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(PDF) Private Sector's Perception of the Risk Allocation In Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Arrangement | Siew Soon Lau - Academia.edu
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{"work":{"id":1867135,"created_at":"2012-08-17T22:01:07.347-07:00","from_world_paper_id":103518173,"updated_at":"2021-01-18T06:26:59.287-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"eprints.utar.edu.my","publication_date":"2012,1,1"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":0,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Private Sector's Perception of the Risk Allocation In Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Arrangement","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [2329790]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div 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PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Private Sector's Perception of the Risk Allocation In Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Arrangement</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2329790" href="https://utar.academia.edu/SiewSoonLau"><img alt="Profile image of Siew Soon Lau" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/2329790/736079/913871/s65_siew_soon.lau.jpg" />Siew Soon Lau</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2012</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" 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data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/1867135/Private_Sectors_Perception_of_the_Risk_Allocation_In_Public_Private_Partnership_PPP_Arrangement" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="1361033" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1361033/RISK_ALLOCATION_IN_PUBLIC_PRIVATE_PARTNERSHIP_PPP_PROJECT_A_REVIEW_ON_RISK_FACTORS">RISK ALLOCATION IN PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (PPP) PROJECT A REVIEW ON RISK FACTORS</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="647165" href="https://uthm.academia.edu/NurAlkafAbdKarim">Nur Alkaf Abd Karim</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">It is important for the public and private sectors to establish effective risk allocation strategies for Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects. According to Malaysia’s PPP Guideline, one of the key feature or characteristics is to optimal sharing of risk whereby risk is allocated to the party who is the best able to manage. This mean that in PPP itself, it emphasis risk allocation in construction project. This paper presents on reviewing the risk factors of PPP construction project by mapping previous research works on PPP project around the world. The matrix of the mapping gives the frequency of factors that are considered the risk allocation of PPP project. The risk factors are clustered into 10 groups namely: Political, Construction, Legal, Economic, Operation, Market, Project selection, Project finance, Relationship and Natural factor. Result shows that the highest score frequency factors are change in law, delay in project approvals & permits and land acquisition. By knowing the risk factors gives better understanding in allocating them to parties/stakeholders involved.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"RISK ALLOCATION IN PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (PPP) PROJECT A REVIEW ON RISK FACTORS","attachmentId":8462776,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1361033/RISK_ALLOCATION_IN_PUBLIC_PRIVATE_PARTNERSHIP_PPP_PROJECT_A_REVIEW_ON_RISK_FACTORS","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1361033/RISK_ALLOCATION_IN_PUBLIC_PRIVATE_PARTNERSHIP_PPP_PROJECT_A_REVIEW_ON_RISK_FACTORS"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="97131965" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/97131965/A_Comparative_Study_on_Risk_Allocation_for_Different_Procurement_Type_in_Malaysian_Industry">A Comparative Study on Risk Allocation for Different Procurement Type in Malaysian Industry</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9939373" href="https://perak.academia.edu/MuhammadRedzaRosman">Muhammad Redza Rosman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Risk allocation is one of the important aspects in risk management. However, there is a tendency that risks in construction are being allocated to parties that are least able to resist taking on the risk rather than parties that are more capable to manage the risks. There are different types of procurement that led to different approaches in settling risk allocation between contracting parties. This paper aims to identify risk allocation for different procurement types in construction projects focusing on traditional, design-build and public-private partnership procurement. For this research, a quantitative method was used, where 354 sets of questionnaires were distributed to selected construction firms in Klang Valley. Ninety-two (92) sets of questionnaires were returned and analyzed and the respondents were asked to rate the probability of risk occurrence. The result indicated that the top ranked risk factors are ‘unstable government’, ‘delay in project approvals and permits’, ‘fluctuation of material cost’, ‘poorly written contract’ and ‘inadequate specification in contract’. The recommended risk allocation by respondent for each procurement is presented and found that client and contractor in Traditional procurement, the risks are allocate based on its nature of work. In Design-build, risk factors are mainly allocated to contractor. While in PPP, both contracting parties prefer the majority of the risk factors to be shared. The results of this research will assist practitioners in allocating risks to the party that most qualified to analyze, control, and manage these risks.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Comparative Study on Risk Allocation for Different Procurement Type in Malaysian Industry","attachmentId":98888004,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/97131965/A_Comparative_Study_on_Risk_Allocation_for_Different_Procurement_Type_in_Malaysian_Industry","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/97131965/A_Comparative_Study_on_Risk_Allocation_for_Different_Procurement_Type_in_Malaysian_Industry"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="11290860" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11290860/Assessment_of_Risk_Allocation_Criteria_in_Malaysian_PPP_Projects">Assessment of Risk Allocation Criteria in Malaysian PPP Projects</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="722948" href="https://teknologimalaysia.academia.edu/HadiSarvari">Hadi Sarvari</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline 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data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66047413/Preferred_risk_allocation_in_Chinas_public_private_partnership_PPP_projects">Preferred risk allocation in China's public-private partnership (PPP) projects</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="54086299" href="https://independent.academia.edu/%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%88%E6%B8%85">Shou Qing Wang</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Project …, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Preferred risk allocation in China's public-private partnership (PPP) projects","attachmentId":77391436,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/66047413/Preferred_risk_allocation_in_Chinas_public_private_partnership_PPP_projects","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/66047413/Preferred_risk_allocation_in_Chinas_public_private_partnership_PPP_projects"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="53047670" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/53047670/Risk_Allocation_in_Public_Private_Partnership_Infrastructure_Projects_Comparative_Study">Risk Allocation in Public-Private Partnership Infrastructure Projects: Comparative Study</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="54086299" href="https://independent.academia.edu/%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%88%E6%B8%85">Shou Qing Wang</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Risk Allocation in Public-Private Partnership Infrastructure Projects: Comparative Study","attachmentId":70015226,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/53047670/Risk_Allocation_in_Public_Private_Partnership_Infrastructure_Projects_Comparative_Study","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/53047670/Risk_Allocation_in_Public_Private_Partnership_Infrastructure_Projects_Comparative_Study"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="27437970" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27437970/Risk_Management_in_PPP_Project_at_Construction_Companies_in_India">Risk Management in PPP Project at Construction Companies in India</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14715764" href="https://ramjimmakwana.academia.edu/ijirstjournal">IJIRST - International Journal for Innovative Research in Science and Technology</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Construction projects are experiencing several problems, these are related tonon-standard demonstrate financing in country. During and after modulation period, unexploited duration, insufficient but before all obsolete public private partnership project in India became an requisite problem for further development of main economic resources like as (transportation resources, agriculture resources, mining resources, tourism resources etc.). The Public project partnership network is requirement for the development of different sphere (gumption, agriculture area, industry and commerce etc.). The risk analysis of potential elements, throughout the processes from command to operational public private partnership projects, is one of the most important elements to expand profit and functionality in Indian industries or firms, and the educated country infrastructure construction and public private partnership, while solving potential problems that may create. Much of the risk of a PPP project creates from the complexness of financing, taxation, law regulative, acquired technical certification and construction process involved in a major construction venture. Main risks, their study and management on public private partnership projects are elaborate in this paper. After risk analysis, risk management model are represent for solving risks on PPP projects in India. To investigate critical risks associated with Build Operate Transfer projects in India is main purpose of this paper.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Risk Management in PPP Project at Construction Companies in India","attachmentId":47695393,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27437970/Risk_Management_in_PPP_Project_at_Construction_Companies_in_India","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27437970/Risk_Management_in_PPP_Project_at_Construction_Companies_in_India"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="53047672" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/53047672/Empirical_Study_of_Risk_Assessment_and_Allocation_of_Public_Private_Partnership_Projects_in_China">Empirical Study of Risk Assessment and Allocation of Public-Private Partnership Projects in China</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="54086299" href="https://independent.academia.edu/%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%88%E6%B8%85">Shou Qing Wang</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Management in Engineering, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Empirical Study of Risk Assessment and Allocation of Public-Private Partnership Projects in China","attachmentId":70015228,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/53047672/Empirical_Study_of_Risk_Assessment_and_Allocation_of_Public_Private_Partnership_Projects_in_China","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/53047672/Empirical_Study_of_Risk_Assessment_and_Allocation_of_Public_Private_Partnership_Projects_in_China"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="27583164" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27583164/Risk_Awareness_Identification_and_Mitigation_in_PPP_Projects">Risk: Awareness, Identification and Mitigation in PPP Projects</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7371781" href="https://independent.academia.edu/irpublications">Innovative Research Publications</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Public Private Partnerships have emerged as one of the latest and successful means for building and rebuilding infra structure framework in developed and developing countries. Shortage of funds and associated constraints has given rise to PPP model. There are various phases in development of PPP projects in which different risks come into play. Due to the risks PPP projects are always subjected to probability of failure. In PPP projects, risk management plays a crucial role. Risk management is handling risks involved in a project, which is an ongoing process that continues throughout the life cycle of the concession period of PPP project. This study is focused on survey methodology in order to check the awareness and knowledge regarding risk management through which an attempt is made to formulate criticality of risks. In this paper different types of project risks will be identified. Attempt to prepare general framework for risk management which include identification of risk events and finally risk mitigation measures will be done. Based on the survey results, the Collection risk, Political risk, and Construction risk are most critical. Risk mitigating measures are drafted to these critical risks and a risk management framework for PPP models is proposed.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Risk: Awareness, Identification and Mitigation in PPP Projects","attachmentId":47841966,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27583164/Risk_Awareness_Identification_and_Mitigation_in_PPP_Projects","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27583164/Risk_Awareness_Identification_and_Mitigation_in_PPP_Projects"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="54930345" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54930345/Risk_Transferin_Public_Private_Partnership_Private_Finance_Initiative_Procurement_Documents_The_Differencebetween_The_United_Kingdom_and_Malaysia">Risk Transferin Public Private Partnership/Private Finance Initiative Procurement Documents:The Differencebetween The United Kingdom and Malaysia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="108684588" href="https://uitm.academia.edu/AbdullahNooriha">Nooriha Abdullah</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The aim of this paper is to analyse the risk transfer issue in Public Private Partnership/Private Finance Initiative (PPP/PFI) procurement documents in the United Kingdom (UK) and Malaysia. It utilises qualitative research methods using documentation and interviews for data collection. The UK documents (guidelines and contracts) identify the risks related to this form of public procurement of services and makeexplicittheappropriateallocation of those risks between the public and the private sector PPP/PFI partners and so the types of risks each party should bear. However, in Malaysia, such allocation of risks was not mentioned in PPP/PFI guidelines. Hence, a question arises regarding whether risk transfer exists in Malaysian PPP/PFI projects, whether in contracts or by other means. This research question is the rationale for the comparative analysis ofdocumentsand practicesrelatingtorisk transfer in the PPP/PFI procurements in both countries. The results clarify risk-related issues ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Risk Transferin Public Private Partnership/Private Finance Initiative Procurement Documents:The Differencebetween The United Kingdom and Malaysia","attachmentId":71050908,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54930345/Risk_Transferin_Public_Private_Partnership_Private_Finance_Initiative_Procurement_Documents_The_Differencebetween_The_United_Kingdom_and_Malaysia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/54930345/Risk_Transferin_Public_Private_Partnership_Private_Finance_Initiative_Procurement_Documents_The_Differencebetween_The_United_Kingdom_and_Malaysia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="43181164" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43181164/Risk_Management_in_the_Malaysian_Public_Private_Partnership_Projects">Risk Management in the Malaysian Public Private Partnership Projects</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="159358341" href="https://uum.academia.edu/arpahabubakar">arpah abu bakar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Jurnal Pengurusan</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Risk Management in the Malaysian Public Private Partnership Projects","attachmentId":63447084,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43181164/Risk_Management_in_the_Malaysian_Public_Private_Partnership_Projects","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43181164/Risk_Management_in_the_Malaysian_Public_Private_Partnership_Projects"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":26266440,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":26266440,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_26266440" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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