ɔə/ in force formerly contrasted with a long vowel /ɔː/ in north, thought. All of them are now generally pronounced as long monophthongs (pure vowels) /ɑː/, /ɔː/, /ɛː/, /ɪː/, /ɵː/ (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/monophthongization" class="extiw" title="w:monophthongization">monophthongization</a>). However, many words that formerly had /ʊə/ (= /ɵː/) are now pronounced with /ɔː/. /ɑə/ monophthongized first, very early in the 20th century, then /ɔə/, and more recently the rest. </li> <li id="cite_note-near-square-7">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-near-square_7-0">7.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-near-square_7-1">7.1</a> Many speakers of New Zealand English, especially younger speakers, make no distinction between the vowels of near and square; see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near%E2%80%93square_merger" class="extiw" title="w:Near–square merger">near–square merger</a> for more discussion. </li> <li id="cite_note-collinse-8"><a href="#cite_ref-collinse_8-0"> ^ </a> /ɛ/ is sometimes transcribed /e/ for RP—for example, in the Collins English Dictionary. </li> <li id="cite_note-happYvowel-9"><a href="#cite_ref-happYvowel_9-0"> ^ </a> In some dictionaries such as the Longman and the Collins English dictionaries, /i/ is used as an <a href="/wiki/archiphoneme" title="archiphoneme">archiphoneme</a> to represent the neutralization of the distinction between /ɪ/ and /iː/ in this position. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10"> ^ </a> For RP, /aɪ/ is also transcribed (e.g. by Oxford University Press) as /ʌɪ/. </li> <li id="cite_note-borrow-forest-11">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-borrow-forest_11-0">11.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-borrow-forest_11-1">11.1</a> The words borrow, sorry, sorrow, tomorrow, and, for some speakers, morrow, and words derived from these, are most often pronounced with /ɑɹ/ (like start) in GenAm, while other words like horror and forest are more often pronounced with /oɹ/ (like horse, hoarse). See e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/borrow">borrow</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sorry">sorry</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/horror">horror</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/forest">forest</a> in Merriam-Webster. </li> <li id="cite_note-prevocalic_or-12"><a href="#cite_ref-prevocalic_or_12-0"> ^ </a> This sequence only occurs before another vowel. In General American accents influenced by some American English dialects, such as eastern coastal American English, the /ɑɹ/ in forest and origin is distinguished from the /oɹ/ in horse and north, unlike in General American. See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergers_of_/%C9%92r-/_and_/%C9%94%CB%90r-/" class="extiw" title="w:Mergers of /ɒr-/ and /ɔːr-/">Mergers of /ɒɹ-/ and /ɔːɹ-/</a> for more details. </li> <li id="cite_note-or-notation-13">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-or-notation_13-0">13.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-or-notation_13-1">13.1</a> General American /oɹ/ is alternatively transcribed in other dictionaries as [oɚ, ɔɚ] (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/assets/mw/static/pdf/help/guide-to-pronunciation.pdf">Merriam-Webster</a>), /ɔːr/ (Cambridge, Longman), /ɔr/ (Collins), and /oʊr/ (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/hoarse">Dictionary.com</a>). Discussed at <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Beer_parlour/2022/November#the_vowel_of_floor,_horse,_etc_in_GenAm" title="Wiktionary:Beer parlour/2022/November">Wiktionary:Beer parlour/2022/November#the vowel of floor, horse, etc in GenAm</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-General_American_law-14"><a href="#cite_ref-General_American_law_14-0"> ^ </a> In varieties of General American where the vowels of lot and thought are merged (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cot-caught_merger" class="extiw" title="w:cot-caught merger">cot–caught merger</a>), the merged vowel is transcribed /ɑ/. </li> <li id="cite_note-strut-15"><a href="#cite_ref-strut_15-0"> ^ </a> Some linguists, such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wt66Je3o0Qg">Geoff Lindsey, former phonetics lecturer at University College London</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wstyler.ucsd.edu/posts/difference_schwa_wedge.html">Will Styler, professor of linguistics at UC San Diego</a>, argue that /ʌ/ is not distinct from /ə/ in General American. Compare the note about the nurse vowel, /ɜɹ ~ əɹ/. This has been discussed at <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Beer_parlour/2022/November#ʌ_in_American_English_pronunciations" title="Wiktionary:Beer parlour/2022/November">Wiktionary:Beer parlour/2022/November#ʌ in American English pronunciations</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-North_American_er-16">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-North_American_er_16-0">16.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-North_American_er_16-1">16.1</a> The nurse vowel /ɜɹ/ is generally not considered phonemically distinct from /əɹ/ in General American and Canadian English (see for instance <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wstyler.ucsd.edu/posts/difference_schwa_wedge.html">this article</a> by Will Styler, professor of linguistics at UC San Diego). It is transcribed distinctly for consistency with the Received Pronunciation transcription system and because they differ in aspects like stress; however, dictionaries of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="extiw" title="w:Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> such as the Oxford English Dictionary transcribe the nurse vowel as /əː/ for RP and British English as well as US English. The Merriam–Webster Dictionary uses non-IPA "ər" (corresponding to IPA [ɜɹ, əɹ] for both /ɜɹ/ and /əɹ/. Compare the note about the strut vowel, /ʌ/ ~ /ə/. This has been discussed at <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Beer_parlour/2022/November#/ɝ/_vs_/ɚ/_in_GenAm" title="Wiktionary:Beer parlour/2022/November">Wiktionary:Beer parlour/2022/November#/ɝ/ vs /ɚ/ in GenAm</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-interchangeableVR-17">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-interchangeableVR_17-0">17.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-interchangeableVR_17-1">17.1</a> Separate from the question of whether /ɜɹ/ and /əɹ/ are the same, reference works differ in whether they transcribe these sounds as /Vɹ/~/Vr/ or /V˞/: these notations are interchangeable. /ɜɹ/ refers to the same sound as /ɝ/. /ɚ/ refers to the same sound as /əɹ/. </li> </ol></div></div> In order to allow <a href="/wiki/Module:syllables" title="Module:syllables">Module:syllables</a> to count syllables, the disyllabic sequence /iə/ must be transcribed with a period to mark the syllable break – /i.ə/ – so that it will not be confused with the New Zealand diphthong /iə/. Some speakers <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_close_front_vowels#Weak_vowel_merger" class="extiw" title="w:Phonological history of English close front vowels">do not contrast unstressed /ɪ/ and /ə/</a>, or the two sounds may be in free variation. Some sources use the symbol ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C9%A8" title="ɨ">ɨ</a>⟩ or ⟨<a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%BB" title="ᵻ">ᵻ</a>⟩ to indicate the vowel which results from the merger of, or which may be pronounced as either of, these sounds.<a href="#cite_note-18">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[2]</a> To be added or sorted into the table above: bath, cloth. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="extiw" title="w:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>enPR / <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heritage_Dictionary" class="extiw" title="w:American Heritage Dictionary">AHD</a><a href="#cite_note-AHD-20">[3]</a> </th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Voiced_bilabial_plosive.ogg" class="internal" title="Voiced bilabial plosive.ogg">b</a> </th> <th>b </th> <td><a href="/wiki/but" title="but">but</a>, <a href="/wiki/web" title="web">web</a>, <a href="/wiki/rubble" title="rubble">rubble</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate.ogg" class="internal" title="voiceless palato-alveolar affricate.ogg">t͡ʃ</a> </th> <th>ch </th> <td><a href="/wiki/chat" title="chat">chat</a>, <a href="/wiki/teach" title="teach">teach</a>, <a href="/wiki/nature" title="nature">nature</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Voiced_alveolar_plosive.ogg" class="internal" title="Voiced alveolar plosive.ogg">d</a> </th> <th>d </th> <td><a href="/wiki/dot" title="dot">dot</a>, <a href="/wiki/idea" title="idea">idea</a>, <a href="/wiki/nod" title="nod">nod</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative.ogg" class="internal" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative.ogg">f</a> </th> <th>f </th> <td><a href="/wiki/fan" title="fan">fan</a>, <a href="/wiki/left" title="left">left</a>, <a href="/wiki/enough" title="enough">enough</a>, <a href="/wiki/photo" title="photo">photo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Voiced_velar_plosive.ogg" class="internal" title="Voiced velar plosive.ogg">ɡ</a> </th> <th>g </th> <td><a href="/wiki/get" title="get">get</a>, <a href="/wiki/bag" title="bag">bag</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Voiceless_glottal_fricative.ogg" class="internal" title="Voiceless glottal fricative.ogg">h</a> </th> <th>h </th> <td><a href="/wiki/ham" title="ham">ham</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Voiceless_labio-velar_fricative.ogg" class="internal" title="voiceless labio-velar fricative.ogg">ʍ (hw)</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[4]</a> </th> <th>hw </th> <td><a href="/wiki/which" title="which">which</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate.ogg" class="internal" title="voiced palato-alveolar affricate.ogg">d͡ʒ</a> </th> <th>j </th> <td><a href="/wiki/joy" title="joy">joy</a>, <a href="/wiki/agile" title="agile">agile</a>, <a href="/wiki/age" title="age">age</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Voiceless_velar_plosive.ogg" class="internal" title="Voiceless velar plosive.ogg">k</a> </th> <th>k </th> <td><a href="/wiki/cat" title="cat">cat</a>, <a href="/wiki/tack" title="tack">tack</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Voiceless_velar_fricative.ogg" class="internal" title="voiceless velar fricative.ogg">x</a> </th> <th>ᴋʜ<a href="#cite_note-22">[5]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/loch" title="loch">loch</a> (Scottish English) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg" class="internal" title="Alveolar lateral approximant.ogg">l</a> </th> <th>l </th> <td><a href="/wiki/left" title="left">left</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>l̩ (əl)<a href="#cite_note-cons-23">[6]</a> </th> <th>l </th> <td><a href="/wiki/little" title="little">little</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Bilabial_nasal.ogg" class="internal" title="Bilabial nasal.ogg">m</a> </th> <th>m </th> <td><a href="/wiki/man" title="man">man</a>, <a href="/wiki/animal" title="animal">animal</a>, <a href="/wiki/him" title="him">him</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>m̩ (əm)<a href="#cite_note-cons-23">[6]</a> </th> <th>m </th> <td><a href="/wiki/spasm" title="spasm">spasm</a>, <a href="/wiki/prism" title="prism">prism</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Alveolar_nasal.ogg" class="internal" title="Alveolar nasal.ogg">n</a> </th> <th>n </th> <td><a href="/wiki/note" title="note">note</a>, <a href="/wiki/ant" title="ant">ant</a>, <a href="/wiki/pan" title="pan">pan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>n̩ (ən)<a href="#cite_note-cons-23">[6]</a> </th> <th>n </th> <td><a href="/wiki/hidden" title="hidden">hidden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Velar_nasal.ogg" class="internal" title="Velar nasal.ogg">ŋ</a> </th> <th>ng </th> <td><a href="/wiki/singer" title="singer">singer</a>, <a href="/wiki/ring" title="ring">ring</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Aspirated_voiceless_bilabial_stop.ogg" class="internal" title="Aspirated voiceless bilabial stop.ogg">p</a> </th> <th>p </th> <td><a href="/wiki/pen" title="pen">pen</a>, <a href="/wiki/spin" title="spin">spin</a>, <a href="/wiki/top" title="top">top</a>, <a href="/wiki/apple" title="apple">apple</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Alveolar_approximant.ogg" class="internal" title="Alveolar approximant.ogg">ɹ</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[7]</a> </th> <th>r </th> <td><a href="/wiki/run" title="run">run</a>, <a href="/wiki/very" title="very">very</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant.ogg" class="internal" title="Voiceless alveolar sibilant.ogg">s</a> </th> <th>s </th> <td><a href="/wiki/set" title="set">set</a>, <a href="/wiki/list" title="list">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/ice" title="ice">ice</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg" class="internal" title="Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant.ogg">ʃ</a> </th> <th>sh </th> <td><a href="/wiki/ash" title="ash">ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/sure" title="sure">sure</a>, <a href="/wiki/ration" title="ration">ration</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Aspirated_voiceless_alveolar_stop.ogg" class="internal" title="Aspirated voiceless alveolar stop.ogg">t</a> </th> <th>t </th> <td><a href="/wiki/ton" title="ton">ton</a>, <a href="/wiki/butt" title="butt">butt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Voiceless_dental_fricative.ogg" class="internal" title="Voiceless dental fricative.ogg">θ</a> </th> <th>th </th> <td><a href="/wiki/thin" title="thin">thin</a>, <a href="/wiki/nothing" title="nothing">nothing</a>, <a href="/wiki/moth" title="moth">moth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Voiced_dental_fricative.ogg" class="internal" title="voiced dental fricative.ogg">ð</a> </th> <th>th </th> <td><a href="/wiki/this" title="this">this</a>, <a href="/wiki/father" title="father">father</a>, <a href="/wiki/clothe" title="clothe">clothe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Voiced_labiodental_fricative.ogg" class="internal" title="Voiced labiodental fricative.ogg">v</a> </th> <th>v </th> <td><a href="/wiki/voice" title="voice">voice</a>, <a href="/wiki/navel" title="navel">navel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Voiced_labio-velar_approximant.ogg" class="internal" title="Voiced labio-velar approximant.ogg">w</a> </th> <th>w </th> <td><a href="/wiki/wet" title="wet">wet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Palatal_approximant.ogg" class="internal" title="Palatal approximant.ogg">j</a> </th> <th>y </th> <td><a href="/wiki/yes" title="yes">yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Voiced_alveolar_sibilant.ogg" class="internal" title="Voiced alveolar sibilant.ogg">z</a> </th> <th>z </th> <td><a href="/wiki/zoo" title="zoo">zoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/quiz" title="quiz">quiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/rose" title="rose">rose</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Voiced_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg" class="internal" title="Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant.ogg">ʒ</a> </th> <th>zh </th> <td><a href="/wiki/vision" title="vision">vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/treasure" title="treasure">treasure</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79053813"><div class="reflist"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18"> ^ </a> C. Upton; Kretzschmar; Konopka; Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English, (2001, Oxford University Press) </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19"> ^ </a> Key to Pronunciation ((Can we <a href="/wiki/Category:Requests_for_date" title="Category:Requests for date">date</a> this quote?)) “Oxford English Dictionary”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.oed.com/public/keytopronunciation">[2]</a>, Oxford University Press </li> <li id="cite_note-AHD-20"><a href="#cite_ref-AHD_20-0"> ^ </a> “Pronunciation Key”, in <cite>The American Heritage Dictionary Of The English Language</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://archive.today/mSgk0">[3]</a>, 5th edition, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/application/resources/misc/pronkey.pdf">the original</a> on 19 January 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21"> ^ </a> Some phonologists dispute that /ʍ/ is a distinct phoneme in English, and use /hw/ instead. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22"> ^ </a> The AHD uses ᴋʜ not only for /x/ but also for /ç/, as in the German pronunciation of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a>. /ç/ is not phonemic in GA or RP, but occurs as an allophone of /hj/ in many dialects, e.g. in <a href="/wiki/human" title="human">human</a> (however, the AHD represents it as h in English words). </li> <li id="cite_note-cons-23">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-cons_23-0">6.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cons_23-1">6.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cons_23-2">6.2</a> Some phonologists dispute that /l̩/, /n̩/, /m̩/ are distinct phonemes in English, and use /əl/, /ən/, /əm/ instead. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24"> ^ </a> Often written /r/, especially in works that cover only English, even though the sound is usually not a trill. For further information, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_/r/" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Pronunciation of English /r/">Pronunciation of English /r/</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fortis_and_lenis">Fortis and lenis</h4></div> The so-called voiceless and voiced obstruents are more properly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fortis_and_lenis" class="extiw" title="w:fortis and lenis">fortis and lenis</a>. Each member of a fortis–lenis pair is distinguished from the other by various articulatory and auditory features, but not consistently by voicing or lack of it. In most dialects of English, the fortis (voiceless) stops and affricate /p, t, tʃ, k/ are always voiceless, and are aspirated ([pʰ, tʰ, tʃʰ, kʰ]) at the beginning of a word and at the beginning of a stressed syllable: for example, RP today [tʰəˈdeɪ], chain [tʃʰeɪn] and account [əˈkʰaʊnt]. Vowels and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sonorant" class="extiw" title="w:sonorant">sonorants</a> immediately preceding syllable final fortis obstruents are usually pronounced shorter than before lenis obstruents, as in <a href="/wiki/bet" title="bet">bet</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/bed" title="bed">bed</a> and <a href="/wiki/bent" title="bent">bent</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/bend" title="bend">bend</a>. This phenomenon is known as pre-fortis <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipping_(phonetics)" class="extiw" title="w:Clipping (phonetics)">clipping</a>. The lenis (voiced) stops and affricate /b, d, dʒ, ɡ/ are always unaspirated. Lenis obstruents /b, v, ð, d, z, dʒ, ʒ, ɡ/ are often devoiced at the beginning or end of words, but are fully voiced between voiced vowels and sonorants. The fortis–lenis distinction is neutralized in a few cases. Initial consonant clusters consisting of /s/ and a stop (as in <a href="/wiki/spill#English" title="spill">spill</a>, <a href="/wiki/still#English" title="still">still</a>, <a href="/wiki/skill#English" title="skill">skill</a>) are typically analyzed as having a fortis stop, which agrees with the spelling, but may be analyzed equally well as having a lenis stop (i.e., *sbill, *sdill, *sgill). The stop is both voiceless and unaspirated, and there is no additional phonetic feature that establishes it as either fortis or lenis. In addition, some dialects have a sound change known as intervocalic alveolar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/flapping" class="extiw" title="w:flapping">flapping</a>, in which /t d/ are both pronounced as an alveolar flap [ɾ] between vowels or liquids and when not at the beginning of a stressed syllable. Further, in American English, /nt/ between vowels may be pronounced as a nasalized alveolar flap, [ɾ̃]. The fortis stop /t/ loses its distinctive voicelessness, and essentially becomes lenis. Flapping causes <a href="/wiki/latter#English" title="latter">latter</a> and <a href="/wiki/ladder#English" title="ladder">ladder</a> to both be pronounced as [ˈɫæɾɚ], and causes <a href="/wiki/winter#English" title="winter">winter</a> to be pronounced as [ˈwɪɾ̃ɚ], similar to <a href="/wiki/winner#English" title="winner">winner</a> [ˈwɪ̃nɚ]. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Linking_semivowels">Linking semivowels</h4></div> When two vowels occur next to each other (termed hiatus), speakers sometimes perceive the vowels to be separated by a sound similar to one of the semivowels /j w/. The identity of such "linking semivowels" is predictable based on the identity of the preceding vowel: a /j/-like sound may be perceived after vowels ending in a high front unrounded sound, such as /iː~i/, /ɔɪ~oɪ/, /aɪ~ʌɪ~ɑɪ/, /eɪ~æɪ/, whereas a /w/-like sound may be perceived after vowels ending in a high back (or central) rounded sound, such as /uː~u~ʉː/, /aʊ~æʊ/, /əʊ~oʊ~əʉ~ɐʉ/. Even though some speakers hear semivowels in these contexts, there is evidence that such "linking" semivowels are not phonetically identical to the semivowel phonemes that can be found at the start of words (as in "yearn" /jɜː(r)n/ or "weevil" /wiːvəl/). For example, the phonetician John Wells discusses "I earn" versus "I yearn" and "two evils" versus "two weevils" as minimal pairs showing that there is usually no neutralization of the phonemic contrast between the sequences /ɑɪ.ɜː/ and /ɑɪ.jɜː/, or between /tuː.iː/ and /tuː.wiː/.<a href="#cite_note-Wells_i-25">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wells_ii-26">[2]</a> Therefore, such "linking semivowels" should not be included in phonemic transcriptions. It is also inadvisable to include them in phonetic transcriptions, since a number of phoneticians have argued that what is heard as a semivowel is actually nothing more than the final portion of the preceding vowel or diphthong.<a href="#cite_note-Wells_i-25">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wells_ii-26">[2]</a> For example, assuming we transcribe yellow and ready as [ˈjɛləʊ] and [ˈɹɛdi], it is unnecessary and redundant to use transcriptions such as yellowing [ˈjɛləʊwɪŋ] or readying [ˈɹɛdijɪŋ] as opposed to [ˈjɛləʊɪŋ] and [ˈɹɛdiɪŋ] , since there is likely no distinction on the phonetic level between the segments transcribed [ʊ], [i] and the supposedly following segments [w], [j]. A 2014 phonetic study of American English found that there were significant acoustic differences between the pronunciation of two vowels separated by a phonemic glide, and sequences of a high vowel or diphthong followed by a vowel: the perceptual illusion of a glide in the latter case could be explained in terms of a diphthongal realization of the first vowel phoneme, rather than insertion of a glide after it.<a href="#cite_note-27">[3]</a> An alternative analysis of the English vowel system treats the glides /j w/ as an inherent part of diphthongs and "tense" vowels.<a href="#cite_note-28">[4]</a> In this kind of analysis (which is not used on Wiktionary), words like yellow, yellowing and ready, readying might be transcribed as /ˈjɛləw/, /ˈjɛləwɪŋ/ and /ˈɹɛdɪj/, /ˈɹɛdɪjɪŋ/. Note that this analysis also does not involve glide insertion when these vowels are placed before other vowels. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_symbols">Other symbols</h3></div> A stress mark is placed before the syllable that is stressed in IPA and after it in enPR / AHD. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="extiw" title="w:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>enPR (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heritage_Dictionary" class="extiw" title="w:American Heritage Dictionary">AHD</a>) </th> <th>indicates </th></tr> <tr> <td>ˈ (ˈa) </td> <td>′ (a′) </td> <td>primary <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" class="extiw" title="w:Stress (linguistics)">stress</a>, as in rapping /ˈɹæpɪŋ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ˌ (ˌa) </td> <td>′ (a′) </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/secondary_stress" class="extiw" title="w:secondary stress">secondary stress</a> when before the primary stress; unstressed full vowel when after the primary stress, as in battlefield (phonetically [ˈbætəlˌfiːld], phonologically /ˈbætəlfiːld/) </td></tr> <tr> <td>a.a </td> <td>a-a </td> <td>division between <a href="/wiki/syllable" title="syllable">syllables</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> ̩ </td> <td> </td> <td>syllabic consonant, as in ridden [ˈɹɪdn̩] </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʔ </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/glottal_stop" class="extiw" title="w:glottal stop">glottal stop</a>, as in uh-oh /ˈʌʔoʊ/, [ˈʌ̆ʔ˦oʊ˨] </td></tr> <tr> <td> ̃ (ã) </td> <td>ɴ (aɴ) </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nasalization" class="extiw" title="w:nasalization">nasalization</a>, as in croissant /ˈkɹwæsɒ̃/ </td></tr></tbody></table> Note: The EnPR and print AHD marks are formatted slightly differently. Online, AHD writes both ', though they do not always represent the same phoneme. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Pronunciation_list_of_English_words" title="Appendix:Pronunciation list of English words">Appendix:Pronunciation list of English words</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology" class="extiw" title="w:English phonology">English phonology</a> on Wikipedia</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" class="extiw" title="w:International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">IPA chart for English dialects</a> on Wikipedia</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAMPA_chart_for_English" class="extiw" title="w:SAMPA chart for English">SAMPA chart for English</a> on Wikipedia</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English" class="extiw" title="w:Pronunciation respelling for English">Pronunciation respelling for English</a> on Wikipedia</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" class="extiw" title="w:Help:IPA/English">Help:IPA/English</a> on Wikipedia</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79053813"><div class="reflist"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wells_i-25">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Wells_i_25-0">1.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wells_i_25-1">1.1</a> Wells, John (2010 August 31) “linking semivowels?”, in <cite>John Wells’s phonetic blog</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2010/08/linking-semivowels.html">[4]</a> (blog) </li> <li id="cite_note-Wells_ii-26">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Wells_ii_26-0">2.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wells_ii_26-1">2.1</a> Wells, John (2010 September 1) “linking semivowels (ii)”, in <cite>John Wells’s phonetic blog</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2010/09/linking-semivowels-ii.html">[5]</a> (blog) </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27"> ^ </a> Davidson, Lisa, Erker, Daniel (2014) “Hiatus resolution in American English: The case against glide insertion”, in <cite>Language</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://blogs.bu.edu/danerker/files/2020/10/Davidson-Erker-2014_Case-against-hiatus-resolution_Language.pdf">[6]</a>, volume 90, number 2, pages 482-514 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28"> ^ </a> Lindsey, Geoff (2012 March 8) “The British English vowel system”, in <cite>Speech Talk</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.englishspeechservices.com/blog/british-vowels/">[7]</a> (blog) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_C._Gimson" class="extiw" title="w:Alfred C. Gimson">Gimson, A. C.</a> (1980) <cite>An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English</cite>, 3rd edn. edition, London: Edward Arnold, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7131-6287-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7131-6287-2">→ISBN</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Samuel_Kenyon" class="extiw" title="w:John Samuel Kenyon">Kenyon, John Samuel</a> (1950) <cite>American Pronunciation</cite>, 10th edn. edition, Ann Arbor: George Wahr</li> <li>Kenyon, John S. with Thomas A. Knott (1944/1953) <cite>A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English</cite>, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-047-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87779-047-7">→ISBN</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Wells" class="extiw" title="w:John C. Wells">Wells, J. C.</a> (2000) <cite>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</cite>, 2nd edn. edition, Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Limited, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-36468-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-36468-X">→ISBN</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antimoon.com/how/pronunc-soundsipa.htm">Learning the IPA for English</a>, (Standard American English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart">Official IPA chart</a>, as well as sub-charts and an interactive version with audio recordings</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.pwf.cam.ac.uk/ssb22/gradint/lexconvert.html">lexconvert</a> a GPL command-line program to convert between Unicode IPA and the ASCII notations of various English speech synthesizers</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://youglish.com/">YouGlish</a>, a webtool to quickly check snippets of speech on YouTube</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://filmot.com/">Filmot</a>, a webtool to quickly check snippets of speech on YouTube (also available in multiple languages)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wikislovn%C3%ADk:V%C3%BDslovnost/angli%C4%8Dtina" title="Wikislovník:Výslovnost/angličtina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wikislovník:Výslovnost/angličtina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wikcionario:Referencia/EN/Pronunciaci%C3%B3n" title="Wikcionario:Referencia/EN/Pronunciación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wikcionario:Referencia/EN/Pronunciación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/Annexe:Prononciation/anglais" title="Annexe:Prononciation/anglais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Annexe:Prononciation/anglais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:English_pronunciation" title="Appendix:English pronunciation – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Appendix:English pronunciation" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EB%A1%9D:%EC%98%81%EC%96%B4_%EB%B0%9C%EC%9D%8C" title="부록:영어 발음 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부록:영어 발음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%86%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B4:%E1%80%95%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%81%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="အဆက်လက္ကရဴ:ပ္တိတ်ရမျာၚ်အင်္ဂလိက် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="အဆက်လက္ကရဴ:ပ္တိတ်ရမျာၚ်အင်္ဂလိက်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BB%98%E9%8C%B2:%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E7%99%BA%E9%9F%B3%E8%A1%A8%E8%A8%98" title="付録:英語の発音表記 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="付録:英語の発音表記" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ajuda:Guia_de_pron%C3%BAncia/Ingl%C3%AAs" title="Ajuda:Guia de pronúncia/Inglês – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ajuda:Guia de pronúncia/Inglês" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Stilguide/Uttal/Engelska" title="Wiktionary:Stilguide/Uttal/Engelska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wiktionary:Stilguide/Uttal/Engelska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:English_pronunciation" title="Appendix:English pronunciation – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="Appendix:English pronunciation" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://yue.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%99%84%E9%8C%84:%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E8%AE%80%E9%9F%B3" title="附錄:英文讀音 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="附錄:英文讀音" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%99%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Appendix:英語發音 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Appendix:英語發音" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q31270733#sitelinks-wiktionary" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </nav> </div> 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