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href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Monnow Bridge</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" > 17 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88" title="جسر مونو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جسر مونو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monnow_Bridge" title="Monnow Bridge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Monnow Bridge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_p%C5%99es_Monnow" title="Most přes Monnow – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Most přes Monnow" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_Trefynwy" title="Pont Trefynwy – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pont Trefynwy" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monnow_Bridge" title="Monnow Bridge – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Monnow Bridge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monnow_Bridge" title="Monnow Bridge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Monnow Bridge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponto_Monnow" title="Ponto Monnow – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ponto Monnow" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monnow_zubia" title="Monnow zubia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Monnow zubia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monnow_Br%C3%BAgvin" title="Monnow Brúgvin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Monnow Brúgvin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_Monnow" title="Pont Monnow – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pont Monnow" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="मोंनो पुल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मोंनो पुल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jembatan_Monnow" title="Jembatan Monnow – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jembatan Monnow" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons_Mynwy" title="Pons Mynwy – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pons Mynwy" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monnow_h%C3%ADd" title="Monnow híd – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Monnow híd" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8E%E3%82%A6%E6%A9%8B" title="モノウ橋 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モノウ橋" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%83" title="Мост Монноу – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мост Монноу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E8%AB%BE%E6%A9%8B" title="曼諾橋 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="曼諾橋" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Monnow_Bridge&params=51.809_N_2.72_W_region:GB">51°48′32″N 2°43′12″W / 51.8090°N 2.7200°W / 51.8090; -2.7200</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Grade I listed building and bridge in Monmouth, south-east Wales</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn org">Monnow Bridge</div> <div style="display:inline;" class="nickname" lang="cy">Pont Trefynwy <a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Wales" title="List of bridges in Wales">Bridge in Wales</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Monmouth_-_Monnow_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Monmouth_-_Monnow_Bridge.jpg/250px-Monmouth_-_Monnow_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Monmouth_-_Monnow_Bridge.jpg/375px-Monmouth_-_Monnow_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Monmouth_-_Monnow_Bridge.jpg/500px-Monmouth_-_Monnow_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3637" data-file-height="2433" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">View of the bridge looking north</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Monnow_Bridge&params=51.809_N_2.72_W_region:GB">51°48′32″N 2°43′12″W / 51.8090°N 2.7200°W / 51.8090; -2.7200</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Carries</th><td class="infobox-data">Pedestrian traffic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crosses</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/River_Monnow" title="River Monnow">River Monnow</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Locale</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Monmouth" title="Monmouth">Monmouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire" title="Monmouthshire">Monmouthshire</a>, Wales</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Bridge_tower" title="Bridge tower">Bridge tower</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Material</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Old_Red_Sandstone" title="Old Red Sandstone">Old Red Sandstone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total length</th><td class="infobox-data">34.80 m (114.2 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">7.30 m (24.0 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of spans</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Piers in water</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction start</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1272</td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #FFC0CB; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Listed_building#England_and_Wales" title="Listed building">Listed Building</a> – Grade I</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Monnow Bridge and Gateway</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">15 August 1974</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">2218</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #00247D; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monument" title="Scheduled monument">Scheduled monument</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Monnow Bridge</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">24 July 1974</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">MM008</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">Location</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-lat="51.809" data-lon="-2.72" data-overlays="["_c82e6bae709468d2edfbbc8e7d410b8fb2861f1e"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/51.809/-2.72/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,51.809,-2.72,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Monnow_Bridge&revid=1258605882&groups=_c82e6bae709468d2edfbbc8e7d410b8fb2861f1e" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,51.809,-2.72,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Monnow_Bridge&revid=1258605882&groups=_c82e6bae709468d2edfbbc8e7d410b8fb2861f1e 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Monnow Bridge (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: Pont Trefynwy <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Welsh pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[pɔnt tre:vənʊɨ]</a>), in <a href="/wiki/Monmouth" title="Monmouth">Monmouth</a>, Wales, is the only remaining <a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">fortified</a> river bridge in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Gate_tower" title="Gate tower">gate tower</a> standing on the bridge. Such <a href="/wiki/Bridge_tower" title="Bridge tower">bridge towers</a> were common across Europe from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> times, but many were destroyed due to urban expansion, diminishing defensive requirements and the increasing demands of traffic and trade. The historical and architectural importance of the bridge and its rarity are reflected in its status as a <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monument" title="Scheduled monument">scheduled monument</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Categories_of_listed_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Categories of listed building">Grade I listed building</a>. The bridge crosses the <a href="/wiki/River_Monnow" title="River Monnow">River Monnow</a> (Afon Mynwy) 500 metres (1,600 ft) above its confluence with the <a href="/wiki/River_Wye" title="River Wye">River Wye</a>. Monmouth had been a significant border settlement since the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman occupation of Britain</a>, when it was the site of the fort of <a href="/wiki/Blestium" title="Blestium">Blestium</a>. The River Wye may have been bridged at this time but the Monnow, being easily <a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">fordable</a>, appears not to have had a crossing until after the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman Conquest</a>. According to the local tradition, construction of Monnow Bridge began in 1272 to replace a 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Norman</a> timber bridge. Through the <a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Middle Ages">medieval era</a>, the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Newport_Rising" title="Newport Rising">Chartist uprising</a>, the bridge played a significant, if ineffectual, role in defending Monmouth. It also served as a <a href="/wiki/Prison#Middle_Ages_to_the_17th_century" title="Prison">gaol</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">munitions</a> store, a lodge, an <a href="/wiki/Billboard" title="Billboard">advertising hoarding</a>, a focus for celebrations and, most significantly, as a <a href="/wiki/Toll_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Toll house">toll gate</a>. Much of the medieval development of Monmouth was funded by the <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_medieval_England" title="Taxation in medieval England">taxes</a> and tolls the borough was entitled to raise through <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a>. The tolls were collected through control of the points of entry to the town, including the gatehouse on Monnow Bridge. Built predominantly of <a href="/wiki/Old_Red_Sandstone" title="Old Red Sandstone">Old Red Sandstone</a>, the bridge was the subject of significant reconstruction and rebuilding in the 18th and 19th centuries. In those centuries, it also became a popular subject for artists; <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Gastineau" title="Henry Gastineau">Gastineau</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Sell_Cotman" title="John Sell Cotman">Cotman</a> produced sketches of the bridge and gate. In the 20th century, it suffered increasing damage as higher volumes of traffic and the use of ever-larger vehicles led to several serious accidents. In the 21st century, the construction of a new road crossing to the south enabled the <a href="/wiki/Footbridge" title="Footbridge">pedestrianisation</a> of the bridge. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnow_Bridge&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earliest_history">Earliest history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnow_Bridge&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Earliest history">edit</a>]</div> Monmouth was a significant settlement in Roman Britain, as the border fort of <a href="/wiki/Blestium" title="Blestium">Blestium</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoulsby1983181-1">[1]</a> and as an important centre for <a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">ironworking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2000393-2">[2]</a> It is possible the Romans bridged the River Wye during their occupation, but the Monnow appears not to have had a crossing until after the Norman invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands19941-3">[3]</a> The Norman lord <a href="/wiki/William_FitzOsbern,_1st_Earl_of_Hereford" title="William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford">William FitzOsbern</a> built a castle near the <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> of the two rivers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKissack19751-4">[4]</a> in around 1070.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoulsby1983181-1">[1]</a> The following two centuries saw the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Priory" title="Monmouth Priory">Benedictine Priory</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2000394-5">[5]</a> and the development of the town as a defensive location on the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">Welsh Marches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoulsby1983182-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="12th–14th_centuries">12th–14th centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnow_Bridge&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 12th–14th centuries">edit</a>]</div> The original bridge over the Monnow at Monmouth was constructed of wood in the mid-12th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECadw2218-7">[7]</a> In 1988, work on <a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">flood defences</a> revealed remains of the wooden bridge directly under the existing one,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2004Illustration_6-8">[8]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">dendrochronological analysis</a> indicated that its timber came from trees felled between 1123 and 1169.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands199481-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[a]</a> An early account in the <a href="/wiki/Flores_Historiarum" title="Flores Historiarum">Flores Historiarum</a> by <a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Wendover" title="Roger of Wendover">Roger of Wendover</a> may indicate that the wooden bridge and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Thomas_the_Martyr,_Monmouth" title="Church of St Thomas the Martyr, Monmouth">Church of St Thomas the Martyr</a> were damaged by fire in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth_(1233)" title="Battle of Monmouth (1233)">Battle of Monmouth</a> in 1233, fought between supporters of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> and the forces of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Marshal,_3rd_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke">Richard Marshal, Earl of Pembroke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands19942-12">[11]</a> Both the site of the battle and the specific bridge involved are debated—the local historian <a href="/wiki/Keith_Kissack" title="Keith Kissack">Keith Kissack</a> argued that the battle was fought on <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Fields,_Monmouth" title="Vauxhall Fields, Monmouth">Vauxhall Fields</a>, below <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Castle" title="Monmouth Castle">Monmouth Castle</a> and some way from Monnow Bridge,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKissack199640-13">[12]</a> while other modern historians continue to place the battle at <a href="/wiki/Overmonnow" title="Overmonnow">Overmonnow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2014?-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBly20123-15">[14]</a> The stone bridge was completed in the late 13th century. It was traditionally thought to have been built in 1272, though this date has no supporting documentary evidence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2000402-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[b]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/William_Coxe_(historian)" title="William Coxe (historian)">William Coxe</a> incorrectly described the bridge as pre-dating the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> and recorded that "it commanded the passage of the Monnow and was a barrier against the Welsh".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxe1801303-19">[17]</a> In 1804, the Monmouth antiquarian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Heath_(Monmouth)" title="Charles Heath (Monmouth)">Charles Heath</a> wrote that the bridge's "foundation is so ancient that neither history or tradition afford any light respecting the date of its erection".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath1804unnumbered-20">[18]</a> Heath drew directly from The Antiquities of England and Wales, an earlier guide by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Grose" title="Francis Grose">Francis Grose</a>, published in 1773.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrose1773157-21">[19]</a> The archaeologist Martin Cook notes the significance of the date 1270 as the start of a period that saw increased bridge-building, as a result of the rapid growth of international trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook199817-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[c]</a> The civil engineer Edwyn Jervoise suggested that the absence of an evidential record was due to the destruction of the archives of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Beaufort" title="Duke of Beaufort">Duke of Beaufort</a> at <a href="/wiki/Raglan_Castle" title="Raglan Castle">Raglan Castle</a> in the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJervoise1936123-25">[22]</a> This is unlikely, as the gatehouse did not come into the possession of the duke's family, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Somerset,_6th_Duke_of_Beaufort" title="Henry Somerset, 6th Duke of Beaufort">the Somersets</a>, until the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKissack1975213-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[d]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gatehouse" title="Gatehouse">gatehouse</a>, called Monnow Gate, which gives Monnow Bridge its now unique appearance, was added at the end of the 13th or start of the 14th centuries, twenty-five to thirty years after the bridge itself was built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands19943-17">[16]</a> The siting of the gatehouse mid-channel is relatively unusual; the archaeologist David Harrison notes the more common arrangement was for the gate to be situated on the roadway at one end of the bridge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201048-29">[25]</a> In 1297, <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> provided a <a href="/wiki/Murage" class="mw-redirect" title="Murage">murage</a> grant in favour of Monmouth in response to a request from his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Henry,_3rd_Earl_of_Lancaster" title="Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster">Henry of Lancaster</a>. A murage was a medieval tax, granted specifically to allow for the raising of funds to construct or repair town walls.<a href="#cite_note-31">[e]</a> The grant allowed the townspeople to build the town walls and gates, including the construction of the gatehouse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2000402-16">[15]</a> By 1315, work was incomplete or required repair, as the original authority was renewed on 1 June of that year. At that time, the bridge would have been much narrower than now, with all traffic passing beneath a single arch. The arch was protected by a <a href="/wiki/Portcullis" title="Portcullis">portcullis</a>, whose associated grooves are still visible. The prominent arched <a href="/wiki/Machicolation" title="Machicolation">machicolations</a>, defensive apertures through which stones or other material could be dropped on attackers, were added at an unknown date in the medieval period, possibly in the late 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands19949-32">[27]</a> The gate formed part of <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_town_walls_and_defences" title="Monmouth town walls and defences">the town's defensive walls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a> The cartographer <a href="/wiki/John_Speed" title="John Speed">John Speed</a>'s map of 1610 shows walls only on the northern side of the town, which lies unprotected by either the Monnow or the <a href="/wiki/River_Wye" title="River Wye">Wye</a>, but the archaeologist Ian Soulsby suggests it is "inconceivable" that Monnow Gate, and another gate shown by Speed leading out onto Chippenham Mead, stood alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoulsby1983184-34">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_map_of_Monmouth,_Wales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Old_map_of_Monmouth%2C_Wales.jpg/220px-Old_map_of_Monmouth%2C_Wales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Old_map_of_Monmouth%2C_Wales.jpg/330px-Old_map_of_Monmouth%2C_Wales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Old_map_of_Monmouth%2C_Wales.jpg/440px-Old_map_of_Monmouth%2C_Wales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2269" data-file-height="1774" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Speed" title="John Speed">John Speed's</a> 1610 map showing Monmouth's fortifications, with Monnow Bridge and Gate between A and C</figcaption></figure> As well as its defensive role, the gatehouse served as a barrier to allow for the collection of tolls from those attending markets. Tolls were authorised in the <a href="/wiki/Patent_Rolls" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent Rolls">Patent Rolls</a> of 1297 and 1315 and in subsequent town charters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands199410-35">[30]</a> Kissack gives details of the wide variety of items on which <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> were levied in his reproduction of the charter of 1297. These included "five fat hogs, (a) horse-load of honey and a thousand (roofing) nails".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKissack1996149–150-36">[31]</a> In 1447 <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a> granted the town a <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">Charter of Incorporation</a> which enabled further development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKissack19752-37">[32]</a> Historians have debated whether defence or revenue collection was the gatehouse's primary purpose. The Victorian antiquarian <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Bagnall-Oakeley" title="Mary Ellen Bagnall-Oakeley">Mary Ellen Bagnall-Oakeley</a>, who wrote the first history of the bridge and gate in 1902, described the gatehouse as "a little fortress complete in itself, though of course, useless in time of war".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall-Oakeley19024-38">[33]</a> Her account contended that the "tower was not in any way connected with the fortification walls of the town"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall-Oakeley19023-39">[34]</a> and that the gatehouse was erected solely "for the purpose of taking tolls".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall-Oakeley19023-39">[34]</a> The Monmouthshire antiquarian <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradney" title="Joseph Bradney">Joseph Bradney</a>, in the first volume of his <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Monmouthshire_from_the_Coming_of_the_Normans_into_Wales_down_to_the_Present_Time" title="A History of Monmouthshire from the Coming of the Normans into Wales down to the Present Time">A History of Monmouthshire from the Coming of the Normans into Wales down to the Present Time</a>, concurred; "the bridge is a curious structure which appears to have been more for the purpose of collecting tolls than anything else, though as a defence to the town outside the walls it might be of some help".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradney199116-40">[35]</a> Kissack follows their arguments, noting that the gatehouse was ineffective in defensive terms, as the Monnow could easily be crossed on foot upstream.<a href="#cite_note-41">[36]</a> More recent commentators disagree; Soulsby considered the bridge to have a clear defensive purpose,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoulsby198318-42">[37]</a> and Michael Rowlands, author of the most recent history of the bridge and gatehouse, argued that the bridge and gatehouse met the dual aims of defensive protection and the collection of tolls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands19943–4-43">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="15th–19th_centuries">15th–19th centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnow_Bridge&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 15th–19th centuries">edit</a>]</div> Neither Monmouth nor its castle were attacked in the <a href="/wiki/Glynd%C5%B5r_Rising" class="mw-redirect" title="Glyndŵr Rising">rebellion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r" title="Owain Glyndŵr">Owain Glyndŵr</a> between 1400 and 1415, although nearby <a href="/wiki/Abergavenny" title="Abergavenny">Abergavenny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grosmont,_Monmouthshire" title="Grosmont, Monmouthshire">Grosmont</a> were burned down in the uprising. The unrest of the period had a negative impact on the development of the town.<a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a> But the bridge continued its important function as a toll-gate. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jones_(MP)" title="Philip Jones (MP)">Philip Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Boroughs" class="mw-redirect" title="Monmouth Boroughs">Monmouth Boroughs</a> in 1589, bequeathed an annual sum of about £120, the rent from his lands and houses at 'Bayliepitte', to the mayor and bailiffs of Monmouth on condition that the borough exempt those people passing through the gate or coming into Monmouth with cattle from paying tolls on <a href="/wiki/Fair" title="Fair">fair days</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a> In the 16th century, the antiquarian <a href="/wiki/John_Leland_(antiquary)" title="John Leland (antiquary)">John Leland</a> described the bridge in one of his Itineraries: "From Monk's Gate the wall extends Westwards to the river Monnow. In the wall are four gates: Monk's Gate, East Gate and Wye Gate ... and Monnow Gate which is above the bridge crossing the river Monnow."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeland190646-46">[41]</a> A visual depiction of the bridge and gate is included in John Speed's work The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain, published in 1611. His map of Monmouthshire includes an inset map of the town that shows the Monnow Bridge and Gate as well as a similar gatehouse on the Wye Bridge.<a href="#cite_note-48">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKissack197524-49">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JMW_Turner_sketch_of_Monnow_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/JMW_Turner_sketch_of_Monnow_Bridge.jpg/220px-JMW_Turner_sketch_of_Monnow_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/JMW_Turner_sketch_of_Monnow_Bridge.jpg/330px-JMW_Turner_sketch_of_Monnow_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/JMW_Turner_sketch_of_Monnow_Bridge.jpg/440px-JMW_Turner_sketch_of_Monnow_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Sketch by <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a>, 1795</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, the town changed hands several times, and in 1645 the bridge was seized by <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Royalist</a> soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Raglan_Castle" title="Raglan Castle">Raglan</a> in a failed attempt to retake the town from the <a href="/wiki/Roundheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundheads">Parliamentarian</a> forces under Colonel Kyrle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKissack197541-50">[44]</a> Kissack describes the engagement as "the most resolute Royalist attack made (on) Monmouth", which saw eight of Kyrle's opponents killed and five captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKissack197541-50">[44]</a> By 1705, the bridge and gatehouse required maintenance: the original <a href="/wiki/Battlement" title="Battlement">battlements</a> were replaced with solid walls, and the building was refitted to form a two-storey dwelling house<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKissack20039-51">[45]</a> with timber and <a href="/wiki/Lath" title="Lath">lath</a> extensions projecting over the river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBly20124-52">[46]</a> The house was then leased to a resident gatekeeper, responsible for repairing and maintaining the building. Part of the gatehouse remained in use as a <a href="/wiki/Village_lock-up" title="Village lock-up">lock-up</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKissack1975227-53">[47]</a> Such multiple uses were not uncommon; the archaeologist C. J. Bond recorded that "gates often included chambers which could be used for lock-ups, chapels or meeting rooms".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond1987104-54">[48]</a> Both the bridge and the gatehouse were again repaired between 1771 and 1775. The bill for repairs included the cost of 100 gallons of ale for the workmen employed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKissack1975239-55">[49]</a> Trade continued to be central to the importance of the bridge. The Monmouthshire writer and artist <a href="/wiki/Fred_Hando" title="Fred Hando">Fred Hando</a> records that, on a single Saturday in the early 18th century, "500 horses each carrying five bushels of corn entered by way of the Monnow gate".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHando196422-56">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Monow_Bridge,_Monmouth._(3375370).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_Monow_Bridge%2C_Monmouth._%283375370%29.jpg/220px-The_Monow_Bridge%2C_Monmouth._%283375370%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_Monow_Bridge%2C_Monmouth._%283375370%29.jpg/330px-The_Monow_Bridge%2C_Monmouth._%283375370%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_Monow_Bridge%2C_Monmouth._%283375370%29.jpg/440px-The_Monow_Bridge%2C_Monmouth._%283375370%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>The bridge and gatehouse in 1818, drawn by <a href="/wiki/Copley_Fielding" title="Copley Fielding">Copley Fielding</a></figcaption></figure> In 1804, Charles Heath recorded, "The interior has nothing worthy of attention and the only purpose to which it is employed is an occasional guardhouse, or <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_magazine" title="Gunpowder magazine">powder room</a>, for the military, when stationed at Monmouth."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath1804unnumbered-20">[18]</a> The gatehouse had by this point been abandoned as a dwelling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands199430-57">[51]</a> The lean-to extensions, including the guardhouse, were demolished around 1815.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKissack199649-58">[52]</a> In 1819, a pedestrian passageway was driven through the building on the upstream side<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2000402-16">[15]</a> to help relieve the flow of traffic across the bridge. Before 1830, the gatehouse was owned by Monmouth Corporation, and subsequently <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_County_Council" title="Monmouthshire County Council">the County Council</a>, as inheritors of the medieval burgesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands199432-59">[53]</a> In a lengthy transaction, begun that year but not concluded until 1835,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands199446-60">[54]</a> ownership was formally transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Somerset,_6th_Duke_of_Beaufort" title="Henry Somerset, 6th Duke of Beaufort">Duke of Beaufort</a> as part of a property exchange.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKissack1975213-26">[23]</a> The gatehouse roof was reconstructed in 1832, with deeper <a href="/wiki/Eaves" title="Eaves">eaves</a> and four decorative <a href="/wiki/Corbel" title="Corbel">corbels</a> on each side. A second passageway was added on the downstream side of the arch in 1845.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2000402-16">[15]</a> Since then, the structure has remained essentially unchanged, save for periodic maintenance and repair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBly20124-52">[46]</a> In 1839, at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Newport_Rising" title="Newport Rising">Newport Rising</a>, the gatehouse was <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrisoned</a> as the authorities feared a <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartist</a> attack on Monmouth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHando196416–18-61">[55]</a> Later guidebooks suggest that the three <a href="/wiki/Arrowslit" title="Arrowslit">loopholes</a> visible on the tower were opened up at this time "for <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musketry</a> in anticipation of the advance of the Chartists",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPublic_Works1933414-62">[56]</a> but Rowlands shows that the apertures are visible in illustrations of the gatehouse long before 1839.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands1994120-63">[57]</a> The gatehouse was the scene of annual battles, or "muntlings", between rival gangs from "Up-Town" – the main town of Monmouth – and <a href="/wiki/Overmonnow" title="Overmonnow">Overmonnow</a> or "Cappers' Town", so called because it was the traditional home of those who made <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_cap" title="Monmouth cap">Monmouth caps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a> Until the confrontations were banned in 1858,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1998262-65">[59]</a> youths from both sides of the bridge would gather for these occasions on 1 and 29 May, armed with <a href="/wiki/Besom" title="Besom">besoms</a> or "muntles" reinforced with stones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene20125-66">[60]</a> The bridge was also used as an unofficial advertising hoarding and as a focus for significant local and national celebrations. In 1891, it was decorated with flags and lights to commemorate the coming of age of <a href="/wiki/John_Rolls,_2nd_Baron_Llangattock" title="John Rolls, 2nd Baron Llangattock">John Maclean Rolls</a>, eldest son of Monmouthshire grandee <a href="/wiki/John_Rolls,_1st_Baron_Llangattock" title="John Rolls, 1st Baron Llangattock">Lord Llangattock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands199445-67">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th–21st_centuries">20th–21st centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnow_Bridge&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th–21st centuries">edit</a>]</div> From 1889 to 1902, an extensive programme of <a href="/wiki/Architectural_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural conservation">conservation</a> was carried out on the bridge and gate, directed by <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_County_Council" title="Monmouthshire County Council">Monmouthshire County Council</a>, which retained responsibility for maintenance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands199448-68">[62]</a> This began with the prevention of the potential collapse of the gatehouse by the insertion of metal <a href="/wiki/Tie_rod" title="Tie rod">tie rods</a> to hold the two faces of the tower together; the four round plates at the ends of these two rods can still be seen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands199448-68">[62]</a> In 1892, conservation work began on the <a href="/wiki/Arch_bridge" title="Arch bridge">arches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pier_(architecture)" title="Pier (architecture)">piers</a> of the bridge following the discovery that riverbed erosion had seriously undermined the piers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands199448-68">[62]</a> Maintenance was carried out on the gatehouse exterior from the mid-1890s to 1897. <a href="/wiki/Rain_gutter" title="Rain gutter">Roof guttering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Downpipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Downpipe">downpipes</a> were added, badly eroded stone was replaced with squared blocks of <a href="/wiki/Old_Red_Sandstone" title="Old Red Sandstone">Old Red Sandstone</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cruciform" title="Cruciform">cruciform</a> arrowslit on the left-hand side of the west elevation of the gatehouse was restored to make it symmetrical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands199452–53-69">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[g]</a> Concluding the 1889–1902 renovations, improvements were made to the interior of the gatehouse, and it was opened to the public in 1902.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands199454-72">[65]</a> In 1900, ownership of the gatehouse was transferred from <a href="/wiki/Henry_Somerset,_9th_Duke_of_Beaufort" title="Henry Somerset, 9th Duke of Beaufort">Henry Somerset, 9th Duke of Beaufort</a> to Monmouthshire County Council as part of the disposal of the entirety of the Somersets' land holdings in Monmouthshire. The gift is recorded on a brass plaque attached to the gatehouse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands199446-60">[54]</a> The local antiquarian Mary Ellen Bagnall-Oakeley wrote the first history of the bridge and gatehouse, Monnow Bridge Tower, which appeared in 1903.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands199454-72">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[h]</a> In April 1893, the first <a href="/wiki/Street_light" title="Street light">street light</a> was erected on the bridge by the town council. In the late 1920s, the top portion of this light was replaced by twin electric lamps. In the 1960s, the lamps were removed completely, and since 1991 the bridge has been <a href="/wiki/Floodlight" title="Floodlight">floodlit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands199452-74">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monnow_Bridge_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Monnow_Bridge_%283%29.jpg/220px-Monnow_Bridge_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Monnow_Bridge_%283%29.jpg/330px-Monnow_Bridge_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Monnow_Bridge_%283%29.jpg/440px-Monnow_Bridge_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>Monnow Bridge and Gatehouse, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1866</figcaption></figure> In 1963, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Hando" title="Fred Hando">Fred Hando</a>, who recorded points of interest and history around Monmouthshire in a series of articles for the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Argus" title="South Wales Argus">South Wales Argus</a> between the 1920s and the 1960s, wrote a description of the gatehouse, referencing the small museum then located in the upstairs room.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHando196416–18-61">[55]</a> Hando mentions the "beautifully executed" copies of the <a href="/wiki/Patent_roll" title="Patent roll">patent rolls</a> issued by <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> in 1296-7 and by <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a> in 1315 which recorded the items on which tolls could be levied to fund the fortifications for Monmouth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHando196416–18-61">[55]</a> In the 20th century, the greater volume of traffic using the <a href="/wiki/Humpback_bridge" title="Humpback bridge">humpbacked</a> bridge, which had poor visibility and narrow approach roads, led to a rise in accidents and an increase in bypass proposals. The desire of local authorities to clear carriageways of obstructions to traffic led to the demolition of many similar bridge towers from as early as the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroyano2003120-75">[67]</a> The bridge and gate were formally protected as an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Monument">Ancient Monument</a> in 1923, and proposals for a new road bridge began to be made about the same time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands199465-76">[68]</a> The new <a href="/wiki/A40_road" title="A40 road">A40</a>, built during 1965–1966, relieved the town of much through traffic, and a town centre plan, prepared by the <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monmouth (district)">District Council</a> in 1981, again proposed a new bridge. Repairs had to be undertaken in 1982 following a collision on 18 May in which a double-decker bus struck the bridge, resulting in its closure for a month.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands199460–61-77">[69]</a> Damage to the bridge and gate through accidents continued, and in the early 1990s, two drivers were prosecuted after crossing the bridge with vehicles significantly exceeding the weight and height limits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands199489-78">[70]</a> In 1999, the engineers <a href="/wiki/Ove_Arup" title="Ove Arup">Ove Arup and Partners</a> undertook a feasibility study for a bridge downstream from the Monnow Bridge, but the scheme was not progressed at that time.<a href="#cite_note-79">[71]</a> Both the County and Town Councils remained committed to the construction of a new crossing to support the economic development of the town, and in 2003 local authority funding of £1.3 million was secured and construction commenced.<a href="#cite_note-80">[72]</a> The new bridge opened on 15 March 2004 for local traffic, allowing the old bridge to become pedestrianised.<a href="#cite_note-81">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-structurae1-82">[74]</a> The closure to traffic also enabled a significant repair programme to be undertaken, in part funded by the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[75]</a> After further conservation and repair, the gatehouse was formally re-opened in 2014, allowing public access on one day per week.<a href="#cite_note-84">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depictions_in_art">Depictions in art</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnow_Bridge&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Depictions in art">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monnow_Bridge_-_John_Sell_Cotman,_circa_1800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Monnow_Bridge_-_John_Sell_Cotman%2C_circa_1800.jpg/220px-Monnow_Bridge_-_John_Sell_Cotman%2C_circa_1800.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Monnow_Bridge_-_John_Sell_Cotman%2C_circa_1800.jpg/330px-Monnow_Bridge_-_John_Sell_Cotman%2C_circa_1800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Monnow_Bridge_-_John_Sell_Cotman%2C_circa_1800.jpg/440px-Monnow_Bridge_-_John_Sell_Cotman%2C_circa_1800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption>The bridge by <a href="/wiki/John_Sell_Cotman" title="John Sell Cotman">John Sell Cotman</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1800</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/William_Gilpin_(priest)" title="William Gilpin (priest)">William Gilpin</a>, in his Observations on the River Wye, and Several Parts of South Wales, etc. Relative Chiefly to Picturesque Beauty; made in the Summer of the Year 1770, published in 1782, generated considerable interest in the natural and man-made attractions of South Wales and heralded the development of the <a href="/wiki/Wye_Tour" title="Wye Tour">Wye Tour</a> as an alternative to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews198986-85">[77]</a> As a consequence, Monnow Bridge and gatehouse became a popular subject for artists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2010106-86">[78]</a> A late 18th-century watercolour by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Angelo_Rooker" title="Michael Angelo Rooker">Michael Angelo Rooker</a> is now in the <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Museum" title="Monmouth Museum">Monmouth Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[79]</a> The noted architectural watercolourist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Prout" title="Samuel Prout">Samuel Prout</a> painted the bridge in a study dated "before 1814", now held at the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Center_for_British_Art" title="Yale Center for British Art">Yale Center for British Art</a> in Connecticut.<a href="#cite_note-88">[80]</a> In 1795, <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a> sketched the bridge and gatehouse during one of his annual summer sketching tours.<a href="#cite_note-89">[81]</a> The watercolourist and etcher <a href="/wiki/John_Sell_Cotman" title="John Sell Cotman">John Sell Cotman</a> sketched the bridge in the early 19th century, his drawing showing the overhanging accommodation and guardhouse that were later removed.<a href="#cite_note-90">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Cristall" title="Joshua Cristall">Joshua Cristall</a> produced a similar pencil sketch in 1803.<a href="#cite_note-91">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Gastineau" title="Henry Gastineau">Henry Gastineau</a> drew the bridge in about 1819. Due to a printing error that confused his drawing of the bridge with one of the tower at Raglan Castle on the opposite page of the printed collection, Gastineau's image often appears with the title Gate and Bridge, Ragland.<a href="#cite_note-92">[84]</a> The artist of the American West <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Moran" title="Thomas Moran">Thomas Moran</a> produced an undated pencil drawing of the bridge which is printed in his Field Sketches.<a href="#cite_note-93">[85]</a> A depiction of the bridge in <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eamer_Kempe" title="Charles Eamer Kempe">Charles Eamer Kempe</a> can be seen in the Memorial of the Boer War window in <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Priory_Church,_Monmouth" title="St Mary's Priory Church, Monmouth">St Mary's Priory Church</a> in Monmouth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKissack200373-94">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[87]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture_and_appreciation">Architecture and appreciation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnow_Bridge&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Architecture and appreciation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DYKGatehouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/DYKGatehouse.jpg/220px-DYKGatehouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/DYKGatehouse.jpg/330px-DYKGatehouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/DYKGatehouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>The west front of the gatehouse</figcaption></figure> The bridge is 34.8 metres (110 ft) in length and 7.3 metres (20 ft) wide.<a href="#cite_note-structurae1-82">[74]</a> It has three arches standing on piers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2000402-16">[15]</a> The two piers that stand on the bed of the Monnow form <a href="/wiki/Starling_(structure)" title="Starling (structure)">cutwaters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands199495-96">[88]</a> The undersides of the arches are ribbed for reinforcement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2000402-16">[15]</a> The bridge is constructed of seven types of stone,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands199492-97">[89]</a> predominantly <a href="/wiki/Old_Red_Sandstone" title="Old Red Sandstone">Old Red Sandstone</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2000402-16">[15]</a> all quarried within 16 kilometres (10 miles) of Monmouth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands199492-97">[89]</a> The gatehouse stands 11 metres (36 ft) high above the bridge deck.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands1994103-98">[90]</a> The two passageways through the gate are 19th-century insertions. Prior to their construction, the main gateway was the sole means of entry and egress. This opening was defended by a <a href="/wiki/Portcullis" title="Portcullis">portcullis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands1994109-99">[91]</a> The gatehouse is elliptical, and its western and eastern elevations show considerable differences. The western front has three <a href="/wiki/Machicolation" title="Machicolation">machicolations</a> over the gate with <a href="/wiki/Murder-hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder-hole">murder holes</a> inset.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECadw2218-7">[7]</a> The historians Oliver Creighton and Richard Higham note their "fine architectural detailing".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton_and_Higham2005143-100">[92]</a> The dating of the machicolations is uncertain, but comparison with similar, dated, examples, such as those at <a href="/wiki/Cooling_Castle" title="Cooling Castle">Cooling Castle</a> in Kent, suggests a construction period in the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands19949-32">[27]</a> They cannot be original to the gate, as their positioning would have obstructed the portcullis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook199842-70">[64]</a> The eastern front is less decorated and displays evidence of more substantial reconstruction. It has a centrally placed round-headed window. The pedestrian arches through the bridge also differ in design, the northern being pointed and the southern having a flat "<a href="/wiki/Caernarvon_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Caernarvon Castle">Caernarvon</a>" head.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECadw2218-7">[7]</a> Internally, the gate has a single room and a <a href="/wiki/Garderobe" title="Garderobe">garderobe</a>. The original internal access was by way of a stone spiral staircase,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECadw2218-7">[7]</a> but this was subsequently destroyed and a wooden replacement was inserted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands1994122–123-101">[93]</a> The room in the tower measures 10 metres (33 ft) long and 3 metres (9.8 ft) wide<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJervoise1936123-25">[22]</a> and has an attic and an 18th-century roof.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands1994115-102">[94]</a> The roof was reconstructed in 1832.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2000402-16">[15]</a> From the upper room, the machine-cut rafters are visible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECadw2218-7">[7]</a> Drawings from the 18th and 19th centuries show a chimney in the roof, but the presence of a fireplace in the tower room is not mentioned in the available sources. The medieval roof was flat, with a <a href="/wiki/Battlement" title="Battlement">castellated</a> parapet and a <a href="/wiki/Chemin_de_ronde" title="Chemin de ronde">wall-walk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands1994115-102">[94]</a> In 1996, the bridge was included on a list of potential World Heritage Bridges by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> advisory body, the <a href="/wiki/International_Council_on_Monuments_and_Sites" title="International Council on Monuments and Sites">International Council on Monuments and Sites</a>. The criteria for World Heritage status required that the bridge be of "outstanding universal value" and illustrate "a significant stage in bridge engineering or technological developments".<a href="#cite_note-icomos1996-103">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portal_to_old_bridge,_Warkworth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_783217.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Portal_to_old_bridge%2C_Warkworth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_783217.jpg/220px-Portal_to_old_bridge%2C_Warkworth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_783217.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Portal_to_old_bridge%2C_Warkworth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_783217.jpg/330px-Portal_to_old_bridge%2C_Warkworth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_783217.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Portal_to_old_bridge%2C_Warkworth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_783217.jpg/440px-Portal_to_old_bridge%2C_Warkworth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_783217.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The fortified bridge at <a href="/wiki/Warkworth,_Northumberland" title="Warkworth, Northumberland">Warkworth, Northumberland</a></figcaption></figure> The bridge is one of only two surviving fortified bridges in the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook199862-104">[96]</a> the other being in <a href="/wiki/Warkworth,_Northumberland" title="Warkworth, Northumberland">Warkworth, Northumberland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJervoise1936123-25">[22]</a> There, the gatehouse stands on land at one end of the bridge, rather than on the bridge itself, and is described by the archaeologist John Steane as "less impressive" than the "superb" Monnow Gate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteane1985112-105">[97]</a> A recent (2016) appreciation by the historian Richard Hayman describes the Monnow Bridge as "arguably the finest surviving medieval bridge in Britain".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayman201669-106">[98]</a> Such <a href="/wiki/Bridge_tower" title="Bridge tower">bridge towers</a> were common across mainland Europe and, to a lesser extent, in Great Britain from medieval times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook199842-70">[64]</a> British examples included the <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Bridge" title="St George's Bridge">Mardol Gate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarley197569-107">[99]</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Frome,_Bristol" title="River Frome, Bristol">Froome Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands1994101-108">[100]</a> Continental examples include the <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%ADas,_Province_of_Burgos" title="Frías, Province of Burgos">Frias Bridge</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a> in Spain, and the <a href="/wiki/Pont_Valentr%C3%A9" title="Pont Valentré">Pont Valentré</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Cahors" title="Cahors">Cahors</a>, France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinman_and_Watson194165-109">[101]</a> But urban expansion, the lessening of defensive requirements, and the substantial increases in traffic and trade from the 18th century onward led to the destruction of many of what was once a common bridge type.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201045-110">[102]</a> The rarity of Monnow Bridge and Gate is reflected in its status as a potential <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>,<a href="#cite_note-icomos1996-103">[95]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monument" title="Scheduled monument">scheduled monument</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECadwMM008-111">[103]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Categories_of_listed_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Categories of listed building">Grade I listed building</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECadw2218-7">[7]</a> its listing describing it as "an outstanding medieval fortified bridge, now unique in Britain".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECadw2218-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnow_Bridge&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_castle" title="Bridge castle">Bridge castle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnow_Bridge&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> John R. Kenyon, in his study The Medieval Castles of Wales, gives a slightly later date of the 1170s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenyon2010126-10">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> M. L. J. Rowlands notes that the earliest historical claim for the date 1272 appears in the volume Castles and Abbeys of England, by the Victorian antiquarian William Beattie. Beattie "states categorically that the bridge was erected by <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> in 1272 (but) provides no specific reference for this information".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands19943-17">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> David Harrison argues, contrary to earlier views, that the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a> and <a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Middle Ages">Medieval</a> periods saw very significant bridge-building activity, resulting in there being "almost as many bridges in 1250 as there were in 1750".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2004Preface-23">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> The plaque affixed to the gatehouse in 1900, recording the gift of the gate from the Duke of Beaufort to Monmouthshire County Council, "has led many to the erroneous conclusion that the Dukes of Beaufort had some ancient claim on the monument. However, Monnow Gate was directly associated with that family only from 1830 until 1900".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands199442-27">[24]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Fred Hando records in his 1964 volume Here and There in Monmouthshire, "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/murage" class="extiw" title="wikt:murage">Murage</a> was a tax for keeping walls in repair; <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pontage" class="extiw" title="wikt:pontage">pontage</a> for repairing a bridge; <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pavage" class="extiw" title="wikt:pavage">pavage</a> for paving of streets; <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lastage" class="extiw" title="wikt:lastage">lastage</a> was a duty paid for a ship-freight, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stallage" class="extiw" title="wikt:stallage">stallage</a> the right to erect stalls at fairs; <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tronage" class="extiw" title="wikt:tronage">tronage</a> a toll for weighing wool; <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/keyage" class="extiw" title="wikt:keyage">keyage</a> was payment for use of a quay; <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/landage" class="extiw" title="wikt:landage">landage</a> was land tax."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHando1964b83-30">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Speed's map appears as a <a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">cartouche</a> in the top left hand corner of his larger map of the county. It includes a scale of pases (paces). Speed recorded that the presence of such a scale indicated that he had personally visited, and measured, a site. This was not always the case: he freely acknowledged his frequent plagiarism from early sources, "I have put my sickle into other men's corn".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael198536-47">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Martin Cook notes the design of the loopholes is "typical of the late thirteenth century and were developed from plain loops; the horizontal slits allowed an increased field of view from within".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook199842-70">[64]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Mary Ellen Bagnall-Oakeley had earlier referenced the bridge and gatehouse in her wider study The Fortifications of Monmouth, published in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands199454-72">[65]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnow_Bridge&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoulsby1983181-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoulsby1983181_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoulsby1983181_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoulsby1983">Soulsby 1983</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2000393-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman2000393_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman2000">Newman 2000</a>, p. 393. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands19941-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowlands19941_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRowlands1994">Rowlands 1994</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKissack19751-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKissack19751_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKissack1975">Kissack 1975</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2000394-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman2000394_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman2000">Newman 2000</a>, p. 394. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoulsby1983182-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoulsby1983182_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoulsby1983">Soulsby 1983</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECadw2218-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECadw2218_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECadw2218_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECadw2218_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECadw2218_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECadw2218_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECadw2218_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECadw2218_7-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFCadw2218">Cadw 2218</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2004Illustration_6-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2004Illustration_6_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2004">Harrison 2004</a>, p. Illustration 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands199481-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowlands199481_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRowlands1994">Rowlands 1994</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenyon2010126-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenyon2010126_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKenyon2010">Kenyon 2010</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands19942-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowlands19942_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRowlands1994">Rowlands 1994</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKissack199640-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKissack199640_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKissack1996">Kissack 1996</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2014?-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2014?_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHackett2014">Hackett 2014</a>, p. ?. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBly20123-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBly20123_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBly2012">Bly 2012</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2000402-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman2000402_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman2000402_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman2000402_16-2">c</a> <a 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Retrieved 19 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Context+for+World+Heritage+Bridges+%E2%80%93+International+Council+on+Monuments+and+Sites&rft.pub=Icomos.org&rft.date=1996-07-01&rft.aulast=DeLony&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icomos.org%2Ffr%2Fnotre-action%2Fdiffusion-des-connaissances%2Fpublications%2Fetudes-thematiques-pour-le-patrimoine-mondial%2F116-english-categories%2Fresources%2Fpublications%2F234-context-for-world-heritage-bridges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook199862-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook199862_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook1998">Cook 1998</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteane1985112-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteane1985112_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteane1985">Steane 1985</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayman201669-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayman201669_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayman2016">Hayman 2016</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarley197569-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarley197569_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarley1975">Barley 1975</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands1994101-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowlands1994101_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRowlands1994">Rowlands 1994</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinman_and_Watson194165-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinman_and_Watson194165_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinman_and_Watson1941">Steinman and Watson 1941</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison201045-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison201045_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2010">Harrison 2010</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECadwMM008-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECadwMM008_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCadwMM008">Cadw & MM008</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnow_Bridge&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews1989" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Malcolm (1989). The Search for the Picturesque. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1834-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1834-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-1834-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19831149">19831149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+the+Picturesque&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19831149&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1834-9&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagnall-Oakeley1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Bagnall-Oakeley" title="Mary Ellen Bagnall-Oakeley">Bagnall-Oakeley, Mary Ellen</a> (1902). Monnow Bridge Tower. Monmouthshire pamphlets. Monmouthshire: Unknown. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46807348">46807348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monnow+Bridge+Tower&rft.place=Monmouthshire&rft.series=Monmouthshire+pamphlets&rft.pub=Unknown&rft.date=1902&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46807348&rft.aulast=Bagnall-Oakeley&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarley1975" class="citation book cs1">Barley, M. W. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/planstopographyo0000unse">The Plans and Topography of Medieval Towns in England and Wales</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Council_for_British_Archaeology" title="Council for British Archaeology">Council for British Archaeology</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900312-33-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900312-33-5"><bdi>978-0-900312-33-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Plans+and+Topography+of+Medieval+Towns+in+England+and+Wales&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Council+for+British+Archaeology&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-900312-33-5&rft.aulast=Barley&rft.aufirst=M.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplanstopographyo0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBly2012" class="citation book cs1">Bly, Phil (2012). Guide to the complete Monmouth Heritage Blue Plaque Trail. Monmouth: Monmouth Civic Society. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/797974800">797974800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+complete+Monmouth+Heritage+Blue+Plaque+Trail&rft.place=Monmouth&rft.pub=Monmouth+Civic+Society&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F797974800&rft.aulast=Bly&rft.aufirst=Phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond1987" class="citation book cs1">Bond, C. J. (1987). Schofield, John; Leach, Roger (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-281-1/dissemination/pdf/cba_rr_061.pdf">Urban Archaeology in Britain</a> (PDF). London: <a href="/wiki/Council_for_British_Archaeology" title="Council for British Archaeology">Council for British Archaeology</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906780-59-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-906780-59-6"><bdi>978-0-906780-59-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Archaeology+in+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Council+for+British+Archaeology&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-906780-59-6&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchaeologydataservice.ac.uk%2FarchiveDS%2FarchiveDownload%3Ft%3Darch-281-1%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2Fcba_rr_061.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradney1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradney" title="Joseph Bradney">Bradney, Joseph</a> (1991). A History of Monmouthshire: The Hundred of Skenfrith, Volume 1 Part 1. Academy Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1873361092" title="Special:BookSources/1873361092"><bdi>1873361092</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/669714197">669714197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Monmouthshire%3A+The+Hundred+of+Skenfrith%2C+Volume+1+Part+1&rft.pub=Academy+Books&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F669714197&rft.isbn=1873361092&rft.aulast=Bradney&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadw2218" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cadw" title="Cadw">Cadw</a> (15 August 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=2218">"Monnow Bridge and Gateway (2218)"</a>. National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 25 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Historic+Assets+of+Wales&rft.atitle=Monnow+Bridge+and+Gateway+%282218%29&rft.date=1974-08-15&rft.au=Cadw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net%2Freports%2Flistedbuilding%2FFullReport%3Flang%3Den%26id%3D2218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadwMM008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cadw" title="Cadw">Cadw</a> (24 July 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/sam/FullReport?lang=en&id=219">"Monnow Bridge (MM008)"</a>. National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 25 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Historic+Assets+of+Wales&rft.atitle=Monnow+Bridge+%28MM008%29&rft.date=1974-07-24&rft.au=Cadw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net%2Freports%2Fsam%2FFullReport%3Flang%3Den%26id%3D219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1998" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Martin (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XJpgvgAACAAJ&q=Medieval+Bridges">Medieval Bridges</a>. Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire: Shire Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0384-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0384-3"><bdi>978-0-7478-0384-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Bridges&rft.place=Princes+Risborough%2C+Buckinghamshire&rft.pub=Shire+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7478-0384-3&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXJpgvgAACAAJ%26q%3DMedieval%2BBridges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxe1801" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Coxe_(historian)" title="William Coxe (historian)">Coxe, William</a> (1801). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m6JCAAAAYAAJ&q=monnow+gate&pg=PA303">An Historical Tour in Monmouthshire</a>. Vol. 2. London: T. Cadell, Jr. & W. Davies. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/557800999">557800999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Tour+in+Monmouthshire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T.+Cadell%2C+Jr.+%26+W.+Davies&rft.date=1801&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F557800999&rft.aulast=Coxe&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm6JCAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dmonnow%2Bgate%26pg%3DPA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreighton_and_Higham2005" class="citation book cs1">Creighton, Oliver; Higham, Richard (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IZHfAAAAMAAJ&q=Medieval+Town+Walls">Medieval Town Walls: An Archaeology and Social History of Urban Defence</a>. London: Tempus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-1445-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-1445-4"><bdi>978-0-7524-1445-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Town+Walls%3A+An+Archaeology+and+Social+History+of+Urban+Defence&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-1445-4&rft.aulast=Creighton&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft.au=Higham%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIZHfAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DMedieval%2BTown%2BWalls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2012" class="citation book cs1">Greene, William Henry (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://listserv.heanet.ie/cgi-bin/wa?A3=ind1003&L=CELTIC-L&E=quoted-printable&P=371303&B=--_d41d383d-8b1d-44d1-9ef0-10cb89f4381f_&T=text%2Fhtml;%20charset=Windows-1252">Jack O'Kent and the Devil: Stories of a Welsh Border Hero</a>. Chepstow: The Chepstow Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900278-21-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900278-21-1"><bdi>978-0-900278-21-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jack+O%27Kent+and+the+Devil%3A+Stories+of+a+Welsh+Border+Hero&rft.place=Chepstow&rft.pub=The+Chepstow+Society&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-900278-21-1&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flistserv.heanet.ie%2Fcgi-bin%2Fwa%3FA3%3Dind1003%26L%3DCELTIC-L%26E%3Dquoted-printable%26P%3D371303%26B%3D--_d41d383d-8b1d-44d1-9ef0-10cb89f4381f_%26T%3Dtext%252Fhtml%3B%2520charset%3DWindows-1252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrose1773" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Grose" title="Francis Grose">Grose, Francis</a> (1773). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/antiquitiesofeng03gros#page/156/mode/1up">The Antiquities of England and Wales</a>. London: S. Hooper. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/931362823">931362823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Antiquities+of+England+and+Wales&rft.place=London&rft.pub=S.+Hooper&rft.date=1773&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F931362823&rft.aulast=Grose&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fantiquitiesofeng03gros%23page%2F156%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackett2014" class="citation book cs1">Hackett, Martin (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ipmBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT216">"Chapter 8: The English Invasions 1216–1300"</a> (ebook). Lost Battlefields of Wales. Amberley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-3703-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-3703-7"><bdi>978-1-4456-3703-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8%3A+The+English+Invasions+1216%E2%80%931300&rft.btitle=Lost+Battlefields+of+Wales&rft.pub=Amberley&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-3703-7&rft.aulast=Hackett&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ipmBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHando1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hando" title="Fred Hando">Hando, Fred</a> (1964). Monmouth Town Sketch Book. Newport: R.H.Johns Ltd. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30295655">30295655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monmouth+Town+Sketch+Book&rft.place=Newport&rft.pub=R.H.Johns+Ltd.&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30295655&rft.aulast=Hando&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHando1964b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hando" title="Fred Hando">Hando, Fred</a> (1964). Here and There in Monmouthshire. Newport: R.H.Johns Ltd. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30295639">30295639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Here+and+There+in+Monmouthshire&rft.place=Newport&rft.pub=R.H.Johns+Ltd.&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30295639&rft.aulast=Hando&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2004" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AE4VDAAAQBAJ&q=The+bridges+of+medieval+england">The Bridges of Medieval England: Transport and Society 400–1800</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927274-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927274-7"><bdi>978-0-19-927274-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bridges+of+Medieval+England%3A+Transport+and+Society+400%E2%80%931800&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927274-7&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAE4VDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2Bbridges%2Bof%2Bmedieval%2Bengland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2010" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, David; McKeague, Peter; Watson, Bruce (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-1164-1/dissemination/pdf/MSRG_Vol_25/045-051_Harrison_et_al.pdf">England's Fortified Medieval Bridges and Bridge Chapels – a new survey</a> (PDF). Vol. 25. London: Medieval Settlement Research Group. pp. 45–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1059045">10.5284/1059045</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/903076995">903076995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England%27s+Fortified+Medieval+Bridges+and+Bridge+Chapels+%E2%80%93+a+new+survey&rft.place=London&rft.pages=45-51&rft.pub=Medieval+Settlement+Research+Group&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F903076995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5284%2F1059045&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=McKeague%2C+Peter&rft.au=Watson%2C+Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchaeologydataservice.ac.uk%2FarchiveDS%2FarchiveDownload%3Ft%3Darch-1164-1%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2FMSRG_Vol_25%2F045-051_Harrison_et_al.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayman2016" class="citation book cs1">Hayman, Richard (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2tv7nQAACAAJ&q=Wye+Richard+Hayman">Wye</a>. Woonton Almeley: Logaston Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910839-09-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910839-09-6"><bdi>978-1-910839-09-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wye&rft.place=Woonton+Almeley&rft.pub=Logaston+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-910839-09-6&rft.aulast=Hayman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2tv7nQAACAAJ%26q%3DWye%2BRichard%2BHayman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath1804" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Heath_(Monmouth)" title="Charles Heath (Monmouth)">Heath, Charles</a> (1804). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ghswAAAAYAAJ">Historical and Descriptive Accounts of the Ancient and Present State of the Town of Monmouth</a>. Monmouth: Charles Heath. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18491234">18491234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+and+Descriptive+Accounts+of+the+Ancient+and+Present+State+of+the+Town+of+Monmouth&rft.place=Monmouth&rft.pub=Charles+Heath&rft.date=1804&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18491234&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DghswAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJervoise1936" class="citation book cs1">Jervoise, Edwyn (1936). The Ancient Bridges of Wales and Western England. London: The Architectural Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1524969">1524969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Bridges+of+Wales+and+Western+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Architectural+Press&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1524969&rft.aulast=Jervoise&rft.aufirst=Edwyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenyon2010" class="citation book cs1">Kenyon, John R. (2010). The Medieval Castles of Wales. Cardiff: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press" title="University of Wales Press">University of Wales Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-2180-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-2180-5"><bdi>978-0-7083-2180-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/693942235">693942235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Castles+of+Wales&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F693942235&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-2180-5&rft.aulast=Kenyon&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKissack1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Kissack" title="Keith Kissack">Kissack, Keith</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tRYjAAAAMAAJ&q=Monmouth-the+making+of+a+county+town">Monmouth: The Making of a County Town</a>. Chichester: Phillimore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850332094" title="Special:BookSources/9780850332094"><bdi>9780850332094</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/255539468">255539468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monmouth%3A+The+Making+of+a+County+Town&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Phillimore&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F255539468&rft.isbn=9780850332094&rft.aulast=Kissack&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtRYjAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DMonmouth-the%2Bmaking%2Bof%2Ba%2Bcounty%2Btown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKissack1996" class="citation book cs1">— (1996). 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Hereford: Lapridge Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-899290-03-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-899290-03-1"><bdi>978-1-899290-03-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59587626">59587626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lordship%2C+Parish+and+Borough+of+Monmouth&rft.place=Hereford&rft.pub=Lapridge+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59587626&rft.isbn=978-1-899290-03-1&rft.aulast=Kissack&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKissack2003" class="citation book cs1">— (2003). Monmouth and its Buildings. Woonton Almeley, Herefordshire: Logaston Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904396-01-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904396-01-7"><bdi>978-1-904396-01-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55143853">55143853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monmouth+and+its+Buildings&rft.place=Woonton+Almeley%2C+Herefordshire&rft.pub=Logaston+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55143853&rft.isbn=978-1-904396-01-7&rft.aulast=Kissack&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeland1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Leland_(antiquary)" title="John Leland (antiquary)">Leland, John</a> (1906). Lucy Toulmin Smith (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/itineraryinwales00lelauoft">The Itinerary in Wales of John Leland In or About the Years 1536–1539</a>. London: George Bell and Sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/877231140">877231140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Itinerary+in+Wales+of+John+Leland+In+or+About+the+Years+1536%E2%80%931539&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Bell+and+Sons&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F877231140&rft.aulast=Leland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fitineraryinwales00lelauoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael1985" class="citation book cs1">Michael, D.P.M. (1985). The Mapping of Monmouthshire. Bristol: Regional Publications Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906570-18-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-906570-18-2"><bdi>0-906570-18-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mapping+of+Monmouthshire&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pub=Regional+Publications+Ltd&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-906570-18-2&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=D.P.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Mitchell" title="Julian Mitchell">Mitchell, Julian</a> (2010). The Wye Tour And Its Artists. Woonton Almeley, Herefordshire: Logaston Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906-66332-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906-66332-2"><bdi>978-1-906-66332-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/648769582">648769582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wye+Tour+And+Its+Artists&rft.place=Woonton+Almeley%2C+Herefordshire&rft.pub=Logaston+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F648769582&rft.isbn=978-1-906-66332-2&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Newman_(architectural_historian)" title="John Newman (architectural historian)">Newman, John</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=knRf4U60QjcC&q=The+Buildings+of+Wales%3A+Gwent%2FMonmouthshire&pg=PA2">Gwent/Monmouthshire</a>. The Buildings of Wales. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09630-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09630-9"><bdi>978-0-300-09630-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gwent%2FMonmouthshire&rft.place=London&rft.series=The+Buildings+of+Wales&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09630-9&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DknRf4U60QjcC%26q%3DThe%2BBuildings%2Bof%2BWales%253A%2BGwent%252FMonmouthshire%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Palmer_(folklorist)" title="Roy Palmer (folklorist)">Palmer, Roy</a> (1998). 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Woonton Almeley, Herefordshire: Logaston Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873827-40-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-873827-40-6"><bdi>978-1-873827-40-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60165676">60165676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Folklore+of+%28Old%29+Monmouthshire&rft.place=Woonton+Almeley%2C+Herefordshire&rft.pub=Logaston+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60165676&rft.isbn=978-1-873827-40-6&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublic_Works1933" class="citation book cs1">Public Works, Roads and Transport Congress (1933). British Bridges. Unknown: Public Works Roads and Transport Congress. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/499888603">499888603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Bridges&rft.place=Unknown&rft.pub=Public+Works+Roads+and+Transport+Congress&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F499888603&rft.aulast=Public+Works&rft.aufirst=Roads+and+Transport+Congress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowlands1994" class="citation book cs1">Rowlands, M. L. J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzUfAQAAIAAJ&q=Monnow+Bridge+and+Gate">Monnow Bridge and Gate</a>. Stroud: Alan Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-0415-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-0415-5"><bdi>978-0-7509-0415-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monnow+Bridge+and+Gate&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Alan+Sutton&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-0415-5&rft.aulast=Rowlands&rft.aufirst=M.+L.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpzUfAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DMonnow%2BBridge%2Band%2BGate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoulsby1983" class="citation book cs1">Soulsby, Ian (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gxYDAAAAMAAJ">The Towns of Medieval Wales: A Study of Their History, Archaeology, and Early Topography</a>. Chichester: Phillimore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85033-437-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85033-437-1"><bdi>978-0-85033-437-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Towns+of+Medieval+Wales%3A+A+Study+of+Their+History%2C+Archaeology%2C+and+Early+Topography&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Phillimore&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-85033-437-1&rft.aulast=Soulsby&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgxYDAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteane1985" class="citation book cs1">Steane, John (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxshBQAAQBAJ&q=medieval+bridges&pg=PA112">The Archaeology of Medieval England and Wales</a>. Abingdon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-79971-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-79971-4"><bdi>978-1-138-79971-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Medieval+England+and+Wales&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-1-138-79971-4&rft.aulast=Steane&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsxshBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmedieval%2Bbridges%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinman_and_Watson1941" class="citation book cs1">Steinman, David; Watson, Sara (1941). Bridges and Their Builders. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1381642">1381642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bridges+and+Their+Builders&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1381642&rft.aulast=Steinman&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Watson%2C+Sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroyano2003" class="citation book cs1">Troyano, Leonardo Fernandez (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0u5G8E3uPUAC&q=Bridge+Engineering+A+Global+Perspective">Bridge Engineering: A Global Perspective</a>. London: Thomas Telford Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-3215-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-3215-6"><bdi>978-0-7277-3215-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bridge+Engineering%3A+A+Global+Perspective&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thomas+Telford+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7277-3215-6&rft.aulast=Troyano&rft.aufirst=Leonardo+Fernandez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0u5G8E3uPUAC%26q%3DBridge%2BEngineering%2BA%2BGlobal%2BPerspective&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonnow+Bridge" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnow_Bridge&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Monnow_Bridge" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Monnow Bridge">Monnow Bridge</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SO5012?class=Bridge">Geograph photos of Monnow Bridge</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=20007217">Monnow Bridge</a> at <a href="/wiki/Structurae" title="Structurae">Structurae</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Buildings_in_Monmouth" title="Template:Buildings in Monmouth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buildings_in_Monmouth" title="Template talk:Buildings in Monmouth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buildings_in_Monmouth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buildings in Monmouth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Buildings_in_Monmouth,_Wales" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Buildings in <a href="/wiki/Monmouth" title="Monmouth">Monmouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grade I listed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Castle_House" title="Great Castle House">Great Castle House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Castle" title="Monmouth Castle">Monmouth Castle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monnow Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shire_Hall,_Monmouth" title="Shire Hall, Monmouth">Shire Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grade II* listed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1%E2%80%936_Priory_Street,_Monmouth" title="1–6 Priory Street, Monmouth">1–6 Priory Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9_Agincourt_Street,_Monmouth" title="9 Agincourt Street, Monmouth">9 Agincourt Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12%E2%80%9316_Church_Street,_Monmouth" title="12–16 Church Street, Monmouth">12–16 Church Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agincourt_House,_Monmouth" title="Agincourt House, Monmouth">Agincourt House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beaufort_Arms_Hotel,_Monmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="The Beaufort Arms Hotel, Monmouth">Beaufort Arms Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_House,_Monmouth" title="Chapel House, Monmouth">Chapel House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clawdd-du" title="Clawdd-du">Clawdd-du Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_House" title="Cornwall House">Cornwall House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drybridge_House,_Monmouth" title="Drybridge House, Monmouth">Drybridge House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendower_House,_Monmouth" title="Glendower House, Monmouth">Glendower House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Garden" title="Nelson Garden">Lord Nelson's Seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Priory" title="Monmouth Priory">Monmouth Priory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Court" title="Newton Court">Newton Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Nag%27s_Head,_Monmouth" title="Old Nag's Head, Monmouth">Old Nag's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_Inn,_Monmouth" title="Robin Hood Inn, Monmouth">Robin Hood Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kymin" title="The Kymin">Roundhouse, The Kymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_George_House" title="Royal George House">Royal George House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Priory_Church,_Monmouth" title="St Mary's Priory Church, Monmouth">St Mary's Priory Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Dixton" title="St Peter's Church, Dixton">St Peter's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Thomas_the_Martyr,_Monmouth" title="Church of St Thomas the Martyr, Monmouth">St Thomas' Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_Theatre,_Monmouth" title="Savoy Theatre, Monmouth">Savoy Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shambles,_Monmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Shambles, Monmouth">Shambles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Charles_Rolls,_Monmouth" title="Statue of Charles Rolls, Monmouth">Statue of Charles Rolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Methodist_Church" title="Monmouth Methodist Church">Wesleyan Methodist Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_White_Swan_Inn,_Monmouth" title="The White Swan Inn, Monmouth">White Swan Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grade II listed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Angel_Hotel,_Monmouth" title="The Angel Hotel, Monmouth">Angel Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Baptist_Church" title="Monmouth Baptist Church">Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_County_Gaol" title="Monmouth County Gaol">County Gaol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croft-Y-Bwla,_Monmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Croft-Y-Bwla, Monmouth">Croft-Y-Bwla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cross,_Monmouth" title="The Cross, Monmouth">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispensary,_Monmouth" title="The Dispensary, Monmouth">Dispensary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid%27s_Head_Inn" title="Druid's Head Inn">Druid's Head Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Grange,_Monmouth" title="The Grange, Monmouth">The Grange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Griffin,_Monmouth" title="The Griffin, Monmouth">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglis_Bridge,_Monmouth" title="Inglis Bridge, Monmouth">Inglis Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James_House,_Monmouth" title="St James House, Monmouth">St James House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s,_Monmouth" title="St John's, Monmouth">St John's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judges%27_Lodgings,_Monmouth" title="Judges' Lodgings, Monmouth">Judges' Lodgings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_Head_Hotel,_Monmouth" title="Kings Head Hotel, Monmouth">Kings Head Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_House_and_Hendre_House,_Monmouth" title="Kingsley House and Hendre House, Monmouth">Hendre House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_House_and_Hendre_House,_Monmouth" title="Kingsley House and Hendre House, Monmouth">Kingsley House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_Hall,_Monmouth" title="Market Hall, Monmouth">Market Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_Hall,_Monmouth" title="Masonic Hall, Monmouth">Masonic Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monnow_Mill" title="Monnow Mill">Monnow Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nelson_Rooms,_Monmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nelson Rooms, Monmouth">Nelson Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Parade_House,_Monmouth" title="North Parade House, Monmouth">North Parade House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_House,_Monmouth" title="Oak House, Monmouth">Oak House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parade_House,_Monmouth" title="Parade House, Monmouth">Parade House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priory_House,_Monmouth" title="Priory House, Monmouth">Priory House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_House,_Monmouth" title="Punch House, Monmouth">Punch House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queens_Head,_Monmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="The Queens Head, Monmouth">Queens Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rolls_Hall,_Monmouth" title="The Rolls Hall, Monmouth">Rolls Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Roman_Catholic_Church,_Monmouth" title="St Mary's Roman Catholic Church, Monmouth">St Mary's Roman Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Horseshoes,_Monmouth" title="The Three Horseshoes, Monmouth">Three Horseshoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vine_Tree,_Monmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vine Tree, Monmouth">Vine Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/33_Whitecross_Street,_Monmouth" title="33 Whitecross Street, Monmouth">33 Whitecross St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Monk_Street,_Monmouth" title="1 Monk Street, Monmouth">Working Men's Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wye_Bridge,_Monmouth" title="Wye Bridge, Monmouth">Wye Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_Street,_Monmouth" title="Church Street, Monmouth">Church Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_Hospital,_Monmouth" title="Cottage Hospital, Monmouth">Cottage Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Fire_and_Rescue_Station" title="Monmouth Fire and Rescue Station">Fire Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gatehouse,_Monmouth" title="The Gatehouse, Monmouth">Gatehouse Pub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Dragon,_Monmouth" title="The Green Dragon, Monmouth">Green Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyam%27s_Mineral_Water_Works" title="Hyam's Mineral Water Works">Hyam's Mineral Water Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Castle_House,_Monmouth" title="Little Castle House, Monmouth">Little Castle House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_New_Hydro_Scheme" title="Monmouth New Hydro Scheme">Hydro Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mayhill_Hotel" title="The Mayhill Hotel">Mayhill Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monnow_Vale_Integrated_Health_and_Social_Care_Facility" title="Monnow Vale Integrated Health and Social Care Facility">Monnow Vale Integrated Health and Social Care Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Police_Station" title="Monmouth Police Station">Police Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Riverside_Hotel,_Monmouth" title="The Riverside Hotel, Monmouth">Riverside Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Viaduct" title="Monmouth Viaduct">Viaduct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/War_memorials_in_Monmouth" title="War memorials in Monmouth">War memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_Memorial_of_the_Royal_Monmouthshire_Royal_Engineers" title="War Memorial of the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers">Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_War_Memorial" title="Monmouth War Memorial">Town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_and_Thistle_Inn,_Monmouth" title="Crown and Thistle Inn, Monmouth">Crown & Thistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Gasworks" title="Monmouth Gasworks">Gasworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Mayhill_railway_station" title="Monmouth Mayhill railway station">Mayhill station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_town_walls_and_defences" title="Monmouth town walls and defences">Town walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Troy_railway_station" title="Monmouth Troy railway station">Troy station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Poor_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Monmouth Poor Union">Workhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyesham_Halt_railway_station" title="Wyesham Halt railway station">Wyesham Halt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/31px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/47px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/62px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/48px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/64px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Heritage_Trail" title="Monmouth Heritage Trail">Heritage Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouthpedia" title="Monmouthpedia">Monmouthpedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q250115#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q250115#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q250115#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315160943">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1712402/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxt3MRcw33PVTVR6bVcT3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh94001050">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561124105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/20007217">Structurae</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monnow_Bridge&oldid=1258605882">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monnow_Bridge&oldid=1258605882</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bridges_in_Monmouthshire" title="Category:Bridges in Monmouthshire">Bridges in Monmouthshire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stone_bridges_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Stone bridges in the United Kingdom">Stone bridges in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deck_arch_bridges" title="Category:Deck arch bridges">Deck arch bridges</a></li><li><a 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