CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="nl-NL" class="no-js"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><link rel="stylesheet" media="print" onload="this.onload=null;this.media='all';" id="ao_optimized_gfonts" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto+Condensed%3Aregular&display=swap"><link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11">  <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',function(){ var fox56_async_css = document.querySelectorAll('link[media="fox56_async"],style[media="fox56_async"]') if ( ! fox56_async_css ) { return; } for( var link of fox56_async_css ) { link.setAttribute('media','all') } });</script> <title>Richard Nixon, een gevaarlijke gek? | Historiek</title><style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style><meta name="robots" content="max-snippet:-1,max-image-preview:large,max-video-preview:-1" /><meta name="description" content="Richard Nixon, de president van Amerika tijdens de Koude Oorlog die wegens het Watergate-schandaal moest aftreden. Een gevaarlijke gek?" /><meta property="og:image" content="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/10/Richard-Nixon-Roemenie.jpg" /><meta property="og:image:width" content="1119" /><meta property="og:image:height" content="676" /><meta property="og:image:alt" content="Richard Nixon en Nicolae Ceaușescu tijdens een bezoek aan Roemenië in 1969 (Publiek Domein - US government)" /><meta property="og:image" content="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2012/08/nixon-watergate-aftereden-264x300.jpg" /><meta property="og:image" content="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2016/05/Nixon_Mao_1972-02-29.png" /><meta property="og:image" content="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/04/Nixon-en-Brezhnev-cc-White-House-Photo-Office.jpeg" /><meta property="og:image" content="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/10/dd-26-320x414.jpg" /><meta property="og:image" content="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2017/05/J.-Edgar-Hoover-in-1961-cc-320x407.jpeg" /><meta property="og:locale" content="nl_NL" /><meta property="og:type" content="article" /><meta property="og:title" content="Richard Nixon, een gevaarlijke gek? | Historiek" /><meta property="og:description" content="Richard Nixon, de president van Amerika tijdens de Koude Oorlog die wegens het Watergate-schandaal moest aftreden. Een gevaarlijke gek?" /><meta property="og:url" content="https://historiek.net/richard-nixon-watergate-president-trump/83600/" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="Historiek" /><meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/historiek" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@historiek" /><meta name="twitter:title" content="Richard Nixon, een gevaarlijke gek? | Historiek" /><meta name="twitter:description" content="Richard Nixon, de president van Amerika tijdens de Koude Oorlog die wegens het Watergate-schandaal moest aftreden. Een gevaarlijke gek?" /><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/10/Richard-Nixon-Roemenie.jpg" /><meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Richard Nixon en Nicolae Ceaușescu tijdens een bezoek aan Roemenië in 1969 (Publiek Domein - US government)" /><meta name="theme-color" content="#111111" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://historiek.net/richard-nixon-watergate-president-trump/83600/" /> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https://historiek.net/","name":"Geschiedenis \u2022 Historiek"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https://historiek.net/c/amerikaanse-geschiedenis/","name":"Geschiedenis van Amerika (Verenigde Staten)"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"item":{"@id":"https://historiek.net/richard-nixon-watergate-president-trump/83600/","name":"Richard Nixon, een gevaarlijke gek?"}}]}</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Article","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://historiek.net/richard-nixon-watergate-president-trump/83600/"},"headline":"Richard Nixon, een gevaarlijke gek?","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/10/Richard-Nixon-Roemenie.jpg","width":1119,"height":676},"datePublished":"2018-10-07T13:37:53+00:00","dateModified":"2023-04-06T18:37:51+00:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Yuri Visser","url":"https://historiek.net/author/yuri-visser/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Historiek","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2019/11/histlogo60height.png","width":393,"height":60}},"description":"Richard Nixon, de president van Amerika tijdens de Koude Oorlog die wegens het Watergate\u0026#x2d;schandaal moest aftreden. Een gevaarlijke gek?"}</script> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com' /><link href='https://fonts.gstatic.com' crossorigin='anonymous' rel='preconnect' /><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Historiek » feed" href="https://historiek.net/feed/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Historiek » reactiesfeed" href="https://historiek.net/comments/feed/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Historiek » Richard Nixon, een gevaarlijke gek? reactiesfeed" href="https://historiek.net/richard-nixon-watergate-president-trump/83600/feed/" /><style id='co-authors-plus-coauthors-style-inline-css'>.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow [class*=wp-block-co-authors-plus]{display:inline}</style><style id='co-authors-plus-avatar-style-inline-css'>.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto}</style><style id='co-authors-plus-image-style-inline-css'>.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image{margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignfull,.alignwide) :where(img){width:100%}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto}</style><style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css'>/*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}</style><style id='global-styles-inline-css'>:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}</style><link rel='stylesheet' id='responsive-lightbox-featherlight-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/plugins/responsive-lightbox/assets/featherlight/featherlight.min.css?ver=1.7.14' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='responsive-lightbox-featherlight-gallery-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/plugins/responsive-lightbox/assets/featherlight/featherlight.gallery.min.css?ver=1.7.14' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='wpdiscuz-frontend-css-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/css/autoptimize_single_9c5a4f38b18cdc8a547d7c71fc5e57e9.css?ver=7.6.27' media='all' /><style id='wpdiscuz-frontend-css-inline-css'>#wpdcom .wpd-blog-administrator .wpd-comment-label{color:#ffffff;background-color:#dd5525;border:none}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-administrator .wpd-comment-author, #wpdcom .wpd-blog-administrator .wpd-comment-author a{color:#dd5525}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-1 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-administrator .wpd-avatar img{border-color:#dd5525}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-comment.wpd-reply .wpd-comment-wrap.wpd-blog-administrator{border-left:3px solid #dd5525}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-administrator .wpd-avatar img{border-bottom-color:#dd5525}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-blog-administrator .wpd-comment-subheader{border-top:1px dashed #dd5525}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-reply .wpd-blog-administrator .wpd-comment-right{border-left:1px solid #dd5525}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-author .wpd-comment-label{color:#ffffff;background-color:#dd5525;border:none}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-author .wpd-comment-author, #wpdcom .wpd-blog-author .wpd-comment-author a{color:#dd5525}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-1 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-author .wpd-avatar img{border-color:#dd5525}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-author .wpd-avatar img{border-bottom-color:#dd5525}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-blog-author .wpd-comment-subheader{border-top:1px dashed #dd5525}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-reply .wpd-blog-author .wpd-comment-right{border-left:1px solid #dd5525}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-contributor .wpd-comment-label{color:#ffffff;background-color:#a240cd;border:none}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-contributor .wpd-comment-author, #wpdcom .wpd-blog-contributor .wpd-comment-author a{color:#a240cd}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-1 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-contributor .wpd-avatar img{border-color:#a240cd}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-contributor .wpd-avatar img{border-bottom-color:#a240cd}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-blog-contributor .wpd-comment-subheader{border-top:1px dashed #a240cd}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-reply .wpd-blog-contributor .wpd-comment-right{border-left:1px solid #a240cd}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-editor .wpd-comment-label{color:#ffffff;background-color:#d36000;border:none}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-editor .wpd-comment-author, #wpdcom .wpd-blog-editor .wpd-comment-author a{color:#d36000}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-1 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-editor .wpd-avatar img{border-color:#d36000}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-comment.wpd-reply .wpd-comment-wrap.wpd-blog-editor{border-left:3px solid #d36000}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-editor .wpd-avatar img{border-bottom-color:#d36000}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-blog-editor .wpd-comment-subheader{border-top:1px dashed #d36000}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-reply .wpd-blog-editor .wpd-comment-right{border-left:1px solid #d36000}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-manage_schema_options .wpd-comment-label{color:#ffffff;background-color:#31839e;border:none}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-manage_schema_options .wpd-comment-author, #wpdcom .wpd-blog-manage_schema_options .wpd-comment-author a{color:#31839e}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-1 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-manage_schema_options .wpd-avatar img{border-color:#31839e}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-manage_schema_options .wpd-avatar img{border-bottom-color:#31839e}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-blog-manage_schema_options .wpd-comment-subheader{border-top:1px dashed #31839e}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-reply .wpd-blog-manage_schema_options .wpd-comment-right{border-left:1px solid #31839e}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-publicist .wpd-comment-label{color:#ffffff;background-color:#31839e;border:none}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-publicist .wpd-comment-author, #wpdcom .wpd-blog-publicist .wpd-comment-author a{color:#31839e}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-1 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-publicist .wpd-avatar img{border-color:#31839e}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-publicist .wpd-avatar img{border-bottom-color:#31839e}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-blog-publicist .wpd-comment-subheader{border-top:1px dashed #31839e}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-reply .wpd-blog-publicist .wpd-comment-right{border-left:1px solid #31839e}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-subscriber .wpd-comment-label{color:#ffffff;background-color:#31839e;border:none}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-subscriber .wpd-comment-author, #wpdcom .wpd-blog-subscriber .wpd-comment-author a{color:#31839e}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-subscriber .wpd-avatar img{border-bottom-color:#31839e}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-blog-subscriber .wpd-comment-subheader{border-top:1px dashed #31839e}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-translator .wpd-comment-label{color:#ffffff;background-color:#31839e;border:none}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-translator .wpd-comment-author, #wpdcom .wpd-blog-translator .wpd-comment-author a{color:#31839e}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-1 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-translator .wpd-avatar img{border-color:#31839e}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-translator .wpd-avatar img{border-bottom-color:#31839e}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-blog-translator .wpd-comment-subheader{border-top:1px dashed #31839e}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-reply .wpd-blog-translator .wpd-comment-right{border-left:1px solid #31839e}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-post_author .wpd-comment-label{color:#ffffff;background-color:#dd5525;border:none}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-post_author .wpd-comment-author, #wpdcom .wpd-blog-post_author .wpd-comment-author a{color:#dd5525}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-post_author .wpd-avatar img{border-color:#dd5525}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-1 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-post_author .wpd-avatar img{border-color:#dd5525}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-comment.wpd-reply .wpd-comment-wrap.wpd-blog-post_author{border-left:3px solid #dd5525}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-post_author .wpd-avatar img{border-bottom-color:#dd5525}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-blog-post_author .wpd-comment-subheader{border-top:1px dashed #dd5525}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-reply .wpd-blog-post_author .wpd-comment-right{border-left:1px solid #dd5525}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-guest .wpd-comment-label{color:#ffffff;background-color:#898989;border:none}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-guest .wpd-comment-author, #wpdcom .wpd-blog-guest .wpd-comment-author a{color:#898989}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-blog-guest .wpd-comment-subheader{border-top:1px dashed #898989}#comments, #respond, .comments-area, #wpdcom{}#wpdcom .ql-editor > *{color:#777777}#wpdcom .ql-editor::before{}#wpdcom .ql-toolbar{border:1px solid #DDDDDD;border-top:none}#wpdcom .ql-container{border:1px solid #DDDDDD;border-bottom:none}#wpdcom .wpd-form-row .wpdiscuz-item input[type="text"], #wpdcom .wpd-form-row .wpdiscuz-item input[type="email"], #wpdcom .wpd-form-row .wpdiscuz-item input[type="url"], #wpdcom .wpd-form-row .wpdiscuz-item input[type="color"], #wpdcom .wpd-form-row .wpdiscuz-item input[type="date"], #wpdcom .wpd-form-row .wpdiscuz-item input[type="datetime"], #wpdcom .wpd-form-row .wpdiscuz-item input[type="datetime-local"], #wpdcom .wpd-form-row .wpdiscuz-item input[type="month"], #wpdcom .wpd-form-row .wpdiscuz-item input[type="number"], #wpdcom .wpd-form-row .wpdiscuz-item input[type="time"], #wpdcom textarea, #wpdcom select{border:1px solid #DDDDDD;color:#444444}#wpdcom .wpd-form-row .wpdiscuz-item textarea{border:1px solid #DDDDDD}#wpdcom input::placeholder, #wpdcom textarea::placeholder, #wpdcom input::-moz-placeholder, #wpdcom textarea::-webkit-input-placeholder{}#wpdcom .wpd-comment-text{color:#444444}#wpdcom .wpd-thread-head .wpd-thread-info{border-bottom:2px solid #111111}#wpdcom .wpd-thread-head .wpd-thread-info.wpd-reviews-tab svg{fill:#111111}#wpdcom .wpd-thread-head .wpdiscuz-user-settings{border-bottom:2px solid #111111}#wpdcom .wpd-thread-head .wpdiscuz-user-settings:hover{color:#111111}#wpdcom .wpd-comment .wpd-follow-link:hover{color:#111111}#wpdcom .wpd-comment-status .wpd-sticky{color:#111111}#wpdcom .wpd-thread-filter .wpdf-active{color:#111111;border-bottom-color:#111111}#wpdcom .wpd-comment-info-bar{border:1px dashed #414141;background:#e8e8e8}#wpdcom .wpd-comment-info-bar .wpd-current-view i{color:#111111}#wpdcom .wpd-filter-view-all:hover{background:#111111}#wpdcom .wpdiscuz-item .wpdiscuz-rating > label{color:#DDDDDD}#wpdcom .wpdiscuz-item .wpdiscuz-rating:not(:checked) > label:hover, .wpdiscuz-rating:not(:checked) > label:hover ~ label{}#wpdcom .wpdiscuz-item .wpdiscuz-rating > input ~ label:hover, #wpdcom .wpdiscuz-item .wpdiscuz-rating > input:not(:checked) ~ label:hover ~ label, #wpdcom .wpdiscuz-item .wpdiscuz-rating > input:not(:checked) ~ label:hover ~ label{color:#111111}#wpdcom .wpdiscuz-item .wpdiscuz-rating > input:checked ~ label:hover, #wpdcom .wpdiscuz-item .wpdiscuz-rating > input:checked ~ label:hover, #wpdcom .wpdiscuz-item .wpdiscuz-rating > label:hover ~ input:checked ~ label, #wpdcom .wpdiscuz-item .wpdiscuz-rating > input:checked + label:hover ~ label, #wpdcom .wpdiscuz-item .wpdiscuz-rating > input:checked ~ label:hover ~ label, .wpd-custom-field .wcf-active-star, #wpdcom .wpdiscuz-item .wpdiscuz-rating > input:checked ~ label{color:#dd5525}#wpd-post-rating .wpd-rating-wrap .wpd-rating-stars svg .wpd-star{fill:#DDDDDD}#wpd-post-rating .wpd-rating-wrap .wpd-rating-stars svg .wpd-active{fill:#dd5525}#wpd-post-rating .wpd-rating-wrap .wpd-rate-starts svg .wpd-star{fill:#DDDDDD}#wpd-post-rating .wpd-rating-wrap .wpd-rate-starts:hover svg .wpd-star{fill:#111111}#wpd-post-rating.wpd-not-rated .wpd-rating-wrap .wpd-rate-starts svg:hover ~ svg .wpd-star{fill:#DDDDDD}.wpdiscuz-post-rating-wrap .wpd-rating .wpd-rating-wrap .wpd-rating-stars svg .wpd-star{fill:#DDDDDD}.wpdiscuz-post-rating-wrap .wpd-rating .wpd-rating-wrap .wpd-rating-stars svg .wpd-active{fill:#dd5525}#wpdcom .wpd-comment .wpd-follow-active{color:#ff7a00}#wpdcom .page-numbers{color:#555;border:#555 1px solid}#wpdcom span.current{background:#555}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-1 .wpd-new-loaded-comment > .wpd-comment-wrap > .wpd-comment-right{background:#f5efeb}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-new-loaded-comment.wpd-comment > .wpd-comment-wrap > .wpd-comment-right{background:#f5efeb}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-new-loaded-comment.wpd-comment.wpd-reply > .wpd-comment-wrap > .wpd-comment-right{background:transparent}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-new-loaded-comment.wpd-comment.wpd-reply > .wpd-comment-wrap{background:#f5efeb}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-new-loaded-comment.wpd-comment > .wpd-comment-wrap > .wpd-comment-right{background:#f5efeb}#wpdcom .wpd-follow:hover i, #wpdcom .wpd-unfollow:hover i, #wpdcom .wpd-comment .wpd-follow-active:hover i{color:#111111}#wpdcom .wpdiscuz-readmore{cursor:pointer;color:#111111}.wpd-custom-field .wcf-pasiv-star, #wpcomm .wpdiscuz-item .wpdiscuz-rating > label{color:#DDDDDD}.wpd-wrapper .wpd-list-item.wpd-active{border-top:3px solid #111111}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-comment.wpd-reply.wpd-unapproved-comment .wpd-comment-wrap{border-left:3px solid #f5efeb}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-comment.wpd-reply.wpd-unapproved-comment .wpd-comment-right{border-left:1px solid #f5efeb}#wpdcom .wpd-prim-button{background-color:#111111;color:#FFFFFF}#wpdcom .wpd_label__check i.wpdicon-on{color:#111111;border:1px solid #888888}#wpd-bubble-wrapper #wpd-bubble-all-comments-count{color:#111111}#wpd-bubble-wrapper > div{background-color:#111111}#wpd-bubble-wrapper > #wpd-bubble #wpd-bubble-add-message{background-color:#111111}#wpd-bubble-wrapper > #wpd-bubble #wpd-bubble-add-message::before{border-left-color:#111111;border-right-color:#111111}#wpd-bubble-wrapper.wpd-right-corner > #wpd-bubble #wpd-bubble-add-message::before{border-left-color:#111111;border-right-color:#111111}.wpd-inline-icon-wrapper path.wpd-inline-icon-first{fill:#111111}.wpd-inline-icon-count{background-color:#111111}.wpd-inline-icon-count::before{border-right-color:#111111}.wpd-inline-form-wrapper::before{border-bottom-color:#111111}.wpd-inline-form-question{background-color:#111111}.wpd-inline-form{background-color:#111111}.wpd-last-inline-comments-wrapper{border-color:#111111}.wpd-last-inline-comments-wrapper::before{border-bottom-color:#111111}.wpd-last-inline-comments-wrapper .wpd-view-all-inline-comments{background:#111111}.wpd-last-inline-comments-wrapper .wpd-view-all-inline-comments:hover,.wpd-last-inline-comments-wrapper .wpd-view-all-inline-comments:active,.wpd-last-inline-comments-wrapper .wpd-view-all-inline-comments:focus{background-color:#111111}#wpdcom .ql-snow .ql-tooltip[data-mode="link"]::before{content:"Link invoeren:"}#wpdcom .ql-snow .ql-tooltip.ql-editing a.ql-action::after{content:"Opslaan"}#wpdcom .wc-field-submit input[type=submit]{text-transform:none}.wpd-view-replies-text{font-weight:bold;color:#111}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-comment .wpd-comment-text{font-size:15px}#wpdcom .wpd-comment.wpd-reply .wpd-comment-header .wpd-comment-author a{color:#111;border:none}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-post_author .wpd-comment-author a{border:none;color:#111}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-guest .wpd-comment-author{color:#333;letter-spacing:0}#wpdcom .wpd-comment .wpd-reply-to a{color:#666;font-weight:bold}.wpd-inline-shortcode.wpd-active{background-color:#f5efeb}.comments-area{width:auto}#wpdcom .wpd-auth .wpd-login a{color:#111;border-bottom:1px solid}#wpdcom{margin-bottom:-40px;margin-top:-30px}.page .notonpage{display:none}#wpd-bubble-wrapper{z-index:999999}#wpd-bubble-wrapper>div{height:50px;width:50px}@media only screen and (max-width:1350px){#wpd-bubble-wrapper{display:none!important}}aside#secondary{z-index:1}#wpdcom .wpd-comment-text .wpd-inline-feedback-wrapper{background:#f5efeb}#wpdcom .wpd-comment-text .wpd-inline-feedback-wrapper a{color:#333;font-size:12px;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}#wpdiscuz-comment-message.wpdiscuz-comment-message-auth{top:50%;left:36%;max-width:150px}</style><link rel='stylesheet' id='wpdiscuz-fa-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/plugins/wpdiscuz/assets/third-party/font-awesome-5.13.0/css/fa.min.css?ver=7.6.27' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='wpdiscuz-combo-css-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/plugins/wpdiscuz/assets/css/wpdiscuz-combo-no_quill.min.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='lazyload-video-css-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/css/autoptimize_single_38629538949c9bb629712b40de31c2e4.css?ver=2.18.3' media='all' /><style id='lazyload-video-css-inline-css'>.entry-content a.lazy-load-youtube, a.lazy-load-youtube, .lazy-load-vimeo{ background-size: cover; }.titletext.youtube { display: none; }.lazy-load-div { background: url(https://historiek.net/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load-for-videos//public/play-y-red.png) center center no-repeat; }</style><link rel='stylesheet' id='fox-icon56-v2-loading-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/css/autoptimize_single_19564bd551421dab7ce60ebf03cf163e.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='fox-common-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/css/autoptimize_single_2d274295752db645b016be0f49d316f2.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='fox-common-below-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/css/autoptimize_single_f9168013ad6bbb5c1e5237f1162b093e.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='fox-header-above-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/css/autoptimize_single_8461130ccb8946e785431691748569c7.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='fox-header-below-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/css/autoptimize_single_a06840b3ba8d54d24b433f99173bc5fa.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='fox-footer-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/css/autoptimize_single_5dbd11efdb0469fdeb68b0b4edd28447.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='fox-widgets-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/css/autoptimize_single_747ebb51d04e909a16d46399e8ad4404.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='fox-builder-common-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/css/autoptimize_single_0950271e74d568ebb92bce2348116e0c.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='fox-builder-grid-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/css/autoptimize_single_9bd33f8545c23c167b67f39de0fd9239.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='fox-builder-list-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/css/autoptimize_single_9084d5d92d32d400aba7fc18103d87a3.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='fox-builder-masonry-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/css/autoptimize_single_e9959df872f7d2469670e8fd3396e88c.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='fox-builder-carousel-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/css/autoptimize_single_9f6b2a8a18e3c65e133e2d2de2d5da71.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='fox-builder-group-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/css/autoptimize_single_5373991175e36abd09075ce13e14f7f8.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='fox-builder-others-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/css/autoptimize_single_d8837fde13048eb1741614e156ed5103.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='fox-misc-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/css/autoptimize_single_dd9b3751a35ec260ee94ace4968984f8.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='fox-single-above-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/css/autoptimize_single_f48bb3a96f16126c390613acc81a3c24.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='fox-tooltipster-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/css/autoptimize_single_663162f52060d05959fc79bbd4005566.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='fox-lightbox-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/css/autoptimize_single_a7b146676bdf321913a3c2e6701a8598.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='fox-single-below-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/css/autoptimize_single_fedd993821ff10605e94fb8b1037bae0.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /><style id='style56-inline-css'>:root{--font-body:"Arial", sans-serif;}:root{--font-heading:"Roboto Condensed", sans-serif;}:root{--font-nav:"Georgia", serif;}</style><link rel='stylesheet' id='newsletter-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/css/autoptimize_single_212d7431c4186e5afe4e3c12d097341b.css?ver=8.6.8' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='newsletter-leads-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/css/autoptimize_single_454b6307607d6b43aaca759b089a9e1a.css?ver=1.5.2' media='all' /><style id='newsletter-leads-inline-css'>#tnp-modal-content { height:500px; width:600px; background-color: #000000 !important; background-image: none; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; color: #ffffff; } #tnp-modal-body { color: #ffffff; } #tnp-modal-body .tnp-privacy-field { color: #ffffff; } #tnp-modal-body .tnp-privacy-field label a { color: #ffffff; } #tnp-modal-content input.tnp-submit { background-color: #dd5525; border: none; background-image: none; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; } #tnp-modal-content input.tnp-submit:hover { filter: brightness(110%); } .tnp-modal { text-align: center; padding: 30px; }</style> <script id="post-views-counter-frontend-js-before">var pvcArgsFrontend = {"mode":"js","postID":83600,"requestURL":"https:\/\/historiek.net\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"8796afce60","dataStorage":"cookieless","multisite":false,"path":"\/","domain":""};</script> <script src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/plugins/post-views-counter/js/frontend.min.js?ver=1.5.1" id="post-views-counter-frontend-js"></script> <script src="https://historiek.net/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script src="https://historiek.net/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/plugins/responsive-lightbox/assets/featherlight/featherlight.min.js?ver=1.7.14" id="responsive-lightbox-featherlight-js"></script> <script src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/plugins/responsive-lightbox/assets/featherlight/featherlight.gallery.min.js?ver=1.7.14" id="responsive-lightbox-featherlight-gallery-js"></script> <script src="https://historiek.net/wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js?ver=1.13.7" id="underscore-js"></script> <script src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/plugins/responsive-lightbox/assets/infinitescroll/infinite-scroll.pkgd.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="responsive-lightbox-infinite-scroll-js"></script> <script id="responsive-lightbox-js-before">var rlArgs = {"script":"featherlight","selector":"lightbox","customEvents":"","activeGalleries":false,"openSpeed":250,"closeSpeed":250,"closeOnClick":"background","closeOnEsc":true,"galleryFadeIn":100,"galleryFadeOut":300,"woocommerce_gallery":false,"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/historiek.net\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"2c16e8027c","preview":false,"postId":83600,"scriptExtension":false};</script> <script src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/js/autoptimize_single_3cc42d8626dc6493ef33f0bae9dcb958.js?ver=2.4.8" id="responsive-lightbox-js"></script> <script id="post-views-counter-pro-frontend-js-before">var pvcpArgsFrontend = {"mode":"js","content":{"type":"","subtype":"","data":""},"contentActive":false,"requestURL":"https:\/\/historiek.net\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"7303536a66","dataStorage":"cookieless","multisite":false,"path":"\/","domain":"","adminAjax":"https:\/\/historiek.net\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonceCount":"8c8c2e655b"};</script> <script src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/plugins/post-views-counter-pro/js/frontend.min.js?ver=1.5.0" id="post-views-counter-pro-frontend-js"></script> <script src="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/js/bootstrap.min.js?ver=1" id="bootstrap-js-js"></script> <script defer data-domain='historiek.net' data-api='https://historiek.net/wp-json/feca7b/v1/61bc/f803612a' data-cfasync='false' event-author='Yuri Visser' event-category="Amerikaanse geschiedenis" event-category="Biografieën" event-category="Boekfragmenten" event-category="Geschiedenisboeken" event-category="Populair" event-post_tag="Richard Nixon" event-author="ruud-janssens" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/js/autoptimize_single_33938c3f6e78597d9709479172fd4794.js?ver=1715342121" id="plausible"></script> <script id="plausible-analytics-js-after">window.plausible = window.plausible || function() { (window.plausible.q = window.plausible.q || []).push(arguments) }</script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://historiek.net/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://historiek.net/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/83600" /><link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://historiek.net/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoriek.net%2Frichard-nixon-watergate-president-trump%2F83600%2F" /><link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://historiek.net/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoriek.net%2Frichard-nixon-watergate-president-trump%2F83600%2F&format=xml" /><meta name='plausible-analytics-version' content='2.1.4' /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-V8JSNX0M7H"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-V8JSNX0M7H');</script> <script async src="https://fundingchoicesmessages.google.com/i/pub-1452511530026431?ers=1" nonce="cexQKeBpCXmlB2WiqDh_EQ"></script><script nonce="cexQKeBpCXmlB2WiqDh_EQ">(function() {function signalGooglefcPresent() {if (!window.frames['googlefcPresent']) {if (document.body) {const iframe = document.createElement('iframe'); iframe.style = 'width: 0; height: 0; border: none; z-index: -1000; left: -1000px; top: -1000px;'; iframe.style.display = 'none'; iframe.name = 'googlefcPresent'; document.body.appendChild(iframe);} else {setTimeout(signalGooglefcPresent, 0);}}}signalGooglefcPresent();})();</script> <style id="css-preview">.topbar56 .container .row { height : 32px ;} .topbar56 { border-bottom-width : 0px ;} .topbar56 { border-top-width : 0px ;} .topbar56__container { border-bottom-width : 0px ;} .topbar56__container { border-top-width : 0px ;} .main_header56 .container { padding-top : 8px ;} .main_header56 .container { padding-bottom : 14px ;} .main_header56__container { border-bottom-width : 0px ;} .main_header56, .main_header56 .container { border-color : #000000 ;} .header_bottom56 .container .row { height : 40px ;} .header_bottom56 { border-bottom-width : 0px ;} .header_bottom56 { border-top-width : 0px ;} .header_bottom56__container { border-bottom-width : 1px ;} .header_bottom56__container { border-top-width : 1px ;} .header_bottom56, .header_bottom56__container { border-color : #e0e0e0 ;} .header_desktop56 .logo56 img { width : 270px ;} .header_mobile56 .logo56 img { height : 30px ;} .text-logo { font-family : Georgia ;} .text-logo { font-weight : 400 ;} .text-logo { font-style : normal ;} .text-logo { font-size : 40px ;} .text-logo { line-height : 1.1 ;} .text-logo { letter-spacing : 0px ;} .text-logo { text-transform : uppercase ;} .site-description { margin-top : 0px ;} .site-description { color : #333333 ;} .slogan { font-family : var(--font-body) ;} .slogan { font-weight : 400 ;} .slogan { font-style : normal ;} .slogan { font-size : 10px ;} .slogan { line-height : 1.1 ;} .slogan { letter-spacing : 2px ;} .slogan { text-transform : uppercase ;} .header56__social li + li { margin-left : 3px ;} .header56__social a { width : 24px ;} .header56__social a { height : 24px ;} .header56__social a { font-size : 16px ;} .header56__social a img { width : 16px ;} .header56__social a { border-radius : 0px ;} .header56__social a { border-width : 0px ;} .search-btn img, .searchform button img { width : 60px ;} .header56__search .search-btn { font-size : 23px ;} .header56__search .search-btn { color : #4A4A4A ;} .header56__btn__1 { color : #FFFFFF ;} .header56__btn__1 { background : #DD5525 ;} .header56__btn__1 { border-width : 0px ;} .header56__btn__1 { border-radius : 0px ;} .header56__btn__1:hover { background : #4A4A4A ;} .header56__btn__2 { border-width : 1px ;} .header56__btn__2 { border-radius : 0px ;} .hamburger--type-icon { font-size : 26px ;} .hamburger--type-icon { width : 40px ;} .hamburger--type-icon { height : 40px ;} .hamburger--type-icon { border-width : 0px ;} .hamburger--type-icon { border-radius : 0px ;} .hamburger--type-image { width : 40px ;} .mainnav ul.menu > li > a { padding-left : 12px ;} .mainnav ul.menu > li > a { padding-right : 12px ;} .mainnav ul.menu > li > a { font-size : 16px ;} .mainnav ul.menu > li > a { text-transform : none ;} .mainnav ul.menu > li > a { line-height : 40px ;} .mainnav ul.menu > li > a { color : #4A4A4A ;} .mainnav ul.menu > li > a:after { width : 100% ;} .mainnav ul.menu > li > a:after { left : calc((100% - 100%)/2) ;} .mainnav ul.menu > li > a:after { height : 2px ;} .mainnav .mk { color : #000000 ;} .mainnav .mk { font-size : 14px ;} .mainnav .mk { margin-left : 3px ;} .mainnav ul.sub-menu { width : 220px ;} .mega.column-2 > .sub-menu { width : calc(2*220px) ;} .mega.column-3 > .sub-menu { width : calc(3*220px) ;} .mainnav ul.sub-menu, .mainnav li.mega > .submenu-display-items .post-nav-item-title { font-style : normal ;} .mainnav ul.sub-menu, .mainnav li.mega > .submenu-display-items .post-nav-item-title { font-size : 16px ;} .mainnav ul.sub-menu, .mainnav li.mega > .submenu-display-items .post-nav-item-title { text-transform : none ;} .mainnav ul.sub-menu { background : #ffffff ;} .mainnav ul.sub-menu { padding-left : 0px ;} .mainnav ul.sub-menu { padding-right : 0px ;} .mainnav ul.sub-menu { border-radius : 0px ;} .mainnav ul.sub-menu { box-shadow : 0 5px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.5) ;} .mainnav ul.menu > li.menu-item-has-children:after,.mainnav ul.menu > li.mega:after { border-bottom-color : #4A4A4A ;} .mainnav ul.menu > li.menu-item-has-children:before,.mainnav ul.menu > li.mega:before { border-bottom-color : #ccc ;} .mainnav ul.sub-menu a { padding-left : 12px ;} .mainnav ul.sub-menu a { padding-right : 12px ;} .mainnav ul.sub-menu a { line-height : 44px ;} .mainnav ul.sub-menu a { color : #4A4A4A ;} .mainnav ul.sub-menu a:hover { color : #111111 ;} .mainnav ul.sub-menu a:hover { background-color : #f0f0f0 ;} .mainnav ul.sub-menu > li.current-menu-item > a, .mainnav ul.sub-menu > li.current-menu-ancestor > a { color : #111111 ;} .mainnav ul.sub-menu li { border-top-color : #e0e0e0 ;} .mainnav li.mega .sub-menu > li:before { border-left-color : #e0e0e0 ;} .header_mobile56 .container .row, .header_mobile56__height { height : 50px ;} .header_mobile56 { background-color : #fff ;} .header_mobile56 { border-bottom-width : 0px ;} .header_mobile56 { border-top-width : 0px ;} .header_mobile56 { box-shadow : 0 4px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.2) ;} .offcanvas56 { width : 450px ;} .offcanvas56 { background-color : #000000 ;} .offcanvas56 { color : #F0F0F0 ;} .offcanvas56__overlay { background : rgba(0,0,0,0.5) ;} .offcanvas56 { padding-top : 15px ;} .offcanvas56 { padding-bottom : 15px ;} .offcanvas56 { padding-left : 16px ;} .offcanvas56 { padding-right : 16px ;} .offcanvas56__element + .offcanvas56__element { margin-top : 10px ;} .offcanvasnav56 ul.sub-menu, .offcanvasnav56 li + li { border-top-width : 1px ;} .offcanvasnav56 ul.sub-menu, .offcanvasnav56 li + li { border-top-color : #4A4A4A ;} .offcanvasnav56 { font-family : Arial ;} .offcanvasnav56 { font-weight : 400 ;} .offcanvasnav56 { font-style : normal ;} .offcanvasnav56 { font-size : 17px ;} .offcanvasnav56 { text-transform : none ;} .offcanvasnav56 a, .offcanvasnav56 .mk { line-height : 60px ;} .offcanvasnav56 .mk { width : 60px ;} .offcanvasnav56 .mk { height : 60px ;} .offcanvasnav56 a { padding-left : 10px ;} .offcanvasnav56 a:hover { color : #F0F0F0 ;} .offcanvasnav56 a:hover { background-color : #333333 ;} .offcanvasnav56 ul ul { font-family : var(--font-nav) ;} .offcanvasnav56 ul ul a, .offcanvasnav56 ul ul .mk { line-height : 32px ;} .offcanvasnav56 ul ul .mk { width : 32px ;} .offcanvasnav56 ul ul .mk { height : 32px ;} .masthead--sticky .masthead__wrapper.before-sticky { box-shadow : 0 3px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.5) ;} .minimal-logo img { height : 20px ;} .builder56 { padding-top : 0px ;} .builder56 { padding-bottom : 30px ;} .heading56, .section-heading h2, .fox-heading .heading-title-main { font-family : Georgia ;} .heading56, .section-heading h2, .fox-heading .heading-title-main { font-weight : 500 ;} .heading56, .section-heading h2, .fox-heading .heading-title-main { font-style : normal ;} .heading56, .section-heading h2, .fox-heading .heading-title-main { line-height : 1.3 ;} .heading56, .section-heading h2, .fox-heading .heading-title-main { letter-spacing : 1px ;} .heading56, .section-heading h2, .fox-heading .heading-title-main { text-transform : none ;} .builder56__section + .builder56__section { margin-top : 24px ;} .titlebar56__main { width : 900px ;} .titlebar56 .container { padding : 25px 0 ;} .titlebar56__title { font-family : Georgia ;} .titlebar56__title { font-size : 37px ;} .titlebar56__title { text-transform : none ;} .titlebar56__description { font-family : var(--font-body) ;} .titlebar56__description { font-size : 16px ;} .titlebar56__description, .titlebar56 .fox56-social-list a, .titlebar56 .fox56-social-list a:hover { color : #4A4A4A ;} .toparea56 .blog56--grid { column-gap : 32px ;} .toparea56 .blog56--list { column-gap : 32px ;} .toparea56 .masonry-cell { padding-left : calc(32px/2) ;} .toparea56 .masonry-cell { padding-right : calc(32px/2) ;} .toparea56 .main-masonry { margin-left : calc(-32px/2) ;} .toparea56 .main-masonry { margin-right : calc(-32px/2) ;} .toparea56 .row56 { column-gap : 32px ;} .toparea56 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 32px ;} .toparea56 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(32px/2), 0 ) ;} .toparea56 .carousel-cell { padding : 0 16px ;} .toparea56 .carousel56__container { margin : 0 -16px ;} .toparea56 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 32px ;} .toparea56 .blog56--list { row-gap : 32px ;} .toparea56 .masonry-cell { padding-top : 32px ;} .toparea56 .main-masonry { margin-top : -32px ;} .toparea56 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-32px/2) ;} .toparea56 .blog56__sep__line { border-right-width : 0px ;} .toparea56 .post56__sep__line { border-top-width : 0px ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 400px ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 400px) ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 24px ;} .toparea56 > .container > .blog56--list .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 24px ;} .pagination56 .page-numbers { border-width : 2px ;} .pagination56 .page-numbers { border-radius : 20px ;} .pagination56 { font-size : 2.488em ;} .pagination56 .page-numbers { background : #FFFFFF ;} .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .post56__overlay { background : rgba(0,0,0,.3) ;} .blog56--grid { column-gap : 32px ;} .blog56--list { column-gap : 32px ;} .masonry-cell { padding-left : calc(32px/2) ;} .masonry-cell { padding-right : calc(32px/2) ;} .main-masonry { margin-left : calc(-32px/2) ;} .main-masonry { margin-right : calc(-32px/2) ;} .row56 { column-gap : 32px ;} .blog56__sep { column-gap : 32px ;} .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(32px/2), 0 ) ;} .blog56--grid { row-gap : 100px ;} .blog56--list { row-gap : 100px ;} .masonry-cell { padding-top : 100px ;} .main-masonry { margin-top : -100px ;} .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-100px/2) ;} .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 8px ;} .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .title56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .blog56__sep__line { border-right-width : 0px ;} .post56__sep__line { border-top-width : 1px ;} .post56__sep__line { border-color : #eaeaea ;} .post56 { border-radius : 0px ;} .post56 { box-shadow : 2px 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.0) ;} .post56 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 240px ;} .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 240px) ;} .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 24px ;} .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 24px ;} .thumbnail56 img, .thumbnail56__overlay { border-radius : 0px ;} .thumbnail56__overlay { background : #000 ;} .thumbnail56 .thumbnail56__hover-img { width : 40% ;} .title56 { font-family : Georgia ;} .title56 { font-weight : 500 ;} .title56 { font-style : normal ;} .title56 { font-size : 22px ;} .title56 { line-height : 1.3 ;} .title56 a { color : #000000 ;} .title56 a:hover { text-decoration : underline ;} .title56 a:hover { text-decoration-color : #000000 ;} .excerpt56 { color : #555555 ;} .meta56__author a img { width : 0px ;} .meta56 { font-family : var(--font-body) ;} .meta56 { font-weight : 400 ;} .meta56 { font-style : normal ;} .meta56 { font-size : 12px ;} .meta56 { letter-spacing : normal ;} .meta56 { text-transform : none ;} .meta56 { color : #555555 ;} .meta56 a { color : #555555 ;} .meta56 a:hover { color : #111111 ;} .meta56__category--fancy { font-family : var(--font-body) ;} .meta56__category--fancy { font-weight : 900 ;} .meta56__category--fancy { font-style : normal ;} .meta56__category--fancy { font-size : 12px ;} .meta56__category--fancy { letter-spacing : 0.0em ;} .meta56__category--fancy { text-transform : uppercase ;} .meta56 .meta56__category--fancy a, .meta56 .meta56__category--fancy a:hover { color : #dd5525 ;} .single56 { padding-top : 20px ;} .single56__title { font-family : Georgia ;} .single56__title { font-weight : 400 ;} .single56__title { font-style : normal ;} .single56__title { font-size : 48px ;} .single56__title { line-height : normal ;} .single56__subtitle { max-width : 600px ;} .single56__subtitle { color : #797979 ;} .single56__subtitle { font-family : var(--font-heading) ;} .single56__subtitle { font-weight : 400 ;} .single56__subtitle { font-style : normal ;} .single56__subtitle { font-size : 22px ;} .single56__subtitle { line-height : 1.4 ;} :root { --narrow-width : 800px ;} .single56__post_content { font-family : Sans-serif ;} .single56__post_content { font-style : normal ;} .single56__post_content { font-size : 18px ;} .single56__post_content { line-height : 1.7 ;} .single56--link-4 .single56__content a { text-decoration : none ;} .single56--link-4 .single56__content a { text-decoration-thickness : 1px ;} .single56--link-4 .single56__content a:hover { text-decoration : none ;} .single56--link-4 .single56__content a:hover { text-decoration-thickness : 1px ;} .wp-caption-text, .wp-element-caption, .single_thumbnail56 figcaption, .thumbnail56 figcaption, .wp-block-image figcaption, .blocks-gallery-caption { color : #666666 ;} .wp-caption-text, .single_thumbnail56 figcaption, .thumbnail56 figcaption, .wp-block-image figcaption, .blocks-gallery-caption { font-family : Arial ;} .wp-caption-text, .single_thumbnail56 figcaption, .thumbnail56 figcaption, .wp-block-image figcaption, .blocks-gallery-caption { font-style : normal ;} .wp-caption-text, .single_thumbnail56 figcaption, .thumbnail56 figcaption, .wp-block-image figcaption, .blocks-gallery-caption { font-size : 14px ;} blockquote { font-family : Georgia ;} blockquote { font-weight : 400 ;} blockquote { font-style : italic ;} blockquote { font-size : 21px ;} blockquote { text-transform : none ;} blockquote { border-top-width : 0px ;} blockquote { border-right-width : 0px ;} blockquote { border-bottom-width : 0px ;} blockquote { border-left-width : 0px ;} .wi-dropcap,.enable-dropcap .dropcap-content > p:first-of-type:first-letter, p.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter { font-family : var(--font-heading) ;} .wi-dropcap,.enable-dropcap .dropcap-content > p:first-of-type:first-letter, p.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter { font-weight : 400 ;} .single56__heading { font-family : var(--font-nav) ;} .single56__heading { font-weight : 400 ;} .single56__heading { font-style : normal ;} .single56__heading { font-size : 20px ;} .single56__heading { letter-spacing : 0px ;} .single56__heading { text-transform : uppercase ;} .single56__heading { text-align : center ;} .single56--small-heading-normal .single56__heading { border-top-width : 1px ;} .authorbox56 { border-top-width : 0px ;} .authorbox56 { border-right-width : 0px ;} .authorbox56 { border-bottom-width : 0px ;} .authorbox56 { border-left-width : 0px ;} .authorbox56__avatar { width : 90px ;} .authorbox56__text { width : calc(100% - 90px) ;} .authorbox56__name { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .authorbox56__name { font-weight : 700 ;} .authorbox56__name { font-size : 1.3em ;} .authorbox56__description { line-height : 1.4 ;} .terms56 a { font-weight : 400 ;} .terms56 a { font-size : 12px ;} .terms56 a { letter-spacing : 1px ;} .terms56 a { text-transform : uppercase ;} .terms56 a { line-height : 24px ;} .terms56 a { border-radius : 0px ;} .terms56 a { border-width : 0px ;} .terms56 a { color : #eee ;} .terms56 a { background : #111 ;} .terms56 a { border-color : 0 ;} .terms56 a:hover { color : #fff ;} .terms56 a:hover { background : #111 ;} .singlenav56__post__bg { padding-bottom : 60% ;} .singlenav56--1cols .singlenav56__post__bg { padding-bottom : calc(60%/1.8) ;} .single56__related .title56 { font-size : 18px ;} .share56--inline a { width : 35px ;} .share56--inline a { height : 35px ;} .share56--full a { height : 35px ;} .share56 a { font-size : 20px ;} .share56--inline a { border-radius : 50px ;} .share56--full a { border-radius : 0px ;} .share56--inline li + li { margin-left : 8px ;} .share56--full ul { column-gap : 8px ;} .share56--custom a { color : #000000 ;} .share56--custom a { background : #FFFFFF ;} .share56--custom a { border-width : 0px ;} .share56--custom a { border-color : #AAAAAA ;} .share56--custom a:hover { color : #FFFFFF ;} .share56--custom a:hover { background : #4A4A4A ;} .sidedock56__heading { background : #000 ;} .sidedock56__post .title56 { font-size : 18px ;} .progress56 { height : 5px ;} .progress56::-webkit-progress-value { background-color : #000000 ;} .progress56::-moz-progress-value { background-color : #000000 ;} #footer-instagram { background-color : #111111 ;} .footer56__col__sep { border-color : #e0e0e0 ;} .footer_sidebar56 { background-color : #ffffff ;} .footer_sidebar56 { border-color : #eaeaea ;} .footer_bottom56 { background-color : #ffffff ;} .footer_bottom56 .container { padding : 20px 0 ;} .footer_bottom56 { border-top-width : 0px ;} .footer_bottom56 { border-color : #eaeaea ;} .footer56__logo img { width : 240px ;} .footer56__social li + li { margin-left : 3px ;} .footer56__social a { width : 24px ;} .footer56__social a { height : 24px ;} .footer56__social a { font-size : 16px ;} .footer56__social a img { width : 16px ;} .footer56__social a { border-radius : 0px ;} .footer56__social a { border-width : 0px ;} .footer56__copyright { font-family : var(--font-body) ;} .footer56__copyright { font-style : normal ;} .footer56__copyright { font-size : 14px ;} .footer56__copyright { color : #111111 ;} .footer56__nav li + li { margin-left : 10px ;} .footer56__nav a { font-style : normal ;} .footer56__nav a { font-size : 13px ;} .footer56__nav a { text-transform : none ;} .scrollup56--noimage { color : #ffffff ;} .scrollup56--noimage { background : #111111 ;} .scrollup56--noimage { border-width : 0px ;} .scrollup56--noimage { border-color : #111111 ;} body { font-weight : 400 ;} body { font-size : 16px ;} body { line-height : 1.5 ;} body { letter-spacing : 0px ;} body { text-transform : none ;} h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { font-weight : 400 ;} h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { line-height : 1.1 ;} h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { text-transform : none ;} h2 { font-size : 30px ;} h3 { font-size : 32px ;} h4 { font-size : 27px ;} body { color : #000000 ;} a { color : #dd5525 ;} a:hover { color : #111111 ;} :root { --border-color : #cccccc ;} :root { --accent-color : #dd5525 ;} ::-moz-selection { background-color : #dcc6b8 ;} ::selection { background-color : #dcc6b8 ;} ::-moz-selection { color : #111111 ;} ::selection { color : #111111 ;} :root { --content-width : 1280px ;} .secondary56 .secondary56__sep { border-left-width : 0px ;} body { background-size : auto ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { background-size : cover ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { background-position : center center ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { background-attachment : scroll ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { background-repeat : no-repeat ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { border-top-width : 0px ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { border-right-width : 0px ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { border-bottom-width : 0px ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { border-left-width : 0px ;} :root { --button-border-radius : 0px ;} button,input[type="submit"],.btn56 { font-family : var(--font-nav) ;} button,input[type="submit"],.btn56 { font-weight : 700 ;} button,input[type="submit"],.btn56 { font-style : normal ;} button,input[type="submit"],.btn56 { font-size : 10px ;} button,input[type="submit"],.btn56 { letter-spacing : 2px ;} button,input[type="submit"],.btn56 { text-transform : uppercase ;} :root { --button-height : 48px ;} :root { --button-padding : 28px ;} :root { --button-shadow : 2px 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.0) ;} :root { --button-hover-shadow : 2px 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.0) ;} :root { --input-border-width : 1px ;} input[type="text"], input[type="number"], input[type="email"], input[type="url"], input[type="date"], input[type="password"], textarea, .fox-input { font-family : var(--font-nav) ;} input[type="text"], input[type="number"], input[type="email"], input[type="url"], input[type="date"], input[type="password"], textarea, .fox-input { font-style : normal ;} input[type="text"], input[type="number"], input[type="email"], input[type="url"], input[type="date"], input[type="password"], textarea, .fox-input { font-size : 12px ;} input[type="text"], input[type="number"], input[type="email"], input[type="url"], input[type="date"], input[type="password"], textarea, .fox-input { text-transform : none ;} :root { --input-border-radius : 1px ;} :root { --input-height : 46px ;} :root { --input-placeholder-opacity : 0.6 ;} :root { --input-background : #f0f0f0 ;} :root { --input-color : #777777 ;} :root { --input-border-color : #f0f0f0 ;} :root { --input-shadow : 2px 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.0) ;} :root { --input-focus-background : #eaeaea ;} :root { --input-focus-border-color : #f0f0f0 ;} :root { --input-focus-shadow : 2px 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.0) ;} .secondary56 .widget + .widget { margin-top : 20px ;} .secondary56 .widget + .widget { padding-top : 20px ;} .secondary56 .widget + .widget { border-top-width : 0px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { text-align : center ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { font-family : Georgia ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { font-size : 20px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { letter-spacing : 0.1px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { color : #000000 ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { border-top-width : 0px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { border-right-width : 0px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { border-bottom-width : 1px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { border-left-width : 0px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { border-color : #CCCCCC ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { padding-top : 5px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { padding-right : 0px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { padding-bottom : 5px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { padding-left : 0px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { margin-top : 0px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { margin-right : 0px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { margin-left : 0px ;} :root { --list-widget-border-style : none ;} .widget_archive ul, .widget_nav_menu ul, .widget_meta ul, .widget_recent_entries ul, .widget_categories ul, .widget_product_categories ul, .widget_recent_comments ul, ul.wp-block-categories-list, ul.wp-block-archives-list { font-family : var(--font-heading) ;} .widget_archive ul, .widget_nav_menu ul, .widget_meta ul, .widget_recent_entries ul, .widget_categories ul, .widget_product_categories ul, .widget_recent_comments ul, ul.wp-block-categories-list, ul.wp-block-archives-list { font-weight : 400 ;} .widget_archive ul, .widget_nav_menu ul, .widget_meta ul, .widget_recent_entries ul, .widget_categories ul, .widget_product_categories ul, .widget_recent_comments ul, ul.wp-block-categories-list, ul.wp-block-archives-list { font-size : 16px ;} .widget_archive ul, .widget_nav_menu ul, .widget_meta ul, .widget_recent_entries ul, .widget_categories ul, .widget_product_categories ul, .widget_recent_comments ul, ul.wp-block-categories-list, ul.wp-block-archives-list { text-transform : none ;} :root { --list-widget-border-color : #cccccc ;} :root { --list-widget-spacing : 6px ;} :root { --darkmode-text-color : #DEDEDE ;} :root { --darkmode-bg : #000000 ;} .lamp56--icon .lamp56__part, .lamp56--icon_text .lamp56__part { height : 24px ;} .lamp56--icon .lamp56__part { width : 24px ;} .lamp56__part i { font-size : 30px ;} .builder56 .builder56__section.h2-section_64d0ad447d41b22 { margin-top : 50px ;} .builder56 .builder56__section.h2-section_64d0ad447d41b22 { margin-bottom : 50px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2217 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 3px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2217 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 3px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2217 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 3px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2217 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 3px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2217 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { background-color : #cccccc ;} .legacy-668d2510d2217 .heading56--border-top, .legacy-668d2510d2217 .heading56--border-bottom { border-color : #cccccc ;} .legacy-668d2510d2217 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-color : #cccccc ;} .legacy-668d2510d2242 .row { margin : 0 -10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2242 .col { padding : 0 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2242 .col + .col { border-left-width : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2242 .secondary56__sep { border-left-width : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .row56__col--big .title56 { font-size : 32px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .row56__col--big .excerpt56 { font-size : 18px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .row56__col--medium .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 300px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .row56__col--medium .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 300px) ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .row56__col--medium .title56 { font-size : 22px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .row56__col--medium .excerpt56 { font-size : 13px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .row56__col--medium .excerpt56 { line-height : 1.3 ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 80px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 80px) ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .row56__col--small .title56 { font-size : 18px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .post56__overlay { background : rgba(0,0,0,.3) ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .post56 { box-shadow : 2px 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.0) ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .row56 { column-gap : 40px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 40px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(40px/2), 0 ) ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 32px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-32px/2) ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .blog56--list { row-gap : 32px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 8px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .title56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .blog56__sep__line { border-right-width : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .blog56__sep__line { border-color : #e0e0e0 ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .post56__sep__line { border-top-width : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .thumbnail56 img { border-radius : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .thumbnail56 .thumbnail56__hover-img { width : 40% ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .meta56__author img { width : 32px ;} .widget56--id--7 .container--main { background-color : #F0F0F0 ;} .widget56--id--7 > .container--main { padding : 10px 0 20px 10px ;} .widget56--id--7 .container--main { border-width : 5px 0 0 0 ;} .widget56--id--7 .container--main { border-color : #111111 ;} .widget56--id--8 .heading56 { padding : 10px ;} .widget56--id--8 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 3px ;} .widget56--id--8 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 3px ;} .widget56--id--8 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 3px ;} .widget56--id--8 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 3px ;} .widget56--id--8 .heading56 { font-size : 25px ;} .widget56--id--9 { margin-top : -10px ;} .builder56 .builder56__section.h2-h__section_64d9d8b5dbf19_3 { margin-top : 50px ;} .builder56 .builder56__section.h2-h__section_64d9d8b5dbf19_3 { margin-bottom : 50px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2fd7 .row { margin : 0 -10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2fd7 .col { padding : 0 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2fd7 .col + .col { border-left-width : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2fd7 .secondary56__sep { border-left-width : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .post56__overlay { background : rgba(0,0,0,.3) ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .post56 { box-shadow : 2px 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.0) ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .blog56--grid { column-gap : 40px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 40px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(40px/2), 0 ) ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 32px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-32px/2) ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 8px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .title56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .blog56__sep__line { border-right-width : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .blog56__sep__line { border-color : #e0e0e0 ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .post56__sep__line { border-top-width : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .thumbnail56 img { border-radius : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .thumbnail56 .thumbnail56__hover-img { width : 40% ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .meta56__author img { width : 32px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .title56 { font-size : 25px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .excerpt56 { font-size : 18px ;} .builder56 .builder56__section.widget56--id--2 { margin-top : 50px ;} .builder56 .builder56__section.widget56--id--2 { margin-bottom : 50px ;} .widget56--id--3 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .widget56--id--3 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--3 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--3 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--3 .heading56 { font-family : var(--font-body) ;} .widget56--id--3 .heading56 { font-weight : 700 ;} .widget56--id--3 .heading56 { font-style : normal ;} .widget56--id--3 .heading56 { font-size : 26px ;} .widget56--id--3 .heading56 { letter-spacing : -0.1px ;} .widget56--id--3 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { background-color : #9B9B9B ;} .widget56--id--3 .heading56--border-top, .widget56--id--3 .heading56--border-bottom { border-color : #9B9B9B ;} .widget56--id--3 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-color : #9B9B9B ;} .widget56--id--4 .row { margin : 0 -10px ;} .widget56--id--4 .col { padding : 0 10px ;} .widget56--id--4 .col + .col { border-left-width : 0px ;} .widget56--id--4 .secondary56__sep { border-left-width : 1px ;} .widget56--id--10 .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .widget56--id--10 .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .widget56--id--10 .post56__overlay { background : rgba(0,0,0,.3) ;} .widget56--id--10 .post56 { border-radius : 0px ;} .widget56--id--10 .post56 { box-shadow : 2px 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.0) ;} .widget56--id--10 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .widget56--id--10 .blog56--grid { column-gap : 32px ;} .widget56--id--10 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 32px ;} .widget56--id--10 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(32px/2), 0 ) ;} .widget56--id--10 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 32px ;} .widget56--id--10 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-32px/2) ;} .widget56--id--10 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 8px ;} .widget56--id--10 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .widget56--id--10 .title56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .widget56--id--10 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .widget56--id--10 .blog56__sep__line { border-right-width : 0px ;} .widget56--id--10 .post56__sep__line { border-top-width : 0px ;} .widget56--id--10 .thumbnail56 img { border-radius : 0px ;} .widget56--id--10 .thumbnail56 .thumbnail56__hover-img { width : 40% ;} .widget56--id--10 .meta56__author img { width : 32px ;} .widget56--id--10 .title56 { font-size : 23px ;} .builder56 .builder56__section.h2-h__section_64d9d8b5dbf19_4 { margin-top : 50px ;} .builder56 .builder56__section.h2-h__section_64d9d8b5dbf19_4 { margin-bottom : 50px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b03 .heading56 { padding : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b03 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b03 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b03 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b03 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b03 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { background-color : #9B9B9B ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b03 .heading56--border-top, .legacy-668d2510d3b03 .heading56--border-bottom { border-color : #9B9B9B ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b03 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-color : #9B9B9B ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b1e .row { margin : 0 -10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b1e .col { padding : 0 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b1e .col + .col { border-left-width : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b1e .secondary56__sep { border-left-width : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .blog56--list { column-gap : 40px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 40px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(40px/2), 0 ) ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 32px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .blog56--list { row-gap : 32px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-32px/2) ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 8px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .title56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .blog56__sep__line { border-right-width : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .blog56__sep__line { border-color : #e0e0e0 ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56__sep__line { border-top-width : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 600px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 600px) ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 24px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 24px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .thumbnail56 img { border-radius : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .thumbnail56 .thumbnail56__hover-img { width : 40% ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .meta56__author img { width : 32px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33, .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56, .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .title56, .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .excerpt56, .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .meta56, .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .meta56 a, .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .meta56__category--fancy, .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .btn56--outline, .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .btn56--fill { color : #F7F7F7 ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .btn56--outline, .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .btn56--fill { border-color : #F7F7F7 ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .btn56--fill:hover { background-color : #F7F7F7 ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .btn56--fill:hover { color : white ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56 .title56 a { color : #FFFFFF ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56 .meta56__category--fancy a { color : #DD5525 ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .title56 { font-size : 25px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 { padding-top : 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 { padding-right : 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 { padding-bottom : 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 { padding-left : 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 { background-color : #000000 ;} .builder56 .builder56__section.h2-h__section_64d9d8b5dbf19_5 { margin-bottom : 50px ;} .widget56--id--1 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .widget56--id--1 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--1 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--1 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--1 .heading56 { font-family : var(--font-body) ;} .widget56--id--1 .heading56 { font-weight : 700 ;} .widget56--id--1 .heading56 { font-size : 26px ;} .widget56--id--1 .heading56 { letter-spacing : -0.1px ;} .widget56--id--1 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { background-color : #9B9B9B ;} .widget56--id--1 .heading56--border-top, .widget56--id--1 .heading56--border-bottom { border-color : #9B9B9B ;} .widget56--id--1 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-color : #9B9B9B ;} .legacy-668d2510d462d .row { margin : 0 -10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d462d .col { padding : 0 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d462d .col + .col { border-left-width : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d462d .secondary56__sep { border-left-width : 1px ;} .widget56--id--6 .post56 { border-radius : 0px ;} .widget56--id--6 .post56 { box-shadow : 2px 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.0) ;} .widget56--id--6 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .widget56--id--6 .blog56--list { column-gap : 32px ;} .widget56--id--6 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 32px ;} .widget56--id--6 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(32px/2), 0 ) ;} .widget56--id--6 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 32px ;} .widget56--id--6 .blog56--list { row-gap : 32px ;} .widget56--id--6 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-32px/2) ;} .widget56--id--6 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 8px ;} .widget56--id--6 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .widget56--id--6 .title56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .widget56--id--6 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .widget56--id--6 .blog56__sep__line { border-right-width : 0px ;} .widget56--id--6 .post56__sep__line { border-top-width : 0px ;} .widget56--id--6 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .widget56--id--6 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .widget56--id--6 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 400px ;} .widget56--id--6 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 400px) ;} .widget56--id--6 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 24px ;} .widget56--id--6 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 24px ;} .widget56--id--6 .thumbnail56 img { border-radius : 0px ;} .widget56--id--6 .thumbnail56 .thumbnail56__hover-img { width : 40% ;} .widget56--id--6 .meta56__author img { width : 32px ;} .widget56--id--6 .title56 { font-size : 23px ;} .widget56--id--6 .excerpt56 { font-size : 18px ;} .widget56--id--27 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 3px ;} .widget56--id--27 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 3px ;} .widget56--id--27 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 3px ;} .widget56--id--27 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 3px ;} .widget56--id--27 .heading56 { font-family : var(--font-body) ;} .widget56--id--27 .heading56 { font-weight : 700 ;} .widget56--id--27 .heading56 { font-size : 26px ;} .widget56--id--27 .heading56 { letter-spacing : -0.1px ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56 { border-radius : 0px ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56 { box-shadow : 2px 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.0) ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .widget56--id--26 .blog56--list { column-gap : 12px ;} .widget56--id--26 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 12px ;} .widget56--id--26 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(12px/2), 0 ) ;} .widget56--id--26 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 12px ;} .widget56--id--26 .blog56--list { row-gap : 12px ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-12px/2) ;} .widget56--id--26 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 0px ;} .widget56--id--26 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .widget56--id--26 .title56 { margin-bottom : 0px ;} .widget56--id--26 .blog56__sep__line { border-right-width : 0px ;} .widget56--id--26 .blog56__sep__line { border-color : #EEEEEE ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56__sep__line { border-top-width : 0px ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56__sep__line { border-color : #EEEEEE ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 100px ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 100px) ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 10px ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 10px ;} .widget56--id--26 .thumbnail56 img { border-radius : 0px ;} .widget56--id--26 .thumbnail56 .thumbnail56__hover-img { width : 40% ;} .widget56--id--26 .meta56__author img { width : 32px ;} .widget56--id--26 .title56 { font-weight : 400 ;} .widget56--id--26 .title56 { font-size : 1.2em ;} .h2-h__section_65b76afd8458a_1 { background-color : #000000 ;} .builder56 .builder56__section.h2-h__section_65b76afd8458a_1 { margin-bottom : 40px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5116 .heading56 { padding : 5px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5116 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5116 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5116 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5116 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5116 .heading56 { font-family : var(--font-body) ;} .legacy-668d2510d5116 .heading56 { font-weight : 700 ;} .legacy-668d2510d5116 .heading56 { font-size : 26px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5116 .heading56 { letter-spacing : -0.1px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5116 .heading56 { color : #F0F0F0 ;} .legacy-668d2510d5116 .heading56__link--separated { color : #FFFFFF ;} .legacy-668d2510d5131 .row { margin : 0 -10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5131 .col { padding : 0 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5131 .col + .col { border-left-width : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5131 .secondary56__sep { border-left-width : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .post56__overlay { background : rgba(0,0,0,.3) ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .post56 { border-radius : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .post56 { box-shadow : 2px 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.0) ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .carousel-cell { padding : 0 16px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .carousel56__container { margin : 0 -16px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 8px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .title56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .thumbnail56 img { border-radius : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .thumbnail56 .thumbnail56__hover-img { width : 40% ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .meta56__author img { width : 32px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .post56 .title56 a { color : #F0F0F0 ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .title56 { font-size : 23px ;} .builder56 .builder56__section.widget56--id--11 { margin-top : 50px ;} .builder56 .builder56__section.widget56--id--11 { margin-bottom : 50px ;} .widget56--id--12 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .widget56--id--12 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--12 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--12 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--12 .heading56 { font-family : var(--font-body) ;} .widget56--id--12 .heading56 { font-weight : 700 ;} .widget56--id--12 .heading56 { font-style : normal ;} .widget56--id--12 .heading56 { font-size : 26px ;} .widget56--id--12 .heading56 { letter-spacing : -0.1px ;} .widget56--id--12 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { background-color : #9B9B9B ;} .widget56--id--12 .heading56--border-top, .widget56--id--12 .heading56--border-bottom { border-color : #9B9B9B ;} .widget56--id--12 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-color : #9B9B9B ;} .widget56--id--13 .row { margin : 0 -10px ;} .widget56--id--13 .col { padding : 0 10px ;} .widget56--id--13 .col + .col { border-left-width : 0px ;} .widget56--id--13 .secondary56__sep { border-left-width : 1px ;} .widget56--id--15 .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .widget56--id--15 .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .widget56--id--15 .post56__overlay { background : rgba(0,0,0,.3) ;} .widget56--id--15 .post56 { border-radius : 0px ;} .widget56--id--15 .post56 { box-shadow : 2px 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.0) ;} .widget56--id--15 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .widget56--id--15 .blog56--grid { column-gap : 32px ;} .widget56--id--15 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 32px ;} .widget56--id--15 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(32px/2), 0 ) ;} .widget56--id--15 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 32px ;} .widget56--id--15 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-32px/2) ;} .widget56--id--15 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 8px ;} .widget56--id--15 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .widget56--id--15 .title56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .widget56--id--15 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .widget56--id--15 .blog56__sep__line { border-right-width : 0px ;} .widget56--id--15 .post56__sep__line { border-top-width : 0px ;} .widget56--id--15 .thumbnail56 img { border-radius : 0px ;} .widget56--id--15 .thumbnail56 .thumbnail56__hover-img { width : 40% ;} .widget56--id--15 .meta56__author img { width : 32px ;} .widget56--id--15 .title56 { font-size : 23px ;} .h2-section_64d0ad447d41b33 { background-color : #F0F0F0 ;} .h2-section_64d0ad447d41b33 { padding : 0 0 20px 0 ;} .legacy-668d2510d6951 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 1px ;} .legacy-668d2510d6951 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 1px ;} .legacy-668d2510d6951 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 1px ;} .legacy-668d2510d6951 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 1px ;} .legacy-668d2510d6951 .heading56 { font-size : 32px ;} .legacy-668d2510d6951 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { background-color : #cccccc ;} .legacy-668d2510d6951 .heading56--border-top, .legacy-668d2510d6951 .heading56--border-bottom { border-color : #cccccc ;} .legacy-668d2510d6951 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-color : #cccccc ;} .legacy-668d2510d6969 .row { margin : 0 -10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d6969 .col { padding : 0 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d6969 .col + .col { border-left-width : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d6969 .secondary56__sep { border-left-width : 0px ;} .widget56--id--20 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 3px ;} .widget56--id--20 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 3px ;} .widget56--id--20 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 3px ;} .widget56--id--20 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 3px ;} .widget56--id--20 .heading56 { font-family : var(--font-body) ;} .widget56--id--20 .heading56 { font-weight : 700 ;} .widget56--id--20 .heading56 { font-size : 26px ;} .widget56--id--20 .heading56 { letter-spacing : -0.1px ;} .widget56--id--20 .heading56__link--separated { color : #000000 ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56 { border-radius : 0px ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56 { box-shadow : 2px 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.0) ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .widget56--id--19 .blog56--list { column-gap : 12px ;} .widget56--id--19 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 12px ;} .widget56--id--19 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(12px/2), 0 ) ;} .widget56--id--19 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 12px ;} .widget56--id--19 .blog56--list { row-gap : 12px ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-12px/2) ;} .widget56--id--19 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 0px ;} .widget56--id--19 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .widget56--id--19 .title56 { margin-bottom : 0px ;} .widget56--id--19 .blog56__sep__line { border-right-width : 0px ;} .widget56--id--19 .blog56__sep__line { border-color : #EEEEEE ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56__sep__line { border-top-width : 0px ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56__sep__line { border-color : #EEEEEE ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 100px ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 100px) ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 10px ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 10px ;} .widget56--id--19 .thumbnail56 img { border-radius : 0px ;} .widget56--id--19 .thumbnail56 .thumbnail56__hover-img { width : 40% ;} .widget56--id--19 .meta56__author img { width : 32px ;} .widget56--id--19 .title56 { font-weight : 400 ;} .widget56--id--19 .title56 { font-size : 1.2em ;} .widget56--id--21 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 3px ;} .widget56--id--21 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 3px ;} .widget56--id--21 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 3px ;} .widget56--id--21 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 3px ;} .widget56--id--21 .heading56 { font-family : var(--font-body) ;} .widget56--id--21 .heading56 { font-weight : 700 ;} .widget56--id--21 .heading56 { font-size : 26px ;} .widget56--id--21 .heading56 { letter-spacing : -0.1px ;} .widget56--id--21.heading56 { margin-top : 30px ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56 { border-radius : 0px ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56 { box-shadow : 2px 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.0) ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .widget56--id--22 .blog56--list { column-gap : 12px ;} .widget56--id--22 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 12px ;} .widget56--id--22 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(12px/2), 0 ) ;} .widget56--id--22 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 12px ;} .widget56--id--22 .blog56--list { row-gap : 12px ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-12px/2) ;} .widget56--id--22 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 0px ;} .widget56--id--22 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .widget56--id--22 .title56 { margin-bottom : 0px ;} .widget56--id--22 .blog56__sep__line { border-right-width : 0px ;} .widget56--id--22 .blog56__sep__line { border-color : #EEEEEE ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56__sep__line { border-top-width : 0px ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56__sep__line { border-color : #EEEEEE ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 100px ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 100px) ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 10px ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 10px ;} .widget56--id--22 .thumbnail56 img { border-radius : 0px ;} .widget56--id--22 .thumbnail56 .thumbnail56__hover-img { width : 40% ;} .widget56--id--22 .meta56__author img { width : 32px ;} .widget56--id--22 .title56 { font-weight : 400 ;} .widget56--id--22 .title56 { font-size : 1.2em ;} .widget56--id--23 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 3px ;} .widget56--id--23 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 3px ;} .widget56--id--23 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 3px ;} .widget56--id--23 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 3px ;} .widget56--id--23 .heading56 { font-family : var(--font-body) ;} .widget56--id--23 .heading56 { font-weight : 700 ;} .widget56--id--23 .heading56 { font-size : 26px ;} .widget56--id--23 .heading56 { letter-spacing : -0.1px ;} .widget56--id--23.heading56 { margin-top : 30px ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56 { border-radius : 0px ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56 { box-shadow : 2px 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.0) ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .widget56--id--24 .blog56--list { column-gap : 12px ;} .widget56--id--24 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 12px ;} .widget56--id--24 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(12px/2), 0 ) ;} .widget56--id--24 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 12px ;} .widget56--id--24 .blog56--list { row-gap : 12px ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-12px/2) ;} .widget56--id--24 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 0px ;} .widget56--id--24 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 10px ;} .widget56--id--24 .title56 { margin-bottom : 0px ;} .widget56--id--24 .blog56__sep__line { border-right-width : 0px ;} .widget56--id--24 .blog56__sep__line { border-color : #EEEEEE ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56__sep__line { border-top-width : 0px ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56__sep__line { border-color : #EEEEEE ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 100px ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 100px) ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 10px ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 10px ;} .widget56--id--24 .thumbnail56 img { border-radius : 0px ;} .widget56--id--24 .thumbnail56 .thumbnail56__hover-img { width : 40% ;} .widget56--id--24 .meta56__author img { width : 32px ;} .widget56--id--24 .title56 { font-weight : 400 ;} .widget56--id--24 .title56 { font-size : 1.2em ;} .widget56--id--17 { margin-top : 30px ;} .builder56 .builder56__section.h2-h__section_64d9d8b5dbf19_8 { margin-bottom : 30px ;} .legacy-668d2510dce29 .heading56 { padding : 30px 0px 10px 0px; ;} .legacy-668d2510dce29 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510dce29 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510dce29 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510dce29 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510dce29 .heading56 { font-family : var(--font-body) ;} .legacy-668d2510dce29 .heading56 { font-weight : 700 ;} .legacy-668d2510dce29 .heading56 { font-size : 26px ;} .legacy-668d2510dce29 .heading56 { letter-spacing : -o.1 ;} .legacy-668d2510dce29 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { background-color : #9B9B9B ;} .legacy-668d2510dce29 .heading56--border-top, .legacy-668d2510dce29 .heading56--border-bottom { border-color : #9B9B9B ;} .legacy-668d2510dce29 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-color : #9B9B9B ;} .legacy-668d2510dce43 .row { margin : 0 -10px ;} .legacy-668d2510dce43 .col { padding : 0 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510dce43 .col + .col { border-left-width : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510dce43 .secondary56__sep { border-left-width : 0px ;} @media(max-width:1024px) { .text-logo { font-size : 26px ;} .minimal-header { height : 50px ;} .builder56 { padding-bottom : 20px ;} .builder56__section + .builder56__section { margin-top : 20px ;} .titlebar56__title { font-size : 32px ;} .toparea56 .blog56--grid { column-gap : 20px ;} .toparea56 .blog56--list { column-gap : 20px ;} .toparea56 .masonry-cell { padding-left : calc(20px/2) ;} .toparea56 .masonry-cell { padding-right : calc(20px/2) ;} .toparea56 .main-masonry { margin-left : calc(-20px/2) ;} .toparea56 .main-masonry { margin-right : calc(-20px/2) ;} .toparea56 .row56 { column-gap : 20px ;} .toparea56 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 20px ;} .toparea56 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(20px/2), 0 ) ;} .toparea56 .carousel-cell { padding : 0 8px ;} .toparea56 .carousel56__container { margin : 0 -8px ;} .toparea56 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 20px ;} .toparea56 .blog56--list { row-gap : 20px ;} .toparea56 .masonry-cell { padding-top : 20px ;} .toparea56 .main-masonry { margin-top : -20px ;} .toparea56 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-20px/2) ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 300px ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 300px) ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 16px ;} .toparea56 > .container > .blog56--list .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 16px ;} .pagination56 { font-size : 1.8em ;} .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .blog56--grid { column-gap : 24px ;} .blog56--list { column-gap : 24px ;} .masonry-cell { padding-left : calc(24px/2) ;} .masonry-cell { padding-right : calc(24px/2) ;} .main-masonry { margin-left : calc(-24px/2) ;} .main-masonry { margin-right : calc(-24px/2) ;} .row56 { column-gap : 24px ;} .blog56__sep { column-gap : 24px ;} .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(24px/2), 0 ) ;} .blog56--grid { row-gap : 66px ;} .blog56--list { row-gap : 66px ;} .masonry-cell { padding-top : 66px ;} .main-masonry { margin-top : -66px ;} .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-66px/2) ;} .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 8px ;} .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .title56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .post56 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 260px ;} .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 260px) ;} .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 16px ;} .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 16px ;} .title56 { font-size : 22px ;} .meta56__author a img { width : 0px ;} .single56 { padding-top : 0px ;} .single56__title { font-size : 44px ;} .single56__post_content { font-size : 18px ;} .single56__related .title56 { font-size : 16px ;} .sidedock56__post .title56 { font-size : 16px ;} .footer56__nav li + li { margin-left : 8px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2217 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2217 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2217 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2217 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2242 .row { margin : 0 -10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2242 .col { padding : 0 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .row56__col--big .title56 { font-size : 33px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 120px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 120px) ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .row56__col--small .title56 { font-size : 18px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .row56 { column-gap : 36px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 36px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(36px/2), 0 ) ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 30px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-30px/2) ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .blog56--list { row-gap : 30px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 8px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .title56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .meta56__author img { width : 24px ;} .widget56--id--8 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .widget56--id--8 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--8 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--8 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2fd7 .row { margin : 0 -10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2fd7 .col { padding : 0 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .blog56--grid { column-gap : 36px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 36px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(36px/2), 0 ) ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 30px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-30px/2) ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 8px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .title56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .meta56__author img { width : 24px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .title56 { font-size : 25px ;} .widget56--id--3 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .widget56--id--3 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--3 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--3 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--4 .row { margin : 0 -10px ;} .widget56--id--4 .col { padding : 0 10px ;} .widget56--id--10 .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .widget56--id--10 .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .widget56--id--10 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .widget56--id--10 .blog56--grid { column-gap : 20px ;} .widget56--id--10 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 20px ;} .widget56--id--10 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(20px/2), 0 ) ;} .widget56--id--10 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 20px ;} .widget56--id--10 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-20px/2) ;} .widget56--id--10 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 8px ;} .widget56--id--10 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .widget56--id--10 .title56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .widget56--id--10 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .widget56--id--10 .meta56__author img { width : 28px ;} .widget56--id--10 .title56 { font-size : 23px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b03 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b03 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b03 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b03 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b1e .row { margin : 0 -10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b1e .col { padding : 0 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .blog56--list { column-gap : 36px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 36px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(36px/2), 0 ) ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 30px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .blog56--list { row-gap : 30px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-30px/2) ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 8px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .title56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 400px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 400px) ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 16px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 16px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .meta56__author img { width : 24px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .title56 { font-size : 23px ;} .widget56--id--1 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .widget56--id--1 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--1 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--1 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d462d .row { margin : 0 -10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d462d .col { padding : 0 10px ;} .widget56--id--6 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .widget56--id--6 .blog56--list { column-gap : 20px ;} .widget56--id--6 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 20px ;} .widget56--id--6 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(20px/2), 0 ) ;} .widget56--id--6 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 20px ;} .widget56--id--6 .blog56--list { row-gap : 20px ;} .widget56--id--6 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-20px/2) ;} .widget56--id--6 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 8px ;} .widget56--id--6 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .widget56--id--6 .title56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .widget56--id--6 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .widget56--id--6 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .widget56--id--6 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .widget56--id--6 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 300px ;} .widget56--id--6 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 300px) ;} .widget56--id--6 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 16px ;} .widget56--id--6 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 16px ;} .widget56--id--6 .meta56__author img { width : 28px ;} .widget56--id--6 .title56 { font-size : 23px ;} .widget56--id--27 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .widget56--id--27 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--27 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--27 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .widget56--id--26 .blog56--list { column-gap : 10px ;} .widget56--id--26 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 10px ;} .widget56--id--26 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(10px/2), 0 ) ;} .widget56--id--26 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 10px ;} .widget56--id--26 .blog56--list { row-gap : 10px ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-10px/2) ;} .widget56--id--26 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 0px ;} .widget56--id--26 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .widget56--id--26 .title56 { margin-bottom : 0px ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 100px ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 100px) ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 8px ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 8px ;} .widget56--id--26 .meta56__author img { width : 28px ;} .widget56--id--26 .title56 { font-size : 1.1em ;} .legacy-668d2510d5116 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5116 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5116 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5116 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5131 .row { margin : 0 -10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5131 .col { padding : 0 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .carousel-cell { padding : 0 8px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .carousel56__container { margin : 0 -8px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 8px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .title56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .meta56__author img { width : 28px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .title56 { font-size : 21px ;} .widget56--id--12 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .widget56--id--12 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--12 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--12 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--13 .row { margin : 0 -10px ;} .widget56--id--13 .col { padding : 0 10px ;} .widget56--id--15 .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .widget56--id--15 .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .widget56--id--15 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .widget56--id--15 .blog56--grid { column-gap : 20px ;} .widget56--id--15 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 20px ;} .widget56--id--15 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(20px/2), 0 ) ;} .widget56--id--15 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 20px ;} .widget56--id--15 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-20px/2) ;} .widget56--id--15 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 8px ;} .widget56--id--15 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .widget56--id--15 .title56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .widget56--id--15 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .widget56--id--15 .meta56__author img { width : 28px ;} .widget56--id--15 .title56 { font-size : 23px ;} .h2-section_64d0ad447d41b33 { padding : 40px 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d6951 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 1px ;} .legacy-668d2510d6951 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 1px ;} .legacy-668d2510d6951 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 1px ;} .legacy-668d2510d6951 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 1px ;} .legacy-668d2510d6951 .heading56 { font-size : 29px ;} .legacy-668d2510d6969 .row { margin : 0 -10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d6969 .col { padding : 0 10px ;} .widget56--id--20 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .widget56--id--20 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--20 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--20 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .widget56--id--19 .blog56--list { column-gap : 10px ;} .widget56--id--19 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 10px ;} .widget56--id--19 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(10px/2), 0 ) ;} .widget56--id--19 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 10px ;} .widget56--id--19 .blog56--list { row-gap : 10px ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-10px/2) ;} .widget56--id--19 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 0px ;} .widget56--id--19 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .widget56--id--19 .title56 { margin-bottom : 0px ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 100px ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 100px) ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 8px ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 8px ;} .widget56--id--19 .meta56__author img { width : 28px ;} .widget56--id--19 .title56 { font-size : 1.1em ;} .widget56--id--21 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .widget56--id--21 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--21 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--21 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .widget56--id--22 .blog56--list { column-gap : 10px ;} .widget56--id--22 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 10px ;} .widget56--id--22 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(10px/2), 0 ) ;} .widget56--id--22 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 10px ;} .widget56--id--22 .blog56--list { row-gap : 10px ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-10px/2) ;} .widget56--id--22 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 0px ;} .widget56--id--22 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .widget56--id--22 .title56 { margin-bottom : 0px ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 100px ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 100px) ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 8px ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 8px ;} .widget56--id--22 .meta56__author img { width : 28px ;} .widget56--id--22 .title56 { font-size : 1.1em ;} .widget56--id--23 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .widget56--id--23 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--23 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--23 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .widget56--id--24 .blog56--list { column-gap : 10px ;} .widget56--id--24 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 10px ;} .widget56--id--24 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(10px/2), 0 ) ;} .widget56--id--24 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 10px ;} .widget56--id--24 .blog56--list { row-gap : 10px ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-10px/2) ;} .widget56--id--24 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 0px ;} .widget56--id--24 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 8px ;} .widget56--id--24 .title56 { margin-bottom : 0px ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 40% ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 40%) ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 100px ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 100px) ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 8px ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 8px ;} .widget56--id--24 .meta56__author img { width : 28px ;} .widget56--id--24 .title56 { font-size : 1.1em ;} .legacy-668d2510dce29 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510dce29 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510dce29 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510dce29 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510dce43 .row { margin : 0 -10px ;} .legacy-668d2510dce43 .col { padding : 0 10px ;} } @media (min-width:1024px) { body.layout-boxed #wi-all { margin-top : 0px ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { margin-bottom : 0px ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { padding-top : 0px ;} body.layout-boxed #wi-all { padding-bottom : 0px ;} } @media only screen and (min-width: 840px) { .secondary56 { width : 320px ;} .hassidebar > .container--main > .primary56 { width : calc(100% - 320px) ;} .legacy-668d2510d2242 .secondary56 { width : 260px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2242.widget56__row--hassidebar > .primary56 { width : calc(100% - 260px) ;} .legacy-668d2510d2fd7 .secondary56 { width : 260px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2fd7.widget56__row--hassidebar > .primary56 { width : calc(100% - 260px) ;} .widget56--id--4 .secondary56 { width : 370px ;} .widget56--id--4.widget56__row--hassidebar > .primary56 { width : calc(100% - 370px) ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b1e .secondary56 { width : 300px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b1e.widget56__row--hassidebar > .primary56 { width : calc(100% - 300px) ;} .legacy-668d2510d462d .secondary56 { width : 300px ;} .legacy-668d2510d462d.widget56__row--hassidebar > .primary56 { width : calc(100% - 300px) ;} .legacy-668d2510d5131 .secondary56 { width : 260px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5131.widget56__row--hassidebar > .primary56 { width : calc(100% - 260px) ;} .widget56--id--13 .secondary56 { width : 370px ;} .widget56--id--13.widget56__row--hassidebar > .primary56 { width : calc(100% - 370px) ;} .legacy-668d2510d6969 .secondary56 { width : 300px ;} .legacy-668d2510d6969.widget56__row--hassidebar > .primary56 { width : calc(100% - 300px) ;} .legacy-668d2510dce43 .secondary56 { width : 260px ;} .legacy-668d2510dce43.widget56__row--hassidebar > .primary56 { width : calc(100% - 260px) ;} } @media(max-width:600px) { .text-logo { font-size : 14px ;} .offcanvas56 { top : 50px ;} .builder56 { padding-top : 0px ;} .builder56 { padding-bottom : 10px ;} .builder56__section + .builder56__section { margin-top : 16px ;} .titlebar56__title { font-size : 27px ;} .toparea56 .blog56--grid { column-gap : 10px ;} .toparea56 .blog56--list { column-gap : 10px ;} .toparea56 .masonry-cell { padding-left : calc(10px/2) ;} .toparea56 .masonry-cell { padding-right : calc(10px/2) ;} .toparea56 .main-masonry { margin-left : calc(-10px/2) ;} .toparea56 .main-masonry { margin-right : calc(-10px/2) ;} .toparea56 .row56 { column-gap : 10px ;} .toparea56 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 10px ;} .toparea56 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(10px/2), 0 ) ;} .toparea56 .carousel-cell { padding : 0 8px ;} .toparea56 .carousel56__container { margin : 0 -8px ;} .toparea56 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 10px ;} .toparea56 .blog56--list { row-gap : 10px ;} .toparea56 .masonry-cell { padding-top : 10px ;} .toparea56 .main-masonry { margin-top : -10px ;} .toparea56 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-10px/2) ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 30% ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 30%) ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 100px ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 100px) ;} .toparea56 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 8px ;} .toparea56 > .container > .blog56--list .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 8px ;} .pagination56 { font-size : 1.5em ;} .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .blog56--grid { column-gap : 16px ;} .blog56--list { column-gap : 16px ;} .masonry-cell { padding-left : calc(16px/2) ;} .masonry-cell { padding-right : calc(16px/2) ;} .main-masonry { margin-left : calc(-16px/2) ;} .main-masonry { margin-right : calc(-16px/2) ;} .row56 { column-gap : 16px ;} .blog56__sep { column-gap : 16px ;} .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(16px/2), 0 ) ;} .blog56--grid { row-gap : 40px ;} .blog56--list { row-gap : 40px ;} .masonry-cell { padding-top : 40px ;} .main-masonry { margin-top : -40px ;} .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-40px/2) ;} .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 6px ;} .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .title56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .post56 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 30% ;} .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 30%) ;} .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 100px ;} .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 100px) ;} .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 8px ;} .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 8px ;} .title56 { font-size : 19px ;} .meta56__author a img { width : 0px ;} .single56 { padding-top : 0px ;} .single56__title { font-size : 30px ;} .single56__subtitle { font-size : 18px ;} .single56__post_content { font-size : 18px ;} .wp-caption-text, .single_thumbnail56 figcaption, .thumbnail56 figcaption, .wp-block-image figcaption, .blocks-gallery-caption { font-size : 13px ;} blockquote { font-size : 20px ;} .single56__heading { font-size : 16px ;} .authorbox56__avatar { width : 54px ;} .authorbox56__text { width : calc(100% - 54px) ;} .single56__related .title56 { font-size : 16px ;} .sidedock56__post .title56 { font-size : 15px ;} .footer56__nav li + li { margin-left : 6px ;} h3 { font-size : 28px ;} h4 { font-size : 23px ;} button,input[type="submit"],.btn56 { font-size : 12px ;} input[type="text"], input[type="number"], input[type="email"], input[type="url"], input[type="date"], input[type="password"], textarea, .fox-input { font-size : 16px ;} .widget-title, .secondary56 .wp-block-heading { font-size : 22px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2217 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2217 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2217 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2217 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2242 .row { margin : 0 -10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2242 .col { padding : 0 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .row56__col--big .title56 { font-size : 24px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .row56__col--medium .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 300px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .row56__col--medium .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 300px) ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .row56__col--medium .title56 { font-size : 19px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 120px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .row56__col--small .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 120px) ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .row56__col--small .title56 { font-size : 19px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .row56 { column-gap : 20px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 20px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(20px/2), 0 ) ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 50px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .row56__col + .row56__col { margin-top : 50px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-50px/2) ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .blog56--list { row-gap : 50px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 6px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .title56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2261 .meta56__author img { width : 20px ;} .widget56--id--8 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .widget56--id--8 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--8 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--8 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2fd7 .row { margin : 0 -10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2fd7 .col { padding : 0 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .blog56--grid { column-gap : 20px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 20px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(20px/2), 0 ) ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 50px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-50px/2) ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 6px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .title56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .meta56__author img { width : 20px ;} .legacy-668d2510d2ff0 .title56 { font-size : 22px ;} .widget56--id--3 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .widget56--id--3 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--3 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--3 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--3 .heading56 { font-size : 18px ;} .widget56--id--4 .row { margin : 0 -10px ;} .widget56--id--4 .col { padding : 0 10px ;} .widget56--id--10 .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .widget56--id--10 .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .widget56--id--10 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .widget56--id--10 .blog56--grid { column-gap : 10px ;} .widget56--id--10 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 10px ;} .widget56--id--10 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(10px/2), 0 ) ;} .widget56--id--10 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 10px ;} .widget56--id--10 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-10px/2) ;} .widget56--id--10 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 6px ;} .widget56--id--10 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .widget56--id--10 .title56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .widget56--id--10 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .widget56--id--10 .meta56__author img { width : 24px ;} .widget56--id--10 .title56 { font-size : 19px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b03 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b03 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b03 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b03 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b1e .row { margin : 0 -10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b1e .col { padding : 0 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .blog56--list { column-gap : 20px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 20px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(20px/2), 0 ) ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 50px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .blog56--list { row-gap : 50px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-50px/2) ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 6px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .title56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 30% ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 30%) ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 150px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 150px) ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 8px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 8px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .meta56__author img { width : 20px ;} .legacy-668d2510d3b33 .title56 { font-size : 19px ;} .widget56--id--1 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .widget56--id--1 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--1 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--1 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--1 .heading56 { font-size : 18px ;} .legacy-668d2510d462d .row { margin : 0 -10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d462d .col { padding : 0 10px ;} .widget56--id--6 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .widget56--id--6 .blog56--list { column-gap : 10px ;} .widget56--id--6 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 10px ;} .widget56--id--6 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(10px/2), 0 ) ;} .widget56--id--6 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 10px ;} .widget56--id--6 .blog56--list { row-gap : 10px ;} .widget56--id--6 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-10px/2) ;} .widget56--id--6 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 6px ;} .widget56--id--6 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .widget56--id--6 .title56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .widget56--id--6 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .widget56--id--6 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 30% ;} .widget56--id--6 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 30%) ;} .widget56--id--6 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 100px ;} .widget56--id--6 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 100px) ;} .widget56--id--6 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 8px ;} .widget56--id--6 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 8px ;} .widget56--id--6 .meta56__author img { width : 24px ;} .widget56--id--6 .title56 { font-size : 19px ;} .widget56--id--27 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .widget56--id--27 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--27 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--27 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--27 .heading56 { font-size : 18px ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .widget56--id--26 .blog56--list { column-gap : 8px ;} .widget56--id--26 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 8px ;} .widget56--id--26 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(8px/2), 0 ) ;} .widget56--id--26 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 8px ;} .widget56--id--26 .blog56--list { row-gap : 8px ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-8px/2) ;} .widget56--id--26 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 0px ;} .widget56--id--26 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .widget56--id--26 .title56 { margin-bottom : 0px ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 30% ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 30%) ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 100px ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 100px) ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 8px ;} .widget56--id--26 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 8px ;} .widget56--id--26 .meta56__author img { width : 24px ;} .widget56--id--26 .title56 { font-size : 1em ;} .legacy-668d2510d5116 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5116 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5116 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5116 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5131 .row { margin : 0 -10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5131 .col { padding : 0 10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .carousel-cell { padding : 0 8px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .carousel56__container { margin : 0 -8px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 6px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .title56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .meta56__author img { width : 24px ;} .legacy-668d2510d5144 .title56 { font-size : 19px ;} .widget56--id--12 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .widget56--id--12 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--12 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--12 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--12 .heading56 { font-size : 18px ;} .widget56--id--13 .row { margin : 0 -10px ;} .widget56--id--13 .col { padding : 0 10px ;} .widget56--id--15 .post56__padding { padding-bottom : 80% ;} .widget56--id--15 .post56__height { height : 320px ;} .widget56--id--15 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .widget56--id--15 .blog56--grid { column-gap : 10px ;} .widget56--id--15 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 10px ;} .widget56--id--15 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(10px/2), 0 ) ;} .widget56--id--15 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 10px ;} .widget56--id--15 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-10px/2) ;} .widget56--id--15 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 6px ;} .widget56--id--15 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .widget56--id--15 .title56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .widget56--id--15 .excerpt56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .widget56--id--15 .meta56__author img { width : 24px ;} .widget56--id--15 .title56 { font-size : 19px ;} .h2-section_64d0ad447d41b33 { padding : 0px 0 ;} .legacy-668d2510d6951 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 1px ;} .legacy-668d2510d6951 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 1px ;} .legacy-668d2510d6951 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 1px ;} .legacy-668d2510d6951 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 1px ;} .legacy-668d2510d6951 .heading56 { font-size : 24px ;} .legacy-668d2510d6969 .row { margin : 0 -10px ;} .legacy-668d2510d6969 .col { padding : 0 10px ;} .widget56--id--20 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .widget56--id--20 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--20 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--20 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--20 .heading56 { font-size : 18px ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .widget56--id--19 .blog56--list { column-gap : 8px ;} .widget56--id--19 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 8px ;} .widget56--id--19 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(8px/2), 0 ) ;} .widget56--id--19 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 8px ;} .widget56--id--19 .blog56--list { row-gap : 8px ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-8px/2) ;} .widget56--id--19 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 0px ;} .widget56--id--19 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .widget56--id--19 .title56 { margin-bottom : 0px ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 30% ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 30%) ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 100px ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 100px) ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 8px ;} .widget56--id--19 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 8px ;} .widget56--id--19 .meta56__author img { width : 24px ;} .widget56--id--19 .title56 { font-size : 1em ;} .widget56--id--21 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .widget56--id--21 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--21 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--21 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--21 .heading56 { font-size : 18px ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .widget56--id--22 .blog56--list { column-gap : 8px ;} .widget56--id--22 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 8px ;} .widget56--id--22 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(8px/2), 0 ) ;} .widget56--id--22 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 8px ;} .widget56--id--22 .blog56--list { row-gap : 8px ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-8px/2) ;} .widget56--id--22 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 0px ;} .widget56--id--22 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .widget56--id--22 .title56 { margin-bottom : 0px ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 30% ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 30%) ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 100px ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 100px) ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 8px ;} .widget56--id--22 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 8px ;} .widget56--id--22 .meta56__author img { width : 24px ;} .widget56--id--22 .title56 { font-size : 1em ;} .widget56--id--23 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .widget56--id--23 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--23 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--23 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .widget56--id--23 .heading56 { font-size : 18px ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56__text { padding : 0px ;} .widget56--id--24 .blog56--list { column-gap : 8px ;} .widget56--id--24 .blog56__sep { column-gap : 8px ;} .widget56--id--24 .blog56__sep__line { transform : translate( calc(8px/2), 0 ) ;} .widget56--id--24 .blog56--grid { row-gap : 8px ;} .widget56--id--24 .blog56--list { row-gap : 8px ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56__sep__line { top : calc(-8px/2) ;} .widget56--id--24 .component56 + .component56 { margin-top : 0px ;} .widget56--id--24 .thumbnail56 { margin-bottom : 6px ;} .widget56--id--24 .title56 { margin-bottom : 0px ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 { width : 30% ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56--list--thumb-percent .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 30%) ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 { width : 100px ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56--list--thumb-pixel .thumbnail56 + .post56__text { width : calc(100% - 100px) ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56--list--thumb-left .thumbnail56 { padding-right : 8px ;} .widget56--id--24 .post56--list--thumb-right .thumbnail56 { padding-left : 8px ;} .widget56--id--24 .meta56__author img { width : 24px ;} .widget56--id--24 .title56 { font-size : 1em ;} .legacy-668d2510dce29 .heading56--middle-line .heading56__line { height : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510dce29 .heading56--border-top { border-top-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510dce29 .heading56--border-bottom { border-bottom-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510dce29 .heading56--border-around .heading56__text { border-width : 2px ;} .legacy-668d2510dce43 .row { margin : 0 -10px ;} .legacy-668d2510dce43 .col { padding : 0 10px ;} }</style><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/10/Richard-Nixon-Roemenie.jpg"><style>.recentcomments a{display:inline !important;padding:0 !important;margin:0 !important;}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2021/03/cropped-H-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /><link rel="icon" href="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2021/03/cropped-H-192x192.png" sizes="192x192" /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2021/03/cropped-H-180x180.png" /><meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2021/03/cropped-H-270x270.png" /><style id="wp-custom-css">#reconder h3 a {font-family: georgia, non-serif; font-size: 19px; word-break: break-word;} .home .homeblokonder .blog56--list {margin-bottom: 60px} .home .hometop .title56 a {font-family: georgia; font-size: 18px} .home .imgbox h3.widget-title {text-align: left; border: none; font-family: arial; letter-spacing: -0.1px; font-weight: bold;} .catshome {text-align: center;} @media only screen and (max-width: 500px) {.home .meta56__category--fancy {display: none;}} .home .meta56__category--fancy a {display: none;} .home .meta56__category--fancy a:first-of-type {display: block} .homemail {text-align: center;} .homemail .tnp-subscription-minimal input.tnp-email {background: #fff; width: 600px; max-width: 100%} .homemail .tnp-subscription-minimal input.tnp-submit {background-color: #111; letter-spacing: 0.5px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: middle;} .homemail .tnp-subscription-minimal {margin-top: 20px} @media print { #wpd-bubble-wrapper {display: none!important} } .boven h3.widget-title {text-align: left; border: none; font-size: 16px; font-family: cambria, georgia; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 10px} .boven .blog56--widget--small .post56--list .thumbnail56 {width: 65px} .boven .post56__sep__line {display: none} .boven .thumbnail56 img {width: 50px; height: 50px; border-radius: 4px} .boven a {font-size: 15px} .vijfentwintig .widget-title {display: none} .vijfentwintig li:nth-child(even) {background: #F0f0f0;} .vijfentwintig ul li a {font-size: 20px; border: none!important; text-decoration: underline!important; text-decoration-color: #999!important;} .home .widget_recent_comments .widget-title {display: none} .home .widget_recent_comments ul {display:table; width: 100%;} .home .widget_recent_comments li {display: table-cell; border: none; } .widget_recent_comments ul li:before {content: '\f5ad'; font-family: 'Font Awesome 5 Free'; top: 20px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 19px} .wpd-comment-footer:before {content: 'Respect:'; color: #999; font-size: 13px; margin-right: 15px;} .single .catdesk .widget-title {border: none; font-family: cambria, georgia; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; margin: -10px 0 25px 0px} .single .catdesk {color: #fff;} .single .catdesk a {display: inline-block; border-radius: 25px; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 10px; text-align: center; color: #333; font-family: georgia; font-style: italic; font-size: 18px; margin: 0 10px 10px -5px; color: #111;} .single .catdesk a:hover {text-decoration: underline} .page .comment-link {display: none} .archive .title56 a {-ms-word-break: break-all; word-break: break-all; word-break: break-word;} .archive .paged-label {font-size: 18px} .archive .paged-label::after {content: '\f07c'; font-family: 'Font Awesome 5 Free'; padding-left: 10px; color: #ccc} .pagination56 {background: #f0f0f0; padding: 20px 0px; border-top: 5px solid #111;} .comment-num {color: #000;} .home .meta56__category a {display: none;} .home .meta56__category :first-child {display: block!important;} .single_thumbnail56 {margin-bottom: -20px} .single .single56__header {margin-bottom: -26px} .single .meta56__author__text {margin-left: 5px} .uitgel a[target=_blank]:after {content: '\f14d'; font-family: 'Font Awesome 5 Free'; font-size: 11px; margin-left: 7px; color: #333!important; position: relative; top: -2px} .single .authorbox56--box .authorbox56__inner {padding:0px 16px 0 0} .authorbox56--avatar-round .authorbox56__avatar img {border-radius: 0} #comments {margin-top: -20px!important} #wpdiscuz-hdc-button:after {padding-left: 7px; content: "Nieuw!"; margin-bottom: 7px; font-size: 12px; color: #DD5525;} @media only screen and (min-width: 500px) {.entry-content .wp-caption.alignleft {margin: 0.3em 3em 13px 0;}} a.boeklink:after {content: "\f14d"; font-family: 'Font Awesome\ 5 Free'; font-size: 11px; margin-left: 7px; position: relative; top: -2px;} tr.rijen td a {display: block; border-bottom: none!important;} tr.rijen td {display: block; border-radius: 30px; margin-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 30px} tr.rijen td:hover {background: #f7f7f7} tr.rijen {border: 1px solid #fff!important} .donbox input[type="text"], textarea, input {font-family: arial!important; font-size: 18px!important} .donbox select#dmm_currency {margin-bottom: 20px;} .darkmode .header_mobile56 .logo56 img {height: 25px; margin: 8px} .header_mobile56 img.main-img-logo {margin-left: 8px} .headbutton {font-family: arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal; height: 28px; letter-spacing: 0; text-transform: none; padding: 0 8px;} .headbutton i.fa-envelope {font-size: 15px;} .ablok-historiek-quotes {margin-bottom: 50px} .menu-item-146847,.menu-item-165646 {background: #333; } .menu-item-146847,.menu-item-165646 a {display: } .offcanvsearch .searchform .submit {background: #333;} .offcanvsearch .searchform {border: none} .archive.paged .titlebar56__description{display:none;} @media only screen and (max-width: 500px) {.header56__element {margin-left: 0px;} .hamburger--type-icon {margin-right: -15px!important; } .lamp56__dark,.lamp56__light {height: 17px!important; padding: 0px!important; background-color: inherit;margin-top: -2px!important;}} .page56__header.align-left {text-align: left;} #latest-posts-33 {margin-bottom: 25px} .author .titlebar56__main {margin: 0px 0px 30px} .author .titlebar56__description {color: #555555; font-size: 16px} .header56__html1:after {content: '|'; color: #e0e0e0; margin-left: 15px} @media only screen and (max-width: 500px) {.hamburger--type-icon {margin-right: 0px} .nbhead {padding: 3px 6px!important;} .home .meta56__item a {margin: -15px 0 0 4px;} .hamburger--type-icon:after {content: '';} .hamburger--type-icon {margin-left: 0px}} .home .header_bottom56 .menu ul {margin-left: -7px!important} .lamp56__dark, .lamp56__light {height: 30px; padding: 0 8px; margin-top: 3px; background: inherit; margin-top: 0px} .ic56-search {margin-right: 10px} @media only screen and (max-width: 500px) {.search .excerpt56 {display: none;}} .authorboxes56 {mmargin-top: -10px} .authorbox56__tabs a {text-transform: none!important; font-size: 17px; font-family: arial;} .authorbox56__tabs a.active {background: #fff; color: #111; font-weight: bold; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;} .authorbox56__tabs a.active:before {content: '\f5ad'; font-family: 'Font Awesome 5 Free'; padding-right: 8px} .offcanvas56 {max-width: 100%;} .titlebar56 {margin-bottom: -30px!important} .catshome a {display: inline-block ; color: #111; margin: 0 10px 10px; font-size: 20px; padding: 5px 30px; font-family: georgia; border: 2px solid #111; min-width: 300px; max-width: 300px;} .catshome a:hover {background: #f0f0f0;} .catshome a.catsplus {background: #333; color: #f0f0f0;} .home .eenpop .post56 {margin-bottom: 25px;} .home .eenpop .heading56 {display: none} .home .eenpop h2.title56 {margin-top: 50px;} .home .blokfeat .blog56--widget--small .post56__sep__line .{display: none} .home .blokfeat .widget-title {text-align: left; background: inherit; border: none} .home .blokfeat .widget-title span {text-align: left; padding: 4px 8px 2px 8px; background: #ffcb3d; text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal} .home .blokfeat .blog56--widget--small .title56 {font-family: georgia; font-size: 17px} @media only screen and (max-width: 500px) {.home .geenexcerpt .excerpt56 {display: none}} .home .geensepcathome span.sep {display: none} #black {padding-bottom: 50px} .single .share56 {margin-top: -40px;} @media only screen and (min-width: 800px) {.ooklijst img {width: 90px}} .ooklijst .post56__sep__line {display: none!important} .ooklijst .blog56--widget--small.blog56--list {row-gap: 0px;} .ooklijst .widget-title {text-align:left; border-bottom: none; text-transform: uppercase; font-family: arial; font-weight: bold; font-size: 12px; } .ooklijst a {font-family: georgia; font-size: 17px; display: flex; padding: 10px 0 15px 0px} .ooklijst a:hover {text-decoration: none;} .ooklijst article.post56:hover {background: #f0f0f0;} .darkmode .ooklijst article.post56:hover {background: #333;} ul.homelijst {list-style-type: none;} ul.homelijst li {border-bottom: 1px solid #f0f0f0; padding: 10px 0pc; margin-left: -20px ;display: grid; font-family: Georgia} ul.homelijst li:hover {background: #f0f0f0} .darkmode ul.homelijst li:hover {background: #333;} .darkmode ul.homelijst li a:hover {color: #ddd!important} ul.homelijst li a {font-size: 15px; color: #111; font-family: arial} .butrechts {margin-top: -10px!important} .darkmode ul.homelijst li a:hover {color: #111;} #latest-posts-32 .blog56--widget--small.blog56--list {row-gap: 0} #latest-posts-32 article {margin-bottom: 20px} #latest-posts-32 {columns : 2} .reconder h2 {font-size: 27px} #latest-posts-32 .post56__sep__line {border-top: none!important} @media only screen and (max-width: 500px) {#topblok .excerpt56 {display: none} #footer-newsletter {display: none} #latest-posts-32 {columns : 1} .reconder h2 {font-size: 23px;} .reconder a {font-size: 17px!important; font-weight: normal;} .butrechts {margin-top: 0px!important}} .reconder a {font-family: georgia; font-size: 18px} .single .authorbox56:nth-child(2) {margin-top: -40px;} .imgff img {filter: grayscale(90%);} .page .primary56 a {color: #111; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc} @media only screen and (max-width: 500px) {.bloktwee .meta56 {display: none!important}} .nbhead {background: #dd5525; padding: 4px 8px 7px; color: #fff; font-size: 15px; font-family: arial; margin-left: 8px} .nbhead:hover {color: #fff} .samecat .title56 a {font-size: 17px; font-family: arial;} .samecat .post56__sep__line {display: none;} .samecat2 .title56 a {font-size: 22px; font-family: Georgia, arial;} /* TEMP ticket */ .entry-content p a[href$=".jpg"], .entry-content p a[href$=".png"], .entry-content p a[href$=".jpeg"], .entry-content p a[href$=".webp"], .entry-content p a[href$=".gif"], .entry-content p a[href$=".JPG"], .entry-content p a[href$=".PNG"], .entry-content p a[href$=".JPEG"], .entry-content p a[href$=".WEBP"], .entry-content p a[href$=".GIF"] {display:inline;} /* TEMP ticket eind */ @media only screen and (max-width: 500px) {.authorbox56__tabs a:nth-child(2) {display: none;} .authorbox56__inner .authorbox56__description {display: none!important;} .authorbox56__tabs a.active {background: none; color: #111; text-transform: none; font-family: arial; letter-spacing: 0; font-size: 17px; margin: 12px 0;border: none;} .darkmode .authorbox56__tabs a.active {color: #dedede; margin-top: 13px} .authorbox56 {margin-top: 25px; margin-bottom: 35px!important}} #custom_html-64 {margin-top: 40px!important;} .category-populair .blog56--grid--4cols .title56 {font-size: 22px;} .category-populair .blog56--grid--4cols .meta56.component56 {display:none!important;} .category-populair .blog56--grid--4cols .excerpt56 {display:none!important;} .carrou {padding-top: 25px; padding-bottom: 20px} .rechtsklein a {font-family: arial; font-size: 17px} .nbonder {border-top: 5px solid #111; background: #f0f0f0; padding: 20px 20px 20px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px} .nbonder form {text-align: left!important} .nbonder .tnp-subscription-minimal input.tnp-email {background: #fff;} .nbonder .tnp-subscription-minimal input.tnp-submit {background-color: #111; letter-spacing: 0.5px; text-transform: none} @media (max-width: 525px) {.tnp-subscription-minimal input.tnp-email {width: 100%; max-width: 100%;}} #tnp-modal-content input.tnp-submit {letter-spacing: 0px; font-family: 'Roboto Condensed', arial;} #tnp-modal-content input.tnp-submit:hover {background-color: #111!important;} .before-header {background: #f0f0f0; margin-top: 0} @media only screen and (max-width: 500px) { #latest-posts-31 .widget-title {font-family: georgia; font-weight: normal; font-size: 28px; margin: 15px 0 20px} #latest-posts-31 {background: #F0F0F0; padding: 8px} #latest-posts-31 h3.title56 a {font-weight: normal;}} .error404 .titlebar56__title {text-align: center} .page404__content {padding: 25px 0} .single .meta56 {line-height: 25px;} .single .meta56__category span {display: none;} .single .meta56__category a {color: #dd5525!important; font-size: 11px!important; margin-right: 8px; padding: 3px 5px; text-transform: uppercase} .single .meta56__category :nth-child(n+6) {display: none} .darkmode .meta56__category--fancy a {background: #000} @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {h1.post-title {margin-top: 15px;}} .entry-content blockquote p:last-child {margin-bottom: 10px!important} .meta56__category span.sep {margin: 0px 4px} #latest-posts-9 h3.title56 a {font-family: arial; font-size: 17px} @media only screen and (max-width: 450px) {.single56__bottom_posts {display: none}} .single56__bottom_posts {background-color: #111; margin: -20px 0px 60px 0px} .single56__bottom_posts .single56__heading {border-top: none; text-transform: none; font-family: 'roboto condensed', arial; color: #fff; font-size: 27px; text-align: left} .single56__bottom_posts .title56 a {color: #fff; color: #fff; font-family: arial; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17px;} ol.speciaal2 li {margin-bottom: 20px; list-style-type: decimal} ol.speciaal2 li::marker {color: #dd5525;} .speciaal li {margin-bottom: 20px; list-style-type: disc} ul.speciaal li::marker {color: #dd5525;} /* uitgel */ .uitgel {clear: both; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: -20px; padding: 10px; } .uitgel br {display: none} .uitgel a {display: block; margin-left: 10px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f0f0f0!important; font-size: 16px; max-width: 550px;} .uitgel a:hover {background: #f9f9f9;} .uitgel strong {text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 12px; display: block; padding-left: 10px; color: #000; margin-bottom: 7px;} .lamp56 svg {width: 16px; height: 16px} .zoekrechts {margin-top: 5px!important} .post-views-count {font-size: 10px; float: right;} .vijfentwintig .blog56--widget--small .title56 a {border: none; font-family: georgia; font-size: 17px;} .vijfentwintig .blog56--widget--small .excerpt56 {display: none} @media only screen and (min-width: 600px) {.vijfentwintig article {padding: 10px 0} .vijfentwintig .blog56 {max-width: 500px;} .vijfentwintig .blog56--widget--small .post56--list .thumbnail56 {width: 200px; max-width: 100%} .vijfentwintig .blog56--widget--small .title56 a {font-size: 22px!important; font-family: Georgia; padding-bottom: 5px; border: none} .vijfentwintig .blog56--widget--small .excerpt56 {display: block!important}} @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {.podcasts .alignleft {float: none; display: block;}} #topblok {margin-top: -30px;} @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {#topblok .blog56--list {margin-top: 50px;}} .darkmode .masthead__wrapper {background-color: #000;} .darkmode .wi-main {background: #000;} .darkmode .topban {background-color: #000;} .topban {background-color: #F5F5F5; padding: 15px; margin: auto; text-align: center;} .blog56--widget--small .title56 {font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;} .tnp-subscription.nbpage {margin-left: 0px} .blog56--widget--small .post56__sep__line { border-color: #eee;} .author a.authorniet {display: none!important;} .meta56__category--fancy{word-wrap:break-word;}.meta56__category--fancy a{display:inline-block;} .nbfoot a {color: #dedede; text-decoration: underline} .nbfoot a:hover {color: #dedede; } .nbfoot .widget-title {background: inherit; text-align: inherit;} .nbfoot .tnp-subscription input.tnp-submit {font-family: 'Roboto condensed', arial; letter-spacing: 0px; text-transform: none} .nbfoot h3 {padding: 20px 0 10px; color: #fff; font-size: 25px; border: none} .nbfoot {max-width: 600px; margin: auto; font-size: 18px; color: #dedede; font-family: 'Roboto condensed', arial;} .nbfoot .tnp-subscription label {font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 10px:} .nbfoot .tnp-subscription {margin: 0 0 23px 0; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .nbfoot { padding: 0px 15px} } .mailhome {background: #111; color: #dedede; padding: 10px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 'roboto condensed', arial} .mailhome .tnp-subscription label {font-size: 16px;} .mailhome .tnp-field input[type=submit] {letter-spacing: 0; text-transform: none; color: #dedede; font-family: 'roboto condensed', arial;font-weight: normal;} .mailhome .widget-title {border: none; color: #fff; padding-bottom: 0px; background: inherit} .search .onlysingle {display: none} .archive .veelgelezen {display: none} .oranje {color: #dd5525} .linkkleur {color: #111; border-bottom: 1px solid #111} .bthome {color: #111} .lamp56 span {display: none} /* Darkmode */ .darkmode .single56__related .single56__heading {border: none} .darkmode .single56__related h2.single56__heading span {color: #dedede!important;} .darkmode .linkkleur {color: #dedede;} .darkmode .entry-content .kaderbreed.nolink a {color: #111!important} .darkmode .category-signalementen h3 {color: #dedede} .darkmode .featherlight .featherlight-content {background: #555;} .darkmode .oranje {color: #111} .darkmode #homezoekblok .mailhome .tnp-field {color: #dedede;} .darkmode .entry-content .nolink a {color: #dedede!important; border-bottom: none!important} .darkmode .bthome {color: #dedede} .darkmode .signalhome {background: #777} .darkmode .signalhome h3.widget-title {color: #111} .darkmode .entry-content blockquote a {color: #dedede!important} .darkmode .page .entry-content a {color: #dedede;} .darkmode ul li a {color: #dedede} .darkmode #dmm_form input[type=submit] {background: #dd5525} .darkmode .vastauteur ul li a {color: #dedede} .darkmode .auteurlijst ul li a {color: #dedede} .darkmode .entry-content a {border-bottom: 1px solid #dedede!important} .darkmode select#dmm_project {color: #777} .darkmode select#dmm_currency {color: #777} .darkmode .taallink a {color: #dedede!important} .darkmode .nbonder h4 {color: #111} .darkmode .nbonder {background: #777; color: #111;} .darkmode u.mk {color: #fff} .darkmode .header_desktop56 .logo56 img {margin: auto;} .darkmode .mainnav ul.sub-menu li a:hover {background: #fff; color: #111!important;} .darkmode .current-menu-ancestor a {color: #dedede!important;} .darkmode .current-menu-parent a {color: #dedede!important;} .darkmode strong a {color: #dedede; border-bottom: none;} .darkmode .offcanvasnav56 a:hover {color: #dedede} .darkmode .snellinks {box-shadow: none;} .darkmode h4 {color: #dedede} .darkmode .snellinks strong {color: #dedede; padding-right: 10px;} .darkmode .authorbox56--avatar-acute .authorbox56__avatar img {border: 1px solid #111; background: #111;} .darkmode .snellinks ul li a {color: #dedede; text-decoration: underline} .darkmode hr.duidelijk { height: 12px; border: 0; box-shadow: inset 0 12px 12px -12px #ddd;} .darkmode blockquote:before {content: ""; display: inline-block; z-index: 20; text-align: center; z-index: 20; line-height: 1; background: url(https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2023/08/quote-icondark.png) center center no-repeat; background-size: 100%; width: 90px; height: 60px; margin: 0 0 20px; width: 50px; height: 40px;} .darkmode .before-header {background: #000;} .darkmode .ablok-6 {background: #000!important;} .darkmode .personenlijst a {color: #dedede!important} .darkmode .meta56__author a {color: #fff!important;} .darkmode .meta56 {color: #dedede} .darkmode .footer_sidebar56 {border: none} .darkmode .quotetext {background-color: #777; color: #111;} .darkmode .entry-content small a {color: #dedede} .darkmode .entry-content small a:link {color: #dedede} .darkmode .footer56__logo img {display: none} .darkmode .wi-logo-main {margin-bottom: 10px} .darkmode .site-tagline {color: #ccc} .darkmode .titlebar56__description p {color: #dedede} .darkmode .titlebar56__description p a {color: #dedede; text-decoration: underline} .darkmode .titlebar56__description a {color: #dedede; text-decoration: underline} .darkmode #wi-footer {background: #000} .darkmode .titlebar56__description .naaronder {background: #777; color: #111 } .darkmode .titlebar56__description {background: #000; color: #dedede} .darkmode .astukken h3 {color: #dedede;} .darkmode .astukken {background: #111; border: 1px solid #777;} .darkmode .astukken .title56 a {color: #dedede;} .darkmode .mainnav ul.sub-menu a {color: #fff} .darkmode .mainnav ul.sub-menu a:hover {color: #111} .darkmode .premium {color: #111} .darkmode a.premium {color: #111!important;} .darkmode .subtitle {color: #777} .darkmode .catonder a {background: #777; color: #111!important; border-bottom: none!important} .darkmode .catonder {color: #000} .darkmode .footer56__copyright {color: #ddd} .darkmode .Footerlinks a {color: #ddd} .darkmode #reconder a {color: #ddd} .darkmode #footer-instagram .widget-title {color: #fff} .darkmode #footer-instagram {background: #000} .darkmode .authorbox56 {background: #000;} .darkmode .authorbox56__tabs a.active {font-weight: bold;} .darkmode .authorbox56 p a {border-bottom: 1px solid #dedede; color: #dedede} .darkmode .uitgel a:before {content: '▸ '; color: #333;} .darkmode .uitgel strong {color: #ddd} .darkmode .uitgel .oranje {color: #dd5525} .darkmode .uitgel {background: #000; border-left: 3px solid #777} .darkmode .uitgel a {color: #ddd!important; border-bottom: none!important} .darkmode .kaderbreed .wp-caption-text {color: #111} .darkmode .kaderindex h4 {color: #111} .darkmode .kaderindex h3 {color: #111} .darkmode .entry-content .kaderindex a {border-bottom: none!important} .darkmode .kaderindex {background-color: #777} .darkmode .kaderbreed {background-color: #777} .darkmode .kaderbreed a {border-bottom: 1px solid #111!important;} .darkmode .excerpt56 {color: #b7b7b7} .darkmode .title56 a {color: #ddd} .darkmode .ookonline h2 {color: #111} .darkmode .ookonline a,a:hover {color: #111} .darkmode .ookonline {background: #777} .darkmode #homezoekblok h2 { color: #111} .darkmode #homezoekblok .custom-html-widget {color: #111} .darkmode #homezoekblok {background: #777} .darkmode table td:hover {background-color: #333;} .darkmode blockquote p {color: #ccc} .darkmode .mailhome {border: 1px solid #777} .darkmode .voorpubintro {color: #dedede;} .darkmode .voorpubintro a {color: #dedede!important} .darkmode .ablok-historiek-quotes a {color: #ccc; text-decoration: underline;} /* Darkmode eind */ .table-hover td:hover {background-color: #f7f7f7;} /* Mobile archive bug begin */ @media only screen and (max-width: 450px) {.archive .meta56 {display: none}} /* Mobile archive bug end */ /* Subtitle begin */ .subtitle {font-size: 27px; margin: 10px 0 15px 0 ; font-family: georgia,serif; color: #555; font-weight: normal} .blog-container .subtitle {display: none} /* Subtitle eind */ .astukken {background-color: #F0F0F0; padding: 5px 10px 30px 10px; margin-bottom: -10px!important;} .astukken .post56__sep__line {border: none;} .astukken h3 a {font-size: 18px;} .astukken .blog56--grid {row-gap: 20px;} .single .meta56__category a {color: #dd5525; font-weight: 600; font-size: 12px;} .single .meta56__category {margin-bottom: -8px;} .single .meta56__author a {color: #111; font-weight: bold; margin-left: -4px} .archive .terms56 li a {font-family: georgia; background: none; color: #111; letter-spacing: 0; font-size: 17px; text-transform: none; border: 1px solid #ccc; border-radius: 25px; font-style: italic; padding: 6px 12px 8px; float: left; margin-right: 7px; margin-bottom: 8px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 450px) {.archive .terms56 {clear: both}} blockquote p {line-height: 34px; color: #444444;} .category-signalementen .entry-content .catonder a {color: #fff} ul.signalementen2 h3 {color: #111; margin-top: -10px; font-size: 25px;} ul.signalementen2 .meerinfo a {background: #111; color: #ffffff; padding: 5px 10px;font-size: 17px;} ul.signalementen2 hr {color: #999} ul.signalementen2.nieuw h3 {margin-top: -13px} .entry-content ul.signalementen2 {padding: 0px;} .entry-content ul.signalementen2 h3.woocommerce-loop-product__title a {color: #111!important;} .entry-content ul.signalementen2 h3:after {content: url(https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2021/01/external-link2.png); padding-left: 5px;} .entry-content ul.signalementen2 img {width: 150px; float: left; padding: 15px 10px 5px 0px;} .entry-content ul.signalementen2 li {list-style-type: none; clear: both;} .category-signalementen .entry-content a {color: #111; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;} /* BEGIN Gekke marge bovenaan dirty .single .container--main {margin-top: 20px;} */ .single .secondary56 {margin-top: 25px;} /* EIND Gekke marge bovenaan dirty */ @media only screen and (max-width: 450px) { .veelgelezen {margin-bottom: 30px;} .entry-date::after,.meta56__reading-time {display: none;} .meta56__category {margin: 15px 0 0 -3px} .single .meta56__category :nth-child(n+2) {display: none} .archive .excerpt56 {display: none} .subtitle {display: none;}} @media only screen and (min-width: 600px) {.veelgelezen article:nth-child(even) {display: none;}} .margintop {margin-top: 70px!important;} @media only screen and (max-width: 850px) {.homeverder .excerpt56 {display: none}} .home .ablok-desktop--leaderblok {display: none!important;} /* ARCHIVE DESCRIPTION */ .titlebar56__description .naaronder {border: 1px solid #111; background: #111; padding: 10px; text-decoration: none; text-align: center; margin: 20px 15px 20px 0px; border-radius: .75rem;} .titlebar56__description h2,h3,h4 {color: #000; font-family: georgia;margin-top: 20px} .titlebar56__description .naaronder a {border-bottom: none; color: #fff; } .titlebar56__description a {color: #555555; border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a;} .titlebar56__description img.alignnone {margin: 0px 0px 15px!important} .titlebar56__description p {margin-bottom: 15px; padding-right: 10px} .titlebar56__description .wp-caption {padding-right: 10px;} .titlebar56__description strong {font-weight: bold;} @media (max-width: 550px) {.titlebar56__description p {padding: 8px;} .titlebar56__description img {margin: -10px 0px 10px 0px!important;} a img.alignright {float: left!important; margin-bottom: 20px!important;} .alignright {float: left!important; margin: 0px 10px 10px -10px!important;}} /* EIND ARCHIVE DESCRIPTION */ /* auteurblok onder content */ @media only screen and (max-width: 750px) {.single .authorbox56__description {display: -webkit-box; overflow: hidden; -webkit-line-clamp: 7; -webkit-box-orient: vertical;}} .authorbox56__latest {font-size: 14px} .authorbox56 {background: #ffffff; padding: 0px; margin-bottom: 43px; margin-top: 25px;} .authorbox56--box .authorbox56__inner {border: none} .authorbox56 .authorbox56__description {font-size: 14px;} .authorbox56 p a {color: #111; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;} /* EIND auteurblok onder content */ /* Auteur box co author archive*/ .titlebar56, .titlebar56 .container {border: none} .titlebar56__main h1 {margin-bottom: 10px} .titlebar56__main .authorbox56__avatar img {max-width: 90px} @media only screen and (max-width: 450px) { .titlebar56--author .authorbox56__avatar {display: none; margin-bottom: 120px;} } .single span.published-label {display: none} .single .entry-date {margin: 0 10px} .single .entry-date:after {content: ' · '} .single .entry-date:before {content: ' · '} .single .meta56__category span.sep {margin: 0 5px} @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .footer-bottom-element p:nth-child(2) {display: block; margin-top: 15px;} } .copyright a {border-bottom: none!important;} h4.qena {font-family: arial; font-size: 19px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 25px!important;} @media only screen and (max-width: 450px) {.footer-col-inner {margin-top: -30px;}} .margetop {margin-top: 20px!important;} .home-ad {margin-top: -30px!important; margin-bottom: -50px;} #homezoekblok {margin-top: 0px; padding-top: 10px;} #homezoekblok .searchform .search-field {border: 2px solid #111; height: 50px;} #homezoekblok .searchform input::placeholder {opacity: 1;} /* titel uitgelijnd op mobiel archief list*/ @media only screen and (max-width: 450px) { .blog-container-list .post-header-section {margin-top: 0px!important} } /* EIND */ .postboksonder {display: none;} .single .postboksonder {display: block} a.catextra {font-family: georgia; border: 1px solid #ccc; border-radius: 25px; color: #111; font-style: italic; font-size: 17px; padding: 6px 7px 8px; float: left; margin-right: 7px; margin-bottom: 8px;} .wolkonder {display: none;} .single .wolkonder {display: block; margin-top: 10px} .single .wolkonder a {margin-right: 10px;} .single .wolkonder a:hover {background: #111; color: #fff; padding: 0 2px} .style--tag-block-3 .fox-term-list a {padding: 5px 20px; display: inline-block; background: #111; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; font-family: arial; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: 0px;} .style--tag-block-3 .fox-term-list a::after {content: " +";} .archive .title-area {margin-bottom: -8px} @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {.postboksonder {margin: 50px auto -50px!important;}} @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {.fox-authorbox {display: none}} .single .single-big-section-content {padding-bottom: 0px;} .archive #rpwe_widget-7 {display: none} h3.post-item-title {font-size: 17px!important; font-family: arial;} .postid-32489 .post-item-meta {display: none;} .wi-single .post-item-meta .meta-author-avatar {margin-right: 10px; width: 25px;} /* auteurblok onder content */ .authorbox-box {background: #F0F0F0; padding: 0px} .authorbox-box .authorbox-inner {border: none;} .authorbox-box .user-item-description {font-size: 14px;} .authorbox-text p a {color: #111; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;} #homeindie .post-list-body .entry-excerpt {display: none;} .home .post-item-excerpt p {font-size: 15.5px;} #recent2 .heading-1a {display: none!important;} #recenttwee .heading-1a {display: none!important;} .home .widget_recent_entries ul li {border: none!important; font-size: 17px; font-family: georgia; list-style-type: none; margin-left: -31px} .home .widget_recent_entries ul li:before {display: none} .home #footer-newsletter {padding: 30px 0 10px 0; margin-top: 40px;} .home h2.fox-post-title.post-header-section.size-medium {font-size: 25px;} /* float share niet tonen bij kleinere schermen */ .post-list-count.color-accent {color: #111;} .widget.etalageklein {margin-top: -10px; padding-bottom: 25px;} /* CSS Enne */ .postid-153694 .reply {display: none;} .entry-content figure a {border-bottom: none!important;} .boek {background: #F0F0F0; padding: 10px} .boek .meer a {border: none; font-size: 10px;} .boek .meer a[target=_blank]:after {font-family: "Font Awesome 5 Free"; content: ""; padding-left: 6px; font-size: 8px; vertical-align: 1px;; font-weight: 900;} .boek {margin-bottom: -10px;} .boek .widget-title:before {content: '\f5da'; font-family: "Font Awesome 5 Free"; margin-right: 8px;} .boek p {clear: both;} .boek img {margin-bottom: 12px;} .boek a{color: #111; font-size: 15px; padding-top: 10px!important;} .boek img {clear: both;} .boek a[target=_blank]:after {font-family: "Font Awesome 5 Free"; content: "\f35d"; padding-left: 6px; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: middle; font-weight: 900;} @media (max-width: 500px) {.boek {margin-top: -30px!important; background-color: #F0F0F0; padding-left: 10px;}} #search-10 .searchform {margin-top: -20px; margin-bottom: -20px; border: 2px solid!important;} .searchform {border: 1px solid #e0e0e0; background: white!important; font-size: 23px} .searchform .search-field {background: #fff!important; color: #111; font-size: 17px} .searchform input::placeholder {font-size: 17px; color: #111;} .rpwe-block li {clear: both;} .rpwe-block img {margin-bottom: 15px;} .entry-content h5 {font-size: 20px; font-style: italic;} .nblist ul {font-size: 16px;} .nblist ul li {padding: 10px 0px;} .nblist ul li a {color: #111; border-bottom: 1px dotted #666;} .home .ookonline h2.heading-text {margin-top: 20px;} .entry-content blockquote a {color: inherit; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;} .relrechts .widget-title {font-size: 10px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 2px; border: none; padding-bottom: 0px;} /* Bottom post 3 ipv 5 @media (max-width: 550px) {.single-post .blog-grid article:nth-child(3n+2) {display: none;}} */ /* Bottom posts */ h3#posts-small-heading {border: none; margin-top: 0px; font-size: 10px; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 1.1;} .fox-bottom-posts {background: #F0F0F0;} .fox-bottom-posts h3#posts-small-heading {margin-top: 25px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 'roboto condensed', sans-serif; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 10px; border-bottom: 2px dotted #ccc;} .container-lazyload {margin-bottom: 30px} #lijst {margin-top: 30px} @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {#homezoekblok {margin-top: 40px;}} #homezoekblok h2 {margin-top: 15px;} .wi-section.has-background {padding-bottom: 30px;} .catzoekhome h3 {display: none;} .catzoekhome select {margin-top: -30px!important; font-size: 18px; background: #fff; height: 49px; border: 2px solid #111; color: #111!important;} .homezoek .searchform .s {font-size: 18px; height: 40px; color: #111; font-family: arial; background: #fff;} .homezoek input::placeholder {font-size: 18px; color: #111;} @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .home .heading-link--separated a {padding-bottom: 10px;} .home .blog-group-1 {} .home .blog-group-1 .post-item-inner {padding-top: 10px;} .home .blog-grid {margin-bottom: 50px;} .home .article-big {margin-bottom: 40px;} } .homebottom {margin-bottom: 40px;} .populair {margin-bottom: 50px} .single .post-item-meta {line-height: 22px} .post-item-meta .reading-time {font-weight: bold; color: #111;} .single .post-item-meta .meta-categories a {border-bottom: 1px dotted #999;} .search input.s.search-field {font-size: 18px;: none;} .search .searchform {margin-top: 20px;} .paged-label {margin-left: 6px;} @media only screen and (max-width: 450px) {.archive .blog-list h2.post-item-title a {font-size: 18px;}} @media only screen and (max-width: 650px) {.archive .entry-excerpt {display: none;}} @media only screen and (max-width: 500px) {#recent {margin-top: 30px;}} @media only screen and (max-width: 450px) {.footer-widgets-row .footer-col.col-1-4 {display: none;}} /* Afbeelding inspring links rechts uitschakelen begin */ .allow-stretch-right img.alignright {margin-right: 0px;} .allow-stretch-right:not(.content-all-stretch-bigger) figure.alignright { margin-right: 0px; } .allow-stretch-left img.alignleft {margin-left: 0px;} .allow-stretch-left:not(.content-all-stretch-bigger) figure.alignleft {margin-left: 0px}/* Afbeelding inspring rechts uitschakelen eind */ @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {#content-dock {display: none;}} /* lightbox start */ .mfp-bg {opacity: 0.9;} /* lightbox end */ .page-id-37946 #simplemodal-container {display: none;} /* AFBEELDING MOBIEL BEGIN */ @media only screen and (max-width: 500px) {figure.wp-caption {margin-left: 1px!important; width: 100%!important;} figcaption.wp-caption-text { text-align: left!important; }} /* AFBEELDING MOBIEL EIND */ .entry-content .wp-caption-text a {color: #333; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;} @media only screen and (max-width: 567px) { .page-title {margin: 20px 0 20px 0;}} .lichtkader img.alignright {margin-right: 0px;} /* TEMP BEGIN */ /* TEMP START*/ .fox-post-nav .post-item-title {font-size: 24px;} #tag_cloud-2 .widget-title {display: none;} h3 a.product-loop-title {border-bottom: none;} .product-inner {margin-top: 10px; border-top: 1px solid #e0e0e0;} .home .nieuw h3 {padding-top: 15px; text-transform: none; font-weight: 600; font-size: 20px; border-bottom: 2px solid #dd5525;} .home .nieuw a {padding-top: 2px; font-size: 17px;} #bronnen {font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 20px} .historiekblok h3 {color: #111; font-family: arial; margin-top: 12px; font-size: 25px; font-weight: bold;} .historiekblok {background: #ffd200; margin: -80px 0 40px 0; padding: 15px; color: #222; font-size: 16px;} .historiekblok a {border-bottom: 1px solid; color: #222;} @media (max-width: 549px) {.historiekblok {margin-top: -40px; margin-bottom: 0px;}} #actueelblok {margin-bottom: 30px;} #ookonline a {font-weight: normal;} .zoeklinks a { color: #fff; font-weight: bold!important; background: #111; font-size: 17px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 10px; font-weight: 400; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 30px; padding: 4px 10px; margin-right: 10px;} #eersteblok {margin-top: 15px;} #eersteblok .post-group-col-tall h2 {font-size: 1.3em;} .home .lastedit .widget-title {padding-top: 15px; margin: 15px 15px 30px 15px; text-transform: none; font-size: 17px; border-bottom: 2px solid #dd5525;} .home .lastedit {box-shadow: rgb(0 0 0 / 10%) 0px 2px 8px 0px;} .home .lastedit .blog-card-normal .post-item-body {padding: 0px 15px 0px 15px;} #latest-posts-3,#latest-posts-4 {padding-bottom: 30px!important;} #latest-posts-3 a {font-weight: lighter; color: #666; font-size: 16px; font-family: arial;} cite:before {content: '- '} cite {display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-transform: uppercase; font-style: normal; text-align: inherit; font-weight: 400; margin-top: 1.5em;} .onderaan {margin-bottom: 40px;} .snellinks {border: 1px dotted; padding: 14px 5px 0px; box-shadow: 10px 10px #f7f7f7; margin-bottom: 40px;} .snellinks ul {margin-left: -25px;} .snellinks ul li {display:inline; color: #333;} .snellinks ul li a {color: #333; margin-right: 15px; border-bottom: 1px solid #666; line-height: 30px;} .snelnaar {width: 100%;} .snelnaar ul {padding-left: 0;} .snelnaar ul li {border-bottom: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 20px;} .snelnaar ul li a {border: 1px solid #999; color: #111; font-size: 17px;} .snelnaar ul li a:hover {background: #F8F8F8; color: #111!important;} .snelnaar ul li.all a:hover {color: #fff!important;} .droponder h3 {display: none;} .droponder {background: #f0f0f0; color: #666; margin-top: 20px!important; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 18px; line-height: 45px} .droponder select {border: none;} .zoekpost {margin-top: -65px;} .zoekpost input.s.search-field {font-size: 17px; color: #111;} .zoekpost input::placeholder {color: #111;} .zoekpost .searchform {background-color: white!important} .zoekpost input.s.search-field {background-color: white!important;} .single-big-section.single-bottom-section.single-navigation-section {margin-top: -95px;} .mytholijst {column-count: 3; column-width: 250px; overflow: hidden!important;} .mytholijst li {padding-top: 5px; font-size: 17px;} ul.tweekolom { columns: 2; -webkit-columns: 2; -moz-columns: 2; } blockquote{display:initial;} blockquote p:last-child {margin-bottom: 35px!important;} .dropdownpost {margin-bottom: 50px; margin-top: -20px;} .dropdownpost .widget-title {display: none;} @media (max-width: 549px) { .nietoparchive {display: none;}} .catblokonder {display: none;} .archive .catblokonder {display: block; margin-bottom: -20px} .catblokonder {margin-top: -50px;} .catblokonder h3.widget-title {font-size: 27px; font-weight: normal; border: none; text-align: left;} .catblokonder .searchform .s {font-size: 18px;} .catblokonder input.s.search-field {border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-color: #c0c1c0; background: #fff; color: #111; } @media (max-width: 750px) {.archive .catblokonder {margin-left: 25px; padding-right: 40px;}} .catblokonder.rubrieken {margin-top: 30px; max-width: 500px;} .header-search-form .searchform .s {font-size: 22px; color: #111;} .catblokonder.rubrieken select#cat.postform {height: 48px; color: #888888; font-size: 18px;} @media (max-width: 550px) {#recentonline {margin-top: 40px;}} .adscat {width: 500px; max-width: 100%; border-top: 2px solid #111; padding: 20px 0 0 0; margin: 23px 85px 0 0;} @media (max-width:1210px) and (min-width:500px) {.adscat {display:none;}} @media (max-width: 550px) {.adscat {max-height: 450px; padding-bottom: 20px; background-color: #fff; border: none; border-top: 4px solid #111; border-bottom: 1px solid #111; margin: 25px 0 20px 0;} .adscat p {margin: 0px 0 15px;}}} .quotebreed a {color: #111; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;} .quotetext {margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 10px; float: right; background: #F0F0F0; width: 330px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Cambria, georgia; font-size: 22px; font-style: italic; padding: 20px} .entry-content .quotetext a {color: #111; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;} @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {.quotetext {float: none!important; margin: 0 0 20px!important; }} a.url.fn {color: #111; font-weight: bold;} @media (max-width: 1450px) {.code-block-9 {display: none;}} .entry-content .eerstep {font-family: georgia; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 100;} @media (max-width: 550px) { .entry-content .eerstep {font-size: 18px; margin-top: -10px;} } .single .entry-content .eerstep a {color: inherit; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;} .single .entry-content .voorpubintro a {border-bottom: none; color: #333; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;} .single .entry-content a {color: inherit; border-bottom: 1px solid #111;} .single .entry-content a.bron {color: inherit; border-bottom: 1px solid #999} .single .entry-content a.auteur {color: inherit; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;} /* FANCYBOX CODE */ #fancybox-outer {background: #111!important;} #fancybox-title-inside {color:#999; font-size: 13px; padding-top: 10px;} #fancybox-overlay {background-color: #000!important; opacity: 0.9!important;} /* FANCYBOX EIND */ @media (max-width: 550px) { .single-bottom-posts-section {display: none;} .content-main {padding-bottom: 0px;} } .dock-posts img.attachment-thumbnail.size-thumbnail {height: 90px; width: 90px; min-width: 90px!important;} .author.vcard {padding-right: 5px;} span.indent {padding-left: 30px;} .home .zoekblok {display: none;} .single .zoekblok {display: none;} /* CSS Home */ .blog-container .column-3 h2 {margin-bottom: 20px;} .blog-group-2 .post-item-excerpt {font-size: 16px;} .blog-group-1 .post-item-excerpt {font-size: 16px;} /* Tagcloud home */ .hometag .tagcloud a {padding-right: 5px;} .hometag .tagcloud {background: #111; padding: 22px; text-align: center;} .hometag a {color: #fff;} .hometag h3 {font-size: 17px; border-bottom: none;} .home #footer-instagram {display: none;} #footer-instagram {background: #fff; max-width: 1140px; margin: 0px auto 0 auto; padding-top: 2px; padding-bottom: 50px;} @media only screen and (max-width: 1170px) {#footer-instagram {padding-left: 25px;}} #footer-newsletter {background: #111; padding-bottom: 1px} /* Featured image over volle breedte */ .content-area .thumbnail-wrapper .size-full {width: 100%;} /* Featured image over volle breedte EIND */ .user-item-description p {margin-bottom: 10px;} /* Mobiel categorie boven weg */ @media (max-width: 549px) {.post-item-header .entry-categories {display: none;}} /* Categorie onder eind */ @media (max-width: 549px) {.zoekbottom {display: none;}} .post-707 .zoekbottom {display: none;} .zoekbottom input#s {display: block; float: left; width: 85%; font-size: 22px; color: #111;} ins { min-width: 300px; min-height: 50px; } .single-body b a,strong a {color: #111; border-bottom: 1px solid #dd5525;} .footer-col .donatie a {color: #222;} hr.cat {border-top: 1px solid #eaeaea;} .home .nietophome {display: none;} .home .wi-section.has-background {padding-top: 0px;} .buttononder {text-align: center; background: #111; ; padding-top: 50px;} .buttononder a {color: #222!important; background: #fff; padding: 15px 25px} h3.search-nav-heading {display: none;} .modal-search-container .menu {display: none;} .Footerlinks ul li {list-style-type: none; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; padding: 8px 0 13px 0} .Footerlinks a {color: #111;} .dropcap {color: #000; float: left; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: normal; font-size: 85px; line-height: 20px; padding-top: 33px; padding-right: 16px;} @media only screen and (max-width: 560px) {.dropcap {font-size: 55px!important;}} .single-component+.single-component {margin-top: 25px;} .fox-share {margin: -20px 0 10px 0;} /* TIJDSVERMELDING BOVEN ARTIKELEN */ .single-post .entry-date time.updated:before {content: 'Laatste update: ';} .single-post .entry-date time.updated {display: inline; clip: auto; height: auto; overflow: visible; position: relative!important; width: auto;} .single-post .category-nieuws .entry-date time.updated {display: none;} .single-post .category-museumnieuws .entry-date time.updated {display: none;} .single-post .category-blogs-opinie .entry-date time.updated {display: none;} .single-post .entry-date time.published:before {content: 'Online: ';} .single-post .entry-date time.published {display: none;} .single-post .category-nieuws .entry-date time.published {display: inline;} .single-post .category-museumnieuws .entry-date time.published {display: inline;} .single-post .category-blogs-opinie .entry-date time.published {display: inline;} /* TIJDSVERMELDING EINDE */ /* RHONDA CSS BEGIN*/ .catlink a {float: left; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 7px;} .taallink a {color: #333!important; border-bottom: 1px dotted #999; line-height: 27px;} .quotebreed {margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; margin-left: 0px; background: #F0F0F0; font-family: Cambria, georgia; font-size: 22px; font-style: italic; padding: 20px} .quotebreed .quotebron {font-size: 14px;} .kader {max-width: 320px; float: right; font-size: 85%; font-family: arial; color: #333; background: #f7f7f7; display: block; padding:8px; box-shadow: -7px 7px 5px #999999; margin: 15px;} .nbcat {display: none;} .anchor {display: block; position: relative; top: -100px; visibility: hidden;} hr.duidelijk {height: 12px; border: 0; box-shadow: inset 0 12px 12px -12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);} .quotebron {font-size: 80%; font-family: arial;} .quotebron a {color: #111;} .onderwerpen {font-size: 85%;} .personenlijst {-moz-columns: 320px 3; -webkit-columns: 320px 3; columns: 320px 3; font-size: 92%; column-width: 272px;} .personenlijst a {color: #333!important; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; line-height: 24px;} .side-by-side { float: left; margin-right: 5px; max-width: 350px;} .landdrop {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} .landdrop select {margin-bottom: 30px; font-size: 22px; font-family: georgia; font-style: italic; color: #666; padding: 5px 10px 5px 10px;} .nolink a {color: #111!important; text-decoration: none!important; border-bottom: none!important;} .ul2rij ul {list-style-type: none; columns: 2; -webkit-columns: 2; -moz-columns: 2;} .ul2rij ul li {float: left; width: 100%; list-style-type: none;} .kaderindex {background-color: #F0F0F0; padding: 15px;} .kaderindex a {color: #111; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; line-height: 27px;} .kaderindex a:hover {background: #111; color: #fff!important; border-bottom: none!important;} .kaderindex em a {color: #666; background: #fff;} .kaderindex em a:hover {background: #F5F5F5; color: #666!important; border-bottom: none!important;} .tweecol {-moz-column-width: 320px; -webkit-column-width: 320px; column-width: 320px;} .scholieren {border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 20px; margin-bottom: 50px;} .landen .vlag img {border: 2px solid #333; height: 120px!important; width: 203px; filter: grayscale(50%);} .landen .vlag .wp-caption-text {font-size: 16px; border-bottom: none; float: left; margin: 0 0 30px 0;} .vlag:nth-child(3n+1) {clear: left;} .vlag {float: left; margin: 5px;} .snelnaar ul li {border-bottom: none;} .snelnaar ul li a {border: 1px solid #999; display: grid; display: -ms-grid; padding-left: 30px; margin-bottom: -10px;} .snelnaar ul li a:hover {background: #F8F8F8; color: #111!important;} .snelnaar ul li.all a:hover {color: #fff!important;} .entry-content small a {color: #111; border-bottom: 1px solid #999; } .entry-content small a:link {color: #111; border-bottom: 1px solid #999; } .klaag {max-width: 95%; font-family: Georgia; font-style: italic; background: #f7f7f7; padding: 30px 10px 10px 40px; box-shadow: 10px 15px #DCDCDC; margin-bottom: 50px;} .alfabet {font-size: 25px;} .alfabet a {font-family: Georgia; font-style: italic; color: #666!important;} .separt {width: 90px; border-bottom: 1px solid; text-align: center!important; margin: 50px auto;} .fotocat {background: #111; margin-bottom: 20px;} .fotocat a {color: #fff; padding: 10px; font-size: 16px} @media (min-width: 549px) {.onlyphone {display: none!important;}} @media (max-width: 550px) {.hiddenphone {display: none!important;}} @media (min-width: 549px) {.onlyphone {display: none;}} @media (max-width: 767px) {.hiddentablet {display: none!important;}} .snellinks ul {margin-left: -25px;} .snellinks ul li {display:inline; color: #333;} .snellinks ul li a {color: #333; margin-right: 15px; border-bottom: 1px solid #666; line-height: 30px;} .snelnaar {width: 100%;} .snelnaar ul {padding-left: 0;} .snelnaar ul li {border-bottom: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 20px;} .snelnaar ul li a {border: 1px solid #999; color: #111; font-size: 17px;} .snelnaar ul li a:hover {background: #F8F8F8; color: #111!important;} .snelnaar ul li.all a:hover {color: #fff!important;} /* RHONDA EIND*/ /* FIX uitlijning afbeeldingen rechts tablet*/ @media only screen and (max-width: 1320px) { .allow-stretch-right:not(.content-all-stretch-bigger) figure.alignright {margin-right: 0px;} } blockquote {clear: none; line-height: 34px;} blockquote a {color: inherit;} @media (max-width: 350px) {blockquote {line-height: 28px;}} .voorpub {font-size: 250%; text-align: center; padding-top: 28px;} .voorpubintro {font-size: 100%; font-family: georgia; font-style: italic; color: #333;} @media (max-width: 549px) { #backtotop {display: none;}} .heading-link--separated a {font-family: arial;} .kaderbreed {font-size: 93%; font-family: arial; color: #222; background: #F0F0F0; display: block; padding:8px; margin-bottom: 40px; line-height: 26px;} .kaderbreed a {color: #333; border-bottom: 1px dotted #333; } .kaderbreed blockquote {border-left: none!important; font-size: 110%!important; line-height: 30px} .kaderbreed blockquote:before {left: 0px!important;} .kaderbreed h3 {margin-top: 15px;} @media only screen and (min-width: 760px) { .entry-content .kaderbreed { padding: 30px 40px; } } .lichtkader {font-size: 90%; padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #ddd; margin-bottom: 20px;} .entry-content .lichtkader a {color: inherit; border-bottom: 1px solid #999!important;} .entry-content h4 {line-height: 120%;} /* BOOTSTRAP CSS BEGIN */ .collapse{display:none}.collapse.in{display:block}tr.collapse.in{display:table-row}tbody.collapse.in{display:table-row-group}.collapsing{position:relative;height:0;overflow:hidden;-webkit-transition-timing-function:ease;-o-transition-timing-function:ease;transition-timing-function:ease;-webkit-transition-duration:.35s;-o-transition-duration:.35s;transition-duration:.35s;-webkit-transition-property:height,visibility;-o-transition-property:height,visibility;transition-property:height,visibility} /* alerts*/ .alert{padding:15px;margin-bottom:20px;border:1px solid transparent;border-radius:4px}.alert h4{margin-top:0;color:inherit}.alert .alert-link{font-weight:700}.alert>p,.alert>ul{margin-bottom:0}.alert>p+p{margin-top:5px}.alert-dismissable,.alert-dismissible{padding-right:35px}.alert-dismissable .close,.alert-dismissible .close{position:relative;top:-2px;right:-21px;color:inherit}.alert-success{color:#3c763d;background-color:#dff0d8;border-color:#d6e9c6}.alert-success hr{border-top-color:#c9e2b3}.alert-success .alert-link{color:#2b542c}.alert-info{color:#31708f;background-color:#d9edf7;border-color:#bce8f1}.alert-info hr{border-top-color:#a6e1ec}.alert-info .alert-link{color:#245269}.alert-warning{color:#8a6d3b;background-color:#fcf8e3;border-color:#faebcc}.alert-warning hr{border-top-color:#f7e1b5}.alert-warning .alert-link{color:#66512c}.alert-danger{color:#a94442;background-color:#f2dede;border-color:#ebccd1}.alert-danger hr{border-top-color:#e4b9c0}.alert-danger .alert-link{color:#843534} /* BOOTSTRAP CSS END */ .widget select {font-family: arial; color: #666;} #search-6 {padding: 10px;} #categories-2 select {background: #fff;} #categories-2 {padding-left: 10px;} @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {#footer-instagram {display: none}} @media only screen and (max-width: 800px) {#copyright-2 {display: none;}} .page .notonpage {display: none} .disqbut {border: 1px solid #111;width: 100%; background: #edeff1; color: #111!important; text-transform: none; font-size: 16px; margin: 50px auto 90px; padding: 0px!important; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0px;} .cbox {background: #F0F0F0; padding: 7px 5px 7px 10px; margin-bottom: 15px;} /* POSTNAV niet tonen vanaf 700px*/ @media only screen and (max-width: 700px) {.fox-post-nav {display: none;}} /* Geen excerpt op home mobiel */ @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .home .wi-blog .post-item-excerpt {display: none;} } @media (min-width: 992px) {.auteurlijst ul {column-count: 3;}} @media (max-width: 991px) {.auteurlijst ul {column-count: 2;}} @media (max-width: 500px) {.auteurlijst ul {column-count: 1;}} .auteurlijst ul li {list-style-type: disc} .auteurlijst ul li a {color: #111; font-size: 17px;} .vastauteur {column-count: 2;} .vastauteur ul li {list-style-type: disc;} .vastauteur ul li a {color: #111; font-size: 18px;} /* Categorie onder begin */ .catonder {color: #fff; } .catonder a {color: #111 !important; font-size: 17px; padding: 5px 7px; display: inline-block; border: 1px solid #ccc; border-radius: 25px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: georgia; font-style: italic;} .catonder .tags a {margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 5px} .tagblok {margin-top: 30px} @media (min-width: 992px) {.tagblok {margin: 35px 0 0px 19px}} /* related begin */ .single56__related .single56__heading {border-top: 5px solid #111; text-align: left; font-family: 'roboto condensed', arial; margin-top: -15px} .single56__related h2.single56__heading span {font-family: 'roboto condensed', arial; color: #111!important; font-size: 27px; text-transform: none;} @media only screen and (max-width: 600px){h2.single56__heading span {font-size: 23px!important;} .single56__related h3 {margin-top: -3px!important; margin-left:10px!important; display: block;} .single56__related .excerpt56 {display: none} .single56__related .title56 {font-size: 17px;} .single56__related .blog56--grid article {columns: 2; max-width: 82%;} .single56__related .title56 a {font-size: 18px}} /* related eind */ #rpwe_widget-7 h3.widget-title {font-size: 27px!important; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 25px; border: none; background: inherit} .wolkonder h3.widget-title {font-size: 27px; font-weight: normal; margin: 30px 0 10px} @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {.footer56__logo {text-align: center}}</style><style>.ai-viewports {--ai: 1;} .ai-viewport-3 { display: none !important;} .ai-viewport-2 { display: none !important;} .ai-viewport-1 { display: inherit !important;} .ai-viewport-0 { display: none !important;} @media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 979px) { .ai-viewport-1 { display: none !important;} .ai-viewport-2 { display: inherit !important;} } @media (max-width: 767px) { .ai-viewport-1 { display: none !important;} .ai-viewport-3 { display: inherit !important;} }</style></head><body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-83600 single-format-standard style--tagcloud-1 style--blockquote-above style--blockquote--icon-1 the-fox" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/WebPage"> <script>function readCookie(name) { var nameEQ = encodeURIComponent(name) + "="; var ca = document.cookie.split(';'); for (var i = 0; i < ca.length; i++) { var c = ca[i]; while (c.charAt(0) === ' ') c = c.substring(1, c.length); if (c.indexOf(nameEQ) === 0) return decodeURIComponent(c.substring(nameEQ.length, c.length)); } return null; } let cookie_prefix = 'fox_1_' let user_darkmode = readCookie( cookie_prefix + 'user_darkmode' ); if ( 'dark' == user_darkmode ) { document.body.classList.add('darkmode'); } else if ( 'light' == user_darkmode ) { document.body.classList.remove('darkmode'); }</script> <div id="wi-all" class="fox-outer-wrapper fox-all wi-all"><div class="masthead header_desktop56"><div class="masthead__wrapper"><div id="topbar56" class="topbar56 header56__section disable--sticky"></div><div id="header56" class="main_header56 header56__section disable--sticky"><div class="container main_header56__container header56__section__container stretch--content textskin--light"><div class="row"><div class="col main_header56__part header56__part header56__part--left col-2-3"><div class="header56__element header56__hamburger"> <span class="hamburger hamburger--type-icon"><i class="ic56-menu1 icon-menu"></i><i class="ic56-x icon-close"></i></span></div><div class="header56__element header56__logo"><div class="fox-logo-container logo56"><div class="wi-logo-main fox-logo logo-type-image"> <a href="https://historiek.net" rel="home"> <img width="300" height="46" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2023/08/historiek-zwart-1.jpg" class="darkmode-img-logo" alt="Historiek, online geschiedenis" loading="eager" decoding="async" srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2023/08/historiek-zwart-1.jpg 300w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2023/08/historiek-zwart-1-60x9.jpg 60w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /><img width="300" height="61" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2021/03/logo-historiek-smal-1.png" class="main-img-logo" alt="" loading="eager" decoding="async" /> </a></div></div></div></div><div class="col main_header56__part header56__part header56__part--center col-0-1"></div><div class="col main_header56__part header56__part header56__part--right col-1-3"><div class="header56__element header56__darkmode"><div class="lamp56 lamp56--icon_text"><div class="lamp56__part hastip lamp56__dark" role="tooltip" aria-label="Swich to light" data-microtip-position="bottom"> <i class="ic56-moon"></i> <span>donker</span></div><div class="lamp56__part hastip lamp56__light"role="tooltip" aria-label="Swich to dark" data-microtip-position="bottom"> <i class="ic56-sun"></i> <span>licht</span></div></div></div><div class="header56__element header56__search"><div class="header56__search__inner"> <span class="search-btn-toggle search-btn"> <i class="ic56-search"></i> </span><div class="search-wrapper-toggle"><div class="searchform"><form role="search" method="get" action="https://historiek.net/" itemprop="potentialAction" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SearchAction" class="form"> <input type="text" name="s" class="s search-field" value="" placeholder="Doorzoek ons archief..." /> <button class="submit" role="button" title="Go"> <i class="ic56-search"></i> </button></form></div></div></div></div><div class="header56__element header56__button1"><div class="button56 button56--inline"> <a target="_self" href="https://historiek.net/nieuwsbrief/" class="btn56 headbutton header56__btn header56__btn__1 btn56--black btn56--normal"><span class="btn-main-text">Gratis</span><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="header_bottom56" class="header_bottom56 header56__section disable--sticky"><div class="container header_bottom56__container header56__section__container stretch--content textskin--light"><div class="row"><div class="col header_bottom56__part header56__part header56__part--left col-4-5"><div class="header56__element header56__nav"><nav class="mainnav nav--dropdown-indicator-angle-down nav--dropdown-shadow-5 nav--active-none nav--dropdown-has-arrow nav--dropdown-has-sep" role="navigation" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><div class="menu"><ul id="menu-newspaper" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-56246" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-56246"><a href="https://historiek.net/historische-begrippen-onderwerpen/" title="Historische begrippenlijst en onderwerpen"><span>Onderwerpen</span><u class="mk"></u></a><ul class="sub-menu"><li id="menu-item-76054" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-76054"><a href="https://historiek.net/historische-begrippen-onderwerpen/" title="Historische begrippenlijst en onderwerpen"><span>Inhoudsopgave (XYZ)</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-155040" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-155040"><a href="#"><span>Populaire rubrieken</span><u class="mk"></u></a><ul class="sub-menu"><li id="menu-item-63319" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-63319"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/griekse-mythologie/" title="Griekse mythologie – Goden en verhalen"><span>Griekse mythologie</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-50325" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-50325"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/eerste-wereldoorlog/" title="Eerste Wereldoorlog, achtergrondverhalen"><span>Eerste Wereldoorlog</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-50334" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-50334"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/tweede-wereldoorlog/"><span>Tweede Wereldoorlog</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-155044" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-155044"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/oudheid/"><span>Oudheid</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-104479" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-104479"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/taalgeschiedenis/"><span>Taalgeschiedenis</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-63428" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-63428"><a href="https://historiek.net/vaderlandse-geschiedenis-nederland-tijdlijn/" title="Vaderlandse geschiedenis – tijdlijn"><span>Vaderlandse Geschiedenis</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-50324" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-50324"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/archeologie/" title="Archeologische ontdekkingen"><span>Archeologie</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-104480" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-104480"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/politieke-geschiedenis/"><span>Politiek</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-56739" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-56739"><a href="https://historiek.net/lijst-van-uitvindingen/" title="Lijst van uitvindingen"><span>Uitvindingen</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-77068" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-77068"><a href="https://historiek.net/landen-alfabetisch/" title="Artikelen over de geschiedenis van verschillende landen"><span>Landen</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-83828" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-83828"><a href="https://historiek.net/historische-begrippen-onderwerpen/"><span>Alle onderwerpen</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-162899" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-162899"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/populair/"><span><span class="menu-icon-icon"><i class="fa fa-fa-solid fa-bolt"></i></span>Populair</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-63037" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-63037"><a href="https://historiek.net/historische-personen-bios/" title="Alfabetische lijst met historische biografieën"><span>Bio’s</span><u class="mk"></u></a><ul class="sub-menu"><li id="menu-item-63036" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-63036"><a href="https://historiek.net/historische-personen-bios/" title="Alfabetische lijst met historische biografieën"><span>Alfabetische lijst</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-60859" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-60859"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/biografieen/woii-bios/" title="Kopstukken van de Tweede Wereldoorlog"><span>Tweede Wereldoorlog</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-57826" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-57826"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/biografieen/uitvinders/" title="Lijst van uitvinders"><span>Uitvinders</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-57822" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-57822"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/biografieen/ontdekkingsreizigers/" title="Lijst van ontdekkingsreizigers"><span>Ontdekkingsreizigers</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-83829" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-83829"><a href="https://historiek.net/historische-personen-bios/"><span>Alle biografieën</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-45892" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-45892"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/geschiedenisboeken/"><span>Boeken</span><u class="mk"></u></a><ul class="sub-menu"><li id="menu-item-144736" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-144736"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/geschiedenisboeken/"><span><i class="fas fa-bars"></i> Alle artikelen</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-75048" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-75048"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/geschiedenisboeken/voorpublicatie/" title="Interessante fragmenten uit nieuwe geschiedenisboeken"><span>Fragmenten</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-45893" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-45893"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/geschiedenisboeken/boekbespreking/" title="Besprekingen van geschiedenisboeken"><span>Boekbesprekingen</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-58662" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-58662"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/geschiedenisboeken/signalementen/" title="Recent verschenen geschiedenisboeken"><span>Signalementen</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-45895" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-45895"><a rel="noopener" href="https://geschiedenis-winkel.nl/?utm_source=Historiek&utm_medium=Menu&utm_campaign=Menu-Historiek"><span><i class="fas fa-book-open"></i> Boekenwebsite</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-149825" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-149825"><a href="https://historiek.net/uitgevers/"><span>Uitgeverijen en auteurs</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-109389" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-109389"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/nieuws/"><span>Nieuws</span><u class="mk"></u></a><ul class="sub-menu"><li id="menu-item-109391" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-109391"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/nieuws/"><span>Alles</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-109390" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-109390"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/nieuws/museumnieuws/"><span>Museumnieuws</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-155047" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-155047"><a href="https://historiek.net/over-ons/"><span>Website</span><u class="mk"></u></a><ul class="sub-menu"><li id="menu-item-155046" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-155046"><a href="https://historiek.net/over-ons/"><span>Over ons</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-155045" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-155045"><a href="https://historiek.net/colofon/"><span>Auteurs</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-155048" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155048"><a href="https://historiek.net/publiceren-op-historiek/32489/"><span>Meedoen</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-155203" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-155203"><a href="https://historiek.net/nieuwsbrief/"><span>Nieuwsbrief</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-140487" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-140487"><a href="https://historiek.net/donatie-historiek/"><span>Steun</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></nav></div></div><div class="col header_bottom56__part header56__part header56__part--center col-0-1"></div><div class="col header_bottom56__part header56__part header56__part--right col-1-5"><div class="header56__element header56__social"><div class="fox56-social-list"><ul><li class="social__item item--facebook ic-icon"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/historiek" target="_blank" role="tooltip" aria-label="Facebook" data-microtip-position="bottom"><i class="ic56-facebook"></i></a></li><li class="social__item item--x ic-icon"><a href="https://twitter.com/historiek" target="_blank" role="tooltip" aria-label="X" data-microtip-position="bottom"><i class="ic56-x-twitter"></i></a></li><li class="social__item item--instagram ic-icon"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/geschiedenisboeken/" target="_blank" role="tooltip" aria-label="Instagram" data-microtip-position="bottom"><i class="ic56-instagram"></i></a></li><li class="social__item item--rss ic-icon"><a href="https://historiek.net/historieknet-via-rss/" target="_blank" role="tooltip" aria-label="RSS" data-microtip-position="bottom"><i class="ic56-rss"></i></a></li><li class="social__item item--google ic-icon"><a href="https://news.google.com/publications/CAAiEAOHlGepeRSfYV6T0ggHmqQqFAgKIhADh5RnqXkUn2Fek9IIB5qk?hl=nl&gl=NL&ceid=NL%3Anl" target="_blank" role="tooltip" aria-label="Google" data-microtip-position="bottom"><i class="ic56-google"></i></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="header_mobile56" class="header_mobile56 header56__section header_mobile56--sticky"><div class="container header_mobile56__container header56__section__container"><div class="row"><div class="col header_mobile56__part header56__part header56__part--left col-2-3"><div class="header56__element header56__hamburger"> <span class="hamburger hamburger--type-icon"><i class="ic56-menu1 icon-menu"></i><i class="ic56-x icon-close"></i></span></div><div class="header56__element header56__logo"><div class="fox-logo-container logo56"><div class="wi-logo-main fox-logo logo-type-image"> <a href="https://historiek.net" rel="home"> <img width="300" height="46" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2023/08/historiek-zwart-1.jpg" class="darkmode-img-logo" alt="Historiek, online geschiedenis" loading="eager" decoding="async" srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2023/08/historiek-zwart-1.jpg 300w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2023/08/historiek-zwart-1-60x9.jpg 60w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /><img width="300" height="61" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2021/03/logo-historiek-smal-1.png" class="main-img-logo" alt="" loading="eager" decoding="async" /> </a></div></div></div></div><div class="col header_mobile56__part header56__part header56__part--center col-0-1"></div><div class="col header_mobile56__part header56__part header56__part--right col-1-3"><div class="header56__element header56__darkmode"><div class="lamp56 lamp56--icon_text"><div class="lamp56__part hastip lamp56__dark" role="tooltip" aria-label="Swich to light" data-microtip-position="bottom"> <i class="ic56-moon"></i> <span>donker</span></div><div class="lamp56__part hastip lamp56__light"role="tooltip" aria-label="Swich to dark" data-microtip-position="bottom"> <i class="ic56-sun"></i> <span>licht</span></div></div></div><div class="header56__element header56__button1"><div class="button56 button56--inline"> <a target="_self" href="https://historiek.net/nieuwsbrief/" class="btn56 headbutton header56__btn header56__btn__1 btn56--black btn56--normal"><span class="btn-main-text">Gratis</span><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="header_mobile56__height"></div><div id="wi-main" class="wi-main fox-main"><div class="single-placement"><article id="wi-content" class="single56 single56--1b hassidebar hassidebar--right single56--narrow single56--thumbnail-stretch-container single56--link-4 single56--small-heading-normal can-stretch-wide post-83600 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-amerikaanse-geschiedenis category-biografieen category-voorpublicatie category-geschiedenisboeken category-populair tag-richard-nixon" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="container container--main single56__outer"><div class="primary56"><div class="single56__header single56__block align-left"><div class="meta56 component56"><div class="meta56__item meta56__category"> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/amerikaanse-geschiedenis/" rel="tag">Amerikaanse geschiedenis</a><span class="sep">·</span><a href="https://historiek.net/c/biografieen/" rel="tag">Biografieën</a><span class="sep">·</span><a href="https://historiek.net/c/geschiedenisboeken/voorpublicatie/" rel="tag">Boekfragmenten</a><span class="sep">·</span><a href="https://historiek.net/c/geschiedenisboeken/" rel="tag">Geschiedenisboeken</a><span class="sep">·</span><a href="https://historiek.net/c/populair/" rel="tag">Populair</a></div></div><h1 class="post-title single56__title component56">Richard Nixon, een gevaarlijke gek?</h1><div class="subtitle">Boek bij collegereeks Universiteit van Amsterdam</div><div class="post-subtitle single56__subtitle component56"></div><div class="meta56 component56"><div class="meta56__item meta56__author"> <a href="https://historiek.net/author/ruud-janssens/" itemprop="url" rel="author" class="meta56__author__avatar"><img alt='' src='https://historiek.net/wp-content/litespeed/avatar/d7c076ce7e3a5a4c8393b12e70266f45.jpg?ver=1739632748' srcset='https://historiek.net/wp-content/litespeed/avatar/cdd90752e2043461a42491009d214d31.jpg?ver=1739632748 2x' class='avatar avatar-80 photo avatar-default' height='80' width='80' decoding='async'/></a><span class="meta56__author__text"><span class="meta56__author__name"><a href="https://historiek.net/author/ruud-janssens/" itemprop="url" rel="author">Ruud Janssens</a></span></span></div><div class="entry-date meta-time machine-time time-long"><span class="published-label">Gepubliceerd op</span> <time class="updated" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2023-04-06T20:37:51+02:00">6 april 2023</time></div><div class="meta56__item meta56__reading-time"> 9 minuten leestijd</div><div class="meta56__item meta56__comment"> <a href="https://historiek.net/richard-nixon-watergate-president-trump/83600/#respond" class="comment-link" ><span class="fox56__css__icon__comment"><?xml version="1.0" ?><svg data-name="Livello 1" id="Livello_1" viewBox="0 0 128 128" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title/><path d="M113,0H15A15,15,0,0,0,0,15V79.57a15,15,0,0,0,15,15H38.28a1,1,0,0,1,1,1V121a7,7,0,0,0,11.95,4.95L82.31,94.87a1,1,0,0,1,.71-.29h30a15,15,0,0,0,15-15V15A15,15,0,0,0,113,0Zm9,79.57a9,9,0,0,1-9,9H83a7,7,0,0,0-4.95,2L47,121.7a1,1,0,0,1-1.71-.71V95.57a7,7,0,0,0-7-7H15a9,9,0,0,1-9-9V15a9,9,0,0,1,9-9h98a9,9,0,0,1,9,9Z"/></svg></span></a></div></div></div><div class="single56__thumbnail single56__block"><figure class="single_thumbnail56 thumbnail56--standard post-thumbnail"> <img width="1119" height="676" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/10/Richard-Nixon-Roemenie.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="Richard Nixon en Nicolae Ceaușescu tijdens een bezoek aan Roemenië in 1969 (Publiek Domein - US government)" loading="eager" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/10/Richard-Nixon-Roemenie.jpg 1119w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/10/Richard-Nixon-Roemenie-320x193.jpg 320w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/10/Richard-Nixon-Roemenie-768x464.jpg 768w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/10/Richard-Nixon-Roemenie-1024x619.jpg 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 1119px) 100vw, 1119px" /><figcaption> Richard Nixon en Nicolae Ceaușescu tijdens een bezoek aan Roemenië in 1969 (Publiek Domein - US government)</figcaption></figure></div><div class="single56__body single56__block"><div class="entry-content single56__content single56__post_content single56__body_area"><div class="voorpubintro">Gijsbert de Reuver en Stephan Sanders organiseerden bij de Universiteit van <a href="https://historiek.net/c/amsterdam/" title="Amsterdam" class="intlink">Amsterdam</a> in 2018 een collegereeks over controversiële historische figuren uit de twintigste eeuw. Iedere college-avond portretteerde een gastdocent op eigen wijze zijn of haar zogenaamde ‘favoriete gek’. Aan bod kwamen historische figuren als Mao, Said Qutb, Ulrike Meinhof, Poetin, Nixon, Ayn Rand, Sepp Blatter en Milosevic. De collegereeks heeft nu een vervolg gekregen in het boek <a href="https://geschiedenis-winkel.nl/p/gevaarlijke-gekken/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Gevaarlijke gekken?</a> (Amsterdam University Press). Op Historiek publiceren we een deel van de bijdrage van hoogleraar Amerikanistiek Ruud Janssens over Richard Nixon.</div><hr class="duidelijk"><h2 class="voorpub">Richard Nixon – Hoe een achterdochtige politicus naar erkenning streefde</h2><p class="eerstep">Sinds het aantreden van Donald J. Trump als president van de <a href="https://historiek.net/c/amerikaanse-geschiedenis/" title="Verenigde Staten" class="intlink">Verenigde Staten</a> is de belangstelling naar een van zijn voorgangers, Richard M. Nixon, toegenomen. Journalisten wijzen op indirecte banden tussen Trump en Nixon. Zo voerde Roger Stone campagne voor Nixon en was hij lange tijd campagneadviseur van Trump. Stone staat bekend om zijn rechtse ideeën en zijn harde, nietsontziende manier van <a href="https://historiek.net/c/politieke-geschiedenis/" title="politiek" class="intlink">politiek</a> bedrijven.</p><p><figure id="attachment_17666" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-17666" style="width: 264px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2012/08/nixon-watergate-aftereden.jpg" data-rel="lightbox-gallery-Uq1kV5w9" data-rl_title="" data-rl_caption="Nixon treedt af naar aanleiding van het Watergate-schandaal" title=""><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2012/08/nixon-watergate-aftereden-264x300.jpg" alt="Nixon treedt af naar aanleiding van het Watergate-schandaal" width="264" height="300" class="size-medium wp-image-17666" srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2012/08/nixon-watergate-aftereden-264x300.jpg 264w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2012/08/nixon-watergate-aftereden.jpg 560w" sizes="(max-width: 264px) 100vw, 264px" /></noscript><img decoding="async" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20264%20300%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2012/08/nixon-watergate-aftereden-264x300.jpg" alt="Nixon treedt af naar aanleiding van het Watergate-schandaal" width="264" height="300" class="lazyload size-medium wp-image-17666" data-srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2012/08/nixon-watergate-aftereden-264x300.jpg 264w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2012/08/nixon-watergate-aftereden.jpg 560w" data-sizes="(max-width: 264px) 100vw, 264px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-17666" class="wp-caption-text">Nixon treedt af naar aanleiding van het <a href="https://historiek.net/watergateschandaal-aftreden-president-nixon/166623/" title="Watergate" class="intlink">Watergate</a>-schandaal</figcaption></figure>Aan het begin van zijn presidentschap heeft Trump een aantal keren met Henry Kissinger gesproken over internationale betrekkingen. Kissinger was de nationale veiligheidsadviseur en later minister van Buitenlandse Zaken van Richard Nixon. Tenslotte is Trump trots op een brief die hij van Nixon ontving in 1987. In die brief stelde Nixon dat als Trump ooit aan verkiezingen zou deelnemen hij, volgens mevrouw Nixon, zou winnen. (Aangezien Trump op gespannen voet leeft met de waarheid (denk bij voorbeeld aan de vervalste voorpagina van <em>Time</em> met Trump die in golfclubs van Trump hangt) moet ik erbij vermelden dat ik niet zeker weet of de brief echt is.)</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-3 ai-insert-4-31852119' style='margin: 8px auto 25px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both; max-width: 100%; height: 310px;' data-insertion-position='prepend' data-selector='.ai-insert-4-31852119' data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='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' data-block='4'></div><p>Overeenkomsten, echt of vermeend, tussen Trump en Nixon zijn ook een favoriet onderwerp in de media. Zowel Nixon als Trump zag inlichtingendiensten en de FBI als een bedreiging voor hun politieke carrière en presidentschap. Nixon zag zich gedwongen af te treden vanwege zijn pogingen om het onderzoek naar de inbraak in het hoofdkantoor van de Democratische Partij in het Watergate-hotel te blokkeren. Vooral linkse critici van Trump hopen dat ook hij moet aftreden, bij voorbeeld vanwege mogelijke samenwerking met de Russische regering in de verkiezingstijd of financiële verstrengelingen van Trumps bedrijf met buitenlandse regeringen (de Amerikaanse grondwet staat niet toe dat de president persoonlijk gewin haalt uit zijn publieke functie).</p><p>Dit soort historische vergelijkingen zijn regelmatig gemakzuchtig en zeggen meer over de wensen van de opiniemaker dan dat ze getuigen van historisch inzicht. Nixon en Trump mogen in sommige aspecten op elkaar lijken, op andere gebieden doen ze dat helemaal niet. Nixon wist bij voorbeeld een doorbraak in de internationale betrekkingen te forceren en de voorheen moeizame relaties van de Verenigde Staten met <a href="https://historiek.net/c/landen/china-geschiedenis/" title="China" class="intlink">China</a> en <a href="https://historiek.net/c/landen/rusland-geschiedenis/" title="Rusland" class="intlink">Rusland</a> tijdens de <a href="https://historiek.net/koude-oorlog-samenvatting-oorzaken-gevolgen/69140/" title="Koude Oorlog" class="intlink">Koude Oorlog</a> drastisch te verbeteren. Trump daarentegen is in staat om in vredestijd de relaties met de beste bondgenoten in <a href="https://historiek.net/c/europese-geschiedenis-europa/" title="Europa" class="intlink">Europa</a> en Oost-Azië zwaar onder druk te zetten.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-2 ai-insert-5-12835275' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;' data-insertion-position='prepend' data-selector='.ai-insert-5-12835275' data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='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' data-block='5'></div><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-2-15206426' style='margin-bottom: 18px; display: block; clear: both; max-width: 100%; height: auto!important; padding: 15px;' data-insertion-position='prepend' data-selector='.ai-insert-2-15206426' data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='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' data-block='2'></div><p>Een andere benadering van de relatie Nixon-Trump is die van historicus Rick Perlstein die in zijn boek <a href="https://partner.bol.com/click/click?p=2&t=url&s=656&f=TXL&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bol.com%2Fnl%2Ff%2Fnixonland%2F30052467%2F&name=Nixonland%2C%20Rick%20Perlstein" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Nixonland</a> stelt dat we in een wereld leven die door de politicus Nixon is gecreëerd. Nixon wist de achterban van de Democratische Partij minder relevant te maken door een wereldbeeld te creëren waarin de zwijgende meerderheid (‘silent majority’) zich achter de Republikeinse kandidaat schaarde in verzet tegen een politiek correcte, linkse elite en media. Nixon benadrukte dat ook hij een Amerikaan van eenvoudige afkomst was, die zijn carrière maakte door hard werken. Dat is een wereldbeeld waarin Trump zich herkent en waar hij gebruik van maakt (ook al is hij niet van eenvoudige afkomst en begon hij zijn loopbaan met geld van zijn vader).</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-3 ai-insert-4-47318653' style='margin: 8px auto 25px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both; max-width: 100%; height: 310px;' data-insertion-position='prepend' data-selector='.ai-insert-4-47318653' data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='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' data-block='4'></div><p>Deze discussie over Nixon en Trump leidt ook tot vragen over de tragiek van Nixon. Richard Nixon behaalde successen met buitenlands beleid, maar ging ten onder aan de Watergate-afffaire, zijn wantrouwen in de FBI en zijn niet te bedwingen verlangen om politieke tegenstanders vernietigend te verslaan, terwijl hij daarmee uiteindelijk zijn erkenning als politicus teniet deed. Hij ondermijnde het functioneren van de Amerikaanse <a href="https://historiek.net/democratie-betekenis-kenmerken/82679/" title="democratie" class="intlink">democratie</a> en het vertrouwen in de overheid. Moeten we Nixon vooral zien als een klassieke tragische held die ondanks zijn succes ten onder ging aan zijn persoonlijke tekortkomingen, of moet er meer nadruk liggen op de Amerikaanse politieke cultuur die de opkomst van een dergelijke achterdochtige, opportunistische man tot president mogelijk maakte?</p><figure id="attachment_59338" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-59338" style="width: 590px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2016/05/Nixon_Mao_1972-02-29.png" data-rel="lightbox-gallery-Uq1kV5w9" data-rl_title="" data-rl_caption="Nixon & Mao, tijdens een ontmoeting in 1972" title=""><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2016/05/Nixon_Mao_1972-02-29.png" alt="Nixon & Mao, tijdens een ontmoeting in 1972" width="590" height="457" class="size-full wp-image-59338" srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2016/05/Nixon_Mao_1972-02-29.png 590w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2016/05/Nixon_Mao_1972-02-29-320x248-1.jpg 320w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2016/05/Nixon_Mao_1972-02-29-200x155-1.jpg 200w" sizes="(max-width: 590px) 100vw, 590px" /></noscript><img decoding="async" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20590%20457%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2016/05/Nixon_Mao_1972-02-29.png" alt="Nixon & Mao, tijdens een ontmoeting in 1972" width="590" height="457" class="lazyload size-full wp-image-59338" data-srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2016/05/Nixon_Mao_1972-02-29.png 590w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2016/05/Nixon_Mao_1972-02-29-320x248-1.jpg 320w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2016/05/Nixon_Mao_1972-02-29-200x155-1.jpg 200w" data-sizes="(max-width: 590px) 100vw, 590px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-59338" class="wp-caption-text">Nixon & Mao, tijdens een ontmoeting in 1972</figcaption></figure><h3>Hoogte- en dieptepunten van Nixons presidentschap</h3><p>Nixon was president in een periode met veel conflicten in zowel binnen- als buitenland. Vooral de burgerrechtenbeweging, anti Vietnamdemonstraties en rellen in de grote steden zetten de toon in de binnenlandse politiek. De Verenigde Staten waren verwikkeld in de <a href="https://historiek.net/vietnamoorlog-oorzaken-samenvatting-gevolgen/76855/" title="Vietnamoorlog" class="intlink">Vietnamoorlog</a>, waarbij het duidelijk was voor president en bevolking dat Amerika dit conflict niet kon winnen. Nixon wist enkele grote diplomatieke successen te behalen, maar veroorzaakte met Watergate en zijn reactie daarop een grote politieke crisis. Deze hoogte- en dieptepunten in zijn politieke carrière versterkten het idee van de tragiek van Nixon.</p><p>Tot de hoogtepunten behoren de verbetering van de relaties van de Verenigde Staten met de Sovjet-Unie en China tijdens de Koude Oorlog, de daaropvolgende periode van ontspanning tussen de grootmachten (<a href="https://historiek.net/detente-ontspanningspolitiek-koude-oorlog/77795/">‘detente’</a>) en het beëindigen van de Amerikaanse deelname aan het conflict in Vietnam. Deze onderwerpen waren voor Nixon met elkaar verbonden. Zijn verkiezingsbelofte was dat hij de oorlog in Vietnam zou beëindigen. Nixon wilde de diplomatieke druk op Noord-Vietnam verhogen door de relaties te verbeteren met twee communistische grootmachten, de Sovjet-Unie en China, die Noord-Vietnam in het verleden hadden gesteund. Eerst opende Nixon de diplomatieke verhoudingen met communistisch China en bracht hij als eerste <a href="https://historiek.net/lijst-van-amerikaanse-presidenten/" title="Amerikaanse president" class="intlink">Amerikaanse president</a> een staatsbezoek aan het land, waar hij <a href="https://historiek.net/mao-zedong-china-communistisch-dictator/64840/" title="Mao Zedong" class="intlink">Mao Zedong</a> ontmoette. Op deze manier probeerde Nixon Moskou onder druk te zetten door de indruk te wekken dat de Verenigde Staten en de Volksrepubliek China zouden kunnen samenwerken en de Sovjet-Unie mogelijk uitsluiten. De Sovjets gingen inderdaad over tot onderhandelingen met de Amerikaanse regering en waren zelfs bereid om het eerste verdrag over een beperking van kernwapens te tekenen (<em>Strategic Arms Limitations Talks</em>, ook wel <a href="https://historiek.net/salt-akkoorden-koude-oorlog/75144/">SALT-verdrag</a>). Uiteindelijk was Noord-Vietnam bereid met de Verenigde Staten te onderhandelen over een vredesverdrag en trokken de Amerikanen hun troepen in 1973 terug uit Vietnam.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-3 ai-insert-4-48624199' style='margin: 8px auto 25px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both; max-width: 100%; height: 310px;' data-insertion-position='prepend' data-selector='.ai-insert-4-48624199' data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='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' data-block='4'></div><figure id="attachment_77796" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-77796" style="width: 923px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/04/Nixon-en-Brezhnev-cc-White-House-Photo-Office.jpeg" data-rel="lightbox-gallery-Uq1kV5w9" data-rl_title="" data-rl_caption="Détente - Ontspanning tijdens de Koude Oorlog, Nixon en Brezhnev (cc - White House Photo Office)" title=""><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/04/Nixon-en-Brezhnev-cc-White-House-Photo-Office.jpeg" alt="Détente - Ontspanning tijdens de Koude Oorlog, Nixon en Brezhnev (cc - White House Photo Office)" width="923" height="605" class="size-full wp-image-77796" srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/04/Nixon-en-Brezhnev-cc-White-House-Photo-Office.jpeg 923w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/04/Nixon-en-Brezhnev-cc-White-House-Photo-Office-320x210.jpeg 320w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/04/Nixon-en-Brezhnev-cc-White-House-Photo-Office-768x503.jpeg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 923px) 100vw, 923px" /></noscript><img decoding="async" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20923%20605%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/04/Nixon-en-Brezhnev-cc-White-House-Photo-Office.jpeg" alt="Détente - Ontspanning tijdens de Koude Oorlog, Nixon en Brezhnev (cc - White House Photo Office)" width="923" height="605" class="lazyload size-full wp-image-77796" data-srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/04/Nixon-en-Brezhnev-cc-White-House-Photo-Office.jpeg 923w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/04/Nixon-en-Brezhnev-cc-White-House-Photo-Office-320x210.jpeg 320w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/04/Nixon-en-Brezhnev-cc-White-House-Photo-Office-768x503.jpeg 768w" data-sizes="(max-width: 923px) 100vw, 923px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-77796" class="wp-caption-text"><a href="https://historiek.net/detente-ontspanningspolitiek-koude-oorlog/77795/" title="Détente" class="intlink">Détente</a> – Ontspanning tijdens de Koude Oorlog, Nixon en Brezhnev (cc – White House Photo Office)</figcaption></figure><p>Nixon behaalde deze successen in samenwerking met Henry Kissinger. Kissinger droeg verder bij tot het diplomatieke succes van de regering-Nixon. In 1973 ondernam hij een succesvolle diplomatieke missie in het <a href="https://historiek.net/c/midden-oosten/" title="Midden-Oosten" class="intlink">Midden-Oosten</a>. Na de <a href="https://historiek.net/jom-kippoeroorlog-1973-israel-egypte-syrie/80769/">Jom Kipoeroorlog</a> was Kissinger met zijn zogenaamde shuttlediplomatie in staat een staakt-het-vuren te sluiten tussen Israël, <a href="https://historiek.net/c/landen/egypte/" title="Egypte" class="intlink">Egypte</a> en Syrië, terwijl hij de invloed van de Sovjets in het Midden-Oosten wist te beperken.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-2 ai-insert-5-57519618' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;' data-insertion-position='prepend' data-selector='.ai-insert-5-57519618' data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='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' data-block='5'></div><p>Deze korte samenvatting doet geen recht aan de complicaties van de internationale betrekkingen toentertijd. Ook al waren beide landen communistisch, China en (Noord-) Vietnam hadden geen vriendschappelijke relaties (uiteindelijk viel China in 1979 het herenigde Vietnam binnen). De relaties tussen China en de Sovjet-Unie verliepen ook al niet soepel. In 1969, voordat Nixon begon met zijn onderhandelingen, hadden beide landen zeven maanden oorlog gevoerd in hun grensgebied. Daarvoor was <a href="https://historiek.net/lyndon-b-johnson-president-amerika-verenigde-staten/143357/" title="president Johnson" class="intlink">president Johnson</a> al begonnen met wapenonderhandelingen met de Sovjets, die vooral geïnteresseerd waren in het SALT-verdrag. Het is de vraag in hoeverre de Noord-Vietnamese regering geïntimideerd was door het Amerikaanse diplomatieke offensief. Om de Noord-Vietnamezen aan de onderhandelingstafel te krijgen voerde Nixon de bombardementen van Noord-Vietnam op en opende hij ook een front in Cambodja en Laos, om aanvoerlijnen van Noord- naar Zuid-Vietnam te verbreken. Deze laatste actie leidde tot instabiliteit in beide landen en in Cambodja uiteindelijk tot de zogenaamde <em>killing fields</em>, een <a href="https://historiek.net/rode-khmer-cambodja-pol-pot/15695/">massaslachting onder de burgerbevolking</a>.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-2-34584050' style='margin-bottom: 18px; display: block; clear: both; max-width: 100%; height: auto!important; padding: 15px;' data-insertion-position='prepend' data-selector='.ai-insert-2-34584050' data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='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' data-block='2'></div><p><figure id="attachment_83604" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-83604" style="width: 320px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/10/dd-26.jpg" data-rel="lightbox-gallery-Uq1kV5w9" data-rl_title="" data-rl_caption="Richard Nixon (U.S. National Archives and Records Administration - wiki)" title=""><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/10/dd-26-320x414.jpg" alt="Richard Nixon (U.S. National Archives and Records Administration - wiki)" width="320" height="414" class="size-medium wp-image-83604" srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/10/dd-26-320x414.jpg 320w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/10/dd-26.jpg 400w" sizes="(max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px" /></noscript><img decoding="async" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20320%20414%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/10/dd-26-320x414.jpg" alt="Richard Nixon (U.S. National Archives and Records Administration - wiki)" width="320" height="414" class="lazyload size-medium wp-image-83604" data-srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/10/dd-26-320x414.jpg 320w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/10/dd-26.jpg 400w" data-sizes="(max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-83604" class="wp-caption-text">Richard Nixon (U.S. National Archives and Records Administration – wiki)</figcaption></figure>Kortom, het diplomatieke succes van Nixon was in belangrijke mate een gevolg van de onderlinge spanningen tussen Noord-Vietnam, China en Rusland. Je zou kunnen stellen dat Nixon handig gebruik maakte van die tegenstellingen. De vraag is in welke mate Nixon zich bewust was van de tegenstellingen, want Nixon en Kissinger hebben het in hun memoires vooral over hun eigen rol. Tegelijkertijd had het beleid van Nixon vele doden in Vietnam, Laos, Cambodja en onder Amerikaanse soldaten tot gevolg. Nixon wist dat hij de Amerikaanse aanwezigheid in Vietnam wilde beëindigen, maar hij had moeite met het idee dat de Verenigde Staten een conflict niet met een overwinning zou afsluiten. Hij wilde daarom de Noord-Vietnamese regering tot concessies dwingen (zoals Nixon het verwoordde: <em>‘peace with honor’</em>). President Johnson was in 1967 al in een vergevorderd stadium met vredesonderhandelingen betreffende Vietnam, maar Nixon torpedeerde de gesprekken door de Zuid-Vietnamese regering betere voorwaarden te beloven als hij tot president zou worden gekozen. De stelling dat Richard Nixon de Vietnamoorlog langer heeft laten duren dan nodig, en met meer slachtoffers, is niet onredelijk.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-3 ai-insert-4-96128044' style='margin: 8px auto 25px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both; max-width: 100%; height: 310px;' data-insertion-position='prepend' data-selector='.ai-insert-4-96128044' data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nYWJsb2sgYWJsb2stNCBhYmxvay1tb2JpZWwtLWluLWRlLWNvbnRlbnQnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCBhdXRvIDI1cHggYXV0bzsgdGV4dC1hbGlnbjogY2VudGVyOyBkaXNwbGF5OiBibG9jazsgY2xlYXI6IGJvdGg7IG1heC13aWR0aDogMTAwJTsgaGVpZ2h0OiAzMTBweDsnPgo8ZGl2IGNsYXNzPSJhaS1sYXp5IiBkYXRhLWNvZGU9IlBITmpjbWx3ZENCaGMzbHVZeUJ6Y21NOUltaDBkSEJ6T2k4dmNHRm5aV0ZrTWk1bmIyOW5iR1Z6ZVc1a2FXTmhkR2x2Ymk1amIyMHZjR0ZuWldGa0wycHpMMkZrYzJKNVoyOXZaMnhsTG1weklqNDhMM05qY21sd2RENEtQQ0V0TFNCTmIySnBaV3dnTFNCSmJpQkRiMjUwWlc1MElDaHViMjR0WVcxd0tTQXRMVDRLUEdsdWN5QmpiR0Z6Y3owaVlXUnpZbmxuYjI5bmJHVWlDaUFnSUNBZ2MzUjViR1U5SW1ScGMzQnNZWGs2WW14dlkyc2lDaUFnSUNBZ1pHRjBZUzFoWkMxamJHbGxiblE5SW1OaExYQjFZaTB4TkRVeU5URXhOVE13TURJMk5ETXhJZ29nSUNBZ0lHUmhkR0V0WVdRdGMyeHZkRDBpTmpFMk9Ea3lPVEV5TUNJS0lDQWdJQ0JrWVhSaExXRmtMV1p2Y20xaGREMGlZWFYwYnlJS0lDQWdJQ0JrWVhSaExXWjFiR3d0ZDJsa2RHZ3RjbVZ6Y0c5dWMybDJaVDBpZEhKMVpTSStQQzlwYm5NK0NqeHpZM0pwY0hRK0NpQWdJQ0FnS0dGa2MySjVaMjl2WjJ4bElEMGdkMmx1Wkc5M0xtRmtjMko1WjI5dloyeGxJSHg4SUZ0ZEtTNXdkWE5vS0h0OUtUc0tQQzl6WTNKcGNIUSsiIGRhdGEtY2xhc3M9IllXSnNiMnM9Ij48L2Rpdj4KPC9kaXY+Cg==' data-block='4'></div><h3>Japan</h3><p>Ofschoon het leed in Zuidoost-Azië van een dergelijke omvang was dat andere argumenten daarbij in het niet vallen, wil ik toch ook de gevolgen van Nixons optreden voor <a href="https://historiek.net/c/landen/japan-geschiedenis/" title="Japan" class="intlink">Japan</a> noemen. Zeker sinds de <a href="https://historiek.net/c/landen/korea-geschiedenis/" title="Koreaanse" class="intlink">Koreaanse</a> Oorlog, meer dan twintig jaar eerder, hadden de Verenigde Staten en Japan samen tegen China en de Sovjet-Unie opgetrokken en nu werd dat beleid zonder overleg overboord gezet. In Japan sprak men van een <em>Nixon shock</em>. De Japanners stond nog een tweede schok te wachten toen Nixon, vanwege de hoge kosten van de Vietnamoorlog, de dollar loskoppelde van de <a href="https://historiek.net/70-jaar-geleden-nederland-gouden-standaard-los/64013/">goudstandaard</a>. Aangezien de internationale handel, waar Japan in hoge mate van afhankelijk was, vaak in dollars verliep, had dit een negatief effect op de Japanse economie. Waar Nixon in de Verenigde Staten zijn succesvolle rol als internationaal staatsman benadrukte, waren niet alle Aziaten daar zo van overtuigd.</p><h3>Binnenlandse politiek en Watergate</h3><p>In de binnenlandse politiek waren vooral de verkiezingssuccessen van Richard Nixon opmerkelijk. Zijn overwinning in de presidentsverkiezingen van 1968 was een sterke comeback, nadat hij de presidentsverkiezingen in 1960 van <a href="https://historiek.net/john-f-kennedy-president-biografie/78909/" title="John F. Kennedy" class="intlink">John F. Kennedy</a> had verloren en in 1962 tegen Pat Brown een nederlaag had geleden in de verkiezingen voor het gouverneurschap van Californië. In de presidentsverkiezingen van 1972 won Nixon in 49 van de 50 staten en 520 van de 538 kiesmannen. Dit overweldigende succes was minder indrukwekkend toen bleek dat zijn campagneteam had ingebroken in het hoofdkwartier van de Democratische Partij in Washington, DC, om afluisterapparatuur te installeren. Ofschoon Nixon niet zelf de opdracht had gegeven voor deze actie, leidden de verwikkelingen rond het onderzoek naar deze inbraak tot het einde van zijn presidentschap.</p><p><a href="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2017/05/J.-Edgar-Hoover-in-1961-cc.jpeg" data-rel="lightbox-gallery-Uq1kV5w9" data-rl_title="" data-rl_caption="" title=""><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2017/05/J.-Edgar-Hoover-in-1961-cc-320x407.jpeg" alt="J. Edgar Hoover in 1961 - cc" width="320" height="407" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-68945" srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2017/05/J.-Edgar-Hoover-in-1961-cc-320x407.jpeg 320w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2017/05/J.-Edgar-Hoover-in-1961-cc-236x300.jpeg 236w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2017/05/J.-Edgar-Hoover-in-1961-cc-600x762.jpeg 600w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2017/05/J.-Edgar-Hoover-in-1961-cc.jpeg 736w" sizes="(max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px" /></noscript><img decoding="async" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20320%20407%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2017/05/J.-Edgar-Hoover-in-1961-cc-320x407.jpeg" alt="J. Edgar Hoover in 1961 - cc" width="320" height="407" class="lazyload alignleft size-medium wp-image-68945" data-srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2017/05/J.-Edgar-Hoover-in-1961-cc-320x407.jpeg 320w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2017/05/J.-Edgar-Hoover-in-1961-cc-236x300.jpeg 236w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2017/05/J.-Edgar-Hoover-in-1961-cc-600x762.jpeg 600w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2017/05/J.-Edgar-Hoover-in-1961-cc.jpeg 736w" data-sizes="(max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px" /></a>Nixon was ervan overtuigd – zonder bewijs – dat de FBI ervoor gezorgd had dat hij de verkiezingen in 1960 verloren had. Hij zag zijn wantrouwen in de FBI bevestigd in 1970. De president wilde dat de inlichtingendiensten uitzochten welke buitenlandse mogendheden de Vietnamprotesten in de Verenigde Staten steunden. FBI-directeur <a href="https://historiek.net/j-edgar-hoover-directeur-fbi-criminalist/68941/">J. Edgar Hoover</a> blokkeerde de uitvoering van dit plan (naar later bleek had Hoovers FBI dit soort werk al jarenlang gedaan, blijkbaar zonder dat Nixon dit wist, maar Hoover wilde nu een expliciete opdracht van de president krijgen voor dit bespioneren van Amerikaanse burgers).</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-2 ai-insert-5-79888549' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;' data-insertion-position='prepend' data-selector='.ai-insert-5-79888549' data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='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' data-block='5'></div><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-3 ai-insert-4-53308652' style='margin: 8px auto 25px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both; max-width: 100%; height: 310px;' data-insertion-position='prepend' data-selector='.ai-insert-4-53308652' data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='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' data-block='4'></div><p>Naar aanleiding van het lekken van allerlei regeringsdocumenten (zoals de <a href="https://historiek.net/pentagon-amerika/3378/" title="Pentagon" class="intlink">Pentagon</a> Papers over de Vietnamoorlog) zette Nixon een eigen ‘beveiligingsorganisatie’ op, de zogenaamde <em>plumbers</em> (loodgieters), die de lekken moesten dichten. De plumbers bestonden uit voormalige medewerkers van de CIA en FBI. Zĳ deden onder andere onderzoek naar Daniel Ellsberg, die de Pentagon Papers naar buiten had gebracht. Zonder huiszoekingsbevel braken de plumbers in bĳ de psychiater van Ellsberg om te zien of ze belastend materiaal over hem konden vinden om hem in een kwaad daglicht te zetten.</p><h3>Wantrouwen</h3><p>De plumbers werkten voor de <em>Committee for the Reelection of the President</em> (ook wel afgekort als CREEP). CREEP was verantwoordelijk voor de inbraak in het Watergate-hotel. Richard Nixon veroorzaakte zijn politieke ondergang omdat hij het onderzoek naar het Watergate-schandaal probeerde te blokkeren. Hiermee droeg hij bij tot het wantrouwen van Amerikaanse burgers in de politiek. Zijn optreden benadrukte dat politici niet altijd betrouwbaar zijn (onderstreept door zijn uitspraak <em>‘I am not a crook’</em> tijdens het schandaal). Nixon versterkte dit negatieve sentiment, ook al was hij niet de enige die wantrouwen opwekte.</p><p>Zijn vicepresident, Spiro Agnew, had ontslag moeten nemen vanwege het aannemen van <a href="https://historiek.net/steekpenningen-aannemen-herkomst-en-betekenis/162181/" title="steekpenningen" class="intlink">steekpenningen</a>. Het vertrouwen in politici was al gering vanwege de Vietnamoorlog. Na meer dan tien jaar waren de meeste Amerikanen overtuigd dat deelname aan dit conflict enkel leidde tot veel slachtoffers, hoge kosten, wereldwijde protesten tegen het Amerikaanse beleid en veel onrust in de eigen samenleving. De verhoren van de Watergatecommissie van het Congres waren live op televisie te volgen en maakten de misstanden in politiek Washington duidelijk. Als uitvloeisel van de Watergate-commissie startte het Congres twee onderzoeken naar de rol van de inlichtingendiensten, hetgeen tot meer schokkende onthullingen leidde.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-3 ai-insert-4-61248791' style='margin: 8px auto 25px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both; max-width: 100%; height: 310px;' data-insertion-position='prepend' data-selector='.ai-insert-4-61248791' data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nYWJsb2sgYWJsb2stNCBhYmxvay1tb2JpZWwtLWluLWRlLWNvbnRlbnQnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCBhdXRvIDI1cHggYXV0bzsgdGV4dC1hbGlnbjogY2VudGVyOyBkaXNwbGF5OiBibG9jazsgY2xlYXI6IGJvdGg7IG1heC13aWR0aDogMTAwJTsgaGVpZ2h0OiAzMTBweDsnPgo8ZGl2IGNsYXNzPSJhaS1sYXp5IiBkYXRhLWNvZGU9IlBITmpjbWx3ZENCaGMzbHVZeUJ6Y21NOUltaDBkSEJ6T2k4dmNHRm5aV0ZrTWk1bmIyOW5iR1Z6ZVc1a2FXTmhkR2x2Ymk1amIyMHZjR0ZuWldGa0wycHpMMkZrYzJKNVoyOXZaMnhsTG1weklqNDhMM05qY21sd2RENEtQQ0V0TFNCTmIySnBaV3dnTFNCSmJpQkRiMjUwWlc1MElDaHViMjR0WVcxd0tTQXRMVDRLUEdsdWN5QmpiR0Z6Y3owaVlXUnpZbmxuYjI5bmJHVWlDaUFnSUNBZ2MzUjViR1U5SW1ScGMzQnNZWGs2WW14dlkyc2lDaUFnSUNBZ1pHRjBZUzFoWkMxamJHbGxiblE5SW1OaExYQjFZaTB4TkRVeU5URXhOVE13TURJMk5ETXhJZ29nSUNBZ0lHUmhkR0V0WVdRdGMyeHZkRDBpTmpFMk9Ea3lPVEV5TUNJS0lDQWdJQ0JrWVhSaExXRmtMV1p2Y20xaGREMGlZWFYwYnlJS0lDQWdJQ0JrWVhSaExXWjFiR3d0ZDJsa2RHZ3RjbVZ6Y0c5dWMybDJaVDBpZEhKMVpTSStQQzlwYm5NK0NqeHpZM0pwY0hRK0NpQWdJQ0FnS0dGa2MySjVaMjl2WjJ4bElEMGdkMmx1Wkc5M0xtRmtjMko1WjI5dloyeGxJSHg4SUZ0ZEtTNXdkWE5vS0h0OUtUc0tQQzl6WTNKcGNIUSsiIGRhdGEtY2xhc3M9IllXSnNiMnM9Ij48L2Rpdj4KPC9kaXY+Cg==' data-block='4'></div><p><figure id="attachment_83602" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-83602" style="width: 316px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/10/dd-25.jpg" data-rel="lightbox-gallery-Uq1kV5w9" data-rl_title="" data-rl_caption="" title=""><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/10/dd-25.jpg" alt="Gevaarlijke gekken? - Gijsbert de Reuver en Stephan Sanders, red." width="316" height="494" class="size-full wp-image-83602" /></noscript><img decoding="async" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20316%20494%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/10/dd-25.jpg" alt="Gevaarlijke gekken? - Gijsbert de Reuver en Stephan Sanders, red." width="316" height="494" class="lazyload size-full wp-image-83602" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-83602" class="wp-caption-text">Gevaarlijke gekken? – Gijsbert de Reuver en Stephan Sanders, red.</figcaption></figure>Al zeker vanaf de jaren 50 deed de FBI onrechtmatig onderzoek naar politieke tegenstanders in de Verenigde Staten. Eerst concentreerde de FBI zich op (vermeend) <a href="https://historiek.net/thema/communisme/" title="communisten" class="intlink">communisten</a>, later ook op burgerrechtenactivisten. Veel van de onderzochte burgers hadden niets illegaals gedaan en soms zette de FBI politieke opponenten onder druk om hun activiteiten te staken. De CIA had onder andere moordaanslagen op buitenlandse politieke leiders gepleegd of helpen laten plegen, zoals op Salvador Allende, de democratisch gekozen leider van Chili.</p><p>Kortom, de schandalen die door het onderzoek van de media en het Congres naar buiten kwamen droegen bij aan het wantrouwen van burgers in de politiek. Richard Nixon speelde een belangrijke rol in die ontwikkeling.</p><p>~ <a class="auteur" href="https://historiek.net/author/ruud-janssens/">Ruud Janssens</a></p><p><strong>Boek:</strong> <a href="https://geschiedenis-winkel.nl/p/gevaarlijke-gekken/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Gevaarlijke gekken? (Gijsbert de Reuver en Stephan Sanders, red.)</a></p><div class="uitgel"><strong>Verder lezen:</strong> <a href="https://historiek.net/duitse-familiegeschiedenis-van-donald-trump/66169/">De Duitse familiegeschiedenis van Donald Trump</a></div><div class="uitgel"><strong>Verder lezen:</strong> <a href="https://historiek.net/de-tragiek-van-richard-nixon/56950/">De tragiek van Richard Nixon</a></div><h3>Bekijk dit boek bij:</h3><p><a href="https://geschiedenis-winkel.nl/p/gevaarlijke-gekken/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2021/02/logogeschiedenisboeken180px.jpg" style="width: 180px; height: 44px; box-shadow: 6px 6px 3px #888888;" title="Bekijk dit boek bij Historiek Geschiedenisboeken" alt="Bekijk dit boek bij Historiek Geschiedenisboeken"></noscript><img class="lazyload" decoding="async" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20210%20140%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2021/02/logogeschiedenisboeken180px.jpg" style="width: 180px; height: 44px; box-shadow: 6px 6px 3px #888888;" title="Bekijk dit boek bij Historiek Geschiedenisboeken" alt="Bekijk dit boek bij Historiek Geschiedenisboeken"></a></p><div style="clear: both;"></div></div><div class="single56__after_content single56__body_area"><div class="authorboxes56 single56__part single56__authorbox"><div class="authorbox56 authorbox56--box authorbox56--full authorbox56--avatar-round has-tabs"><div class="authorbox56__inner"> <a href="https://historiek.net/author/ruud-janssens/" class="authorbox56__avatar"> <img alt='' src='https://historiek.net/wp-content/litespeed/avatar/6f25ae35b9be7362e0037b1eeebfdd2f.jpg?ver=1739632748' srcset='https://historiek.net/wp-content/litespeed/avatar/71d6ac66f4552b72b9e518bcb10d6096.jpg?ver=1739632748 2x' class='avatar avatar-300 photo avatar-default' height='300' width='300' decoding='async'/> </a><div class="authorbox56__text"><div class="authorbox56__tabs font-heading"> <a data-tab="author" class="active">Ruud Janssens</a> <a data-tab="latest">Laatste berichten</a></div><div class="authorbox56__content active" data-tab="author"></div><div class="authorbox56__content authorbox56__latest" data-tab="latest"><ol><li> <a href="https://historiek.net/richard-nixon-watergate-president-trump/83600/">Richard Nixon, een gevaarlijke gek?</a></li></ol> <a class="btn56 btn56--fill btn56--tiny viewall" href="https://historiek.net/author/ruud-janssens/" rel="author">Bekijk alles</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="single56__html single56__html2"><div class="tagblok" style="margin: -35px auto 50px; max-width: 800px;"><div class="catonder"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/amerikaanse-geschiedenis/" rel="category tag">Amerikaanse geschiedenis</a>, <a href="https://historiek.net/c/biografieen/" rel="category tag">Biografieën</a>, <a href="https://historiek.net/c/geschiedenisboeken/voorpublicatie/" rel="category tag">Boekfragmenten</a>, <a href="https://historiek.net/c/geschiedenisboeken/" rel="category tag">Geschiedenisboeken</a>, <a href="https://historiek.net/c/populair/" rel="category tag">Populair</a> <span class="tags"><a href="https://historiek.net/thema/richard-nixon/" rel="tag">Richard Nixon</a></span></div><p style="margin: 10px 0px -10px; text-align: center;"><a class="premium" href="https://historiek.net/donatie-historiek/" style="font-style: normal;font-size: 12px;font-family: arial;padding: 1px 4px;border: none;background-color: #ffcb3d; color: #111; ">Steun ons werk</a></p></div></div><div class="component56 component56--share share56__outer"><div class="share56 share56--full share56--custom"><ul><li class="li-facebook"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoriek.net%2Frichard-nixon-watergate-president-trump%2F83600%2F" data-share="facebook" aria-label="Facebook" role="tooltip" data-microtip-position="top"> <i class="ic56-facebook"></i> <span>Facebook</span> </a></li><li class="li-twitter"> <a href="https://x.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoriek.net%2Frichard-nixon-watergate-president-trump%2F83600%2F&text=Richard+Nixon%2C+een+gevaarlijke+gek%3F&via=historiek" data-share="twitter" aria-label="X" role="tooltip" data-microtip-position="top"> <i class="ic56-x-twitter"></i> <span>X</span> </a></li><li class="li-linkedin"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoriek.net%2Frichard-nixon-watergate-president-trump%2F83600%2F&title=Richard+Nixon%2C+een+gevaarlijke+gek%3F" data-share="linkedin" aria-label="Linkedin" role="tooltip" data-microtip-position="top"> <i class="ic56-linkedin"></i> <span>Linkedin</span> </a></li><li class="li-pinterest"> <a href="https://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoriek.net%2Frichard-nixon-watergate-president-trump%2F83600%2F&description=Richard+Nixon%2C+een+gevaarlijke+gek%3F" data-share="pinterest" aria-label="Pinterest" role="tooltip" data-microtip-position="top"> <i class="ic56-pinterest"></i> <span>Pinterest</span> </a></li><li class="li-whatsapp"> <a href="https://api.whatsapp.com/send?phone=&text=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoriek.net%2Frichard-nixon-watergate-president-trump%2F83600%2F" data-share="whatsapp" aria-label="Whatsapp" role="tooltip" data-microtip-position="top"> <i class="ic56-whatsapp"></i> <span>Whatsapp</span> </a></li><li class="li-email"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#38074b4d5a525d5b4c056a515b50594a5c1d0a0876514057561d0a7b1d0a085d5d561d0a085f5d4e59594a545152535d1d0a085f5d531d0b7e1e1b080b00035a575c4105504c4c484b1d0b791d0a7e1d0a7e50514b4c574a515d5316565d4c1d0a7e4a515b50594a5c155651405756154f594c5d4a5f594c5d15484a5d4b515c5d564c154c4a4d55481d0a7e000b0e08081d0a7e" data-share="email" aria-label="Email" role="tooltip" data-microtip-position="top"> <i class="ic56-envelope"></i> <span>Email</span> </a></li></ul></div></div><div class="single56__related"><h2 class="single56__heading"><span>Uit dezelfde rubriek</span></h2><div class="blog56-wrapper widget56 " ><div class="blog56 blog56--grid blog56--grid--3cols blog56--grid--tablet--3cols blog56--grid--mobile--1cols"><article class="post56 griditem56 post56--grid post56--normal align-left post-76323 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-amerikaanse-geschiedenis category-politieke-geschiedenis tag-racisme" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><figure class="thumbnail56 component56 hover--none"> <a href="https://historiek.net/jim-crow-wetten-segregatie-vs/76323/"> <span class="imageframe56" style="padding-bottom:70%;"><img width="320" height="212" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/03/dd-6-320x212.jpeg" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="Jim Crow-wetten - Wachtruimte voor zwarte Amerikanen op een perron" loading="eager" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/03/dd-6-320x212.jpeg 320w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/03/dd-6-768x509.jpeg 768w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/03/dd-6-1024x679.jpeg 1024w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/03/dd-6-600x398.jpeg 600w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/03/dd-6.jpeg 1108w" sizes="(max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px" /></span> </a></figure><div class="post56__text"><h3 class="title56 component56"> <a href="https://historiek.net/jim-crow-wetten-segregatie-vs/76323/"> Jim Crow-wetten – Segregatie en rassenscheiding in de Verenigde Staten </a></h3></div><div class="post56__sep__line"></div></article><article class="post56 griditem56 post56--grid post56--normal align-left post-131152 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-amerikaanse-geschiedenis category-cuba-geschiedenis category-koude-oorlog category-politieke-geschiedenis category-rusland-geschiedenis" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><figure class="thumbnail56 component56 hover--none"> <a href="https://historiek.net/cubacrisis-oorzaken-gevolgen-verloop/131152/"> <span class="imageframe56" style="padding-bottom:70%;"><noscript><img width="320" height="214" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2019/12/dd-2019.12.30-10-320x214.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="Cubacrisis - CIA-foto van een Russische raket op het Rode Plein in Moskou" loading="lazy" decoding="async" srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2019/12/dd-2019.12.30-10-320x214.jpg 320w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2019/12/dd-2019.12.30-10-768x514.jpg 768w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2019/12/dd-2019.12.30-10-1024x686.jpg 1024w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2019/12/dd-2019.12.30-10.jpg 1239w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px" /></noscript><img width="320" height="214" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20320%20214%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2019/12/dd-2019.12.30-10-320x214.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-medium size-medium" alt="Cubacrisis - CIA-foto van een Russische raket op het Rode Plein in Moskou" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2019/12/dd-2019.12.30-10-320x214.jpg 320w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2019/12/dd-2019.12.30-10-768x514.jpg 768w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2019/12/dd-2019.12.30-10-1024x686.jpg 1024w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2019/12/dd-2019.12.30-10.jpg 1239w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px" /></span> </a></figure><div class="post56__text"><h3 class="title56 component56"> <a href="https://historiek.net/cubacrisis-oorzaken-gevolgen-verloop/131152/"> Cubacrisis (1962) – Oorzaken, gevolgen en verloop </a></h3></div><div class="post56__sep__line"></div></article><article class="post56 griditem56 post56--grid post56--normal align-left post-157857 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-amerikaanse-geschiedenis category-geneeskunde" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><figure class="thumbnail56 component56 hover--none"> <a href="https://historiek.net/in-louisiana-kregen-lepralijders-levenslang/157857/"> <span class="imageframe56" style="padding-bottom:70%;"><noscript><img width="320" height="229" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2023/08/De-ziekenboeg-leprapatienten-carville-320x229.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="De ziekenboeg van de patiënten in Carville, gebouwd in 1933." loading="lazy" decoding="async" srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2023/08/De-ziekenboeg-leprapatienten-carville-320x229.jpg 320w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2023/08/De-ziekenboeg-leprapatienten-carville-1024x734.jpg 1024w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2023/08/De-ziekenboeg-leprapatienten-carville-768x550.jpg 768w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2023/08/De-ziekenboeg-leprapatienten-carville-60x43.jpg 60w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2023/08/De-ziekenboeg-leprapatienten-carville.jpg 1210w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px" /></noscript><img width="320" height="229" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20320%20229%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2023/08/De-ziekenboeg-leprapatienten-carville-320x229.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-medium size-medium" alt="De ziekenboeg van de patiënten in Carville, gebouwd in 1933." loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2023/08/De-ziekenboeg-leprapatienten-carville-320x229.jpg 320w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2023/08/De-ziekenboeg-leprapatienten-carville-1024x734.jpg 1024w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2023/08/De-ziekenboeg-leprapatienten-carville-768x550.jpg 768w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2023/08/De-ziekenboeg-leprapatienten-carville-60x43.jpg 60w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2023/08/De-ziekenboeg-leprapatienten-carville.jpg 1210w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px" /></span> </a></figure><div class="post56__text"><h3 class="title56 component56"> <a href="https://historiek.net/in-louisiana-kregen-lepralijders-levenslang/157857/"> In Louisiana kregen lepralijders levenslang </a></h3></div><div class="post56__sep__line"></div></article><div class="blog56__sep"><div class="blog56__sep__line line--1"></div><div class="blog56__sep__line line--2"></div><div class="blog56__sep__line line--3"></div><div class="blog56__sep__line line--4"></div><div class="blog56__sep__line line--5"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="single56__html single56__html1"><div class="reconder" style="margin: 30px auto 50px; max-width: 800px;"><h2><span>Recent gepubliceerd</span></h2><div id="latest-posts-32" class="widget-odd widget-first widget-1 widget widget_latest_posts amr_widget"><div class="blog56-wrapper widget56 " ><div class="blog56 blog56--list blog56--widget blog56--widget--small blog56--grid--1cols blog56--grid--tablet--1cols blog56--grid--mobile--1cols list56--mobile-list"><article class="post56 post56--widget valign-top post56--list--thumb-percent post56--list--thumb-left griditem56 post56--list post56--normal align-left post-171272 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-amerikaanse-geschiedenis category-denemarken category-koude-oorlog category-militaire-geschiedenis category-tip" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><figure class="thumbnail56 component56 hover--none"> <a href="https://historiek.net/project-iceworm-een-nucleaire-basis-op-groenland/171272/"> <noscript><img width="150" height="150" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/Project-Iceworm-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Luchtfoto van Camp Century op Groenland" loading="lazy" decoding="async" srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/Project-Iceworm-150x150.jpg 150w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/Project-Iceworm-480x480.jpg 480w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/Project-Iceworm-45x45.jpg 45w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></noscript><img width="150" height="150" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20150%20150%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/Project-Iceworm-150x150.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Luchtfoto van Camp Century op Groenland" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/Project-Iceworm-150x150.jpg 150w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/Project-Iceworm-480x480.jpg 480w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/Project-Iceworm-45x45.jpg 45w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /> </a></figure><div class="post56__text"><h3 class="title56 component56"> <a href="https://historiek.net/project-iceworm-een-nucleaire-basis-op-groenland/171272/"> Amerikanen bouwden geheime nucleaire basis onder het ijs op Groenland </a></h3></div><div class="post56__sep__line"></div></article><article class="post56 post56--widget valign-top post56--list--thumb-percent post56--list--thumb-left griditem56 post56--list post56--normal align-left post-171215 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-amerikaanse-geschiedenis category-tip" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><figure class="thumbnail56 component56 hover--none"> <a href="https://historiek.net/trump-geeft-hoogste-berg-noord-amerika-naam-president-mckinley-terug/171215/"> <noscript><img width="150" height="150" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/Denali-Mount-McKinley-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="De Denali, of Mount McKinley" loading="lazy" decoding="async" srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/Denali-Mount-McKinley-150x150.jpg 150w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/Denali-Mount-McKinley-480x480.jpg 480w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/Denali-Mount-McKinley-45x45.jpg 45w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></noscript><img width="150" height="150" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20150%20150%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/Denali-Mount-McKinley-150x150.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="De Denali, of Mount McKinley" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/Denali-Mount-McKinley-150x150.jpg 150w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/Denali-Mount-McKinley-480x480.jpg 480w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/Denali-Mount-McKinley-45x45.jpg 45w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /> </a></figure><div class="post56__text"><h3 class="title56 component56"> <a href="https://historiek.net/trump-geeft-hoogste-berg-noord-amerika-naam-president-mckinley-terug/171215/"> Trump geeft hoogste berg Noord-Amerika weer naam president McKinley </a></h3></div><div class="post56__sep__line"></div></article><article class="post56 post56--widget valign-top post56--list--thumb-percent post56--list--thumb-left griditem56 post56--list post56--normal align-left post-170765 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-amerikaanse-geschiedenis category-denemarken category-populair category-tip" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><figure class="thumbnail56 component56 hover--none"> <a href="https://historiek.net/verkoop-deens-west-indie/170765/"> <noscript><img width="150" height="150" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/Amerikaanse-Maagdeneilanden-Saint-John-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Saint John, één van de Amerikaanse Maagdeneilanden die vroeger onderdeel uitmaakten van Deens-West-Indië" loading="lazy" decoding="async" srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/Amerikaanse-Maagdeneilanden-Saint-John-150x150.jpg 150w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/Amerikaanse-Maagdeneilanden-Saint-John-480x480.jpg 480w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/Amerikaanse-Maagdeneilanden-Saint-John-45x45.jpg 45w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></noscript><img width="150" height="150" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20150%20150%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/Amerikaanse-Maagdeneilanden-Saint-John-150x150.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Saint John, één van de Amerikaanse Maagdeneilanden die vroeger onderdeel uitmaakten van Deens-West-Indië" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/Amerikaanse-Maagdeneilanden-Saint-John-150x150.jpg 150w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/Amerikaanse-Maagdeneilanden-Saint-John-480x480.jpg 480w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/Amerikaanse-Maagdeneilanden-Saint-John-45x45.jpg 45w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /> </a></figure><div class="post56__text"><h3 class="title56 component56"> <a href="https://historiek.net/verkoop-deens-west-indie/170765/"> Te koop: Deense kolonie </a></h3></div><div class="post56__sep__line"></div></article><article class="post56 post56--widget valign-top post56--list--thumb-percent post56--list--thumb-left griditem56 post56--list post56--normal align-left post-150204 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-amerikaanse-geschiedenis category-populair category-rusland-geschiedenis category-tip" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><figure class="thumbnail56 component56 hover--none"> <a href="https://historiek.net/amerikanen-kochten-alaska-in-1867-van-rusland/150204/"> <noscript><img width="150" height="150" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2022/07/Bankcheque-Nr9759-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Bankcheque №9759 van 1 augustus 1868 ter waarde van 7,2 miljoen dollar voor de aankoop van het Alaska-territorium, ‘te betalen aan (de Russische afgevaardigde) baron Édouard de Stoeckl’ (Bron: nationaal archief van de Verenigde Staten, publiek domein" loading="lazy" decoding="async" srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2022/07/Bankcheque-Nr9759-150x150.jpg 150w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2022/07/Bankcheque-Nr9759-45x45.jpg 45w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></noscript><img width="150" height="150" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20150%20150%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2022/07/Bankcheque-Nr9759-150x150.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Bankcheque №9759 van 1 augustus 1868 ter waarde van 7,2 miljoen dollar voor de aankoop van het Alaska-territorium, ‘te betalen aan (de Russische afgevaardigde) baron Édouard de Stoeckl’ (Bron: nationaal archief van de Verenigde Staten, publiek domein" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2022/07/Bankcheque-Nr9759-150x150.jpg 150w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2022/07/Bankcheque-Nr9759-45x45.jpg 45w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /> </a></figure><div class="post56__text"><h3 class="title56 component56"> <a href="https://historiek.net/amerikanen-kochten-alaska-in-1867-van-rusland/150204/"> Amerikanen kochten Alaska in 1867 van Rusland </a></h3></div><div class="post56__sep__line"></div></article><div class="blog56__sep"><div class="blog56__sep__line line--1"></div><div class="blog56__sep__line line--2"></div><div class="blog56__sep__line line--3"></div><div class="blog56__sep__line line--4"></div><div class="blog56__sep__line line--5"></div></div></div></div></div><h2 style="margin-top: 30px; border-top: 5px solid #111; padding-top: 20px;"><span><i class="fas fa-comments"></i> Reageer</span></h2><div class="wpdiscuz_top_clearing"></div><div id='comments' class='comments-area'><div id='respond' style='width: 0;height: 0;clear: both;margin: 0;padding: 0;'></div><div id="wpdcom" class="wpdiscuz_unauth wpd-default wpd-layout-2 wpd-comments-open"><div class="wc_social_plugin_wrapper"></div><div class="wpd-form-wrap"><div class="wpd-form-head"><div class="wpd-sbs-toggle"> <i class="far fa-envelope"></i> <span class="wpd-sbs-title">Abonneer</span> <i class="fas fa-caret-down"></i></div><div class="wpd-auth"><div class="wpd-login"></div></div></div><div class="wpdiscuz-subscribe-bar wpdiscuz-hidden"><form action="https://historiek.net/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=wpdAddSubscription" method="post" id="wpdiscuz-subscribe-form"><div class="wpdiscuz-subscribe-form-intro">Stuur mij een e-mail bij</div><div class="wpdiscuz-subscribe-form-option" style="width:40%;"> <select class="wpdiscuz_select" name="wpdiscuzSubscriptionType"><option value="post">nieuwe reacties op dit bericht</option><option value="all_comment" >antwoorden op mijn eigen reactie(s)</option> </select></div><div class="wpdiscuz-item wpdiscuz-subscribe-form-email"> <input class="email" type="email" name="wpdiscuzSubscriptionEmail" required="required" value="" placeholder="E-mail"/></div><div class="wpdiscuz-subscribe-form-button"> <input id="wpdiscuz_subscription_button" class="wpd-prim-button wpd_not_clicked" type="submit" value="›" name="wpdiscuz_subscription_button"/></div> <input type="hidden" id="wpdiscuz_subscribe_form_nonce" name="wpdiscuz_subscribe_form_nonce" value="975e8d6ace" /><input type="hidden" name="_wp_http_referer" value="/richard-nixon-watergate-president-trump/83600/" /></form></div><div class="wpd-form wpd-form-wrapper wpd-main-form-wrapper" id='wpd-main-form-wrapper-0_0'><form method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data" data-uploading="false" class="wpd_comm_form wpd_main_comm_form" ><div class="wpd-field-comment"><div class="wpdiscuz-item wc-field-textarea"><div class="wpdiscuz-textarea-wrap wpd-txt"><div class="wpd-avatar"> <img alt='guest' src='https://historiek.net/wp-content/litespeed/avatar/82d9b3e543aa6dc1b4dc55ef2eb7db73.jpg' srcset='https://historiek.net/wp-content/litespeed/avatar/1acac1db9882218557534e47ef6febb6.jpg 2x' class='avatar avatar-56 photo' height='56' width='56' decoding='async'/></div><div class="wpd-textarea-wrap"><div id="wpd-editor-char-counter-0_0" class="wpd-editor-char-counter"></div> <label style="display: none;" for="wc-textarea-0_0">Label</label><textarea id="wc-textarea-0_0" pattern=".{5,2000}" maxlength=2000 placeholder="Plaats een reactie" aria-label="Plaats een reactie" name="wc_comment" class="wc_comment wpd-field"></textarea></div><div class="wpd-editor-buttons-right"></div></div></div></div><div class="wpd-form-foot" style='display:none;'><div class="wpdiscuz-textarea-foot"><div class="wpdiscuz-button-actions"></div></div><div class="wpd-form-row"><div class="wpd-form-col-left"><div class="wpdiscuz-item wc_name-wrapper wpd-has-icon"><div class="wpd-field-icon"><i class="fas fa-user"></i></div> <input id="wc_name-0_0" value="" required='required' aria-required='true' class="wc_name wpd-field" type="text" name="wc_name" placeholder="Naam*" maxlength="50" pattern='.{3,50}' title=""> <label for="wc_name-0_0" class="wpdlb">Naam*</label></div></div><div class="wpd-form-col-right"><div class="wpdiscuz-item wc_email-wrapper wpd-has-icon"><div class="wpd-field-icon"><i class="fas fa-at"></i></div> <input id="wc_email-0_0" value="" class="wc_email wpd-field" type="email" name="wc_email" placeholder="E-mail (optioneel)"/> <label for="wc_email-0_0" class="wpdlb">E-mail (optioneel)</label></div><div class="wc-field-submit"> <label class="wpd_label" wpd-tooltip="Hou me op de hoogte van nieuwe reacties op deze reactie"> <input id="wc_notification_new_comment-0_0" class="wc_notification_new_comment-0_0 wpd_label__checkbox" value="comment" type="checkbox" name="wpdiscuz_notification_type" checked='checked'/> <span class="wpd_label__text"> <span class="wpd_label__check"> <i class="fas fa-bell wpdicon wpdicon-on"></i> <i class="fas fa-bell-slash wpdicon wpdicon-off"></i> </span> </span> </label> <input id="wpd-field-submit-0_0" class="wc_comm_submit wpd_not_clicked wpd-prim-button" type="submit" name="submit" value="Plaats reactie" aria-label="Plaats reactie"/></div><div style="margin-top: 5px"><small><i class="fas fa-exclamation-circle"></i> <a href="https://historiek.net/reactiebeleid-historiek/" target="_blank" class="linkkleur" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed #999">Redactiebeleid</a></small></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div></div> <input type="hidden" class="wpdiscuz_unique_id" value="0_0" name="wpdiscuz_unique_id"></form></div><div id="wpdiscuz_hidden_secondary_form" style="display: none;"><div class="wpd-form wpd-form-wrapper wpd-secondary-form-wrapper" id='wpd-secondary-form-wrapper-wpdiscuzuniqueid' style='display: none;'><div class="wpd-secondary-forms-social-content"></div><div class="clearfix"></div><form method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data" data-uploading="false" class="wpd_comm_form wpd-secondary-form-wrapper" ><div class="wpd-field-comment"><div class="wpdiscuz-item wc-field-textarea"><div class="wpdiscuz-textarea-wrap wpd-txt"><div class="wpd-avatar"> <img alt='guest' src='https://historiek.net/wp-content/litespeed/avatar/999a02cb038a6b5f9fa11c2d0249cda8.jpg' srcset='https://historiek.net/wp-content/litespeed/avatar/69e9b12f979f7e38497264e7fc8fd376.jpg 2x' class='avatar avatar-56 photo' height='56' width='56' decoding='async'/></div><div class="wpd-textarea-wrap"><div id="wpd-editor-char-counter-wpdiscuzuniqueid" class="wpd-editor-char-counter"></div> <label style="display: none;" for="wc-textarea-wpdiscuzuniqueid">Label</label><textarea id="wc-textarea-wpdiscuzuniqueid" pattern=".{5,2000}" maxlength=2000 placeholder="Plaats een reactie" aria-label="Plaats een reactie" name="wc_comment" class="wc_comment wpd-field"></textarea></div><div class="wpd-editor-buttons-right"></div></div></div></div><div class="wpd-form-foot" style='display:none;'><div class="wpdiscuz-textarea-foot"><div class="wpdiscuz-button-actions"></div></div><div class="wpd-form-row"><div class="wpd-form-col-left"><div class="wpdiscuz-item wc_name-wrapper wpd-has-icon"><div class="wpd-field-icon"><i class="fas fa-user"></i></div> <input id="wc_name-wpdiscuzuniqueid" value="" required='required' aria-required='true' class="wc_name wpd-field" type="text" name="wc_name" placeholder="Naam*" maxlength="50" pattern='.{3,50}' title=""> <label for="wc_name-wpdiscuzuniqueid" class="wpdlb">Naam*</label></div></div><div class="wpd-form-col-right"><div class="wpdiscuz-item wc_email-wrapper wpd-has-icon"><div class="wpd-field-icon"><i class="fas fa-at"></i></div> <input id="wc_email-wpdiscuzuniqueid" value="" class="wc_email wpd-field" type="email" name="wc_email" placeholder="E-mail (optioneel)"/> <label for="wc_email-wpdiscuzuniqueid" class="wpdlb">E-mail (optioneel)</label></div><div class="wc-field-submit"> <label class="wpd_label" wpd-tooltip="Hou me op de hoogte van nieuwe reacties op deze reactie"> <input id="wc_notification_new_comment-wpdiscuzuniqueid" class="wc_notification_new_comment-wpdiscuzuniqueid wpd_label__checkbox" value="comment" type="checkbox" name="wpdiscuz_notification_type" checked='checked'/> <span class="wpd_label__text"> <span class="wpd_label__check"> <i class="fas fa-bell wpdicon wpdicon-on"></i> <i class="fas fa-bell-slash wpdicon wpdicon-off"></i> </span> </span> </label> <input id="wpd-field-submit-wpdiscuzuniqueid" class="wc_comm_submit wpd_not_clicked wpd-prim-button" type="submit" name="submit" value="Plaats reactie" aria-label="Plaats reactie"/></div><div style="margin-top: 5px"><small><i class="fas fa-exclamation-circle"></i> <a href="https://historiek.net/reactiebeleid-historiek/" target="_blank" class="linkkleur" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed #999">Redactiebeleid</a></small></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div></div> <input type="hidden" class="wpdiscuz_unique_id" value="wpdiscuzuniqueid" name="wpdiscuz_unique_id"></form></div></div></div><div id="wpd-threads" class="wpd-thread-wrapper"><div class="wpd-thread-head"><div class="wpd-thread-info " data-comments-count="0"> <span class='wpdtc' title='0'>0</span> Reacties</div><div class="wpd-space"></div><div class="wpd-thread-filter"><div class="wpd-filter wpdf-reacted wpd_not_clicked wpdiscuz-hidden" wpd-tooltip="Reactie met meeste reacties"> <i class="fas fa-bolt"></i></div><div class="wpd-filter wpdf-hottest wpd_not_clicked wpdiscuz-hidden" wpd-tooltip="Populairste reactiethread"> <i class="fas fa-fire"></i></div><div class="wpd-filter wpdf-sorting wpdiscuz-hidden"> <span class="wpdiscuz-sort-button wpdiscuz-date-sort-asc wpdiscuz-sort-button-active" data-sorting="oldest">Oudste</span> <i class="fas fa-sort-down"></i><div class="wpdiscuz-sort-buttons"> <span class="wpdiscuz-sort-button wpdiscuz-date-sort-desc" data-sorting="newest">Nieuwste</span> <span class="wpdiscuz-sort-button wpdiscuz-vote-sort-up" data-sorting="by_vote">Meest gestemd</span></div></div></div></div><div class="wpd-comment-info-bar"><div class="wpd-current-view"><i class="fas fa-quote-left"></i> Inline feedbacks</div><div class="wpd-filter-view-all">Bekijk alle reacties</div></div><div class="wpd-thread-list"><div class="wpdiscuz-comment-pagination" style='display:none;'><div class="wpd-load-more-submit-wrap"> <button name="submit" data-lastparentid="0" class="wpd-load-more-submit wpd-loaded wpd-prim-button"> Laad meer reacties </button></div> <span id="wpdiscuzHasMoreComments" data-is_show_load_more="0"></span></div></div></div></div></div><div id="wpdiscuz-loading-bar" class="wpdiscuz-loading-bar-unauth"></div><div id="wpdiscuz-comment-message" class="wpdiscuz-comment-message-unauth"></div></div><div class='ablok ablok-10 ablok-historiek--onder-related-mobile' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;'><div class="ai-lazy" data-code="PGRpdiBzdHlsZT0ibWFyZ2luOiAyMHB4IGF1dG8gNTBweDsgbWF4LXdpZHRoOiA4MDBweDsgcGFkZGluZy10b3A6IDMwcHg7Ij48c2NyaXB0IGFzeW5jIHNyYz0iaHR0cHM6Ly9wYWdlYWQyLmdvb2dsZXN5bmRpY2F0aW9uLmNvbS9wYWdlYWQvanMvYWRzYnlnb29nbGUuanM/Y2xpZW50PWNhLXB1Yi0xNDUyNTExNTMwMDI2NDMxIgogICAgIGNyb3Nzb3JpZ2luPSJhbm9ueW1vdXMiPjwvc2NyaXB0Pgo8IS0tIEhpc3RvcmllayAoTW9iKSBvbmRlciByZWxhdGVkIC0tPgo8aW5zIGNsYXNzPSJhZHNieWdvb2dsZSIKICAgICBzdHlsZT0iZGlzcGxheTpibG9jayIKICAgICBkYXRhLWFkLWNsaWVudD0iY2EtcHViLTE0NTI1MTE1MzAwMjY0MzEiCiAgICAgZGF0YS1hZC1zbG90PSI0MTY4OTM2NjQyIgogICAgIGRhdGEtYWQtZm9ybWF0PSJhdXRvIgogICAgIGRhdGEtZnVsbC13aWR0aC1yZXNwb25zaXZlPSJ0cnVlIj48L2lucz4KPHNjcmlwdD4KICAgICAoYWRzYnlnb29nbGUgPSB3aW5kb3cuYWRzYnlnb29nbGUgfHwgW10pLnB1c2goe30pOwo8L3NjcmlwdD48L2Rpdj4=" data-class="YWJsb2s="></div></div></div><div class="single56__html single56__html3"><div class="nbonder" style="margin-bottom: 50px;"><h4>Gratis geschiedenismagazine</h4> Ontvang, net als ruim 55.000 anderen, iedere week de gratis nieuwsbrief van Historiek:<div class="tnp tnp-subscription-minimal "><form action="https://historiek.net/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=tnp&na=s" method="post" style="text-align: center"><input type="hidden" name="nr" value="minimal"> <input type="hidden" name="nlang" value=""> <input class="tnp-email" type="email" required name="ne" value="" placeholder="Typ uw e-mailadres:"><input class="tnp-submit" type="submit" value="Aanmelden" style=""></form></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="secondary56"><div id="latest-posts-37" class="widget-odd widget-first widget-1 hiddenphone boven widget widget_latest_posts"><h3 class="widget-title"><span>Ontdek</span></h3><div class="blog56-wrapper widget56 " ><div class="blog56 blog56--list blog56--widget blog56--widget--small blog56--grid--1cols blog56--grid--tablet--1cols blog56--grid--mobile--1cols list56--mobile-list"><article class="post56 post56--widget valign-top post56--list--thumb-percent post56--list--thumb-left griditem56 post56--list post56--normal align-left post-789 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-amerikaanse-staten-lijst" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><figure class="thumbnail56 component56 hover--none"> <a href="https://historiek.net/maryland/789/"> <noscript><img width="150" height="150" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2008/02/dd-2020.11.06-7-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Vlag van Maryland" loading="lazy" decoding="async" srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2008/02/dd-2020.11.06-7-150x150.jpg 150w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2008/02/dd-2020.11.06-7-45x45.jpg 45w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></noscript><img width="150" height="150" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20150%20150%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2008/02/dd-2020.11.06-7-150x150.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Vlag van Maryland" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2008/02/dd-2020.11.06-7-150x150.jpg 150w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2008/02/dd-2020.11.06-7-45x45.jpg 45w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /> </a></figure><div class="post56__text"><h3 class="title56 component56"> <a href="https://historiek.net/maryland/789/"> Maryland – Amerikaanse staat </a></h3></div><div class="post56__sep__line"></div></article><article class="post56 post56--widget valign-top post56--list--thumb-percent post56--list--thumb-left griditem56 post56--list post56--normal align-left post-146782 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-amerikaanse-geschiedenis category-amerikaanse-presidenten" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><figure class="thumbnail56 component56 hover--none"> <a href="https://historiek.net/andrew-johnson-president-van-de-verenigde-staten/146782/"> <noscript><img width="150" height="150" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2022/01/Andrew-Johnson-PresidentVerenigde-Staten-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Andrew Johnson, de zeventiende president van de Verenigde Staten (1865–1869)" loading="lazy" decoding="async" srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2022/01/Andrew-Johnson-PresidentVerenigde-Staten-150x150.jpg 150w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2022/01/Andrew-Johnson-PresidentVerenigde-Staten-480x480.jpg 480w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2022/01/Andrew-Johnson-PresidentVerenigde-Staten-45x45.jpg 45w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></noscript><img width="150" height="150" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20150%20150%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2022/01/Andrew-Johnson-PresidentVerenigde-Staten-150x150.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Andrew Johnson, de zeventiende president van de Verenigde Staten (1865–1869)" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2022/01/Andrew-Johnson-PresidentVerenigde-Staten-150x150.jpg 150w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2022/01/Andrew-Johnson-PresidentVerenigde-Staten-480x480.jpg 480w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2022/01/Andrew-Johnson-PresidentVerenigde-Staten-45x45.jpg 45w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /> </a></figure><div class="post56__text"><h3 class="title56 component56"> <a href="https://historiek.net/andrew-johnson-president-van-de-verenigde-staten/146782/"> Andrew Johnson – President van de Verenigde Staten </a></h3></div><div class="post56__sep__line"></div></article><article class="post56 post56--widget valign-top post56--list--thumb-percent post56--list--thumb-left griditem56 post56--list post56--normal align-left post-75144 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-amerikaanse-geschiedenis category-koude-oorlog category-politieke-geschiedenis category-rusland-geschiedenis" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><figure class="thumbnail56 component56 hover--none"> <a href="https://historiek.net/salt-akkoorden-koude-oorlog/75144/"> <noscript><img width="150" height="150" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/01/President-Leonid-Brezjnev-en-Jimmy-Carter-ondertekenen-SALT-II-op-18-juni-1979-in-Wenen.-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="President Leonid Brezjnev en Jimmy Carter ondertekenen SALT II op 18 juni 1979 in Wenen." loading="lazy" decoding="async" srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/01/President-Leonid-Brezjnev-en-Jimmy-Carter-ondertekenen-SALT-II-op-18-juni-1979-in-Wenen.-150x150.jpg 150w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/01/President-Leonid-Brezjnev-en-Jimmy-Carter-ondertekenen-SALT-II-op-18-juni-1979-in-Wenen.-32x32.jpg 32w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/01/President-Leonid-Brezjnev-en-Jimmy-Carter-ondertekenen-SALT-II-op-18-juni-1979-in-Wenen.-50x50.jpg 50w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/01/President-Leonid-Brezjnev-en-Jimmy-Carter-ondertekenen-SALT-II-op-18-juni-1979-in-Wenen.-64x64.jpg 64w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/01/President-Leonid-Brezjnev-en-Jimmy-Carter-ondertekenen-SALT-II-op-18-juni-1979-in-Wenen.-96x96.jpg 96w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/01/President-Leonid-Brezjnev-en-Jimmy-Carter-ondertekenen-SALT-II-op-18-juni-1979-in-Wenen.-128x128.jpg 128w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></noscript><img width="150" height="150" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20150%20150%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/01/President-Leonid-Brezjnev-en-Jimmy-Carter-ondertekenen-SALT-II-op-18-juni-1979-in-Wenen.-150x150.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="President Leonid Brezjnev en Jimmy Carter ondertekenen SALT II op 18 juni 1979 in Wenen." loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/01/President-Leonid-Brezjnev-en-Jimmy-Carter-ondertekenen-SALT-II-op-18-juni-1979-in-Wenen.-150x150.jpg 150w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/01/President-Leonid-Brezjnev-en-Jimmy-Carter-ondertekenen-SALT-II-op-18-juni-1979-in-Wenen.-32x32.jpg 32w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/01/President-Leonid-Brezjnev-en-Jimmy-Carter-ondertekenen-SALT-II-op-18-juni-1979-in-Wenen.-50x50.jpg 50w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/01/President-Leonid-Brezjnev-en-Jimmy-Carter-ondertekenen-SALT-II-op-18-juni-1979-in-Wenen.-64x64.jpg 64w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/01/President-Leonid-Brezjnev-en-Jimmy-Carter-ondertekenen-SALT-II-op-18-juni-1979-in-Wenen.-96x96.jpg 96w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/01/President-Leonid-Brezjnev-en-Jimmy-Carter-ondertekenen-SALT-II-op-18-juni-1979-in-Wenen.-128x128.jpg 128w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /> </a></figure><div class="post56__text"><h3 class="title56 component56"> <a href="https://historiek.net/salt-akkoorden-koude-oorlog/75144/"> SALT-akkoorden (1969-1979) </a></h3></div><div class="post56__sep__line"></div></article><article class="post56 post56--widget valign-top post56--list--thumb-percent post56--list--thumb-left griditem56 post56--list post56--normal align-left post-13251 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-amerikaanse-geschiedenis category-biografieen category-historische-vrouwen category-kunstgeschiedenis tag-doodle tag-google tag-kubisme" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><figure class="thumbnail56 component56 hover--none"> <a href="https://historiek.net/mary-blair-disney-kunstenares/13251/"> <noscript><img width="150" height="150" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2011/10/Mary-Blair-1911-1978-Amerikaanse-kunstenares-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Mary Blair (1911-1978) - Amerikaanse kunstenares" loading="lazy" decoding="async" srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2011/10/Mary-Blair-1911-1978-Amerikaanse-kunstenares-150x150.jpg 150w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2011/10/Mary-Blair-1911-1978-Amerikaanse-kunstenares-32x32.jpg 32w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2011/10/Mary-Blair-1911-1978-Amerikaanse-kunstenares-50x50.jpg 50w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2011/10/Mary-Blair-1911-1978-Amerikaanse-kunstenares-64x64.jpg 64w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2011/10/Mary-Blair-1911-1978-Amerikaanse-kunstenares-96x96.jpg 96w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2011/10/Mary-Blair-1911-1978-Amerikaanse-kunstenares-128x128.jpg 128w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2011/10/Mary-Blair-1911-1978-Amerikaanse-kunstenares-45x45.jpg 45w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></noscript><img width="150" height="150" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20150%20150%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2011/10/Mary-Blair-1911-1978-Amerikaanse-kunstenares-150x150.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Mary Blair (1911-1978) - Amerikaanse kunstenares" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2011/10/Mary-Blair-1911-1978-Amerikaanse-kunstenares-150x150.jpg 150w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2011/10/Mary-Blair-1911-1978-Amerikaanse-kunstenares-32x32.jpg 32w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2011/10/Mary-Blair-1911-1978-Amerikaanse-kunstenares-50x50.jpg 50w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2011/10/Mary-Blair-1911-1978-Amerikaanse-kunstenares-64x64.jpg 64w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2011/10/Mary-Blair-1911-1978-Amerikaanse-kunstenares-96x96.jpg 96w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2011/10/Mary-Blair-1911-1978-Amerikaanse-kunstenares-128x128.jpg 128w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2011/10/Mary-Blair-1911-1978-Amerikaanse-kunstenares-45x45.jpg 45w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /> </a></figure><div class="post56__text"><h3 class="title56 component56"> <a href="https://historiek.net/mary-blair-disney-kunstenares/13251/"> Mary Blair (1911-1978) – Amerikaanse kunstenares </a></h3></div><div class="post56__sep__line"></div></article><div class="blog56__sep"><div class="blog56__sep__line line--1"></div><div class="blog56__sep__line line--2"></div><div class="blog56__sep__line line--3"></div><div class="blog56__sep__line line--4"></div><div class="blog56__sep__line line--5"></div></div></div></div></div><div id="custom_html-69" class="widget_text widget-even widget-2 butrechts widget widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><ul class="homelijst" style="margin-top: 15px;"><li><a href="https://historiek.net/geschiedenis-onderwerpen-index/">Alle onderwerpen</a></li><li><a href="https://historiek.net/willekeurig-bericht">Lees een willekeurig artikel <i class="fas fa-dice"></i></a></li><li><a href="https://historiek.net/veel-gelezen/">25 laatste berichten</a></li></ul> <a href="https://historiek.net/donatie-historiek/" style="background: #DD5525; padding: 5px 5px 5px 15px; display: block; color: #ffff; font-size: 17px;"><i class="fas fa-heart"></i>  Steun ons werk</a></div></div><div id="ai_widget-26" class="widget-odd widget-3 widget block-widget"><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-13-84719913' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position='prepend' data-selector='.ai-insert-13-84719913' data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nYWJsb2sgYWJsb2stMTMgYWJsb2staGlzdG9yaWVrLS1kZXNrdG9wLXNpZGViYXItYm92ZW4nIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8c2NyaXB0IGFzeW5jIHNyYz0iaHR0cHM6Ly9wYWdlYWQyLmdvb2dsZXN5bmRpY2F0aW9uLmNvbS9wYWdlYWQvanMvYWRzYnlnb29nbGUuanM/Y2xpZW50PWNhLXB1Yi0xNDUyNTExNTMwMDI2NDMxIgogICAgIGNyb3Nzb3JpZ2luPSJhbm9ueW1vdXMiPjwvc2NyaXB0Pgo8IS0tIEhpc3RvcmllayAoRGVzaykgc2lkZWJhciBib3ZlbiAtLT4KPGlucyBjbGFzcz0iYWRzYnlnb29nbGUiCiAgICAgc3R5bGU9ImRpc3BsYXk6YmxvY2s7IgogICAgIGRhdGEtYWQtY2xpZW50PSJjYS1wdWItMTQ1MjUxMTUzMDAyNjQzMSIKICAgICBkYXRhLWFkLXNsb3Q9Ijg3OTU5ODYyMTEiCiAgICAgZGF0YS1hZC1mb3JtYXQ9ImF1dG8iCiAgICAgZGF0YS1mdWxsLXdpZHRoLXJlc3BvbnNpdmU9InRydWUiPjwvaW5zPgo8c2NyaXB0PgogICAgIChhZHNieWdvb2dsZSA9IHdpbmRvdy5hZHNieWdvb2dsZSB8fCBbXSkucHVzaCh7fSk7Cjwvc2NyaXB0PjwvZGl2Pgo=' data-block='13'></div></div><div id="custom_html-80" class="widget_text widget-even widget-4 hiddenphone catdesk widget widget_custom_html"><h3 class="widget-title"><span>Rubriek(en)</span></h3><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/amerikaanse-geschiedenis/" rel="category tag">Amerikaanse geschiedenis</a>, <a href="https://historiek.net/c/biografieen/" rel="category tag">Biografieën</a>, <a href="https://historiek.net/c/geschiedenisboeken/voorpublicatie/" rel="category tag">Boekfragmenten</a>, <a href="https://historiek.net/c/geschiedenisboeken/" rel="category tag">Geschiedenisboeken</a>, <a href="https://historiek.net/c/populair/" rel="category tag">Populair</a><span class="tagdesk"><a href="https://historiek.net/thema/richard-nixon/" rel="tag">Richard Nixon</a></span></div></div><div id="latest-posts-33" class="widget-odd widget-5 ooklijst onlyphone widget widget_latest_posts"><h3 class="widget-title"><span>Recent online</span></h3><div class="blog56-wrapper widget56 " ><div class="blog56 blog56--list blog56--widget blog56--widget--small blog56--grid--1cols blog56--grid--tablet--1cols blog56--grid--mobile--1cols list56--mobile-list"><article class="post56 post56--widget valign-top post56--list--thumb-percent post56--list--thumb-left griditem56 post56--list post56--normal align-left post-171172 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-archeologie category-oudheid category-roemenie category-tip" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><figure class="thumbnail56 component56 hover--none"> <a href="https://historiek.net/de-gouden-helm-van-cotofenesti-daciers/171172/"> <noscript><img width="150" height="150" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/gouden-helm-van-Cotofenesti-2-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Gouden helm van Coțofenești tijdens een tentoonstelling in 2022" loading="lazy" decoding="async" srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/gouden-helm-van-Cotofenesti-2-150x150.jpg 150w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/gouden-helm-van-Cotofenesti-2-480x480.jpg 480w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/gouden-helm-van-Cotofenesti-2-45x45.jpg 45w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></noscript><img width="150" height="150" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20150%20150%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/gouden-helm-van-Cotofenesti-2-150x150.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Gouden helm van Coțofenești tijdens een tentoonstelling in 2022" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/gouden-helm-van-Cotofenesti-2-150x150.jpg 150w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/gouden-helm-van-Cotofenesti-2-480x480.jpg 480w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/gouden-helm-van-Cotofenesti-2-45x45.jpg 45w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /> </a></figure><div class="post56__text"><h3 class="title56 component56"> <a href="https://historiek.net/de-gouden-helm-van-cotofenesti-daciers/171172/"> De beroemde gouden helm van Coțofenești </a></h3></div><div class="post56__sep__line"></div></article><article class="post56 post56--widget valign-top post56--list--thumb-percent post56--list--thumb-left griditem56 post56--list post56--normal align-left post-170504 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-tachtigjarige-oorlog category-tip category-vaderlandse-geschiedenis tag-breda" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><figure class="thumbnail56 component56 hover--none"> <a href="https://historiek.net/beleg-van-breda-1624-1625/170504/"> <noscript><img width="150" height="150" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/De-overgave-van-Breda.-Diego-Velazquez-1634-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="De overgave van Breda. - Diego Velázquez, 1634" loading="lazy" decoding="async" srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/De-overgave-van-Breda.-Diego-Velazquez-1634-150x150.jpg 150w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/De-overgave-van-Breda.-Diego-Velazquez-1634-480x480.jpg 480w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/De-overgave-van-Breda.-Diego-Velazquez-1634-45x45.jpg 45w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></noscript><img width="150" height="150" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20150%20150%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/De-overgave-van-Breda.-Diego-Velazquez-1634-150x150.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="De overgave van Breda. - Diego Velázquez, 1634" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/De-overgave-van-Breda.-Diego-Velazquez-1634-150x150.jpg 150w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/De-overgave-van-Breda.-Diego-Velazquez-1634-480x480.jpg 480w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2025/01/De-overgave-van-Breda.-Diego-Velazquez-1634-45x45.jpg 45w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /> </a></figure><div class="post56__text"><h3 class="title56 component56"> <a href="https://historiek.net/beleg-van-breda-1624-1625/170504/"> ‘Las Lanzas’ en de overgave van Breda in 1625 </a></h3></div><div class="post56__sep__line"></div></article><div class="blog56__sep"><div class="blog56__sep__line line--1"></div><div class="blog56__sep__line line--2"></div><div class="blog56__sep__line line--3"></div><div class="blog56__sep__line line--4"></div><div class="blog56__sep__line line--5"></div></div></div></div></div><div id="latest-posts-25" class="widget-even widget-6 boven hiddenphone widget widget_latest_posts"><h3 class="widget-title"><span>Zelfde rubriek</span></h3><div class="blog56-wrapper widget56 " ><div class="blog56 blog56--list blog56--widget blog56--widget--small blog56--grid--1cols blog56--grid--tablet--1cols blog56--grid--mobile--1cols list56--mobile-list"><article class="post56 post56--widget valign-top post56--list--thumb-percent post56--list--thumb-left griditem56 post56--list post56--normal align-left post-99492 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-amerikaanse-geschiedenis tag-amerikaanse-burgeroorlog" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><figure class="thumbnail56 component56 hover--none"> <a href="https://historiek.net/amerikaanse-burgeroorlog-oorzaken-veldslagen-tijdlijn/99492/"> <noscript><img width="150" height="150" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2019/04/dd-2019.04.13-2-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Amerikaanse Burgeroorlog - Slag bij Gettysburg (Publiek Domein - wiki)" loading="lazy" decoding="async" srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2019/04/dd-2019.04.13-2-150x150.jpg 150w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2019/04/dd-2019.04.13-2-480x480.jpg 480w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></noscript><img width="150" height="150" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20150%20150%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2019/04/dd-2019.04.13-2-150x150.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Amerikaanse Burgeroorlog - Slag bij Gettysburg (Publiek Domein - wiki)" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2019/04/dd-2019.04.13-2-150x150.jpg 150w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2019/04/dd-2019.04.13-2-480x480.jpg 480w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /> </a></figure><div class="post56__text"><h3 class="title56 component56"> <a href="https://historiek.net/amerikaanse-burgeroorlog-oorzaken-veldslagen-tijdlijn/99492/"> Amerikaanse Burgeroorlog (1861-1865) – Oorzaken, veldslagen & tijdlijn </a></h3></div><div class="post56__sep__line"></div></article><article class="post56 post56--widget valign-top post56--list--thumb-percent post56--list--thumb-left griditem56 post56--list post56--normal align-left post-21191 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-amerikaanse-geschiedenis category-maart category-vandaag category-volkslied tag-dichter" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><figure class="thumbnail56 component56 hover--none"> <a href="https://historiek.net/3-maart/21191/"> <noscript><img width="150" height="150" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2013/03/amerikaanse-vlag-560-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="" loading="lazy" decoding="async" /></noscript><img width="150" height="150" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20150%20150%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2013/03/amerikaanse-vlag-560-150x150.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="" loading="lazy" decoding="async" /> </a></figure><div class="post56__text"><h3 class="title56 component56"> <a href="https://historiek.net/3-maart/21191/"> 3 maart 1931 – ‘The Star-Spangled Banner’ wordt het volkslied van de Verenigde Staten </a></h3></div><div class="post56__sep__line"></div></article><article class="post56 post56--widget valign-top post56--list--thumb-percent post56--list--thumb-left griditem56 post56--list post56--normal align-left post-111214 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-amerikaanse-geschiedenis category-biografieen category-historische-vrouwen tag-mode" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><figure class="thumbnail56 component56 hover--none"> <a href="https://historiek.net/gia-carangi-supermodel/111214/"> <noscript><img width="150" height="150" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2019/07/dd-2019.07.24-6-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Fotostudio (CC0 - Pixabay - CarlosAlcazar)" loading="lazy" decoding="async" /></noscript><img width="150" height="150" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20150%20150%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2019/07/dd-2019.07.24-6-150x150.jpg" class="lazyload attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Fotostudio (CC0 - Pixabay - CarlosAlcazar)" loading="lazy" decoding="async" /> </a></figure><div class="post56__text"><h3 class="title56 component56"> <a href="https://historiek.net/gia-carangi-supermodel/111214/"> Gia Carangi (1960-1986) – ’s Werelds eerste ‘supermodel’ </a></h3></div><div class="post56__sep__line"></div></article><article class="post56 post56--widget valign-top post56--list--thumb-percent post56--list--thumb-left griditem56 post56--list post56--normal align-left post-78693 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-amerikaanse-geschiedenis category-politieke-geschiedenis tag-kennedy" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><figure class="thumbnail56 component56 hover--none"> <a href="https://historiek.net/new-frontier-john-f-kennedy-1960/78693/"> <noscript><img width="150" height="150" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/04/New-Frontier-John-F.-Kennedy-in-1962-150x150.jpeg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="New Frontier - John F. Kennedy in 1962" loading="lazy" decoding="async" /></noscript><img width="150" height="150" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20150%20150%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/04/New-Frontier-John-F.-Kennedy-in-1962-150x150.jpeg" class="lazyload attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="New Frontier - John F. Kennedy in 1962" loading="lazy" decoding="async" /> </a></figure><div class="post56__text"><h3 class="title56 component56"> <a href="https://historiek.net/new-frontier-john-f-kennedy-1960/78693/"> New Frontier – De politieke koers van John F. Kennedy </a></h3></div><div class="post56__sep__line"></div></article><div class="blog56__sep"><div class="blog56__sep__line line--1"></div><div class="blog56__sep__line line--2"></div><div class="blog56__sep__line line--3"></div><div class="blog56__sep__line line--4"></div><div class="blog56__sep__line line--5"></div></div></div></div></div><div id="custom_html-73" class="widget_text widget-odd widget-7 onlyphone widget widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><a href="https://historiek.net/thema/populair/" style="display: block; text-align: center; margin: 0px auto 0px; color: #111; font-size: 16px; border: 1px solid #f0f0f0; padding: 4px;">Meer leestips</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/willekeurig-bericht" style="display: block; text-align: center; margin: 10px auto 0px; color: #111; font-size: 16px; border: 1px solid #f0f0f0; padding: 4px;" title="Direct naar een populair artikel">Verras mij!</a></div></div><div id="ai_widget-13" class="widget-even widget-last widget-8 widget block-widget"><div class='ablok ablok-7 ablok-desktop-sidebar-rechts-sticky' style='margin-bottom: 11px;'><div class="ai-lazy" data-code="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" data-class="YWJsb2s="></div></div></div><div class="secondary56__sep"></div></div></div></article></div></div><footer id="wi-footer" class="site-footer" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/WPFooter"><aside id="footer-instagram" class="footer-section"><div id="rpwe_widget-7" class="widget-odd widget-first widget-1 h3anders hiddenphone onlysingle widget rpwe_widget recent-posts-extended"><style>.rpwe-block ul{ list-style: none !important; margin-left: 0 !important; padding-left: 0 !important; columns: 4; } .rpwe-block img { margin-bottom: 30px!important; } #rpwe_widget-7 h3.widget-title {border-top: none!important;} .rpwe-block li{ border-bottom: 0px solid #eee; padding: 5px 0 10px !important; list-style-type: none !important; display: inline-grid; height: 350px; } .rpwe-block a{ display: inline !important; text-decoration: none; font-size: 17px; color: #111; font-weight: normal; font-family: arial; padding-right: 30px; } .rpwe-block h3{ background: none !important; clear: none; margin-bottom: 0 !important; margin-top: -20px !important; font-weight: bold; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 1.3em; padding-bottom: 10px; max-width: 235px; } .rpwe-thumb{ border: 0px solid #eee !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 2px 10px 2px 0 !important; padding: 0px !important; } .rpwe-summary{ font-size: 13px; } .rpwe-time{ color: #bbb; font-size: 11px; } .rpwe-comment{ color: #bbb; font-size: 11px; padding-left: 5px; } .rpwe-alignleft{ display: inline; float: left; } .rpwe-alignright{ display: inline; float: right; } .rpwe-aligncenter{ display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } .rpwe-clearfix:before, .rpwe-clearfix:after{ content: ""; display: table !important; } .rpwe-clearfix:after{ clear: both; } .rpwe-clearfix{ zoom: 1; }</style><h3 class="widget-title"><span>Populaire berichten uit ons archief</span></h3><div id="reconder" class="rpwe-block"><ul class="rpwe-ul"><li class="rpwe-li rpwe-clearfix"><a class="rpwe-img" href="https://historiek.net/the-dutch-wie-zijn-dat-eigenlijk/137310/" target="_self"><noscript><img class="rpwe-aligncenter rpwe-thumb" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2020/09/dd-2020.09.18-7-240x240.jpg" alt="The Dutch, wie zijn dat eigenlijk?" height="240" width="240" loading="lazy" decoding="async"></noscript><img class="lazyload rpwe-aligncenter rpwe-thumb" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20240%20240%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2020/09/dd-2020.09.18-7-240x240.jpg" alt="The Dutch, wie zijn dat eigenlijk?" height="240" width="240" loading="lazy" decoding="async"></a><h3 class="rpwe-title"><a href="https://historiek.net/the-dutch-wie-zijn-dat-eigenlijk/137310/" target="_self">The Dutch, wie zijn dat eigenlijk?</a></h3></li><li class="rpwe-li rpwe-clearfix"><a class="rpwe-img" href="https://historiek.net/hoe-de-populist-adolf-hitler-aan-de-macht-kwam/79221/" target="_self"><noscript><img class="rpwe-aligncenter rpwe-thumb" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/05/Portretfoto-van-Adolf-Hitler-uit-1932-240x240.jpeg" alt="Hoe de populist Adolf Hitler aan de macht kwam" height="240" width="240" loading="lazy" decoding="async"></noscript><img class="lazyload rpwe-aligncenter rpwe-thumb" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20240%20240%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/05/Portretfoto-van-Adolf-Hitler-uit-1932-240x240.jpeg" alt="Hoe de populist Adolf Hitler aan de macht kwam" height="240" width="240" loading="lazy" decoding="async"></a><h3 class="rpwe-title"><a href="https://historiek.net/hoe-de-populist-adolf-hitler-aan-de-macht-kwam/79221/" target="_self">Hoe de populist Adolf Hitler aan de macht kwam</a></h3></li><li class="rpwe-li rpwe-clearfix"><a class="rpwe-img" href="https://historiek.net/klaproos-poppy-symbool-eerste-wereldoorlog/79619/" target="_self"><noscript><img class="rpwe-aligncenter rpwe-thumb" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/05/cc-pixabau-wiol5-240x240.jpeg" alt="De klaproos of ‘poppy’, symbool van de Eerste Wereldoorlog" height="240" width="240" loading="lazy" decoding="async"></noscript><img class="lazyload rpwe-aligncenter rpwe-thumb" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20240%20240%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/05/cc-pixabau-wiol5-240x240.jpeg" alt="De klaproos of ‘poppy’, symbool van de Eerste Wereldoorlog" height="240" width="240" loading="lazy" decoding="async"></a><h3 class="rpwe-title"><a href="https://historiek.net/klaproos-poppy-symbool-eerste-wereldoorlog/79619/" target="_self">De klaproos of ‘poppy’, symbool van de Eerste Wereldoorlog</a></h3></li><li class="rpwe-li rpwe-clearfix"><a class="rpwe-img" href="https://historiek.net/timelapse-new-york-van-1500-tot-nu/59045/" target="_self"><noscript><img class="rpwe-aligncenter rpwe-thumb" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2016/05/maxresdefault-e1462977502124-240x240.jpg" alt="Timelapse: De skyline van New York van 1500 tot nu" height="240" width="240" loading="lazy" decoding="async"></noscript><img class="lazyload rpwe-aligncenter rpwe-thumb" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20240%20240%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2016/05/maxresdefault-e1462977502124-240x240.jpg" alt="Timelapse: De skyline van New York van 1500 tot nu" height="240" width="240" loading="lazy" decoding="async"></a><h3 class="rpwe-title"><a href="https://historiek.net/timelapse-new-york-van-1500-tot-nu/59045/" target="_self">Timelapse: De skyline van New York van 1500 tot nu</a></h3></li><li class="rpwe-li rpwe-clearfix"><a class="rpwe-img" href="https://historiek.net/nieuwsgierig-aagje/15191/" target="_self"><noscript><img class="rpwe-aligncenter rpwe-thumb" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2012/03/Kaart-van-Enkhuizen-in-1652-uit-Blaeus-Toonneel-der-Steden-240x240.jpg" alt="Nieuwsgierig Aagje?" height="240" width="240" loading="lazy" decoding="async"></noscript><img class="lazyload rpwe-aligncenter rpwe-thumb" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20240%20240%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2012/03/Kaart-van-Enkhuizen-in-1652-uit-Blaeus-Toonneel-der-Steden-240x240.jpg" alt="Nieuwsgierig Aagje?" height="240" width="240" loading="lazy" decoding="async"></a><h3 class="rpwe-title"><a href="https://historiek.net/nieuwsgierig-aagje/15191/" target="_self">Nieuwsgierig Aagje?</a></h3></li><li class="rpwe-li rpwe-clearfix"><a class="rpwe-img" href="https://historiek.net/eenzame-opsluiting-was-vroeger-echt-eenzaam/87284/" target="_self"><noscript><img class="rpwe-aligncenter rpwe-thumb" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/12/dd-25-240x240.jpg" alt="Eenzame opsluiting was vroeger écht eenzaam" height="240" width="240" loading="lazy" decoding="async"></noscript><img class="lazyload rpwe-aligncenter rpwe-thumb" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20240%20240%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2018/12/dd-25-240x240.jpg" alt="Eenzame opsluiting was vroeger écht eenzaam" height="240" width="240" loading="lazy" decoding="async"></a><h3 class="rpwe-title"><a href="https://historiek.net/eenzame-opsluiting-was-vroeger-echt-eenzaam/87284/" target="_self">Eenzame opsluiting was vroeger écht eenzaam</a></h3></li><li class="rpwe-li rpwe-clearfix"><a class="rpwe-img" href="https://historiek.net/de-kermiskoers-een-kleine-geschiedenis/23066/" target="_self"><noscript><img class="rpwe-aligncenter rpwe-thumb" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2013/06/wielrenwedstrijd-560-240x240.jpg" alt="De kermiskoers, een kleine geschiedenis" height="240" width="240" loading="lazy" decoding="async"></noscript><img class="lazyload rpwe-aligncenter rpwe-thumb" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20240%20240%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2013/06/wielrenwedstrijd-560-240x240.jpg" alt="De kermiskoers, een kleine geschiedenis" height="240" width="240" loading="lazy" decoding="async"></a><h3 class="rpwe-title"><a href="https://historiek.net/de-kermiskoers-een-kleine-geschiedenis/23066/" target="_self">De kermiskoers, een kleine geschiedenis</a></h3></li><li class="rpwe-li rpwe-clearfix"><a class="rpwe-img" href="https://historiek.net/duitse-familiegeschiedenis-van-donald-trump/66169/" target="_self"><noscript><img class="rpwe-aligncenter rpwe-thumb" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2016/12/Friedrich_Trump_Family-240x240.jpg" alt="De Duitse familiegeschiedenis van Donald Trump" height="240" width="240" loading="lazy" decoding="async"></noscript><img class="lazyload rpwe-aligncenter rpwe-thumb" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20240%20240%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2016/12/Friedrich_Trump_Family-240x240.jpg" alt="De Duitse familiegeschiedenis van Donald Trump" height="240" width="240" loading="lazy" decoding="async"></a><h3 class="rpwe-title"><a href="https://historiek.net/duitse-familiegeschiedenis-van-donald-trump/66169/" target="_self">De Duitse familiegeschiedenis van Donald Trump</a></h3></li></ul><div class="catonder"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/populair/" style="font-size: 15px;margin-right: 15px;padding: 10px 20px"><i class="fa fa-fa-solid fa-bolt"></i> Meer leestips</a><a href="https://historiek.net/historische-begrippen-onderwerpen/" style="font-size: 15px;margin-right: 15px;padding: 10px 20px">Alle onderwerpen</a><a href="https://historiek.net/willekeurig-bericht" style="font-size: 15px;margin-right: 15px;padding: 10px 20px"><i class="fas fa-dice"></i> Willekeurig bericht</a><a href="https://historiek.net/" style="font-size: 15px;margin-right: 15px;padding: 10px 20px">Voorpagina</a></div></div></div><div id="ai_widget-10" class="widget-even widget-2 nietophome nietoparchive widget block-widget"><div class='ablok ablok-11 ablok-footer-block' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;'><div class="ai-lazy" data-code="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" data-class="YWJsb2s="></div></div></div><div id="tag_cloud-3" class="widget-odd widget-3 h3anders wolkonder hiddenphone widget widget_tag_cloud"><h3 class="widget-title"><span>Bekijk een rubriek:</span></h3><nav aria-label="Bekijk een rubriek:"><div class="tagcloud"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/amerikaanse-geschiedenis/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-114 tag-link-position-1" style="font-size: 18.817391304348pt;" aria-label="Amerikaanse geschiedenis (576 items)">Amerikaanse geschiedenis</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/amsterdam/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-769 tag-link-position-2" style="font-size: 15.895652173913pt;" aria-label="Amsterdam (351 items)">Amsterdam</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/archeologie/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-94 tag-link-position-3" style="font-size: 22.573913043478pt;" aria-label="Archeologie (1.060 items)">Archeologie</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/azie/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-39061 tag-link-position-4" style="font-size: 19.791304347826pt;" aria-label="Azië (668 items)">Azië</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/landen/belgie/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5306 tag-link-position-5" style="font-size: 17.426086956522pt;" aria-label="België (459 items)">België</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/biografieen/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5315 tag-link-position-6" style="font-size: 24.521739130435pt;" aria-label="Biografieën (1.487 items)">Biografieën</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/geschiedenisboeken/boekbespreking/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-859 tag-link-position-7" style="font-size: 24.521739130435pt;" aria-label="Boekbesprekingen (1.476 items)">Boekbesprekingen</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/geschiedenisboeken/voorpublicatie/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-2924 tag-link-position-8" style="font-size: 20.904347826087pt;" aria-label="Boekfragmenten (820 items)">Boekfragmenten</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/dieren/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-4860 tag-link-position-9" style="font-size: 12pt;" aria-label="Dieren (186 items)">Dieren</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/landen/duitsland/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5307 tag-link-position-10" style="font-size: 19.373913043478pt;" aria-label="Duitsland (628 items)">Duitsland</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/eerste-wereldoorlog/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-3146 tag-link-position-11" style="font-size: 18.817391304348pt;" aria-label="Eerste Wereldoorlog (578 items)">Eerste Wereldoorlog</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/landen/engeland/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-38613 tag-link-position-12" style="font-size: 14.64347826087pt;" aria-label="Engeland (289 items)">Engeland</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/eten-en-drinken/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-38558 tag-link-position-13" style="font-size: 13.252173913043pt;" aria-label="Eten en drinken (229 items)">Eten en drinken</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/fotografie/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-4675 tag-link-position-14" style="font-size: 13.808695652174pt;" aria-label="Fotografie (248 items)">Fotografie</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/landen/frankrijk-geschiedenis/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-4655 tag-link-position-15" style="font-size: 15.478260869565pt;" aria-label="Frankrijk (331 items)">Frankrijk</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/geneeskunde/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-509 tag-link-position-16" style="font-size: 12.139130434783pt;" aria-label="Geneeskunde (190 items)">Geneeskunde</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/geschiedenisboeken/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5 tag-link-position-17" style="font-size: 20.765217391304pt;" aria-label="Geschiedenisboeken (791 items)">Geschiedenisboeken</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/landen/griekenland/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-510 tag-link-position-18" style="font-size: 14.086956521739pt;" aria-label="Griekenland (261 items)">Griekenland</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/griekse-mythologie/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-4 tag-link-position-19" style="font-size: 13.252173913043pt;" aria-label="Griekse mythologie (230 items)">Griekse mythologie</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/historische-achtergronden/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-38620 tag-link-position-20" style="font-size: 14.782608695652pt;" aria-label="Historische achtergronden (293 items)">Historische achtergronden</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/biografieen/historische-vrouwen/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5475 tag-link-position-21" style="font-size: 14.782608695652pt;" aria-label="Historische vrouwen (294 items)">Historische vrouwen</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/tweede-wereldoorlog/jodenvervolging/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-4674 tag-link-position-22" style="font-size: 15.2pt;" aria-label="Jodenvervolging (314 items)">Jodenvervolging</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/koningshuis/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-4649 tag-link-position-23" style="font-size: 17.84347826087pt;" aria-label="Koningshuis (493 items)">Koningshuis</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/korte-begrippen/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-38858 tag-link-position-24" style="font-size: 12.55652173913pt;" aria-label="Korte begrippen (201 items)">Korte begrippen</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/kunstgeschiedenis/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-359 tag-link-position-25" style="font-size: 24.104347826087pt;" aria-label="Kunstgeschiedenis (1.365 items)">Kunstgeschiedenis</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/literatuur/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-39060 tag-link-position-26" style="font-size: 12.695652173913pt;" aria-label="Literatuur (210 items)">Literatuur</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/maritieme-geschiedenis/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-33029 tag-link-position-27" style="font-size: 19.234782608696pt;" aria-label="Maritieme geschiedenis (609 items)">Maritieme geschiedenis</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/middeleeuwen/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5292 tag-link-position-28" style="font-size: 19.930434782609pt;" aria-label="Middeleeuwen (688 items)">Middeleeuwen</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/muziekgeschiedenis/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-66 tag-link-position-29" style="font-size: 17.565217391304pt;" aria-label="Muziekgeschiedenis (468 items)">Muziekgeschiedenis</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/nederlands-indie/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-4385 tag-link-position-30" style="font-size: 16.452173913043pt;" aria-label="Nederlands-Indië / Indonesië (384 items)">Nederlands-Indië / Indonesië</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/oudheid/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5495 tag-link-position-31" style="font-size: 16.869565217391pt;" aria-label="Oudheid (415 items)">Oudheid</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/politieke-geschiedenis/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5291 tag-link-position-32" style="font-size: 22.295652173913pt;" aria-label="Politieke geschiedenis (1.029 items)">Politieke geschiedenis</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/populair/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-38515 tag-link-position-33" style="font-size: 22.434782608696pt;" aria-label="Populair (1.045 items)">Populair</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/religieuze-geschiedenis/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5300 tag-link-position-34" style="font-size: 23.269565217391pt;" aria-label="Religieuze geschiedenis (1.204 items)">Religieuze geschiedenis</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/oudheid/romeinse-rijk/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-43 tag-link-position-35" style="font-size: 18.678260869565pt;" aria-label="Romeinse Rijk (556 items)">Romeinse Rijk</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/landen/rusland-geschiedenis/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5322 tag-link-position-36" style="font-size: 14.921739130435pt;" aria-label="Rusland (304 items)">Rusland</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/slavernij/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-4663 tag-link-position-37" style="font-size: 13.530434782609pt;" aria-label="Slavernij (237 items)">Slavernij</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/landen/spanje-geschiedenis/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5310 tag-link-position-38" style="font-size: 12.139130434783pt;" aria-label="Spanje (188 items)">Spanje</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/sportgeschiedenis/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5458 tag-link-position-39" style="font-size: 15.478260869565pt;" aria-label="Sportgeschiedenis (329 items)">Sportgeschiedenis</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/taalgeschiedenis/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1375 tag-link-position-40" style="font-size: 20.904347826087pt;" aria-label="Taalgeschiedenis (808 items)">Taalgeschiedenis</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/televisie/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-4448 tag-link-position-41" style="font-size: 14.64347826087pt;" aria-label="Televisie (289 items)">Televisie</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/trivia/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-31 tag-link-position-42" style="font-size: 15.75652173913pt;" aria-label="Trivia (345 items)">Trivia</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/tweede-wereldoorlog/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-64 tag-link-position-43" style="font-size: 28pt;" aria-label="Tweede Wereldoorlog (2.635 items)">Tweede Wereldoorlog</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/vaderlandse-geschiedenis/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5514 tag-link-position-44" style="font-size: 15.339130434783pt;" aria-label="Vaderlandse geschiedenis (320 items)">Vaderlandse geschiedenis</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/c/biografieen/leden-van-vorstenhuizen/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-53 tag-link-position-45" style="font-size: 12.834782608696pt;" aria-label="Vorstenhuizen (212 items)">Vorstenhuizen</a></div></nav></div><div id="search-12" class="widget-even widget-4 postboksonder zoekpost widget widget_search"><div class="searchform"><form role="search" method="get" action="https://historiek.net/" itemprop="potentialAction" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SearchAction" class="form"> <input type="text" name="s" class="s search-field" value="" placeholder="Doorzoek ons archief..." /> <button class="submit" role="button" title="Go"> <i class="ic56-search"></i> </button></form></div></div><div id="search-6" class="widget-odd widget-5 catblokonder h3anders widget widget_search"><h3 class="widget-title"><span>Meer ontdekken?</span></h3><div class="searchform"><form role="search" method="get" action="https://historiek.net/" itemprop="potentialAction" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SearchAction" class="form"> <input type="text" name="s" class="s search-field" value="" placeholder="Doorzoek ons archief..." /> <button class="submit" role="button" title="Go"> <i class="ic56-search"></i> </button></form></div></div><div id="custom_html-52" class="widget_text widget-even widget-last widget-6 catblokonder widget widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><div class="catonder"><a href="https://historiek.net/historische-begrippen-onderwerpen/" style="margin: -10px 10px 0 12px;">Alle onderwerpen</a> <a href="https://historiek.net/willekeurig-bericht"><i class="fas fa-question-circle" style="font-size: 15px;"></i> Willekeurig bericht</a></div></div></div></aside><div id="footer-sidebar-placement"><div class="footer-widgets footer-sidebar footer_sidebar56 footer-sidebar-1-1-1-1 skin--light stretch--content valign--top"><div class="container"><div class="row footer56__row"><aside class="widget-area footer56__col col-1-4"><div class="footer__col__inner"><div id="footer-logo-3" class="widget-odd widget-first widget-1 widget widget_footer_logo"><div class="footer56__element footer56__logo"><a href="https://historiek.net"><noscript><img width="300" height="46" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2023/08/historiek-zwart-1.jpg" class="darkmode-footer-logo" alt="Historiek, online geschiedenis" decoding="async" srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2023/08/historiek-zwart-1.jpg 300w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2023/08/historiek-zwart-1-60x9.jpg 60w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></noscript><img width="300" height="46" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20300%2046%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2023/08/historiek-zwart-1.jpg" class="lazyload darkmode-footer-logo" alt="Historiek, online geschiedenis" decoding="async" data-srcset="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2023/08/historiek-zwart-1.jpg 300w, https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2023/08/historiek-zwart-1-60x9.jpg 60w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /><noscript><img width="300" height="100" src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2021/03/historieklogo-15.png" class="main-footer-logo" alt="" decoding="async" /></noscript><img width="300" height="100" src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20300%20100%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/uploads-phistor1/2021/03/historieklogo-15.png" class="lazyload main-footer-logo" alt="" decoding="async" /></a></div></div><div id="custom_html-62" class="widget_text widget-even widget-2 widget widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget">"Geschiedenisverhalen gratis toegankelijk maken voor een breed publiek."</div></div><div id="social-5" class="widget-odd widget-last widget-3 widget widget_social"><style>#social-5 .fox56-social-list a{ border-width:0px }</style><div class="social56--widget fox56-social-list align-left"><ul><li class="social__item item--facebook ic-icon"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/historiek" target="_blank" role="tooltip" aria-label="Facebook" data-microtip-position="top"><i class="ic56-facebook"></i></a></li><li class="social__item item--x ic-icon"><a href="https://twitter.com/historiek" target="_blank" role="tooltip" aria-label="X" data-microtip-position="top"><i class="ic56-x-twitter"></i></a></li><li class="social__item item--instagram ic-icon"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/geschiedenisboeken/" target="_blank" role="tooltip" aria-label="Instagram" data-microtip-position="top"><i class="ic56-instagram"></i></a></li><li class="social__item item--rss ic-icon"><a href="https://historiek.net/historieknet-via-rss/" target="_blank" role="tooltip" aria-label="RSS" data-microtip-position="top"><i class="ic56-rss"></i></a></li><li class="social__item item--google ic-icon"><a href="https://news.google.com/publications/CAAiEAOHlGepeRSfYV6T0ggHmqQqFAgKIhADh5RnqXkUn2Fek9IIB5qk?hl=nl&gl=NL&ceid=NL%3Anl" target="_blank" role="tooltip" aria-label="Google" data-microtip-position="top"><i class="ic56-google"></i></a></li></ul></div></div></div></aside><aside class="widget-area footer56__col col-1-4 footer__col--left"><div class="footer__col__inner"><div id="custom_html-42" class="widget_text widget-odd widget-last widget-first widget-1 Footerlinks hiddenphone widget widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><strong>Algemeen</strong><br><br> <a href="https://historiek.net/over-ons/">Over ons</a><br> <a href="https://historiek.net/colofon/">Colofon</a><br> <a href="https://historiek.net/adverteren-op-historieknet/">Adverteren</a><br> <a href="https://historiek.net/historieknet-privacybeleid/">Privacy</a><br> <a href="https://historiek.net/discaimer/">Disclaimer</a><br> <br> <a href="https://historiek.net/publiceren-op-historiek/32489/">Informatie voor auteurs</a><br> <a href="https://historiek.net/uitgevers/">Informatie voor uitgevers</a><br> <a href="https://historiek.net/over-ons/#school">Informatie voor scholieren</a></div></div></div></aside><aside class="widget-area footer56__col col-1-4"><div class="footer__col__inner"><div id="custom_html-46" class="widget_text widget-odd widget-last widget-first widget-1 hiddenphone Footerlinks widget widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><strong>Extra</strong><br><br> <a href="https://historiek.net/nieuwsbrief/">Nieuwsbrief</a><br> <a href="https://historiek.net/historische-begrippen-onderwerpen/">Onderwerppagina</a><br> <br> <a href="https://geschiedenis-winkel.nl/?utm_source=Historiek&utm_medium=Footer&utm_campaign=Footerlink" target=_blank>Geschiedenisboeken (site)</a><br><br> <a href="https://historiek.net/enne-koops-im-1978-2023/153694/">Enne Koops (1978-2023)</a></div></div></div></aside><aside class="widget-area footer56__col col-1-4"><div class="footer__col__inner"><div id="custom_html-63" class="widget_text widget-odd widget-last widget-first widget-1 hiddenphone Footerlinks widget widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><strong>Steun</strong><br><br> <a href="https://historiek.net/opmerkingen-bij-artikelen/">Fout melden</a><br> <a href="https://historiek.net/donatie-historiek/">Doneren</a><br> <a href="https://historiek.net/publiceren-op-historiek/32489/">Meeschrijven</a><br> <a href="https://partner.bol.com/click/click?p=2&t=url&s=656&f=TXL&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bol.com%2Fnl%2F&name=de%20winkel%20van%20ons%20allemaal&subid=bottomlink" target=-blank rel="nofollow">Affliate-link Bol</a></div></div></div></aside></div></div></div></div><div id="footer-bottom-placement"><div role="contentinfo" class="footer_bottom56 footer-bottom classic-footer-bottom stretch--content skin--light classic-footer-bottom-inline footer_bottom--inline"><div class="container"><div class="footer_bottom__row row"><div class="footer_bottom__col footer_bottom__col--left col col-1-2"><div class="footer56__element footer56__element--copyright footer56__copyright"><p><strong>© 2025 <a href="https://historiek.net">Historiek v.o.f.</a> | </strong>Onafhankelijk particulier initiatief</p><p><a href="https://historiek.net/donatie-historiek/"><i class="fas fa-heart"></i> <span>Maak ons werk mede mogelijk</span></a></p></div></div><div class="footer_bottom__col footer_bottom__col--right col col-1-2"><div class="footer56__element footer56__element--nav footer56__nav"><nav class="footer-menu" role="navigation" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"></nav></div></div></div></div></div></div></footer><div class="handborder handborder--top"></div><div class="handborder handborder--right"></div><div class="handborder handborder--bottom"></div><div class="handborder handborder--left"></div></div><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-3 ai-insert-3-80035695' data-insertion-position='after' data-selector='.fox-related-posts' data-code='PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nYWJsb2sgYWJsb2stMyBhYmxvay1tb2JpZWwtLW9uZGVyLWNvbnRlbnQtYm90dG9tJyBzdHlsZT0nbWF4LXdpZHRoOiA0MDBweDsgbWF4LWhlaWdodDogNDAwcHghaW1wb3J0YW50Oyc+CjxkaXYgY2xhc3M9ImFpLWxhenkiIGRhdGEtY29kZT0iUEhOamNtbHdkQ0JoYzNsdVl5QnpjbU05SW1oMGRIQnpPaTh2Y0dGblpXRmtNaTVuYjI5bmJHVnplVzVrYVdOaGRHbHZiaTVqYjIwdmNHRm5aV0ZrTDJwekwyRmtjMko1WjI5dloyeGxMbXB6UDJOc2FXVnVkRDFqWVMxd2RXSXRNVFExTWpVeE1UVXpNREF5TmpRek1TSUtJQ0FnSUNCamNtOXpjMjl5YVdkcGJqMGlZVzV2Ym5sdGIzVnpJajQ4TDNOamNtbHdkRDRLUENFdExTQklhWE4wYjNKcFpXc2dMU0JQYm1SbGNpQmpiMjUwWlc1MElDMHRQZ284YVc1eklHTnNZWE56UFNKaFpITmllV2R2YjJkc1pTSUtJQ0FnSUNCemRIbHNaVDBpWkdsemNHeGhlVHBpYkc5amF5SUtJQ0FnSUNCa1lYUmhMV0ZrTFdOc2FXVnVkRDBpWTJFdGNIVmlMVEUwTlRJMU1URTFNekF3TWpZME16RWlDaUFnSUNBZ1pHRjBZUzFoWkMxemJHOTBQU0kxTXpReU16TXpNVFV4SWdvZ0lDQWdJR1JoZEdFdFlXUXRabTl5YldGMFBTSnlaV04wWVc1bmJHVWlDaUFnSUNBZ1pHRjBZUzFtZFd4c0xYZHBaSFJvTFhKbGMzQnZibk5wZG1VOUluUnlkV1VpUGp3dmFXNXpQZ284YzJOeWFYQjBQZ29nSUNBZ0lDaGhaSE5pZVdkdmIyZHNaU0E5SUhkcGJtUnZkeTVoWkhOaWVXZHZiMmRzWlNCOGZDQmJYU2t1Y0hWemFDaDdmU2s3Q2p3dmMyTnlhWEIwUGc9PSIgZGF0YS1jbGFzcz0iWVdKc2Iycz0iPjwvZGl2Pgo8L2Rpdj4K' data-block='3'></div> <span id='wpdUserContentInfoAnchor' style='display:none;' rel='#wpdUserContentInfo' data-wpd-lity>wpDiscuz</span><div id='wpdUserContentInfo' style='overflow:auto;background:#FDFDF6;padding:20px;width:600px;max-width:100%;border-radius:6px;' class='lity-hide'></div><div id='wpd-bubble-wrapper'><span id='wpd-bubble-all-comments-count' style='display:none;' title='0'>0</span><div id='wpd-bubble-count'><svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path class='wpd-bubble-count-first' d='M20 2H4c-1.1 0-1.99.9-1.99 2L2 22l4-4h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V4c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm-2 12H6v-2h12v2zm0-3H6V9h12v2zm0-3H6V6h12v2z'/><path class='wpd-bubble-count-second' d='M0 0h24v24H0z' /></svg><span class='wpd-new-comments-count'>0</span></div><div id='wpd-bubble'><svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path class='wpd-bubble-plus-first' d='M19 13h-6v6h-2v-6H5v-2h6V5h2v6h6v2z'/><path class='wpd-bubble-plus-second' d='M0 0h24v24H0z' /></svg><div id='wpd-bubble-add-message'>Reageren?<span id='wpd-bubble-add-message-close'><a href='#'>x</a></span></div></div><div id='wpd-bubble-notification'><svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path class='wpd-bubble-notification-first' d='M20 2H4c-1.1 0-1.99.9-1.99 2L2 22l4-4h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V4c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm-2 12H6v-2h12v2zm0-3H6V9h12v2zm0-3H6V6h12v2z'/><path class='wpd-bubble-notification-second' d='M0 0h24v24H0z' /></svg></div></div><div id='wpd-editor-source-code-wrapper-bg'></div><div id='wpd-editor-source-code-wrapper'><textarea id='wpd-editor-source-code'></textarea><button id='wpd-insert-source-code'>Insert</button><input type='hidden' id='wpd-editor-uid' /></div><div class="offcanvas56"><div class="offcanvas56__container"><div class="offcanvas56__element offcanvas56__sidebar"><div id="search-15" class="widget-odd widget-last widget-first widget-1 offcanvsearch widget widget_search"><div class="searchform"><form role="search" method="get" action="https://historiek.net/" itemprop="potentialAction" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SearchAction" class="form"> <input type="text" name="s" class="s search-field" value="" placeholder="Doorzoek ons archief..." /> <button class="submit" role="button" title="Go"> <i class="ic56-search"></i> </button></form></div></div></div><div class="offcanvas56__element offcanvas56-mainnav"><nav class="offcanvasnav56 nav--cols-1" role="navigation" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><div class="menu"><ul id="menu-mobiel-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-146847" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-146847"><a><span>Historiek</span><u class="mk"></u></a><ul class="sub-menu"><li id="menu-item-165784" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-165784"><a href="https://historiek.net/over-ons/"><span>Over deze website</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-165783" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-165783"><a href="https://historiek.net/colofon/"><span>Auteurs</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-165785" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-165785"><a href="https://historiek.net/publiceren-op-historiek/32489/"><span>Meedoen</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-155202" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-155202"><a href="https://historiek.net/nieuwsbrief/"><span>Gratis geschiedenismagazine</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-165786" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-165786"><a href="https://historiek.net/donatie-historiek/"><span>Historiek ondersteunen</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-165646" class="mobmenuhist menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-165646"><a><span>Volg ons</span><u class="mk"></u></a><ul class="sub-menu"><li id="menu-item-166102" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-166102"><a href="https://historiek.net/newsletter/"><span>Nieuwsbrief</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-165647" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-165647"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/historiek"><span>Facebook</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-165648" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-165648"><a href="https://x.com/historiek"><span>X / Twitter</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-165649" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-165649"><a href="https://bsky.app/profile/historiek.bsky.social"><span>Bluesky</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-165875" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-165875"><a href="https://historiek.net/historieknet-via-rss/"><span>Feed / RSS</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-146843" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-146843"><a href="https://historiek.net/geschiedenis-onderwerpen-index/"><span><i class="fas fa-list" style="margin-right: 10px;"></i>Alle onderwerpen</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-165665" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-165665"><a href="https://historiek.net/historische-personen-bios/"><span><i class="fas fa-list" style="margin-right: 10px;"></i>Historische personen</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-162946" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-162946"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/populair/"><span>Populair</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-165670" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-165670"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/nieuws/"><span>Nieuws</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-166168" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-166168"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/taalgeschiedenis/"><span>Taalgeschiedenis</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-165650" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-165650"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/griekse-mythologie/"><span>Griekse mythologie</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-165651" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-165651"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/biografieen/filosofen/"><span>Filosofen</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-165672" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-165672"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/gouden-eeuw/"><span>Gouden Eeuw</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-165652" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-165652"><a href="#"><span>Oorlogen</span><u class="mk"></u></a><ul class="sub-menu"><li id="menu-item-165654" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-165654"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/eerste-wereldoorlog/"><span>Eerste Wereldoorlog</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-165653" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-165653"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/tweede-wereldoorlog/"><span>Tweede Wereldoorlog</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-165655" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-165655"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/koude-oorlog/"><span>Koude Oorlog</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-165662" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-165662"><a href="https://historiek.net/vietnamoorlog-oorzaken-samenvatting-gevolgen/76855/"><span>Vietnamoorlog</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-165663" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-165663"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/vaderlandse-geschiedenis/tachtigjarige-oorlog/"><span>Tachtigjarige Oorlog</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-165656" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-165656"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/biografieen/historische-vrouwen/"><span>Historische vrouwen</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-165657" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-165657"><a href="https://historiek.net/lijst-van-uitvindingen/"><span>Lijst van uitvindingen</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-165658" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-165658"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/middeleeuwen/"><span>Middeleeuwen</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-165673" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-165673"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/slavernij/"><span>Slavernij</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-165659" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-165659"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/archeologie/"><span>Archeologie</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-165660" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-165660"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/oudheid/"><span>Oudheid</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-165681" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-165681"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/amerikaanse-geschiedenis/"><span>Amerikaanse geschiedenis</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-165664" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-165664"><a href="#"><span>Boeken</span><u class="mk"></u></a><ul class="sub-menu"><li id="menu-item-146838" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-146838"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/geschiedenisboeken/"><span>Alle boekberichten</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-146839" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-146839"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/geschiedenisboeken/voorpublicatie/"><span>Fragmenten</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-146840" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-146840"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/geschiedenisboeken/boekbespreking/"><span>Boekbesprekingen</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-146841" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-146841"><a href="https://historiek.net/c/geschiedenisboeken/signalementen/"><span>Signalementen</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li><li id="menu-item-146842" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-146842"><a href="https://geschiedenis-winkel.nl/?utm_source=Historiek&utm_medium=Menu&utm_campaign=Menu-Historiek"><span>Boekenwebsite</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-165792" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-165792"><a href="https://historiek.net/donatie-historiek/"><span><i class="fa fa-fa-solid fa-heart" style="margin-right: 10px;"></i> Steun Historiek</span><u class="mk"></u></a></li></ul></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="offcanvas56__overlay"></div><div class="scrollup__placeholder"><div class="scrollup56 scrollup56--icon scrollup56--noimage scrollup56--round"> <i class="ic56-chevrons-up"></i></div></div> <progress value="0" class="progress56 progress56--bottom"><div class="progress56__container"> <span class="progress56__bar"></span></div> </progress> <span data-fox_version="6.7.1" data-demo="times"></span> <span fox56_is_new_customer=""></span> <span fox56_has_activated_6="1"></span> <span fox56_has_framework=""></span> <noscript><style>.lazyload{display:none;}</style></noscript><script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script data-noptimize="1">window.lazySizesConfig=window.lazySizesConfig||{};window.lazySizesConfig.loadMode=1;</script><script async data-noptimize="1" src='https://historiek.net/wp-content/plugins/autoptimize/classes/external/js/lazysizes.min.js?ao_version=3.1.13'></script><link rel='stylesheet' id='fox-fontawesome-css' href='https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/css/autoptimize_single_a206d8db94d38c275329a9f70397f394.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /> <script id="wpdiscuz-combo-js-js-extra">var wpdiscuzAjaxObj = {"wc_hide_replies_text":"Verberg reacties","wc_show_replies_text":"Bekijk reacties","wc_msg_required_fields":"Vul de verplichte velden in","wc_invalid_field":"Een gedeelte van de waarde in het veld is ongeldig","wc_error_empty_text":"vul dit veld in om een reactie achter te laten","wc_error_url_text":"URL is ongeldig","wc_error_email_text":"e-mailadres is ongeldig","wc_invalid_captcha":"Onjuiste Captcha-code","wc_login_to_vote":"U moet ingelogd zijn om te kunnen stemmen","wc_deny_voting_from_same_ip":"U mag niet op deze reactie stemmen","wc_self_vote":"U kunt niet op uw eigen reactie stemmen","wc_vote_only_one_time":"U heeft al gestemd op deze reactie","wc_voting_error":"Stemfout","wc_banned_user":"You are banned","wc_comment_edit_not_possible":"Sorry, u kunt deze reactie niet meer bewerken","wc_comment_not_updated":"Helaas, de reactie kon niet worden bijgewerkt","wc_comment_not_edited":"U heeft geen aanpassingen gemaakt","wc_msg_input_min_length":"Reactie is te kort","wc_msg_input_max_length":"Reactie is te lang","wc_spoiler_title":"Spoiler titel","wc_cannot_rate_again":"U kunt niet opnieuw waarderen","wc_not_allowed_to_rate":"U mag hier niet waarderen","wc_confirm_rate_edit":"Are you sure you want to edit your rate?","wc_follow_user":"Volg deze gebruiker","wc_unfollow_user":"Ontvolg deze gebruiker","wc_follow_success":"U bent begonnen met deze reactieschrijver te volgen","wc_follow_canceled":"U volgt deze auteur van reacties niet meer.","wc_follow_email_confirm":"Controleer uw e-mail en bevestig de gebruiker na het verzoek.","wc_follow_email_confirm_fail":"Sorry, we konden geen bevestiging e-mail sturen.","wc_follow_login_to_follow":"Log in om gebruikers te volgen.","wc_follow_impossible":"Het spijt ons, maar u kunt deze gebruiker niet volgen.","wc_follow_not_added":"Volgen is mislukt. Probeer het later opnieuw.","is_user_logged_in":"","commentListLoadType":"3","commentListUpdateType":"0","commentListUpdateTimer":"60","liveUpdateGuests":"1","wordpressThreadCommentsDepth":"5","wordpressIsPaginate":"","commentTextMaxLength":"2000","replyTextMaxLength":"2000","commentTextMinLength":"5","replyTextMinLength":"5","storeCommenterData":"100000","socialLoginAgreementCheckbox":"0","enableFbLogin":"0","fbUseOAuth2":"0","enableFbShare":"0","facebookAppID":"472363734921260","facebookUseOAuth2":"0","enableGoogleLogin":"0","googleClientID":"500506689813-upmjs6f0ccf6g59dp9tcprdjub6jsfas.apps.googleusercontent.com","googleClientSecret":"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","cookiehash":"172494a1e6c57aad1dba3723668b8f39","isLoadOnlyParentComments":"0","scrollToComment":"1","commentFormView":"collapsed","enableDropAnimation":"1","isNativeAjaxEnabled":"1","enableBubble":"1","bubbleLiveUpdate":"0","bubbleHintTimeout":"0","bubbleHintHideTimeout":"10","cookieHideBubbleHint":"wpdiscuz_hide_bubble_hint","bubbleHintShowOnce":"1","bubbleHintCookieExpires":"7","bubbleShowNewCommentMessage":"0","bubbleLocation":"left_corner","firstLoadWithAjax":"1","wc_copied_to_clipboard":"Gekopieerd naar het klembord!","inlineFeedbackAttractionType":"disable","loadRichEditor":"0","wpDiscuzReCaptchaSK":"6LcZ42IiAAAAAB3Z4bKZ7X0cKbrO4czgDib0ZgHk","wpDiscuzReCaptchaTheme":"light","wpDiscuzReCaptchaVersion":"2.0","wc_captcha_show_for_guest":"0","wc_captcha_show_for_members":"0","wpDiscuzIsShowOnSubscribeForm":"0","wmuEnabled":"0","wmuInput":"wmu_files","wmuMaxFileCount":"1","wmuMaxFileSize":"2097152","wmuPostMaxSize":"67108864","wmuIsLightbox":"1","wmuMimeTypes":{"jpg":"image\/jpeg","jpeg":"image\/jpeg","jpe":"image\/jpeg","gif":"image\/gif","png":"image\/png","bmp":"image\/bmp","tiff":"image\/tiff","tif":"image\/tiff","ico":"image\/x-icon"},"wmuPhraseConfirmDelete":"Weet u zeker dat u deze bijlage wilt verwijderen?","wmuPhraseNotAllowedFile":"Niet toegestaan bestandstype","wmuPhraseMaxFileCount":"Maximale aantal ge\u00fcploade bestanden is 1","wmuPhraseMaxFileSize":"Maximale bestandsgrootte voor uploaden is 2MB","wmuPhrasePostMaxSize":"Maximale berichtgrootte is 64MB","wmuPhraseDoingUpload":"Het uploaden is bezig! Ogenblik geduld.","msgEmptyFile":"File is empty. Please upload something more substantial. This error could also be caused by uploads being disabled in your php.ini or by post_max_size being defined as smaller than upload_max_filesize in php.ini.","msgPostIdNotExists":"Bericht ID bestaat niet","msgUploadingNotAllowed":"Uploaden is niet toegestaan \u200b\u200bvoor dit bericht","msgPermissionDenied":"Je hebt onvoldoende rechten om deze actie uit te voeren","wmuKeyImages":"images","wmuSingleImageWidth":"auto","wmuSingleImageHeight":"200","isUserRated":null,"version":"7.6.27","wc_post_id":"83600","isCookiesEnabled":"1","loadLastCommentId":"0","dataFilterCallbacks":[],"phraseFilters":[],"scrollSize":"32","is_email_field_required":"0","url":"https:\/\/historiek.net\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","customAjaxUrl":"https:\/\/historiek.net\/wp-content\/plugins\/wpdiscuz\/utils\/ajax\/wpdiscuz-ajax.php","bubbleUpdateUrl":"https:\/\/historiek.net\/wp-json\/wpdiscuz\/v1\/update","restNonce":"3e84c326db","is_rate_editable":"0","menu_icon":"https:\/\/historiek.net\/wp-content\/plugins\/wpdiscuz\/assets\/img\/plugin-icon\/wpdiscuz-svg.svg","menu_icon_hover":"https:\/\/historiek.net\/wp-content\/plugins\/wpdiscuz\/assets\/img\/plugin-icon\/wpdiscuz-svg_hover.svg"}; var wpdiscuzUCObj = {"msgConfirmDeleteComment":"Weet u zeker dat u deze reactie wil verwijderen?","msgConfirmCancelSubscription":"Weet u zeker dat u dit abonnement wil annuleren?","msgConfirmCancelFollow":"Weet u zeker dat u niet meer wilt volgen?","additionalTab":"0"};</script> <script src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/plugins/wpdiscuz/assets/js/wpdiscuz-combo-no_quill.min.js?ver=7.6.27" id="wpdiscuz-combo-js-js"></script> <script src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/js/autoptimize_single_ca1897f519105b3e6cb6ecc7fb45512c.js?ver=2.18.3" id="lazyload-video-js-js"></script> <script id="lazyload-youtube-js-js-before">window.llvConfig=window.llvConfig||{};window.llvConfig.youtube={"colour":"red","buttonstyle":"youtube_button_image_red","controls":true,"loadpolicy":true,"thumbnailquality":"0","preroll":"","postroll":"","overlaytext":"","loadthumbnail":true,"cookies":false,"callback":""};</script> <script src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/js/autoptimize_single_e264a6ee15374c0ddd56807d95cbe759.js?ver=2.18.3" id="lazyload-youtube-js-js"></script> <script id="lazyload-vimeo-js-js-before">window.llvConfig=window.llvConfig||{};window.llvConfig.vimeo={"buttonstyle":"youtube_button_image_red","playercolour":"#00adef","preroll":"","postroll":"","show_title":false,"overlaytext":"","loadthumbnail":true,"thumbnailquality":"basic","cookies":false,"callback":""};</script> <script src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/js/autoptimize_single_529c24bf50a0ac24559ad08f10f225ca.js?ver=2.18.3" id="lazyload-vimeo-js-js"></script> <script src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/js/autoptimize_single_5f26471609cda042b7f28ec4d3f4a883.js?ver=1.1.0" id="wi-magnific-popup-js"></script> <script src="https://historiek.net/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="comment-reply-js" async data-wp-strategy="async"></script> <script src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/themes/fox/js56/tooltipster.bundle.min.js?ver=4.2.6" id="wi-tooltipster-js"></script> <script src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/js/autoptimize_single_c3f4b7f378dbbdc0175ade2113c4654e.js?ver=1739810112" id="wi-fitvids-js"></script> <script id="wi-main56-js-extra">var WITHEMES56 = {"l10n":{"prev":"Vorige","next":"Volgende","loading":"Loading.."},"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/historiek.net\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","siteurl":"https:\/\/historiek.net","site_id":"1","enable_lightbox":"1"};</script> <script src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/js/autoptimize_single_4ae520a099eccbe51c7de18dcf3b5ac1.js?ver=6.7.1" id="wi-main56-js"></script> <script id="q2w3_fixed_widget-js-extra">var q2w3_sidebar_options = [{"sidebar":"sidebar","use_sticky_position":true,"margin_top":10,"margin_bottom":0,"stop_elements_selectors":"#wi-footer","screen_max_width":900,"screen_max_height":0,"widgets":["#ai_widget-24"]},{"sidebar":"page-sidebar","use_sticky_position":true,"margin_top":10,"margin_bottom":0,"stop_elements_selectors":"#wi-footer","screen_max_width":900,"screen_max_height":0,"widgets":["#ai_widget-15"]},{"sidebar":"rechts","use_sticky_position":true,"margin_top":10,"margin_bottom":0,"stop_elements_selectors":"#wi-footer","screen_max_width":900,"screen_max_height":0,"widgets":["#custom_html-73","#ai_widget-13"]}];</script> <script src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/plugins/q2w3-fixed-widget/js/frontend.min.js?ver=6.2.3" id="q2w3_fixed_widget-js"></script> <div id="tnp-modal"><div id="tnp-modal-content"><div id="tnp-modal-close">×</div><div id="tnp-modal-body"></div></div></div> <script>var tnp_leads_popup_test = false; var tnp_leads_delay = 2000; // milliseconds var tnp_leads_days = '365'; var tnp_leads_count = 2; var tnp_leads_url = 'https://historiek.net/?na=leads-popup&language='; var tnp_leads_post = 'https://historiek.net/?na=ajaxsub';</script> <script src="https://historiek.net/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/js/autoptimize_single_5e1bfad0daa1f2cb2dd3c027d6faba19.js"></script> <script>function b2a(a){var b,c=0,l=0,f="",g=[];if(!a)return a;do{var e=a.charCodeAt(c++);var h=a.charCodeAt(c++);var k=a.charCodeAt(c++);var d=e<<16|h<<8|k;e=63&d>>18;h=63&d>>12;k=63&d>>6;d&=63;g[l++]="ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/=".charAt(e)+"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/=".charAt(h)+"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/=".charAt(k)+"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/=".charAt(d)}while(c< a.length);return f=g.join(""),b=a.length%3,(b?f.slice(0,b-3):f)+"===".slice(b||3)}function a2b(a){var b,c,l,f={},g=0,e=0,h="",k=String.fromCharCode,d=a.length;for(b=0;64>b;b++)f["ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/".charAt(b)]=b;for(c=0;d>c;c++)for(b=f[a.charAt(c)],g=(g<<6)+b,e+=6;8<=e;)((l=255&g>>>(e-=8))||d-2>c)&&(h+=k(l));return h}b64e=function(a){return btoa(encodeURIComponent(a).replace(/%([0-9A-F]{2})/g,function(b,a){return String.fromCharCode("0x"+a)}))}; b64d=function(a){return decodeURIComponent(atob(a).split("").map(function(a){return"%"+("00"+a.charCodeAt(0).toString(16)).slice(-2)}).join(""))}; ai_front = {"insertion_before":"BEFORE","insertion_after":"AFTER","insertion_prepend":"PREPEND CONTENT","insertion_append":"APPEND CONTENT","insertion_replace_content":"REPLACE CONTENT","insertion_replace_element":"REPLACE ELEMENT","visible":"VISIBLE","hidden":"HIDDEN","fallback":"FALLBACK","automatically_placed":"Automatically placed by AdSense Auto ads code","cancel":"Cancel","use":"Use","add":"Add","parent":"Parent","cancel_element_selection":"Cancel element selection","select_parent_element":"Select parent element","css_selector":"CSS selector","use_current_selector":"Use current selector","element":"ELEMENT","path":"PATH","selector":"SELECTOR"}; var ai_cookie_js=!0,ai_block_class_def="ablok"; /* JavaScript Cookie v2.2.0 https://github.com/js-cookie/js-cookie Copyright 2006, 2015 Klaus Hartl & Fagner Brack Released under the MIT license */ "undefined"!==typeof ai_cookie_js&&(function(a){if("function"===typeof define&&define.amd){define(a);var c=!0}"object"===typeof exports&&(module.exports=a(),c=!0);if(!c){var d=window.Cookies,b=window.Cookies=a();b.noConflict=function(){window.Cookies=d;return b}}}(function(){function a(){for(var d=0,b={};d<arguments.length;d++){var f=arguments[d],e;for(e in f)b[e]=f[e]}return b}function c(d){function b(){}function f(h,k,g){if("undefined"!==typeof document){g=a({path:"/",sameSite:"Lax"},b.defaults, g);"number"===typeof g.expires&&(g.expires=new Date(1*new Date+864E5*g.expires));g.expires=g.expires?g.expires.toUTCString():"";try{var l=JSON.stringify(k);/^[\{\[]/.test(l)&&(k=l)}catch(p){}k=d.write?d.write(k,h):encodeURIComponent(String(k)).replace(/%(23|24|26|2B|3A|3C|3E|3D|2F|3F|40|5B|5D|5E|60|7B|7D|7C)/g,decodeURIComponent);h=encodeURIComponent(String(h)).replace(/%(23|24|26|2B|5E|60|7C)/g,decodeURIComponent).replace(/[]/g,escape);l="";for(var n in g)g[n]&&(l+="; "+n,!0!==g[n]&&(l+="="+ g[n].split(";")[0]));return document.cookie=h+"="+k+l}}function e(h,k){if("undefined"!==typeof document){for(var g={},l=document.cookie?document.cookie.split("; "):[],n=0;n<l.length;n++){var p=l[n].split("="),m=p.slice(1).join("=");k||'"'!==m.charAt(0)||(m=m.slice(1,-1));try{var q=p[0].replace(/(%[0-9A-Z]{2})+/g,decodeURIComponent);m=(d.read||d)(m,q)||m.replace(/(%[0-9A-Z]{2})+/g,decodeURIComponent);if(k)try{m=JSON.parse(m)}catch(r){}g[q]=m;if(h===q)break}catch(r){}}return h?g[h]:g}}b.set=f;b.get= function(h){return e(h,!1)};b.getJSON=function(h){return e(h,!0)};b.remove=function(h,k){f(h,"",a(k,{expires:-1}))};b.defaults={};b.withConverter=c;return b}return c(function(){})}),AiCookies=Cookies.noConflict(),ai_check_block=function(a){if(null==a)return!0;var c=AiCookies.getJSON("aiBLOCKS");ai_debug_cookie_status="";null==c&&(c={});"undefined"!==typeof ai_delay_showing_pageviews&&(c.hasOwnProperty(a)||(c[a]={}),c[a].hasOwnProperty("d")||(c[a].d=ai_delay_showing_pageviews));if(c.hasOwnProperty(a)){for(var d in c[a]){if("x"== d){var b="",f=document.querySelectorAll('span[data-ai-block="'+a+'"]')[0];"aiHash"in f.dataset&&(b=f.dataset.aiHash);f="";c[a].hasOwnProperty("h")&&(f=c[a].h);var e=new Date;e=c[a][d]-Math.round(e.getTime()/1E3);if(0<e&&f==b)return ai_debug_cookie_status=a="closed for "+e+" s = "+Math.round(1E4*e/3600/24)/1E4+" days",!1;ai_set_cookie(a,"x","");c[a].hasOwnProperty("i")||c[a].hasOwnProperty("c")||ai_set_cookie(a,"h","")}else if("d"==d){if(0!=c[a][d])return ai_debug_cookie_status=a="delayed for "+c[a][d]+ " pageviews",!1}else if("i"==d){b="";f=document.querySelectorAll('span[data-ai-block="'+a+'"]')[0];"aiHash"in f.dataset&&(b=f.dataset.aiHash);f="";c[a].hasOwnProperty("h")&&(f=c[a].h);if(0==c[a][d]&&f==b)return ai_debug_cookie_status=a="max impressions reached",!1;if(0>c[a][d]&&f==b){e=new Date;e=-c[a][d]-Math.round(e.getTime()/1E3);if(0<e)return ai_debug_cookie_status=a="max imp. reached ("+Math.round(1E4*e/24/3600)/1E4+" days = "+e+" s)",!1;ai_set_cookie(a,"i","");c[a].hasOwnProperty("c")||c[a].hasOwnProperty("x")|| ai_set_cookie(a,"h","")}}if("ipt"==d&&0==c[a][d]&&(e=new Date,b=Math.round(e.getTime()/1E3),e=c[a].it-b,0<e))return ai_debug_cookie_status=a="max imp. per time reached ("+Math.round(1E4*e/24/3600)/1E4+" days = "+e+" s)",!1;if("c"==d){b="";f=document.querySelectorAll('span[data-ai-block="'+a+'"]')[0];"aiHash"in f.dataset&&(b=f.dataset.aiHash);f="";c[a].hasOwnProperty("h")&&(f=c[a].h);if(0==c[a][d]&&f==b)return ai_debug_cookie_status=a="max clicks reached",!1;if(0>c[a][d]&&f==b){e=new Date;e=-c[a][d]- Math.round(e.getTime()/1E3);if(0<e)return ai_debug_cookie_status=a="max clicks reached ("+Math.round(1E4*e/24/3600)/1E4+" days = "+e+" s)",!1;ai_set_cookie(a,"c","");c[a].hasOwnProperty("i")||c[a].hasOwnProperty("x")||ai_set_cookie(a,"h","")}}if("cpt"==d&&0==c[a][d]&&(e=new Date,b=Math.round(e.getTime()/1E3),e=c[a].ct-b,0<e))return ai_debug_cookie_status=a="max clicks per time reached ("+Math.round(1E4*e/24/3600)/1E4+" days = "+e+" s)",!1}if(c.hasOwnProperty("G")&&c.G.hasOwnProperty("cpt")&&0==c.G.cpt&& (e=new Date,b=Math.round(e.getTime()/1E3),e=c.G.ct-b,0<e))return ai_debug_cookie_status=a="max global clicks per time reached ("+Math.round(1E4*e/24/3600)/1E4+" days = "+e+" s)",!1}ai_debug_cookie_status="OK";return!0},ai_check_and_insert_block=function(a,c){if(null==a)return!0;var d=document.getElementsByClassName(c);if(d.length){d=d[0];var b=d.closest("."+ai_block_class_def),f=ai_check_block(a);!f&&0!=parseInt(d.getAttribute("limits-fallback"))&&d.hasAttribute("data-fallback-code")&&(d.setAttribute("data-code", d.getAttribute("data-fallback-code")),null!=b&&b.hasAttribute("data-ai")&&d.hasAttribute("fallback-tracking")&&d.hasAttribute("fallback_level")&&b.setAttribute("data-ai-"+d.getAttribute("fallback_level"),d.getAttribute("fallback-tracking")),f=!0);d.removeAttribute("data-selector");if(f)ai_insert_code(d),b&&(f=b.querySelectorAll(".ai-debug-block"),f.length&&(b.classList.remove("ai-list-block"),b.classList.remove("ai-list-block-ip"),b.classList.remove("ai-list-block-filter"),b.style.visibility="",b.classList.contains("ai-remove-position")&& (b.style.position="")));else{f=d.closest("div[data-ai]");if(null!=f&&"undefined"!=typeof f.getAttribute("data-ai")){var e=JSON.parse(b64d(f.getAttribute("data-ai")));"undefined"!==typeof e&&e.constructor===Array&&(e[1]="",f.setAttribute("data-ai",b64e(JSON.stringify(e))))}b&&(f=b.querySelectorAll(".ai-debug-block"),f.length&&(b.classList.remove("ai-list-block"),b.classList.remove("ai-list-block-ip"),b.classList.remove("ai-list-block-filter"),b.style.visibility="",b.classList.contains("ai-remove-position")&& (b.style.position="")))}d.classList.remove(c)}d=document.querySelectorAll("."+c+"-dbg");b=0;for(f=d.length;b<f;b++)e=d[b],e.querySelector(".ai-status").textContent=ai_debug_cookie_status,e.querySelector(".ai-cookie-data").textContent=ai_get_cookie_text(a),e.classList.remove(c+"-dbg")},ai_load_cookie=function(){var a=AiCookies.getJSON("aiBLOCKS");null==a&&(a={});return a},ai_set_cookie=function(a,c,d){var b=ai_load_cookie();if(""===d){if(b.hasOwnProperty(a)){delete b[a][c];a:{c=b[a];for(f in c)if(c.hasOwnProperty(f)){var f= !1;break a}f=!0}f&&delete b[a]}}else b.hasOwnProperty(a)||(b[a]={}),b[a][c]=d;0===Object.keys(b).length&&b.constructor===Object?AiCookies.remove("aiBLOCKS"):AiCookies.set("aiBLOCKS",b,{expires:365,path:"/"});return b},ai_get_cookie_text=function(a){var c=AiCookies.getJSON("aiBLOCKS");null==c&&(c={});var d="";c.hasOwnProperty("G")&&(d="G["+JSON.stringify(c.G).replace(/"/g,"").replace("{","").replace("}","")+"] ");var b="";c.hasOwnProperty(a)&&(b=JSON.stringify(c[a]).replace(/"/g,"").replace("{","").replace("}", ""));return d+b}); var ai_insertion_js=!0,ai_block_class_def="ablok"; if("undefined"!=typeof ai_insertion_js){ai_insert=function(a,h,l){if(-1!=h.indexOf(":eq("))if(window.jQuery&&window.jQuery.fn)var n=jQuery(h);else{console.error("AI INSERT USING jQuery QUERIES:",h,"- jQuery not found");return}else n=document.querySelectorAll(h);for(var u=0,y=n.length;u<y;u++){var d=n[u];selector_string=d.hasAttribute("id")?"#"+d.getAttribute("id"):d.hasAttribute("class")?"."+d.getAttribute("class").replace(RegExp(" ","g"),"."):"";var w=document.createElement("div");w.innerHTML=l; var m=w.getElementsByClassName("ai-selector-counter")[0];null!=m&&(m.innerText=u+1);m=w.getElementsByClassName("ai-debug-name ai-main")[0];if(null!=m){var r=a.toUpperCase();"undefined"!=typeof ai_front&&("before"==a?r=ai_front.insertion_before:"after"==a?r=ai_front.insertion_after:"prepend"==a?r=ai_front.insertion_prepend:"append"==a?r=ai_front.insertion_append:"replace-content"==a?r=ai_front.insertion_replace_content:"replace-element"==a&&(r=ai_front.insertion_replace_element));-1==selector_string.indexOf(".ai-viewports")&& (m.innerText=r+" "+h+" ("+d.tagName.toLowerCase()+selector_string+")")}m=document.createRange();try{var v=m.createContextualFragment(w.innerHTML)}catch(t){}"before"==a?d.parentNode.insertBefore(v,d):"after"==a?d.parentNode.insertBefore(v,d.nextSibling):"prepend"==a?d.insertBefore(v,d.firstChild):"append"==a?d.insertBefore(v,null):"replace-content"==a?(d.innerHTML="",d.insertBefore(v,null)):"replace-element"==a&&(d.parentNode.insertBefore(v,d),d.parentNode.removeChild(d));z()}};ai_insert_code=function(a){function h(m, r){return null==m?!1:m.classList?m.classList.contains(r):-1<(" "+m.className+" ").indexOf(" "+r+" ")}function l(m,r){null!=m&&(m.classList?m.classList.add(r):m.className+=" "+r)}function n(m,r){null!=m&&(m.classList?m.classList.remove(r):m.className=m.className.replace(new RegExp("(^|\\b)"+r.split(" ").join("|")+"(\\b|$)","gi")," "))}if("undefined"!=typeof a){var u=!1;if(h(a,"no-visibility-check")||a.offsetWidth||a.offsetHeight||a.getClientRects().length){u=a.getAttribute("data-code");var y=a.getAttribute("data-insertion-position"), d=a.getAttribute("data-selector");if(null!=u)if(null!=y&&null!=d){if(-1!=d.indexOf(":eq(")?window.jQuery&&window.jQuery.fn&&jQuery(d).length:document.querySelectorAll(d).length)ai_insert(y,d,b64d(u)),n(a,"ai-viewports")}else{y=document.createRange();try{var w=y.createContextualFragment(b64d(u))}catch(m){}a.parentNode.insertBefore(w,a.nextSibling);n(a,"ai-viewports")}u=!0}else w=a.previousElementSibling,h(w,"ai-debug-bar")&&h(w,"ai-debug-script")&&(n(w,"ai-debug-script"),l(w,"ai-debug-viewport-invisible")), n(a,"ai-viewports");return u}};ai_insert_list_code=function(a){var h=document.getElementsByClassName(a)[0];if("undefined"!=typeof h){var l=ai_insert_code(h),n=h.closest("div."+ai_block_class_def);if(n){l||n.removeAttribute("data-ai");var u=n.querySelectorAll(".ai-debug-block");n&&u.length&&(n.classList.remove("ai-list-block"),n.classList.remove("ai-list-block-ip"),n.classList.remove("ai-list-block-filter"),n.style.visibility="",n.classList.contains("ai-remove-position")&&(n.style.position=""))}h.classList.remove(a); l&&z()}};ai_insert_viewport_code=function(a){var h=document.getElementsByClassName(a)[0];if("undefined"!=typeof h){var l=ai_insert_code(h);h.classList.remove(a);l&&(a=h.closest("div."+ai_block_class_def),null!=a&&(l=h.getAttribute("style"),null!=l&&a.setAttribute("style",a.getAttribute("style")+" "+l)));setTimeout(function(){h.removeAttribute("style")},2);z()}};ai_insert_adsense_fallback_codes=function(a){a.style.display="none";var h=a.closest(".ai-fallback-adsense"),l=h.nextElementSibling;l.getAttribute("data-code")? ai_insert_code(l)&&z():l.style.display="block";h.classList.contains("ai-empty-code")&&null!=a.closest("."+ai_block_class_def)&&(a=a.closest("."+ai_block_class_def).getElementsByClassName("code-block-label"),0!=a.length&&(a[0].style.display="none"))};ai_insert_code_by_class=function(a){var h=document.getElementsByClassName(a)[0];"undefined"!=typeof h&&(ai_insert_code(h),h.classList.remove(a))};ai_insert_client_code=function(a,h){var l=document.getElementsByClassName(a)[0];if("undefined"!=typeof l){var n= l.getAttribute("data-code");null!=n&&ai_check_block()&&(l.setAttribute("data-code",n.substring(Math.floor(h/19))),ai_insert_code_by_class(a),l.remove())}};ai_process_elements_active=!1;function z(){ai_process_elements_active||setTimeout(function(){ai_process_elements_active=!1;"function"==typeof ai_process_rotations&&ai_process_rotations();"function"==typeof ai_process_lists&&ai_process_lists();"function"==typeof ai_process_ip_addresses&&ai_process_ip_addresses();"function"==typeof ai_process_filter_hooks&& ai_process_filter_hooks();"function"==typeof ai_adb_process_blocks&&ai_adb_process_blocks();"function"==typeof ai_process_impressions&&1==ai_tracking_finished&&ai_process_impressions();"function"==typeof ai_install_click_trackers&&1==ai_tracking_finished&&ai_install_click_trackers();"function"==typeof ai_install_close_buttons&&ai_install_close_buttons(document);"function"==typeof ai_process_wait_for_interaction&&ai_process_wait_for_interaction();"function"==typeof ai_process_delayed_blocks&&ai_process_delayed_blocks()}, 5);ai_process_elements_active=!0}const B=document.querySelector("body");(new MutationObserver(function(a,h){for(const l of a)"attributes"===l.type&&"data-ad-status"==l.attributeName&&"unfilled"==l.target.dataset.adStatus&&l.target.closest(".ai-fallback-adsense")&&ai_insert_adsense_fallback_codes(l.target)})).observe(B,{attributes:!0,childList:!1,subtree:!0});var Arrive=function(a,h,l){function n(t,c,e){d.addMethod(c,e,t.unbindEvent);d.addMethod(c,e,t.unbindEventWithSelectorOrCallback);d.addMethod(c, e,t.unbindEventWithSelectorAndCallback)}function u(t){t.arrive=r.bindEvent;n(r,t,"unbindArrive");t.leave=v.bindEvent;n(v,t,"unbindLeave")}if(a.MutationObserver&&"undefined"!==typeof HTMLElement){var y=0,d=function(){var t=HTMLElement.prototype.matches||HTMLElement.prototype.webkitMatchesSelector||HTMLElement.prototype.mozMatchesSelector||HTMLElement.prototype.msMatchesSelector;return{matchesSelector:function(c,e){return c instanceof HTMLElement&&t.call(c,e)},addMethod:function(c,e,f){var b=c[e];c[e]= function(){if(f.length==arguments.length)return f.apply(this,arguments);if("function"==typeof b)return b.apply(this,arguments)}},callCallbacks:function(c,e){e&&e.options.onceOnly&&1==e.firedElems.length&&(c=[c[0]]);for(var f=0,b;b=c[f];f++)b&&b.callback&&b.callback.call(b.elem,b.elem);e&&e.options.onceOnly&&1==e.firedElems.length&&e.me.unbindEventWithSelectorAndCallback.call(e.target,e.selector,e.callback)},checkChildNodesRecursively:function(c,e,f,b){for(var g=0,k;k=c[g];g++)f(k,e,b)&&b.push({callback:e.callback, elem:k}),0<k.childNodes.length&&d.checkChildNodesRecursively(k.childNodes,e,f,b)},mergeArrays:function(c,e){var f={},b;for(b in c)c.hasOwnProperty(b)&&(f[b]=c[b]);for(b in e)e.hasOwnProperty(b)&&(f[b]=e[b]);return f},toElementsArray:function(c){"undefined"===typeof c||"number"===typeof c.length&&c!==a||(c=[c]);return c}}}(),w=function(){var t=function(){this._eventsBucket=[];this._beforeRemoving=this._beforeAdding=null};t.prototype.addEvent=function(c,e,f,b){c={target:c,selector:e,options:f,callback:b, firedElems:[]};this._beforeAdding&&this._beforeAdding(c);this._eventsBucket.push(c);return c};t.prototype.removeEvent=function(c){for(var e=this._eventsBucket.length-1,f;f=this._eventsBucket[e];e--)c(f)&&(this._beforeRemoving&&this._beforeRemoving(f),(f=this._eventsBucket.splice(e,1))&&f.length&&(f[0].callback=null))};t.prototype.beforeAdding=function(c){this._beforeAdding=c};t.prototype.beforeRemoving=function(c){this._beforeRemoving=c};return t}(),m=function(t,c){var e=new w,f=this,b={fireOnAttributesModification:!1}; e.beforeAdding(function(g){var k=g.target;if(k===a.document||k===a)k=document.getElementsByTagName("html")[0];var p=new MutationObserver(function(x){c.call(this,x,g)});var q=t(g.options);p.observe(k,q);g.observer=p;g.me=f});e.beforeRemoving(function(g){g.observer.disconnect()});this.bindEvent=function(g,k,p){k=d.mergeArrays(b,k);for(var q=d.toElementsArray(this),x=0;x<q.length;x++)e.addEvent(q[x],g,k,p)};this.unbindEvent=function(){var g=d.toElementsArray(this);e.removeEvent(function(k){for(var p= 0;p<g.length;p++)if(this===l||k.target===g[p])return!0;return!1})};this.unbindEventWithSelectorOrCallback=function(g){var k=d.toElementsArray(this);e.removeEvent("function"===typeof g?function(p){for(var q=0;q<k.length;q++)if((this===l||p.target===k[q])&&p.callback===g)return!0;return!1}:function(p){for(var q=0;q<k.length;q++)if((this===l||p.target===k[q])&&p.selector===g)return!0;return!1})};this.unbindEventWithSelectorAndCallback=function(g,k){var p=d.toElementsArray(this);e.removeEvent(function(q){for(var x= 0;x<p.length;x++)if((this===l||q.target===p[x])&&q.selector===g&&q.callback===k)return!0;return!1})};return this},r=new function(){function t(f,b,g){return d.matchesSelector(f,b.selector)&&(f._id===l&&(f._id=y++),-1==b.firedElems.indexOf(f._id))?(b.firedElems.push(f._id),!0):!1}var c={fireOnAttributesModification:!1,onceOnly:!1,existing:!1};r=new m(function(f){var b={attributes:!1,childList:!0,subtree:!0};f.fireOnAttributesModification&&(b.attributes=!0);return b},function(f,b){f.forEach(function(g){var k= g.addedNodes,p=g.target,q=[];null!==k&&0<k.length?d.checkChildNodesRecursively(k,b,t,q):"attributes"===g.type&&t(p,b,q)&&q.push({callback:b.callback,elem:p});d.callCallbacks(q,b)})});var e=r.bindEvent;r.bindEvent=function(f,b,g){"undefined"===typeof g?(g=b,b=c):b=d.mergeArrays(c,b);var k=d.toElementsArray(this);if(b.existing){for(var p=[],q=0;q<k.length;q++)for(var x=k[q].querySelectorAll(f),A=0;A<x.length;A++)p.push({callback:g,elem:x[A]});if(b.onceOnly&&p.length)return g.call(p[0].elem,p[0].elem); setTimeout(d.callCallbacks,1,p)}e.call(this,f,b,g)};return r},v=new function(){function t(f,b){return d.matchesSelector(f,b.selector)}var c={};v=new m(function(){return{childList:!0,subtree:!0}},function(f,b){f.forEach(function(g){g=g.removedNodes;var k=[];null!==g&&0<g.length&&d.checkChildNodesRecursively(g,b,t,k);d.callCallbacks(k,b)})});var e=v.bindEvent;v.bindEvent=function(f,b,g){"undefined"===typeof g?(g=b,b=c):b=d.mergeArrays(c,b);e.call(this,f,b,g)};return v};h&&u(h.fn);u(HTMLElement.prototype); u(NodeList.prototype);u(HTMLCollection.prototype);u(HTMLDocument.prototype);u(Window.prototype);h={};n(r,h,"unbindAllArrive");n(v,h,"unbindAllLeave");return h}}(window,"undefined"===typeof jQuery?null:jQuery,void 0)}; var ai_recaptcha_threshold="0.5",ai_recaptcha_site_key="",ai_lazy_loading_offset=350,ai_ajax_url="https://historiek.net/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php"; if("undefined"!=typeof ai_recaptcha_site_key){const q=function(c,d){if("DIV"===c.tagName&&c.hasAttribute("data-code")){d=document.createRange();var b=!0;try{var a=d.createContextualFragment(b64d(c.dataset.code))}catch(f){b=!1}b&&c.insertBefore(a,c.firstChild);c.removeAttribute("data-code");a=c.closest("."+b64d(c.dataset.class));c.removeAttribute("data-class");c.removeAttribute("class");"function"==typeof ai_process_lists&&ai_process_lists();"function"==typeof ai_process_ip_addresses&&ai_process_ip_addresses(); "function"==typeof ai_process_filter_hooks&&ai_process_filter_hooks();"function"==typeof ai_process_rotations_in_element&&ai_process_rotations_in_element(c);"function"==typeof ai_adb_process_blocks&&ai_adb_process_blocks();"function"==typeof ai_process_impressions&&null!=a&&1==ai_tracking_finished&&setTimeout(ai_process_impressions,1400);"function"==typeof ai_install_click_trackers&&null!=a&&1==ai_tracking_finished&&setTimeout(ai_install_click_trackers,1500);"function"==typeof ai_install_close_buttons&& null!=a&&ai_install_close_buttons(a);ai_process_wait_for_interaction();ai_process_delayed_blocks()}},p=function(c){const d={intersectionObserverSupport:"IntersectionObserver"in window&&"IntersectionObserverEntry"in window&&"intersectionRatio"in window.IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype,mutationObserverSupport:"MutationObserver"in window,idleCallbackSupport:"requestIdleCallback"in window,eventsToBind:[[document,"scroll"],[document,"touchmove"],[window,"resize"],[window,"orientationchange"]]},b={lazyClass:"ai-lazy", lazyElement:null,throttleTime:200,idlyLoad:!1,idleLoadTimeout:100,threshold:ai_lazy_loading_offset,observeChanges:!1,observeRootSelector:"body",mutationObserverOptions:{childList:!0}};Object.assign(b,c);const a=`div.${b.lazyClass}`,f={timeout:b.idleLoadTimeout};var e=null==b.lazyElement?[].slice.call(document.querySelectorAll(a)):[].push(b.lazyElement);if(!0===d.intersectionObserverSupport){var h=new IntersectionObserver(function(k,g){k.forEach(function(l){var n=l.target;!0===l.isIntersecting&&(!0=== b.idlyLoad&&!0===d.idleCallbackSupport?requestIdleCallback(function(){q(n,d)},f):q(n,d),n.classList.remove(b.lazyClass),g.unobserve(n),e=e.filter(function(r){return r!==n}))})},{rootMargin:`${b.threshold}px 0%`});e.forEach(function(k){h.observe(k)})}else{var m=function(){var k=!1;!1===k&&0<e.length&&(k=!0,setTimeout(function(){e.forEach(function(g){g.getBoundingClientRect().top<=window.innerHeight+b.threshold&&g.getBoundingClientRect().bottom>=-b.threshold&&"none"!==getComputedStyle(g).display&&(!0=== b.idlyLoad&&!0===d.idleCallbackSupport?requestIdleCallback(function(){q(g,d)},f):q(g,d),g.classList.remove(b.lazyClass),e=e.filter(function(l){return l!==g}))});k=!1;0===e.length&&!1===b.observeChanges&&d.eventsToBind.forEach(function(g){g[0].removeEventListener(g[1],m)})},b.throttleTime))};d.eventsToBind.forEach(function(k){k[0].addEventListener(k[1],m)});m()}!0===d.mutationObserverSupport&&!0===b.observeChanges&&(new MutationObserver(function(k){k.forEach(function(g){[].slice.call(document.querySelectorAll(a)).forEach(function(l){-1=== e.indexOf(l)&&(e.push(l),!0===d.intersectionObserverSupport?h.observe(l):m())})})})).observe(document.querySelector(b.observeRootSelector),b.mutationObserverOptions)};(function(c){"complete"===document.readyState||"loading"!==document.readyState&&!document.documentElement.doScroll?c():document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",c)})(function(){setTimeout(function(){p({lazyClass:"ai-lazy",observeChanges:!0,mutationObserverOptions:{childList:!0,attributes:!0,subtree:!0}})},5)});ai_load_blocks=function(c){c= Number.isInteger(c)?"ai-manual-"+c:"ai-manual";p({lazyClass:c,threshold:99999,observeChanges:!0,mutationObserverOptions:{childList:!0,attributes:!0,subtree:!0}});"function"==typeof ai_process_lists&&ai_process_lists()};ai_process_wait_for_interaction=function(){function c(){"undefined"!=typeof a&&clearTimeout(a);ai_user_interaction=!0;d(!1)}function d(f){b.forEach(function(e){window.removeEventListener(e,c,{passive:!0})});p({lazyClass:"ai-wait-for-interaction",threshold:99999,observeChanges:!0,mutationObserverOptions:{childList:!0, attributes:!0,subtree:!0}})}const b=["mouseover","keydown","touchmove","touchstart"];if(0!=document.getElementsByClassName("ai-wait-for-interaction").length){"undefined"==typeof ai_interaction_timeout&&(ai_interaction_timeout=4E3);"undefined"==typeof ai_delay_tracking&&(ai_delay_tracking=0);if(0<ai_interaction_timeout){ai_delay_tracking+=ai_interaction_timeout;var a=setTimeout(d,ai_interaction_timeout,!0)}b.forEach(function(f){window.addEventListener(f,c,{passive:!0})})}};setTimeout(ai_process_wait_for_interaction, 3);ai_process_check_recaptcha_score=function(){"undefined"!=typeof grecaptcha&&""!=ai_recaptcha_site_key&&grecaptcha.ready(function(){grecaptcha.execute(ai_recaptcha_site_key,{action:"submit"}).then(function(c){var d=new XMLHttpRequest;c="ai_check=9363134b7e&recaptcha="+c;d.open("POST",ai_ajax_url+"?action=ai_ajax",!0);d.setRequestHeader("Content-type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");d.onreadystatechange=function(){if(4==this.readyState&&200==this.status){let e=JSON.parse(this.responseText);if(e&& e.success){ai_recaptcha_score=e.score;const h=document.getElementsByClassName("ai-check-recaptcha-score");if(e.score<1E3*parseFloat(ai_recaptcha_threshold)/1E3)for(var b=0;b<h.length;b++){var a=h[b].closest(".ai-track");null!=a&&a.classList.remove("ai-track");a=h[b].dataset.class;if("undefined"!=typeof a){a=b64d(a);var f=h[b].closest("."+a);null!=f&&(f.classList.remove("ai-list-block"),f.classList.remove("ai-list-block-ip"),a=f.getElementsByClassName("ai-recaptcha-score"),0!=a.length&&(a[0].innerHTML= e.score),a=f.getElementsByClassName("ai-recaptcha-result"),0!=a.length&&(a[0].innerHTML=ai_front.hidden))}}else for(p({lazyClass:"ai-check-recaptcha-score",threshold:99999,observeChanges:!0,mutationObserverOptions:{childList:!0,attributes:!0,subtree:!0}}),b=0;b<h.length;b++)a=h[b].dataset.class,"undefined"!=typeof a&&(a=b64d(a),f=h[b].closest("."+a),null!=f&&(a=f.getElementsByClassName("ai-recaptcha-score"),0!=a.length&&(a[0].innerHTML=e.score),a=f.getElementsByClassName("ai-recaptcha-result"),0!= a.length&&(a[0].innerHTML=ai_front.visible)))}}};d.send(c)})})};setTimeout(ai_process_check_recaptcha_score,2);ai_process_delayed_blocks=function(){var c=document.getElementsByClassName("ai-delayed-unprocessed");if(0!=c.length){function e(m){p({lazyClass:"ai-delayed-"+m,threshold:99999,observeChanges:!0,mutationObserverOptions:{childList:!0,attributes:!0,subtree:!0}})}"undefined"==typeof ai_delay_tracking&&(ai_delay_tracking=0);for(var d=[],b=0;b<c.length;b++){var a=parseInt(c[b].getAttribute("data-block")); d.push(a)}const h=[...(new Set(d))];for(c=0;c<h.length;c++){a=h[c];d=document.getElementsByClassName("ai-delayed-"+a);b=parseInt(d[0].getAttribute("data-delay"));for(var f=d.length-1;0<=f;f--)d[f].classList.remove("ai-delayed-unprocessed");ai_delay_tracking+=b;setTimeout(e,b,a)}}};setTimeout(ai_process_delayed_blocks,1)}; ;!function(a,b){a(function(){"use strict";function a(a,b){return null!=a&&null!=b&&a.toLowerCase()===b.toLowerCase()}function c(a,b){var c,d,e=a.length;if(!e||!b)return!1;for(c=b.toLowerCase(),d=0;d<e;++d)if(c===a[d].toLowerCase())return!0;return!1}function d(a){for(var b in a)i.call(a,b)&&(a[b]=new RegExp(a[b],"i"))}function e(a){return(a||"").substr(0,500)}function f(a,b){this.ua=e(a),this._cache={},this.maxPhoneWidth=b||600}var g={};g.mobileDetectRules={phones:{iPhone:"\\biPhone\\b|\\biPod\\b",BlackBerry:"BlackBerry|\\bBB10\\b|rim[0-9]+|\\b(BBA100|BBB100|BBD100|BBE100|BBF100|STH100)\\b-[0-9]+",Pixel:"; \\bPixel\\b",HTC:"HTC|HTC.*(Sensation|Evo|Vision|Explorer|6800|8100|8900|A7272|S510e|C110e|Legend|Desire|T8282)|APX515CKT|Qtek9090|APA9292KT|HD_mini|Sensation.*Z710e|PG86100|Z715e|Desire.*(A8181|HD)|ADR6200|ADR6400L|ADR6425|001HT|Inspire 4G|Android.*\\bEVO\\b|T-Mobile G1|Z520m|Android [0-9.]+; Pixel",Nexus:"Nexus One|Nexus S|Galaxy.*Nexus|Android.*Nexus.*Mobile|Nexus 4|Nexus 5|Nexus 5X|Nexus 6",Dell:"Dell[;]? (Streak|Aero|Venue|Venue Pro|Flash|Smoke|Mini 3iX)|XCD28|XCD35|\\b001DL\\b|\\b101DL\\b|\\bGS01\\b",Motorola:"Motorola|DROIDX|DROID BIONIC|\\bDroid\\b.*Build|Android.*Xoom|HRI39|MOT-|A1260|A1680|A555|A853|A855|A953|A955|A956|Motorola.*ELECTRIFY|Motorola.*i1|i867|i940|MB200|MB300|MB501|MB502|MB508|MB511|MB520|MB525|MB526|MB611|MB612|MB632|MB810|MB855|MB860|MB861|MB865|MB870|ME501|ME502|ME511|ME525|ME600|ME632|ME722|ME811|ME860|ME863|ME865|MT620|MT710|MT716|MT720|MT810|MT870|MT917|Motorola.*TITANIUM|WX435|WX445|XT300|XT301|XT311|XT316|XT317|XT319|XT320|XT390|XT502|XT530|XT531|XT532|XT535|XT603|XT610|XT611|XT615|XT681|XT701|XT702|XT711|XT720|XT800|XT806|XT860|XT862|XT875|XT882|XT883|XT894|XT901|XT907|XT909|XT910|XT912|XT928|XT926|XT915|XT919|XT925|XT1021|\\bMoto E\\b|XT1068|XT1092|XT1052",Samsung:"\\bSamsung\\b|SM-G950F|SM-G955F|SM-G9250|GT-19300|SGH-I337|BGT-S5230|GT-B2100|GT-B2700|GT-B2710|GT-B3210|GT-B3310|GT-B3410|GT-B3730|GT-B3740|GT-B5510|GT-B5512|GT-B5722|GT-B6520|GT-B7300|GT-B7320|GT-B7330|GT-B7350|GT-B7510|GT-B7722|GT-B7800|GT-C3010|GT-C3011|GT-C3060|GT-C3200|GT-C3212|GT-C3212I|GT-C3262|GT-C3222|GT-C3300|GT-C3300K|GT-C3303|GT-C3303K|GT-C3310|GT-C3322|GT-C3330|GT-C3350|GT-C3500|GT-C3510|GT-C3530|GT-C3630|GT-C3780|GT-C5010|GT-C5212|GT-C6620|GT-C6625|GT-C6712|GT-E1050|GT-E1070|GT-E1075|GT-E1080|GT-E1081|GT-E1085|GT-E1087|GT-E1100|GT-E1107|GT-E1110|GT-E1120|GT-E1125|GT-E1130|GT-E1160|GT-E1170|GT-E1175|GT-E1180|GT-E1182|GT-E1200|GT-E1210|GT-E1225|GT-E1230|GT-E1390|GT-E2100|GT-E2120|GT-E2121|GT-E2152|GT-E2220|GT-E2222|GT-E2230|GT-E2232|GT-E2250|GT-E2370|GT-E2550|GT-E2652|GT-E3210|GT-E3213|GT-I5500|GT-I5503|GT-I5700|GT-I5800|GT-I5801|GT-I6410|GT-I6420|GT-I7110|GT-I7410|GT-I7500|GT-I8000|GT-I8150|GT-I8160|GT-I8190|GT-I8320|GT-I8330|GT-I8350|GT-I8530|GT-I8700|GT-I8703|GT-I8910|GT-I9000|GT-I9001|GT-I9003|GT-I9010|GT-I9020|GT-I9023|GT-I9070|GT-I9082|GT-I9100|GT-I9103|GT-I9220|GT-I9250|GT-I9300|GT-I9305|GT-I9500|GT-I9505|GT-M3510|GT-M5650|GT-M7500|GT-M7600|GT-M7603|GT-M8800|GT-M8910|GT-N7000|GT-S3110|GT-S3310|GT-S3350|GT-S3353|GT-S3370|GT-S3650|GT-S3653|GT-S3770|GT-S3850|GT-S5210|GT-S5220|GT-S5229|GT-S5230|GT-S5233|GT-S5250|GT-S5253|GT-S5260|GT-S5263|GT-S5270|GT-S5300|GT-S5330|GT-S5350|GT-S5360|GT-S5363|GT-S5369|GT-S5380|GT-S5380D|GT-S5560|GT-S5570|GT-S5600|GT-S5603|GT-S5610|GT-S5620|GT-S5660|GT-S5670|GT-S5690|GT-S5750|GT-S5780|GT-S5830|GT-S5839|GT-S6102|GT-S6500|GT-S7070|GT-S7200|GT-S7220|GT-S7230|GT-S7233|GT-S7250|GT-S7500|GT-S7530|GT-S7550|GT-S7562|GT-S7710|GT-S8000|GT-S8003|GT-S8500|GT-S8530|GT-S8600|SCH-A310|SCH-A530|SCH-A570|SCH-A610|SCH-A630|SCH-A650|SCH-A790|SCH-A795|SCH-A850|SCH-A870|SCH-A890|SCH-A930|SCH-A950|SCH-A970|SCH-A990|SCH-I100|SCH-I110|SCH-I400|SCH-I405|SCH-I500|SCH-I510|SCH-I515|SCH-I600|SCH-I730|SCH-I760|SCH-I770|SCH-I830|SCH-I910|SCH-I920|SCH-I959|SCH-LC11|SCH-N150|SCH-N300|SCH-R100|SCH-R300|SCH-R351|SCH-R400|SCH-R410|SCH-T300|SCH-U310|SCH-U320|SCH-U350|SCH-U360|SCH-U365|SCH-U370|SCH-U380|SCH-U410|SCH-U430|SCH-U450|SCH-U460|SCH-U470|SCH-U490|SCH-U540|SCH-U550|SCH-U620|SCH-U640|SCH-U650|SCH-U660|SCH-U700|SCH-U740|SCH-U750|SCH-U810|SCH-U820|SCH-U900|SCH-U940|SCH-U960|SCS-26UC|SGH-A107|SGH-A117|SGH-A127|SGH-A137|SGH-A157|SGH-A167|SGH-A177|SGH-A187|SGH-A197|SGH-A227|SGH-A237|SGH-A257|SGH-A437|SGH-A517|SGH-A597|SGH-A637|SGH-A657|SGH-A667|SGH-A687|SGH-A697|SGH-A707|SGH-A717|SGH-A727|SGH-A737|SGH-A747|SGH-A767|SGH-A777|SGH-A797|SGH-A817|SGH-A827|SGH-A837|SGH-A847|SGH-A867|SGH-A877|SGH-A887|SGH-A897|SGH-A927|SGH-B100|SGH-B130|SGH-B200|SGH-B220|SGH-C100|SGH-C110|SGH-C120|SGH-C130|SGH-C140|SGH-C160|SGH-C170|SGH-C180|SGH-C200|SGH-C207|SGH-C210|SGH-C225|SGH-C230|SGH-C417|SGH-C450|SGH-D307|SGH-D347|SGH-D357|SGH-D407|SGH-D415|SGH-D780|SGH-D807|SGH-D980|SGH-E105|SGH-E200|SGH-E315|SGH-E316|SGH-E317|SGH-E335|SGH-E590|SGH-E635|SGH-E715|SGH-E890|SGH-F300|SGH-F480|SGH-I200|SGH-I300|SGH-I320|SGH-I550|SGH-I577|SGH-I600|SGH-I607|SGH-I617|SGH-I627|SGH-I637|SGH-I677|SGH-I700|SGH-I717|SGH-I727|SGH-i747M|SGH-I777|SGH-I780|SGH-I827|SGH-I847|SGH-I857|SGH-I896|SGH-I897|SGH-I900|SGH-I907|SGH-I917|SGH-I927|SGH-I937|SGH-I997|SGH-J150|SGH-J200|SGH-L170|SGH-L700|SGH-M110|SGH-M150|SGH-M200|SGH-N105|SGH-N500|SGH-N600|SGH-N620|SGH-N625|SGH-N700|SGH-N710|SGH-P107|SGH-P207|SGH-P300|SGH-P310|SGH-P520|SGH-P735|SGH-P777|SGH-Q105|SGH-R210|SGH-R220|SGH-R225|SGH-S105|SGH-S307|SGH-T109|SGH-T119|SGH-T139|SGH-T209|SGH-T219|SGH-T229|SGH-T239|SGH-T249|SGH-T259|SGH-T309|SGH-T319|SGH-T329|SGH-T339|SGH-T349|SGH-T359|SGH-T369|SGH-T379|SGH-T409|SGH-T429|SGH-T439|SGH-T459|SGH-T469|SGH-T479|SGH-T499|SGH-T509|SGH-T519|SGH-T539|SGH-T559|SGH-T589|SGH-T609|SGH-T619|SGH-T629|SGH-T639|SGH-T659|SGH-T669|SGH-T679|SGH-T709|SGH-T719|SGH-T729|SGH-T739|SGH-T746|SGH-T749|SGH-T759|SGH-T769|SGH-T809|SGH-T819|SGH-T839|SGH-T919|SGH-T929|SGH-T939|SGH-T959|SGH-T989|SGH-U100|SGH-U200|SGH-U800|SGH-V205|SGH-V206|SGH-X100|SGH-X105|SGH-X120|SGH-X140|SGH-X426|SGH-X427|SGH-X475|SGH-X495|SGH-X497|SGH-X507|SGH-X600|SGH-X610|SGH-X620|SGH-X630|SGH-X700|SGH-X820|SGH-X890|SGH-Z130|SGH-Z150|SGH-Z170|SGH-ZX10|SGH-ZX20|SHW-M110|SPH-A120|SPH-A400|SPH-A420|SPH-A460|SPH-A500|SPH-A560|SPH-A600|SPH-A620|SPH-A660|SPH-A700|SPH-A740|SPH-A760|SPH-A790|SPH-A800|SPH-A820|SPH-A840|SPH-A880|SPH-A900|SPH-A940|SPH-A960|SPH-D600|SPH-D700|SPH-D710|SPH-D720|SPH-I300|SPH-I325|SPH-I330|SPH-I350|SPH-I500|SPH-I600|SPH-I700|SPH-L700|SPH-M100|SPH-M220|SPH-M240|SPH-M300|SPH-M305|SPH-M320|SPH-M330|SPH-M350|SPH-M360|SPH-M370|SPH-M380|SPH-M510|SPH-M540|SPH-M550|SPH-M560|SPH-M570|SPH-M580|SPH-M610|SPH-M620|SPH-M630|SPH-M800|SPH-M810|SPH-M850|SPH-M900|SPH-M910|SPH-M920|SPH-M930|SPH-N100|SPH-N200|SPH-N240|SPH-N300|SPH-N400|SPH-Z400|SWC-E100|SCH-i909|GT-N7100|GT-N7105|SCH-I535|SM-N900A|SGH-I317|SGH-T999L|GT-S5360B|GT-I8262|GT-S6802|GT-S6312|GT-S6310|GT-S5312|GT-S5310|GT-I9105|GT-I8510|GT-S6790N|SM-G7105|SM-N9005|GT-S5301|GT-I9295|GT-I9195|SM-C101|GT-S7392|GT-S7560|GT-B7610|GT-I5510|GT-S7582|GT-S7530E|GT-I8750|SM-G9006V|SM-G9008V|SM-G9009D|SM-G900A|SM-G900D|SM-G900F|SM-G900H|SM-G900I|SM-G900J|SM-G900K|SM-G900L|SM-G900M|SM-G900P|SM-G900R4|SM-G900S|SM-G900T|SM-G900V|SM-G900W8|SHV-E160K|SCH-P709|SCH-P729|SM-T2558|GT-I9205|SM-G9350|SM-J120F|SM-G920F|SM-G920V|SM-G930F|SM-N910C|SM-A310F|GT-I9190|SM-J500FN|SM-G903F|SM-J330F|SM-G610F|SM-G981B|SM-G892A|SM-A530F",LG:"\\bLG\\b;|LG[- ]?(C800|C900|E400|E610|E900|E-900|F160|F180K|F180L|F180S|730|855|L160|LS740|LS840|LS970|LU6200|MS690|MS695|MS770|MS840|MS870|MS910|P500|P700|P705|VM696|AS680|AS695|AX840|C729|E970|GS505|272|C395|E739BK|E960|L55C|L75C|LS696|LS860|P769BK|P350|P500|P509|P870|UN272|US730|VS840|VS950|LN272|LN510|LS670|LS855|LW690|MN270|MN510|P509|P769|P930|UN200|UN270|UN510|UN610|US670|US740|US760|UX265|UX840|VN271|VN530|VS660|VS700|VS740|VS750|VS910|VS920|VS930|VX9200|VX11000|AX840A|LW770|P506|P925|P999|E612|D955|D802|MS323|M257)|LM-G710",Sony:"SonyST|SonyLT|SonyEricsson|SonyEricssonLT15iv|LT18i|E10i|LT28h|LT26w|SonyEricssonMT27i|C5303|C6902|C6903|C6906|C6943|D2533|SOV34|601SO|F8332",Asus:"Asus.*Galaxy|PadFone.*Mobile",Xiaomi:"^(?!.*\\bx11\\b).*xiaomi.*$|POCOPHONE F1|MI 8|Redmi Note 9S|Redmi Note 5A Prime|N2G47H|M2001J2G|M2001J2I|M1805E10A|M2004J11G|M1902F1G|M2002J9G|M2004J19G|M2003J6A1G",NokiaLumia:"Lumia [0-9]{3,4}",Micromax:"Micromax.*\\b(A210|A92|A88|A72|A111|A110Q|A115|A116|A110|A90S|A26|A51|A35|A54|A25|A27|A89|A68|A65|A57|A90)\\b",Palm:"PalmSource|Palm",Vertu:"Vertu|Vertu.*Ltd|Vertu.*Ascent|Vertu.*Ayxta|Vertu.*Constellation(F|Quest)?|Vertu.*Monika|Vertu.*Signature",Pantech:"PANTECH|IM-A850S|IM-A840S|IM-A830L|IM-A830K|IM-A830S|IM-A820L|IM-A810K|IM-A810S|IM-A800S|IM-T100K|IM-A725L|IM-A780L|IM-A775C|IM-A770K|IM-A760S|IM-A750K|IM-A740S|IM-A730S|IM-A720L|IM-A710K|IM-A690L|IM-A690S|IM-A650S|IM-A630K|IM-A600S|VEGA PTL21|PT003|P8010|ADR910L|P6030|P6020|P9070|P4100|P9060|P5000|CDM8992|TXT8045|ADR8995|IS11PT|P2030|P6010|P8000|PT002|IS06|CDM8999|P9050|PT001|TXT8040|P2020|P9020|P2000|P7040|P7000|C790",Fly:"IQ230|IQ444|IQ450|IQ440|IQ442|IQ441|IQ245|IQ256|IQ236|IQ255|IQ235|IQ245|IQ275|IQ240|IQ285|IQ280|IQ270|IQ260|IQ250",Wiko:"KITE 4G|HIGHWAY|GETAWAY|STAIRWAY|DARKSIDE|DARKFULL|DARKNIGHT|DARKMOON|SLIDE|WAX 4G|RAINBOW|BLOOM|SUNSET|GOA(?!nna)|LENNY|BARRY|IGGY|OZZY|CINK FIVE|CINK PEAX|CINK PEAX 2|CINK SLIM|CINK SLIM 2|CINK +|CINK KING|CINK PEAX|CINK SLIM|SUBLIM",iMobile:"i-mobile (IQ|i-STYLE|idea|ZAA|Hitz)",SimValley:"\\b(SP-80|XT-930|SX-340|XT-930|SX-310|SP-360|SP60|SPT-800|SP-120|SPT-800|SP-140|SPX-5|SPX-8|SP-100|SPX-8|SPX-12)\\b",Wolfgang:"AT-B24D|AT-AS50HD|AT-AS40W|AT-AS55HD|AT-AS45q2|AT-B26D|AT-AS50Q",Alcatel:"Alcatel",Nintendo:"Nintendo (3DS|Switch)",Amoi:"Amoi",INQ:"INQ",OnePlus:"ONEPLUS",GenericPhone:"Tapatalk|PDA;|SAGEM|\\bmmp\\b|pocket|\\bpsp\\b|symbian|Smartphone|smartfon|treo|up.browser|up.link|vodafone|\\bwap\\b|nokia|Series40|Series60|S60|SonyEricsson|N900|MAUI.*WAP.*Browser"},tablets:{iPad:"iPad|iPad.*Mobile",NexusTablet:"Android.*Nexus[\\s]+(7|9|10)",GoogleTablet:"Android.*Pixel C",SamsungTablet:"SAMSUNG.*Tablet|Galaxy.*Tab|SC-01C|GT-P1000|GT-P1003|GT-P1010|GT-P3105|GT-P6210|GT-P6800|GT-P6810|GT-P7100|GT-P7300|GT-P7310|GT-P7500|GT-P7510|SCH-I800|SCH-I815|SCH-I905|SGH-I957|SGH-I987|SGH-T849|SGH-T859|SGH-T869|SPH-P100|GT-P3100|GT-P3108|GT-P3110|GT-P5100|GT-P5110|GT-P6200|GT-P7320|GT-P7511|GT-N8000|GT-P8510|SGH-I497|SPH-P500|SGH-T779|SCH-I705|SCH-I915|GT-N8013|GT-P3113|GT-P5113|GT-P8110|GT-N8010|GT-N8005|GT-N8020|GT-P1013|GT-P6201|GT-P7501|GT-N5100|GT-N5105|GT-N5110|SHV-E140K|SHV-E140L|SHV-E140S|SHV-E150S|SHV-E230K|SHV-E230L|SHV-E230S|SHW-M180K|SHW-M180L|SHW-M180S|SHW-M180W|SHW-M300W|SHW-M305W|SHW-M380K|SHW-M380S|SHW-M380W|SHW-M430W|SHW-M480K|SHW-M480S|SHW-M480W|SHW-M485W|SHW-M486W|SHW-M500W|GT-I9228|SCH-P739|SCH-I925|GT-I9200|GT-P5200|GT-P5210|GT-P5210X|SM-T311|SM-T310|SM-T310X|SM-T210|SM-T210R|SM-T211|SM-P600|SM-P601|SM-P605|SM-P900|SM-P901|SM-T217|SM-T217A|SM-T217S|SM-P6000|SM-T3100|SGH-I467|XE500|SM-T110|GT-P5220|GT-I9200X|GT-N5110X|GT-N5120|SM-P905|SM-T111|SM-T2105|SM-T315|SM-T320|SM-T320X|SM-T321|SM-T520|SM-T525|SM-T530NU|SM-T230NU|SM-T330NU|SM-T900|XE500T1C|SM-P605V|SM-P905V|SM-T337V|SM-T537V|SM-T707V|SM-T807V|SM-P600X|SM-P900X|SM-T210X|SM-T230|SM-T230X|SM-T325|GT-P7503|SM-T531|SM-T330|SM-T530|SM-T705|SM-T705C|SM-T535|SM-T331|SM-T800|SM-T700|SM-T537|SM-T807|SM-P907A|SM-T337A|SM-T537A|SM-T707A|SM-T807A|SM-T237|SM-T807P|SM-P607T|SM-T217T|SM-T337T|SM-T807T|SM-T116NQ|SM-T116BU|SM-P550|SM-T350|SM-T550|SM-T9000|SM-P9000|SM-T705Y|SM-T805|GT-P3113|SM-T710|SM-T810|SM-T815|SM-T360|SM-T533|SM-T113|SM-T335|SM-T715|SM-T560|SM-T670|SM-T677|SM-T377|SM-T567|SM-T357T|SM-T555|SM-T561|SM-T713|SM-T719|SM-T813|SM-T819|SM-T580|SM-T355Y?|SM-T280|SM-T817A|SM-T820|SM-W700|SM-P580|SM-T587|SM-P350|SM-P555M|SM-P355M|SM-T113NU|SM-T815Y|SM-T585|SM-T285|SM-T825|SM-W708|SM-T835|SM-T830|SM-T837V|SM-T720|SM-T510|SM-T387V|SM-P610|SM-T290|SM-T515|SM-T590|SM-T595|SM-T725|SM-T817P|SM-P585N0|SM-T395|SM-T295|SM-T865|SM-P610N|SM-P615|SM-T970|SM-T380|SM-T5950|SM-T905|SM-T231|SM-T500|SM-T860",Kindle:"Kindle|Silk.*Accelerated|Android.*\\b(KFOT|KFTT|KFJWI|KFJWA|KFOTE|KFSOWI|KFTHWI|KFTHWA|KFAPWI|KFAPWA|WFJWAE|KFSAWA|KFSAWI|KFASWI|KFARWI|KFFOWI|KFGIWI|KFMEWI)\\b|Android.*Silk/[0-9.]+ like Chrome/[0-9.]+ (?!Mobile)",SurfaceTablet:"Windows NT [0-9.]+; ARM;.*(Tablet|ARMBJS)",HPTablet:"HP Slate (7|8|10)|HP ElitePad 900|hp-tablet|EliteBook.*Touch|HP 8|Slate 21|HP SlateBook 10",AsusTablet:"^.*PadFone((?!Mobile).)*$|Transformer|TF101|TF101G|TF300T|TF300TG|TF300TL|TF700T|TF700KL|TF701T|TF810C|ME171|ME301T|ME302C|ME371MG|ME370T|ME372MG|ME172V|ME173X|ME400C|Slider SL101|\\bK00F\\b|\\bK00C\\b|\\bK00E\\b|\\bK00L\\b|TX201LA|ME176C|ME102A|\\bM80TA\\b|ME372CL|ME560CG|ME372CG|ME302KL| K010 | K011 | K017 | K01E |ME572C|ME103K|ME170C|ME171C|\\bME70C\\b|ME581C|ME581CL|ME8510C|ME181C|P01Y|PO1MA|P01Z|\\bP027\\b|\\bP024\\b|\\bP00C\\b",BlackBerryTablet:"PlayBook|RIM Tablet",HTCtablet:"HTC_Flyer_P512|HTC Flyer|HTC Jetstream|HTC-P715a|HTC EVO View 4G|PG41200|PG09410",MotorolaTablet:"xoom|sholest|MZ615|MZ605|MZ505|MZ601|MZ602|MZ603|MZ604|MZ606|MZ607|MZ608|MZ609|MZ615|MZ616|MZ617",NookTablet:"Android.*Nook|NookColor|nook browser|BNRV200|BNRV200A|BNTV250|BNTV250A|BNTV400|BNTV600|LogicPD Zoom2",AcerTablet:"Android.*; \\b(A100|A101|A110|A200|A210|A211|A500|A501|A510|A511|A700|A701|W500|W500P|W501|W501P|W510|W511|W700|G100|G100W|B1-A71|B1-710|B1-711|A1-810|A1-811|A1-830)\\b|W3-810|\\bA3-A10\\b|\\bA3-A11\\b|\\bA3-A20\\b|\\bA3-A30|A3-A40",ToshibaTablet:"Android.*(AT100|AT105|AT200|AT205|AT270|AT275|AT300|AT305|AT1S5|AT500|AT570|AT700|AT830)|TOSHIBA.*FOLIO",LGTablet:"\\bL-06C|LG-V909|LG-V900|LG-V700|LG-V510|LG-V500|LG-V410|LG-V400|LG-VK810\\b",FujitsuTablet:"Android.*\\b(F-01D|F-02F|F-05E|F-10D|M532|Q572)\\b",PrestigioTablet:"PMP3170B|PMP3270B|PMP3470B|PMP7170B|PMP3370B|PMP3570C|PMP5870C|PMP3670B|PMP5570C|PMP5770D|PMP3970B|PMP3870C|PMP5580C|PMP5880D|PMP5780D|PMP5588C|PMP7280C|PMP7280C3G|PMP7280|PMP7880D|PMP5597D|PMP5597|PMP7100D|PER3464|PER3274|PER3574|PER3884|PER5274|PER5474|PMP5097CPRO|PMP5097|PMP7380D|PMP5297C|PMP5297C_QUAD|PMP812E|PMP812E3G|PMP812F|PMP810E|PMP880TD|PMT3017|PMT3037|PMT3047|PMT3057|PMT7008|PMT5887|PMT5001|PMT5002",LenovoTablet:"Lenovo TAB|Idea(Tab|Pad)( A1|A10| K1|)|ThinkPad([ ]+)?Tablet|YT3-850M|YT3-X90L|YT3-X90F|YT3-X90X|Lenovo.*(S2109|S2110|S5000|S6000|K3011|A3000|A3500|A1000|A2107|A2109|A1107|A5500|A7600|B6000|B8000|B8080)(-|)(FL|F|HV|H|)|TB-X103F|TB-X304X|TB-X304F|TB-X304L|TB-X505F|TB-X505L|TB-X505X|TB-X605F|TB-X605L|TB-8703F|TB-8703X|TB-8703N|TB-8704N|TB-8704F|TB-8704X|TB-8704V|TB-7304F|TB-7304I|TB-7304X|Tab2A7-10F|Tab2A7-20F|TB2-X30L|YT3-X50L|YT3-X50F|YT3-X50M|YT-X705F|YT-X703F|YT-X703L|YT-X705L|YT-X705X|TB2-X30F|TB2-X30L|TB2-X30M|A2107A-F|A2107A-H|TB3-730F|TB3-730M|TB3-730X|TB-7504F|TB-7504X|TB-X704F|TB-X104F|TB3-X70F|TB-X705F|TB-8504F|TB3-X70L|TB3-710F|TB-X704L",DellTablet:"Venue 11|Venue 8|Venue 7|Dell Streak 10|Dell Streak 7",YarvikTablet:"Android.*\\b(TAB210|TAB211|TAB224|TAB250|TAB260|TAB264|TAB310|TAB360|TAB364|TAB410|TAB411|TAB420|TAB424|TAB450|TAB460|TAB461|TAB464|TAB465|TAB467|TAB468|TAB07-100|TAB07-101|TAB07-150|TAB07-151|TAB07-152|TAB07-200|TAB07-201-3G|TAB07-210|TAB07-211|TAB07-212|TAB07-214|TAB07-220|TAB07-400|TAB07-485|TAB08-150|TAB08-200|TAB08-201-3G|TAB08-201-30|TAB09-100|TAB09-211|TAB09-410|TAB10-150|TAB10-201|TAB10-211|TAB10-400|TAB10-410|TAB13-201|TAB274EUK|TAB275EUK|TAB374EUK|TAB462EUK|TAB474EUK|TAB9-200)\\b",MedionTablet:"Android.*\\bOYO\\b|LIFE.*(P9212|P9514|P9516|S9512)|LIFETAB",ArnovaTablet:"97G4|AN10G2|AN7bG3|AN7fG3|AN8G3|AN8cG3|AN7G3|AN9G3|AN7dG3|AN7dG3ST|AN7dG3ChildPad|AN10bG3|AN10bG3DT|AN9G2",IntensoTablet:"INM8002KP|INM1010FP|INM805ND|Intenso Tab|TAB1004",IRUTablet:"M702pro",MegafonTablet:"MegaFon V9|\\bZTE V9\\b|Android.*\\bMT7A\\b",EbodaTablet:"E-Boda (Supreme|Impresspeed|Izzycomm|Essential)",AllViewTablet:"Allview.*(Viva|Alldro|City|Speed|All TV|Frenzy|Quasar|Shine|TX1|AX1|AX2)",ArchosTablet:"\\b(101G9|80G9|A101IT)\\b|Qilive 97R|Archos5|\\bARCHOS (70|79|80|90|97|101|FAMILYPAD|)(b|c|)(G10| Cobalt| TITANIUM(HD|)| Xenon| Neon|XSK| 2| XS 2| PLATINUM| CARBON|GAMEPAD)\\b",AinolTablet:"NOVO7|NOVO8|NOVO10|Novo7Aurora|Novo7Basic|NOVO7PALADIN|novo9-Spark",NokiaLumiaTablet:"Lumia 2520",SonyTablet:"Sony.*Tablet|Xperia Tablet|Sony Tablet S|SO-03E|SGPT12|SGPT13|SGPT114|SGPT121|SGPT122|SGPT123|SGPT111|SGPT112|SGPT113|SGPT131|SGPT132|SGPT133|SGPT211|SGPT212|SGPT213|SGP311|SGP312|SGP321|EBRD1101|EBRD1102|EBRD1201|SGP351|SGP341|SGP511|SGP512|SGP521|SGP541|SGP551|SGP621|SGP641|SGP612|SOT31|SGP771|SGP611|SGP612|SGP712",PhilipsTablet:"\\b(PI2010|PI3000|PI3100|PI3105|PI3110|PI3205|PI3210|PI3900|PI4010|PI7000|PI7100)\\b",CubeTablet:"Android.*(K8GT|U9GT|U10GT|U16GT|U17GT|U18GT|U19GT|U20GT|U23GT|U30GT)|CUBE U8GT",CobyTablet:"MID1042|MID1045|MID1125|MID1126|MID7012|MID7014|MID7015|MID7034|MID7035|MID7036|MID7042|MID7048|MID7127|MID8042|MID8048|MID8127|MID9042|MID9740|MID9742|MID7022|MID7010",MIDTablet:"M9701|M9000|M9100|M806|M1052|M806|T703|MID701|MID713|MID710|MID727|MID760|MID830|MID728|MID933|MID125|MID810|MID732|MID120|MID930|MID800|MID731|MID900|MID100|MID820|MID735|MID980|MID130|MID833|MID737|MID960|MID135|MID860|MID736|MID140|MID930|MID835|MID733|MID4X10",MSITablet:"MSI \\b(Primo 73K|Primo 73L|Primo 81L|Primo 77|Primo 93|Primo 75|Primo 76|Primo 73|Primo 81|Primo 91|Primo 90|Enjoy 71|Enjoy 7|Enjoy 10)\\b",SMiTTablet:"Android.*(\\bMID\\b|MID-560|MTV-T1200|MTV-PND531|MTV-P1101|MTV-PND530)",RockChipTablet:"Android.*(RK2818|RK2808A|RK2918|RK3066)|RK2738|RK2808A",FlyTablet:"IQ310|Fly Vision",bqTablet:"Android.*(bq)?.*\\b(Elcano|Curie|Edison|Maxwell|Kepler|Pascal|Tesla|Hypatia|Platon|Newton|Livingstone|Cervantes|Avant|Aquaris ([E|M]10|M8))\\b|Maxwell.*Lite|Maxwell.*Plus",HuaweiTablet:"MediaPad|MediaPad 7 Youth|IDEOS S7|S7-201c|S7-202u|S7-101|S7-103|S7-104|S7-105|S7-106|S7-201|S7-Slim|M2-A01L|BAH-L09|BAH-W09|AGS-L09|CMR-AL19",NecTablet:"\\bN-06D|\\bN-08D",PantechTablet:"Pantech.*P4100",BronchoTablet:"Broncho.*(N701|N708|N802|a710)",VersusTablet:"TOUCHPAD.*[78910]|\\bTOUCHTAB\\b",ZyncTablet:"z1000|Z99 2G|z930|z990|z909|Z919|z900",PositivoTablet:"TB07STA|TB10STA|TB07FTA|TB10FTA",NabiTablet:"Android.*\\bNabi",KoboTablet:"Kobo Touch|\\bK080\\b|\\bVox\\b Build|\\bArc\\b Build",DanewTablet:"DSlide.*\\b(700|701R|702|703R|704|802|970|971|972|973|974|1010|1012)\\b",TexetTablet:"NaviPad|TB-772A|TM-7045|TM-7055|TM-9750|TM-7016|TM-7024|TM-7026|TM-7041|TM-7043|TM-7047|TM-8041|TM-9741|TM-9747|TM-9748|TM-9751|TM-7022|TM-7021|TM-7020|TM-7011|TM-7010|TM-7023|TM-7025|TM-7037W|TM-7038W|TM-7027W|TM-9720|TM-9725|TM-9737W|TM-1020|TM-9738W|TM-9740|TM-9743W|TB-807A|TB-771A|TB-727A|TB-725A|TB-719A|TB-823A|TB-805A|TB-723A|TB-715A|TB-707A|TB-705A|TB-709A|TB-711A|TB-890HD|TB-880HD|TB-790HD|TB-780HD|TB-770HD|TB-721HD|TB-710HD|TB-434HD|TB-860HD|TB-840HD|TB-760HD|TB-750HD|TB-740HD|TB-730HD|TB-722HD|TB-720HD|TB-700HD|TB-500HD|TB-470HD|TB-431HD|TB-430HD|TB-506|TB-504|TB-446|TB-436|TB-416|TB-146SE|TB-126SE",PlaystationTablet:"Playstation.*(Portable|Vita)",TrekstorTablet:"ST10416-1|VT10416-1|ST70408-1|ST702xx-1|ST702xx-2|ST80208|ST97216|ST70104-2|VT10416-2|ST10216-2A|SurfTab",PyleAudioTablet:"\\b(PTBL10CEU|PTBL10C|PTBL72BC|PTBL72BCEU|PTBL7CEU|PTBL7C|PTBL92BC|PTBL92BCEU|PTBL9CEU|PTBL9CUK|PTBL9C)\\b",AdvanTablet:"Android.* \\b(E3A|T3X|T5C|T5B|T3E|T3C|T3B|T1J|T1F|T2A|T1H|T1i|E1C|T1-E|T5-A|T4|E1-B|T2Ci|T1-B|T1-D|O1-A|E1-A|T1-A|T3A|T4i)\\b ",DanyTechTablet:"Genius Tab G3|Genius Tab S2|Genius Tab Q3|Genius Tab G4|Genius Tab Q4|Genius Tab G-II|Genius TAB GII|Genius TAB GIII|Genius Tab S1",GalapadTablet:"Android [0-9.]+; [a-z-]+; \\bG1\\b",MicromaxTablet:"Funbook|Micromax.*\\b(P250|P560|P360|P362|P600|P300|P350|P500|P275)\\b",KarbonnTablet:"Android.*\\b(A39|A37|A34|ST8|ST10|ST7|Smart Tab3|Smart Tab2)\\b",AllFineTablet:"Fine7 Genius|Fine7 Shine|Fine7 Air|Fine8 Style|Fine9 More|Fine10 Joy|Fine11 Wide",PROSCANTablet:"\\b(PEM63|PLT1023G|PLT1041|PLT1044|PLT1044G|PLT1091|PLT4311|PLT4311PL|PLT4315|PLT7030|PLT7033|PLT7033D|PLT7035|PLT7035D|PLT7044K|PLT7045K|PLT7045KB|PLT7071KG|PLT7072|PLT7223G|PLT7225G|PLT7777G|PLT7810K|PLT7849G|PLT7851G|PLT7852G|PLT8015|PLT8031|PLT8034|PLT8036|PLT8080K|PLT8082|PLT8088|PLT8223G|PLT8234G|PLT8235G|PLT8816K|PLT9011|PLT9045K|PLT9233G|PLT9735|PLT9760G|PLT9770G)\\b",YONESTablet:"BQ1078|BC1003|BC1077|RK9702|BC9730|BC9001|IT9001|BC7008|BC7010|BC708|BC728|BC7012|BC7030|BC7027|BC7026",ChangJiaTablet:"TPC7102|TPC7103|TPC7105|TPC7106|TPC7107|TPC7201|TPC7203|TPC7205|TPC7210|TPC7708|TPC7709|TPC7712|TPC7110|TPC8101|TPC8103|TPC8105|TPC8106|TPC8203|TPC8205|TPC8503|TPC9106|TPC9701|TPC97101|TPC97103|TPC97105|TPC97106|TPC97111|TPC97113|TPC97203|TPC97603|TPC97809|TPC97205|TPC10101|TPC10103|TPC10106|TPC10111|TPC10203|TPC10205|TPC10503",GUTablet:"TX-A1301|TX-M9002|Q702|kf026",PointOfViewTablet:"TAB-P506|TAB-navi-7-3G-M|TAB-P517|TAB-P-527|TAB-P701|TAB-P703|TAB-P721|TAB-P731N|TAB-P741|TAB-P825|TAB-P905|TAB-P925|TAB-PR945|TAB-PL1015|TAB-P1025|TAB-PI1045|TAB-P1325|TAB-PROTAB[0-9]+|TAB-PROTAB25|TAB-PROTAB26|TAB-PROTAB27|TAB-PROTAB26XL|TAB-PROTAB2-IPS9|TAB-PROTAB30-IPS9|TAB-PROTAB25XXL|TAB-PROTAB26-IPS10|TAB-PROTAB30-IPS10",OvermaxTablet:"OV-(SteelCore|NewBase|Basecore|Baseone|Exellen|Quattor|EduTab|Solution|ACTION|BasicTab|TeddyTab|MagicTab|Stream|TB-08|TB-09)|Qualcore 1027",HCLTablet:"HCL.*Tablet|Connect-3G-2.0|Connect-2G-2.0|ME Tablet U1|ME Tablet U2|ME Tablet G1|ME Tablet X1|ME Tablet Y2|ME Tablet Sync",DPSTablet:"DPS Dream 9|DPS Dual 7",VistureTablet:"V97 HD|i75 3G|Visture V4( HD)?|Visture V5( HD)?|Visture V10",CrestaTablet:"CTP(-)?810|CTP(-)?818|CTP(-)?828|CTP(-)?838|CTP(-)?888|CTP(-)?978|CTP(-)?980|CTP(-)?987|CTP(-)?988|CTP(-)?989",MediatekTablet:"\\bMT8125|MT8389|MT8135|MT8377\\b",ConcordeTablet:"Concorde([ ]+)?Tab|ConCorde ReadMan",GoCleverTablet:"GOCLEVER TAB|A7GOCLEVER|M1042|M7841|M742|R1042BK|R1041|TAB A975|TAB A7842|TAB A741|TAB A741L|TAB M723G|TAB M721|TAB A1021|TAB I921|TAB R721|TAB I720|TAB T76|TAB R70|TAB R76.2|TAB R106|TAB R83.2|TAB M813G|TAB I721|GCTA722|TAB I70|TAB I71|TAB S73|TAB R73|TAB R74|TAB R93|TAB R75|TAB R76.1|TAB A73|TAB A93|TAB A93.2|TAB T72|TAB R83|TAB R974|TAB R973|TAB A101|TAB A103|TAB A104|TAB A104.2|R105BK|M713G|A972BK|TAB A971|TAB R974.2|TAB R104|TAB R83.3|TAB A1042",ModecomTablet:"FreeTAB 9000|FreeTAB 7.4|FreeTAB 7004|FreeTAB 7800|FreeTAB 2096|FreeTAB 7.5|FreeTAB 1014|FreeTAB 1001 |FreeTAB 8001|FreeTAB 9706|FreeTAB 9702|FreeTAB 7003|FreeTAB 7002|FreeTAB 1002|FreeTAB 7801|FreeTAB 1331|FreeTAB 1004|FreeTAB 8002|FreeTAB 8014|FreeTAB 9704|FreeTAB 1003",VoninoTablet:"\\b(Argus[ _]?S|Diamond[ _]?79HD|Emerald[ _]?78E|Luna[ _]?70C|Onyx[ _]?S|Onyx[ _]?Z|Orin[ _]?HD|Orin[ _]?S|Otis[ _]?S|SpeedStar[ _]?S|Magnet[ _]?M9|Primus[ _]?94[ _]?3G|Primus[ _]?94HD|Primus[ _]?QS|Android.*\\bQ8\\b|Sirius[ _]?EVO[ _]?QS|Sirius[ _]?QS|Spirit[ _]?S)\\b",ECSTablet:"V07OT2|TM105A|S10OT1|TR10CS1",StorexTablet:"eZee[_']?(Tab|Go)[0-9]+|TabLC7|Looney Tunes Tab",VodafoneTablet:"SmartTab([ ]+)?[0-9]+|SmartTabII10|SmartTabII7|VF-1497|VFD 1400",EssentielBTablet:"Smart[ ']?TAB[ ]+?[0-9]+|Family[ ']?TAB2",RossMoorTablet:"RM-790|RM-997|RMD-878G|RMD-974R|RMT-705A|RMT-701|RME-601|RMT-501|RMT-711",iMobileTablet:"i-mobile i-note",TolinoTablet:"tolino tab [0-9.]+|tolino shine",AudioSonicTablet:"\\bC-22Q|T7-QC|T-17B|T-17P\\b",AMPETablet:"Android.* A78 ",SkkTablet:"Android.* (SKYPAD|PHOENIX|CYCLOPS)",TecnoTablet:"TECNO P9|TECNO DP8D",JXDTablet:"Android.* \\b(F3000|A3300|JXD5000|JXD3000|JXD2000|JXD300B|JXD300|S5800|S7800|S602b|S5110b|S7300|S5300|S602|S603|S5100|S5110|S601|S7100a|P3000F|P3000s|P101|P200s|P1000m|P200m|P9100|P1000s|S6600b|S908|P1000|P300|S18|S6600|S9100)\\b",iJoyTablet:"Tablet (Spirit 7|Essentia|Galatea|Fusion|Onix 7|Landa|Titan|Scooby|Deox|Stella|Themis|Argon|Unique 7|Sygnus|Hexen|Finity 7|Cream|Cream X2|Jade|Neon 7|Neron 7|Kandy|Scape|Saphyr 7|Rebel|Biox|Rebel|Rebel 8GB|Myst|Draco 7|Myst|Tab7-004|Myst|Tadeo Jones|Tablet Boing|Arrow|Draco Dual Cam|Aurix|Mint|Amity|Revolution|Finity 9|Neon 9|T9w|Amity 4GB Dual Cam|Stone 4GB|Stone 8GB|Andromeda|Silken|X2|Andromeda II|Halley|Flame|Saphyr 9,7|Touch 8|Planet|Triton|Unique 10|Hexen 10|Memphis 4GB|Memphis 8GB|Onix 10)",FX2Tablet:"FX2 PAD7|FX2 PAD10",XoroTablet:"KidsPAD 701|PAD[ ]?712|PAD[ ]?714|PAD[ ]?716|PAD[ ]?717|PAD[ ]?718|PAD[ ]?720|PAD[ ]?721|PAD[ ]?722|PAD[ ]?790|PAD[ ]?792|PAD[ ]?900|PAD[ ]?9715D|PAD[ ]?9716DR|PAD[ ]?9718DR|PAD[ ]?9719QR|PAD[ ]?9720QR|TelePAD1030|Telepad1032|TelePAD730|TelePAD731|TelePAD732|TelePAD735Q|TelePAD830|TelePAD9730|TelePAD795|MegaPAD 1331|MegaPAD 1851|MegaPAD 2151",ViewsonicTablet:"ViewPad 10pi|ViewPad 10e|ViewPad 10s|ViewPad E72|ViewPad7|ViewPad E100|ViewPad 7e|ViewSonic VB733|VB100a",VerizonTablet:"QTAQZ3|QTAIR7|QTAQTZ3|QTASUN1|QTASUN2|QTAXIA1",OdysTablet:"LOOX|XENO10|ODYS[ -](Space|EVO|Xpress|NOON)|\\bXELIO\\b|Xelio10Pro|XELIO7PHONETAB|XELIO10EXTREME|XELIOPT2|NEO_QUAD10",CaptivaTablet:"CAPTIVA PAD",IconbitTablet:"NetTAB|NT-3702|NT-3702S|NT-3702S|NT-3603P|NT-3603P|NT-0704S|NT-0704S|NT-3805C|NT-3805C|NT-0806C|NT-0806C|NT-0909T|NT-0909T|NT-0907S|NT-0907S|NT-0902S|NT-0902S",TeclastTablet:"T98 4G|\\bP80\\b|\\bX90HD\\b|X98 Air|X98 Air 3G|\\bX89\\b|P80 3G|\\bX80h\\b|P98 Air|\\bX89HD\\b|P98 3G|\\bP90HD\\b|P89 3G|X98 3G|\\bP70h\\b|P79HD 3G|G18d 3G|\\bP79HD\\b|\\bP89s\\b|\\bA88\\b|\\bP10HD\\b|\\bP19HD\\b|G18 3G|\\bP78HD\\b|\\bA78\\b|\\bP75\\b|G17s 3G|G17h 3G|\\bP85t\\b|\\bP90\\b|\\bP11\\b|\\bP98t\\b|\\bP98HD\\b|\\bG18d\\b|\\bP85s\\b|\\bP11HD\\b|\\bP88s\\b|\\bA80HD\\b|\\bA80se\\b|\\bA10h\\b|\\bP89\\b|\\bP78s\\b|\\bG18\\b|\\bP85\\b|\\bA70h\\b|\\bA70\\b|\\bG17\\b|\\bP18\\b|\\bA80s\\b|\\bA11s\\b|\\bP88HD\\b|\\bA80h\\b|\\bP76s\\b|\\bP76h\\b|\\bP98\\b|\\bA10HD\\b|\\bP78\\b|\\bP88\\b|\\bA11\\b|\\bA10t\\b|\\bP76a\\b|\\bP76t\\b|\\bP76e\\b|\\bP85HD\\b|\\bP85a\\b|\\bP86\\b|\\bP75HD\\b|\\bP76v\\b|\\bA12\\b|\\bP75a\\b|\\bA15\\b|\\bP76Ti\\b|\\bP81HD\\b|\\bA10\\b|\\bT760VE\\b|\\bT720HD\\b|\\bP76\\b|\\bP73\\b|\\bP71\\b|\\bP72\\b|\\bT720SE\\b|\\bC520Ti\\b|\\bT760\\b|\\bT720VE\\b|T720-3GE|T720-WiFi",OndaTablet:"\\b(V975i|Vi30|VX530|V701|Vi60|V701s|Vi50|V801s|V719|Vx610w|VX610W|V819i|Vi10|VX580W|Vi10|V711s|V813|V811|V820w|V820|Vi20|V711|VI30W|V712|V891w|V972|V819w|V820w|Vi60|V820w|V711|V813s|V801|V819|V975s|V801|V819|V819|V818|V811|V712|V975m|V101w|V961w|V812|V818|V971|V971s|V919|V989|V116w|V102w|V973|Vi40)\\b[\\s]+|V10 \\b4G\\b",JaytechTablet:"TPC-PA762",BlaupunktTablet:"Endeavour 800NG|Endeavour 1010",DigmaTablet:"\\b(iDx10|iDx9|iDx8|iDx7|iDxD7|iDxD8|iDsQ8|iDsQ7|iDsQ8|iDsD10|iDnD7|3TS804H|iDsQ11|iDj7|iDs10)\\b",EvolioTablet:"ARIA_Mini_wifi|Aria[ _]Mini|Evolio X10|Evolio X7|Evolio X8|\\bEvotab\\b|\\bNeura\\b",LavaTablet:"QPAD E704|\\bIvoryS\\b|E-TAB IVORY|\\bE-TAB\\b",AocTablet:"MW0811|MW0812|MW0922|MTK8382|MW1031|MW0831|MW0821|MW0931|MW0712",MpmanTablet:"MP11 OCTA|MP10 OCTA|MPQC1114|MPQC1004|MPQC994|MPQC974|MPQC973|MPQC804|MPQC784|MPQC780|\\bMPG7\\b|MPDCG75|MPDCG71|MPDC1006|MP101DC|MPDC9000|MPDC905|MPDC706HD|MPDC706|MPDC705|MPDC110|MPDC100|MPDC99|MPDC97|MPDC88|MPDC8|MPDC77|MP709|MID701|MID711|MID170|MPDC703|MPQC1010",CelkonTablet:"CT695|CT888|CT[\\s]?910|CT7 Tab|CT9 Tab|CT3 Tab|CT2 Tab|CT1 Tab|C820|C720|\\bCT-1\\b",WolderTablet:"miTab \\b(DIAMOND|SPACE|BROOKLYN|NEO|FLY|MANHATTAN|FUNK|EVOLUTION|SKY|GOCAR|IRON|GENIUS|POP|MINT|EPSILON|BROADWAY|JUMP|HOP|LEGEND|NEW AGE|LINE|ADVANCE|FEEL|FOLLOW|LIKE|LINK|LIVE|THINK|FREEDOM|CHICAGO|CLEVELAND|BALTIMORE-GH|IOWA|BOSTON|SEATTLE|PHOENIX|DALLAS|IN 101|MasterChef)\\b",MediacomTablet:"M-MPI10C3G|M-SP10EG|M-SP10EGP|M-SP10HXAH|M-SP7HXAH|M-SP10HXBH|M-SP8HXAH|M-SP8MXA",MiTablet:"\\bMI PAD\\b|\\bHM NOTE 1W\\b",NibiruTablet:"Nibiru M1|Nibiru Jupiter One",NexoTablet:"NEXO NOVA|NEXO 10|NEXO AVIO|NEXO FREE|NEXO GO|NEXO EVO|NEXO 3G|NEXO SMART|NEXO KIDDO|NEXO MOBI",LeaderTablet:"TBLT10Q|TBLT10I|TBL-10WDKB|TBL-10WDKBO2013|TBL-W230V2|TBL-W450|TBL-W500|SV572|TBLT7I|TBA-AC7-8G|TBLT79|TBL-8W16|TBL-10W32|TBL-10WKB|TBL-W100",UbislateTablet:"UbiSlate[\\s]?7C",PocketBookTablet:"Pocketbook",KocasoTablet:"\\b(TB-1207)\\b",HisenseTablet:"\\b(F5281|E2371)\\b",Hudl:"Hudl HT7S3|Hudl 2",TelstraTablet:"T-Hub2",GenericTablet:"Android.*\\b97D\\b|Tablet(?!.*PC)|BNTV250A|MID-WCDMA|LogicPD Zoom2|\\bA7EB\\b|CatNova8|A1_07|CT704|CT1002|\\bM721\\b|rk30sdk|\\bEVOTAB\\b|M758A|ET904|ALUMIUM10|Smartfren Tab|Endeavour 1010|Tablet-PC-4|Tagi Tab|\\bM6pro\\b|CT1020W|arc 10HD|\\bTP750\\b|\\bQTAQZ3\\b|WVT101|TM1088|KT107"},oss:{AndroidOS:"Android",BlackBerryOS:"blackberry|\\bBB10\\b|rim tablet os",PalmOS:"PalmOS|avantgo|blazer|elaine|hiptop|palm|plucker|xiino",SymbianOS:"Symbian|SymbOS|Series60|Series40|SYB-[0-9]+|\\bS60\\b",WindowsMobileOS:"Windows CE.*(PPC|Smartphone|Mobile|[0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})|Windows Mobile|Windows Phone [0-9.]+|WCE;",WindowsPhoneOS:"Windows Phone 10.0|Windows Phone 8.1|Windows Phone 8.0|Windows Phone OS|XBLWP7|ZuneWP7|Windows NT 6.[23]; ARM;",iOS:"\\biPhone.*Mobile|\\biPod|\\biPad|AppleCoreMedia",iPadOS:"CPU OS 13",SailfishOS:"Sailfish",MeeGoOS:"MeeGo",MaemoOS:"Maemo",JavaOS:"J2ME/|\\bMIDP\\b|\\bCLDC\\b",webOS:"webOS|hpwOS",badaOS:"\\bBada\\b",BREWOS:"BREW"},uas:{Chrome:"\\bCrMo\\b|CriOS|Android.*Chrome/[.0-9]* (Mobile)?",Dolfin:"\\bDolfin\\b",Opera:"Opera.*Mini|Opera.*Mobi|Android.*Opera|Mobile.*OPR/[0-9.]+$|Coast/[0-9.]+",Skyfire:"Skyfire",Edge:"\\bEdgiOS\\b|Mobile Safari/[.0-9]* Edge",IE:"IEMobile|MSIEMobile",Firefox:"fennec|firefox.*maemo|(Mobile|Tablet).*Firefox|Firefox.*Mobile|FxiOS",Bolt:"bolt",TeaShark:"teashark",Blazer:"Blazer",Safari:"Version((?!\\bEdgiOS\\b).)*Mobile.*Safari|Safari.*Mobile|MobileSafari",WeChat:"\\bMicroMessenger\\b",UCBrowser:"UC.*Browser|UCWEB",baiduboxapp:"baiduboxapp",baidubrowser:"baidubrowser",DiigoBrowser:"DiigoBrowser",Mercury:"\\bMercury\\b",ObigoBrowser:"Obigo",NetFront:"NF-Browser",GenericBrowser:"NokiaBrowser|OviBrowser|OneBrowser|TwonkyBeamBrowser|SEMC.*Browser|FlyFlow|Minimo|NetFront|Novarra-Vision|MQQBrowser|MicroMessenger",PaleMoon:"Android.*PaleMoon|Mobile.*PaleMoon"},props:{Mobile:"Mobile/[VER]",Build:"Build/[VER]",Version:"Version/[VER]",VendorID:"VendorID/[VER]",iPad:"iPad.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",iPhone:"iPhone.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",iPod:"iPod.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",Kindle:"Kindle/[VER]",Chrome:["Chrome/[VER]","CriOS/[VER]","CrMo/[VER]"],Coast:["Coast/[VER]"],Dolfin:"Dolfin/[VER]",Firefox:["Firefox/[VER]","FxiOS/[VER]"],Fennec:"Fennec/[VER]",Edge:"Edge/[VER]",IE:["IEMobile/[VER];","IEMobile [VER]","MSIE [VER];","Trident/[0-9.]+;.*rv:[VER]"],NetFront:"NetFront/[VER]",NokiaBrowser:"NokiaBrowser/[VER]",Opera:[" OPR/[VER]","Opera Mini/[VER]","Version/[VER]"],"Opera Mini":"Opera Mini/[VER]","Opera Mobi":"Version/[VER]",UCBrowser:["UCWEB[VER]","UC.*Browser/[VER]"],MQQBrowser:"MQQBrowser/[VER]",MicroMessenger:"MicroMessenger/[VER]",baiduboxapp:"baiduboxapp/[VER]",baidubrowser:"baidubrowser/[VER]",SamsungBrowser:"SamsungBrowser/[VER]",Iron:"Iron/[VER]",Safari:["Version/[VER]","Safari/[VER]"],Skyfire:"Skyfire/[VER]",Tizen:"Tizen/[VER]",Webkit:"webkit[ /][VER]",PaleMoon:"PaleMoon/[VER]",SailfishBrowser:"SailfishBrowser/[VER]",Gecko:"Gecko/[VER]",Trident:"Trident/[VER]",Presto:"Presto/[VER]",Goanna:"Goanna/[VER]",iOS:" \\bi?OS\\b [VER][ ;]{1}",Android:"Android [VER]",Sailfish:"Sailfish [VER]",BlackBerry:["BlackBerry[\\w]+/[VER]","BlackBerry.*Version/[VER]","Version/[VER]"],BREW:"BREW [VER]",Java:"Java/[VER]","Windows Phone OS":["Windows Phone OS [VER]","Windows Phone [VER]"],"Windows Phone":"Windows Phone [VER]","Windows CE":"Windows CE/[VER]","Windows NT":"Windows NT [VER]",Symbian:["SymbianOS/[VER]","Symbian/[VER]"],webOS:["webOS/[VER]","hpwOS/[VER];"]},utils:{Bot:"Googlebot|facebookexternalhit|Google-AMPHTML|s~amp-validator|AdsBot-Google|Google Keyword Suggestion|Facebot|YandexBot|YandexMobileBot|bingbot|ia_archiver|AhrefsBot|Ezooms|GSLFbot|WBSearchBot|Twitterbot|TweetmemeBot|Twikle|PaperLiBot|Wotbox|UnwindFetchor|Exabot|MJ12bot|YandexImages|TurnitinBot|Pingdom|contentkingapp|AspiegelBot",MobileBot:"Googlebot-Mobile|AdsBot-Google-Mobile|YahooSeeker/M1A1-R2D2",DesktopMode:"WPDesktop",TV:"SonyDTV|HbbTV",WebKit:"(webkit)[ /]([\\w.]+)",Console:"\\b(Nintendo|Nintendo WiiU|Nintendo 3DS|Nintendo Switch|PLAYSTATION|Xbox)\\b",Watch:"SM-V700"}},g.detectMobileBrowsers={fullPattern:/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|compal|elaine|fennec|hiptop|iemobile|ip(hone|od)|iris|kindle|lge |maemo|midp|mmp|mobile.+firefox|netfront|opera m(ob|in)i|palm( os)?|phone|p(ixi|re)\/|plucker|pocket|psp|series(4|6)0|symbian|treo|up\.(browser|link)|vodafone|wap|windows ce|xda|xiino/i, shortPattern:/1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a wa|abac|ac(er|oo|s\-)|ai(ko|rn)|al(av|ca|co)|amoi|an(ex|ny|yw)|aptu|ar(ch|go)|as(te|us)|attw|au(di|\-m|r |s )|avan|be(ck|ll|nq)|bi(lb|rd)|bl(ac|az)|br(e|v)w|bumb|bw\-(n|u)|c55\/|capi|ccwa|cdm\-|cell|chtm|cldc|cmd\-|co(mp|nd)|craw|da(it|ll|ng)|dbte|dc\-s|devi|dica|dmob|do(c|p)o|ds(12|\-d)|el(49|ai)|em(l2|ul)|er(ic|k0)|esl8|ez([4-7]0|os|wa|ze)|fetc|fly(\-|_)|g1 u|g560|gene|gf\-5|g\-mo|go(\.w|od)|gr(ad|un)|haie|hcit|hd\-(m|p|t)|hei\-|hi(pt|ta)|hp( i|ip)|hs\-c|ht(c(\-| |_|a|g|p|s|t)|tp)|hu(aw|tc)|i\-(20|go|ma)|i230|iac( |\-|\/)|ibro|idea|ig01|ikom|im1k|inno|ipaq|iris|ja(t|v)a|jbro|jemu|jigs|kddi|keji|kgt( |\/)|klon|kpt |kwc\-|kyo(c|k)|le(no|xi)|lg( g|\/(k|l|u)|50|54|\-[a-w])|libw|lynx|m1\-w|m3ga|m50\/|ma(te|ui|xo)|mc(01|21|ca)|m\-cr|me(rc|ri)|mi(o8|oa|ts)|mmef|mo(01|02|bi|de|do|t(\-| |o|v)|zz)|mt(50|p1|v )|mwbp|mywa|n10[0-2]|n20[2-3]|n30(0|2)|n50(0|2|5)|n7(0(0|1)|10)|ne((c|m)\-|on|tf|wf|wg|wt)|nok(6|i)|nzph|o2im|op(ti|wv)|oran|owg1|p800|pan(a|d|t)|pdxg|pg(13|\-([1-8]|c))|phil|pire|pl(ay|uc)|pn\-2|po(ck|rt|se)|prox|psio|pt\-g|qa\-a|qc(07|12|21|32|60|\-[2-7]|i\-)|qtek|r380|r600|raks|rim9|ro(ve|zo)|s55\/|sa(ge|ma|mm|ms|ny|va)|sc(01|h\-|oo|p\-)|sdk\/|se(c(\-|0|1)|47|mc|nd|ri)|sgh\-|shar|sie(\-|m)|sk\-0|sl(45|id)|sm(al|ar|b3|it|t5)|so(ft|ny)|sp(01|h\-|v\-|v )|sy(01|mb)|t2(18|50)|t6(00|10|18)|ta(gt|lk)|tcl\-|tdg\-|tel(i|m)|tim\-|t\-mo|to(pl|sh)|ts(70|m\-|m3|m5)|tx\-9|up(\.b|g1|si)|utst|v400|v750|veri|vi(rg|te)|vk(40|5[0-3]|\-v)|vm40|voda|vulc|vx(52|53|60|61|70|80|81|83|85|98)|w3c(\-| )|webc|whit|wi(g |nc|nw)|wmlb|wonu|x700|yas\-|your|zeto|zte\-/i,tabletPattern:/android|ipad|playbook|silk/i};var h,i=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;return g.FALLBACK_PHONE="UnknownPhone",g.FALLBACK_TABLET="UnknownTablet",g.FALLBACK_MOBILE="UnknownMobile",h="isArray"in Array?Array.isArray:function(a){return"[object Array]"===Object.prototype.toString.call(a)},function(){var a,b,c,e,f,j,k=g.mobileDetectRules;for(a in k.props)if(i.call(k.props,a)){for(b=k.props[a],h(b)||(b=[b]),f=b.length,e=0;e<f;++e)c=b[e],j=c.indexOf("[VER]"),j>=0&&(c=c.substring(0,j)+"([\\w._\\+]+)"+c.substring(j+5)),b[e]=new RegExp(c,"i");k.props[a]=b}d(k.oss),d(k.phones),d(k.tablets),d(k.uas),d(k.utils),k.oss0={WindowsPhoneOS:k.oss.WindowsPhoneOS,WindowsMobileOS:k.oss.WindowsMobileOS}}(),g.findMatch=function(a,b){for(var c in a)if(i.call(a,c)&&a[c].test(b))return c;return null},g.findMatches=function(a,b){var c=[];for(var d in a)i.call(a,d)&&a[d].test(b)&&c.push(d);return c},g.getVersionStr=function(a,b){var c,d,e,f,h=g.mobileDetectRules.props;if(i.call(h,a))for(c=h[a],e=c.length,d=0;d<e;++d)if(f=c[d].exec(b),null!==f)return f[1];return null},g.getVersion=function(a,b){var c=g.getVersionStr(a,b);return c?g.prepareVersionNo(c):NaN},g.prepareVersionNo=function(a){var b;return b=a.split(/[a-z._ \/\-]/i),1===b.length&&(a=b[0]),b.length>1&&(a=b[0]+".",b.shift(),a+=b.join("")),Number(a)},g.isMobileFallback=function(a){return g.detectMobileBrowsers.fullPattern.test(a)||g.detectMobileBrowsers.shortPattern.test(a.substr(0,4))},g.isTabletFallback=function(a){return g.detectMobileBrowsers.tabletPattern.test(a)},g.prepareDetectionCache=function(a,c,d){if(a.mobile===b){var e,h,i;return(h=g.findMatch(g.mobileDetectRules.tablets,c))?(a.mobile=a.tablet=h,void(a.phone=null)):(e=g.findMatch(g.mobileDetectRules.phones,c))?(a.mobile=a.phone=e,void(a.tablet=null)):void(g.isMobileFallback(c)?(i=f.isPhoneSized(d),i===b?(a.mobile=g.FALLBACK_MOBILE,a.tablet=a.phone=null):i?(a.mobile=a.phone=g.FALLBACK_PHONE,a.tablet=null):(a.mobile=a.tablet=g.FALLBACK_TABLET,a.phone=null)):g.isTabletFallback(c)?(a.mobile=a.tablet=g.FALLBACK_TABLET,a.phone=null):a.mobile=a.tablet=a.phone=null)}},g.mobileGrade=function(a){var b=null!==a.mobile();return a.os("iOS")&&a.version("iPad")>=4.3||a.os("iOS")&&a.version("iPhone")>=3.1||a.os("iOS")&&a.version("iPod")>=3.1||a.version("Android")>2.1&&a.is("Webkit")||a.version("Windows Phone OS")>=7||a.is("BlackBerry")&&a.version("BlackBerry")>=6||a.match("Playbook.*Tablet")||a.version("webOS")>=1.4&&a.match("Palm|Pre|Pixi")||a.match("hp.*TouchPad")||a.is("Firefox")&&a.version("Firefox")>=12||a.is("Chrome")&&a.is("AndroidOS")&&a.version("Android")>=4||a.is("Skyfire")&&a.version("Skyfire")>=4.1&&a.is("AndroidOS")&&a.version("Android")>=2.3||a.is("Opera")&&a.version("Opera Mobi")>11&&a.is("AndroidOS")||a.is("MeeGoOS")||a.is("Tizen")||a.is("Dolfin")&&a.version("Bada")>=2||(a.is("UC Browser")||a.is("Dolfin"))&&a.version("Android")>=2.3||a.match("Kindle Fire")||a.is("Kindle")&&a.version("Kindle")>=3||a.is("AndroidOS")&&a.is("NookTablet")||a.version("Chrome")>=11&&!b||a.version("Safari")>=5&&!b||a.version("Firefox")>=4&&!b||a.version("MSIE")>=7&&!b||a.version("Opera")>=10&&!b?"A":a.os("iOS")&&a.version("iPad")<4.3||a.os("iOS")&&a.version("iPhone")<3.1||a.os("iOS")&&a.version("iPod")<3.1||a.is("Blackberry")&&a.version("BlackBerry")>=5&&a.version("BlackBerry")<6||a.version("Opera Mini")>=5&&a.version("Opera Mini")<=6.5&&(a.version("Android")>=2.3||a.is("iOS"))||a.match("NokiaN8|NokiaC7|N97.*Series60|Symbian/3")||a.version("Opera Mobi")>=11&&a.is("SymbianOS")?"B":(a.version("BlackBerry")<5||a.match("MSIEMobile|Windows CE.*Mobile")||a.version("Windows Mobile")<=5.2,"C")},g.detectOS=function(a){return g.findMatch(g.mobileDetectRules.oss0,a)||g.findMatch(g.mobileDetectRules.oss,a)},g.getDeviceSmallerSide=function(){return window.screen.width<window.screen.height?window.screen.width:window.screen.height},f.prototype={constructor:f,mobile:function(){return g.prepareDetectionCache(this._cache,this.ua,this.maxPhoneWidth),this._cache.mobile},phone:function(){return g.prepareDetectionCache(this._cache,this.ua,this.maxPhoneWidth),this._cache.phone},tablet:function(){return g.prepareDetectionCache(this._cache,this.ua,this.maxPhoneWidth),this._cache.tablet},userAgent:function(){return this._cache.userAgent===b&&(this._cache.userAgent=g.findMatch(g.mobileDetectRules.uas,this.ua)),this._cache.userAgent},userAgents:function(){return this._cache.userAgents===b&&(this._cache.userAgents=g.findMatches(g.mobileDetectRules.uas,this.ua)),this._cache.userAgents},os:function(){return this._cache.os===b&&(this._cache.os=g.detectOS(this.ua)),this._cache.os},version:function(a){return g.getVersion(a,this.ua)},versionStr:function(a){return g.getVersionStr(a,this.ua)},is:function(b){return c(this.userAgents(),b)||a(b,this.os())||a(b,this.phone())||a(b,this.tablet())||c(g.findMatches(g.mobileDetectRules.utils,this.ua),b)},match:function(a){return a instanceof RegExp||(a=new RegExp(a,"i")),a.test(this.ua)},isPhoneSized:function(a){return f.isPhoneSized(a||this.maxPhoneWidth)},mobileGrade:function(){return this._cache.grade===b&&(this._cache.grade=g.mobileGrade(this)),this._cache.grade}},"undefined"!=typeof window&&window.screen?f.isPhoneSized=function(a){return a<0?b:g.getDeviceSmallerSide()<=a}:f.isPhoneSized=function(){},f._impl=g,f.version="1.4.5 2021-03-13",f})}(function(a){if("undefined"!=typeof module&&module.exports)return function(a){module.exports=a()};if("function"==typeof define&&define.amd)return define;if("undefined"!=typeof window)return function(a){window.MobileDetect=a()};throw new Error("unknown environment")}());var ai_lists=!0,ai_block_class_def="ablok"; if("undefined"!=typeof ai_lists){function X(b,e){for(var p=[];b=b.previousElementSibling;)("undefined"==typeof e||b.matches(e))&&p.push(b);return p}function fa(b,e){for(var p=[];b=b.nextElementSibling;)("undefined"==typeof e||b.matches(e))&&p.push(b);return p}var host_regexp=RegExp(":\\/\\/(.[^/:]+)","i");function ha(b){b=b.match(host_regexp);return null!=b&&1<b.length&&"string"===typeof b[1]&&0<b[1].length?b[1].toLowerCase():null}function Q(b){return b.includes(":")?(b=b.split(":"),1E3*(3600*parseInt(b[0])+ 60*parseInt(b[1])+parseInt(b[2]))):null}function Y(b){try{var e=Date.parse(b);isNaN(e)&&(e=null)}catch(p){e=null}if(null==e&&b.includes(" ")){b=b.split(" ");try{e=Date.parse(b[0]),e+=Q(b[1]),isNaN(e)&&(e=null)}catch(p){e=null}}return e}function Z(){null==document.querySelector("#ai-iab-tcf-bar")&&null==document.querySelector(".ai-list-manual")||"function"!=typeof __tcfapi||"function"!=typeof ai_load_blocks||"undefined"!=typeof ai_iab_tcf_callback_installed||(__tcfapi("addEventListener",2,function(b, e){e&&"useractioncomplete"===b.eventStatus&&(ai_tcData=b,ai_load_blocks(),b=document.querySelector("#ai-iab-tcf-status"),null!=b&&(b.textContent="IAB TCF 2.0 DATA LOADED"),b=document.querySelector("#ai-iab-tcf-bar"),null!=b&&(b.classList.remove("status-error"),b.classList.add("status-ok")))}),ai_iab_tcf_callback_installed=!0)}ai_process_lists=function(b){function e(a,d,k){if(0==a.length){if("!@!"==k)return!0;d!=k&&("true"==k.toLowerCase()?k=!0:"false"==k.toLowerCase()&&(k=!1));return d==k}if("object"!= typeof d&&"array"!=typeof d)return!1;var l=a[0];a=a.slice(1);if("*"==l)for(let [,n]of Object.entries(d)){if(e(a,n,k))return!0}else if(l in d)return e(a,d[l],k);return!1}function p(a,d,k){if("object"!=typeof a||-1==d.indexOf("["))return!1;d=d.replace(/]| /gi,"").split("[");return e(d,a,k)}function z(){if("function"==typeof __tcfapi){var a=document.querySelector("#ai-iab-tcf-status"),d=document.querySelector("#ai-iab-tcf-bar");null!=a&&(a.textContent="IAB TCF 2.0 DETECTED");__tcfapi("getTCData",2,function(k, l){l?(null!=d&&d.classList.add("status-ok"),"tcloaded"==k.eventStatus||"useractioncomplete"==k.eventStatus)?(ai_tcData=k,k.gdprApplies?null!=a&&(a.textContent="IAB TCF 2.0 DATA LOADED"):null!=a&&(a.textContent="IAB TCF 2.0 GDPR DOES NOT APPLY"),null!=d&&(d.classList.remove("status-error"),d.classList.add("status-ok")),setTimeout(function(){ai_process_lists()},10)):"cmpuishown"==k.eventStatus&&(ai_cmpuishown=!0,null!=a&&(a.textContent="IAB TCF 2.0 CMP UI SHOWN"),null!=d&&(d.classList.remove("status-error"), d.classList.add("status-ok"))):(null!=a&&(a.textContent="IAB TCF 2.0 __tcfapi getTCData failed"),null!=d&&(d.classList.remove("status-ok"),d.classList.add("status-error")))})}}function C(a){"function"==typeof __tcfapi?(ai_tcfapi_found=!0,"undefined"==typeof ai_iab_tcf_callback_installed&&Z(),"undefined"==typeof ai_tcData_requested&&(ai_tcData_requested=!0,z(),cookies_need_tcData=!0)):a&&("undefined"==typeof ai_tcfapi_found&&(ai_tcfapi_found=!1,setTimeout(function(){ai_process_lists()},10)),a=document.querySelector("#ai-iab-tcf-status"), null!=a&&(a.textContent="IAB TCF 2.0 MISSING: __tcfapi function not found"),a=document.querySelector("#ai-iab-tcf-bar"),null!=a&&(a.classList.remove("status-ok"),a.classList.add("status-error")))}if(null==b)b=document.querySelectorAll("div.ai-list-data, meta.ai-list-data");else{window.jQuery&&window.jQuery.fn&&b instanceof jQuery&&(b=Array.prototype.slice.call(b));var x=[];b.forEach((a,d)=>{a.matches(".ai-list-data")?x.push(a):(a=a.querySelectorAll(".ai-list-data"),a.length&&a.forEach((k,l)=>{x.push(k)}))}); b=x}if(b.length){b.forEach((a,d)=>{a.classList.remove("ai-list-data")});var L=ia(window.location.search);if(null!=L.referrer)var A=L.referrer;else A=document.referrer,""!=A&&(A=ha(A));var R=window.navigator.userAgent,S=R.toLowerCase(),aa=navigator.language,M=aa.toLowerCase();if("undefined"!==typeof MobileDetect)var ba=new MobileDetect(R);b.forEach((a,d)=>{var k=document.cookie.split(";");k.forEach(function(f,h){k[h]=f.trim()});d=a.closest("div."+ai_block_class_def);var l=!0;if(a.hasAttribute("referer-list")){var n= a.getAttribute("referer-list");n=b64d(n).split(",");var v=a.getAttribute("referer-list-type"),E=!1;n.every((f,h)=>{f=f.trim();if(""==f)return!0;if("*"==f.charAt(0))if("*"==f.charAt(f.length-1)){if(f=f.substr(1,f.length-2),-1!=A.indexOf(f))return E=!0,!1}else{if(f=f.substr(1),A.substr(-f.length)==f)return E=!0,!1}else if("*"==f.charAt(f.length-1)){if(f=f.substr(0,f.length-1),0==A.indexOf(f))return E=!0,!1}else if("#"==f){if(""==A)return E=!0,!1}else if(f==A)return E=!0,!1;return!0});var r=E;switch(v){case "B":r&& (l=!1);break;case "W":r||(l=!1)}}if(l&&a.hasAttribute("client-list")&&"undefined"!==typeof ba)switch(n=a.getAttribute("client-list"),n=b64d(n).split(","),v=a.getAttribute("client-list-type"),r=!1,n.every((f,h)=>{if(""==f.trim())return!0;f.split("&&").every((c,t)=>{t=!0;var w=!1;for(c=c.trim();"!!"==c.substring(0,2);)t=!t,c=c.substring(2);"language:"==c.substring(0,9)&&(w=!0,c=c.substring(9).toLowerCase());var q=!1;w?"*"==c.charAt(0)?"*"==c.charAt(c.length-1)?(c=c.substr(1,c.length-2).toLowerCase(), -1!=M.indexOf(c)&&(q=!0)):(c=c.substr(1).toLowerCase(),M.substr(-c.length)==c&&(q=!0)):"*"==c.charAt(c.length-1)?(c=c.substr(0,c.length-1).toLowerCase(),0==M.indexOf(c)&&(q=!0)):c==M&&(q=!0):"*"==c.charAt(0)?"*"==c.charAt(c.length-1)?(c=c.substr(1,c.length-2).toLowerCase(),-1!=S.indexOf(c)&&(q=!0)):(c=c.substr(1).toLowerCase(),S.substr(-c.length)==c&&(q=!0)):"*"==c.charAt(c.length-1)?(c=c.substr(0,c.length-1).toLowerCase(),0==S.indexOf(c)&&(q=!0)):ba.is(c)&&(q=!0);return(r=q?t:!t)?!0:!1});return r? !1:!0}),v){case "B":r&&(l=!1);break;case "W":r||(l=!1)}var N=n=!1;for(v=1;2>=v;v++)if(l){switch(v){case 1:var g=a.getAttribute("cookie-list");break;case 2:g=a.getAttribute("parameter-list")}if(null!=g){g=b64d(g);switch(v){case 1:var y=a.getAttribute("cookie-list-type");break;case 2:y=a.getAttribute("parameter-list-type")}g=g.replace("tcf-gdpr","tcf-v2[gdprApplies]=true");g=g.replace("tcf-no-gdpr","tcf-v2[gdprApplies]=false");g=g.replace("tcf-google","tcf-v2[vendor][consents][755]=true && tcf-v2[purpose][consents][1]=true"); g=g.replace("tcf-no-google","!!tcf-v2[vendor][consents][755]");g=g.replace("tcf-media.net","tcf-v2[vendor][consents][142]=true && tcf-v2[purpose][consents][1]=true");g=g.replace("tcf-no-media.net","!!tcf-v2[vendor][consents][142]");g=g.replace("tcf-amazon","tcf-v2[vendor][consents][793]=true && tcf-v2[purpose][consents][1]=true");g=g.replace("tcf-no-amazon","!!tcf-v2[vendor][consents][793]");g=g.replace("tcf-ezoic","tcf-v2[vendor][consents][347]=true && tcf-v2[purpose][consents][1]=true");g=g.replace("tcf-no-ezoic", "!!tcf-v2[vendor][consents][347]");var F=g.split(","),ca=[];k.forEach(function(f){f=f.split("=");try{var h=JSON.parse(decodeURIComponent(f[1]))}catch(c){h=decodeURIComponent(f[1])}ca[f[0]]=h});r=!1;var I=a;F.every((f,h)=>{f.split("&&").every((c,t)=>{t=!0;for(c=c.trim();"!!"==c.substring(0,2);)t=!t,c=c.substring(2);var w=c,q="!@!",T="tcf-v2"==w&&"!@!"==q,B=-1!=c.indexOf("["),J=0==c.indexOf("tcf-v2")||0==c.indexOf("euconsent-v2");J=J&&(B||T);-1!=c.indexOf("=")&&(q=c.split("="),w=q[0],q=q[1],B=-1!=w.indexOf("["), J=(J=0==w.indexOf("tcf-v2")||0==w.indexOf("euconsent-v2"))&&(B||T));if(J)document.querySelector("#ai-iab-tcf-status"),B=document.querySelector("#ai-iab-tcf-bar"),null!=B&&(B.style.display="block"),T&&"boolean"==typeof ai_tcfapi_found?r=ai_tcfapi_found?t:!t:"object"==typeof ai_tcData?(null!=B&&B.classList.add("status-ok"),w=w.replace(/]| /gi,"").split("["),w.shift(),r=(w=e(w,ai_tcData,q))?t:!t):"undefined"==typeof ai_tcfapi_found&&(I.classList.add("ai-list-data"),N=!0,"function"==typeof __tcfapi?C(!1): "undefined"==typeof ai_tcData_retrying&&(ai_tcData_retrying=!0,setTimeout(function(){"function"==typeof __tcfapi?C(!1):setTimeout(function(){"function"==typeof __tcfapi?C(!1):setTimeout(function(){C(!0)},3E3)},1E3)},600)));else if(B)r=(w=p(ca,w,q))?t:!t;else{var U=!1;"!@!"==q?k.every(function(ja){return ja.split("=")[0]==c?(U=!0,!1):!0}):U=-1!=k.indexOf(c);r=U?t:!t}return r?!0:!1});return r?!1:!0});r&&(N=!1,I.classList.remove("ai-list-data"));switch(y){case "B":r&&(l=!1);break;case "W":r||(l=!1)}}}a.classList.contains("ai-list-manual")&& (l?(I.classList.remove("ai-list-data"),I.classList.remove("ai-list-manual")):(n=!0,I.classList.add("ai-list-data")));(l||!n&&!N)&&a.hasAttribute("data-debug-info")&&(g=document.querySelector("."+a.dataset.debugInfo),null!=g&&(g=g.parentElement,null!=g&&g.classList.contains("ai-debug-info")&&g.remove()));y=X(a,".ai-debug-bar.ai-debug-lists");var ka=""==A?"#":A;0!=y.length&&y.forEach((f,h)=>{h=f.querySelector(".ai-debug-name.ai-list-info");null!=h&&(h.textContent=ka,h.title=R+"\n"+aa);h=f.querySelector(".ai-debug-name.ai-list-status"); null!=h&&(h.textContent=l?ai_front.visible:ai_front.hidden)});g=!1;if(l&&a.hasAttribute("scheduling-start")&&a.hasAttribute("scheduling-end")&&a.hasAttribute("scheduling-days")){var u=a.getAttribute("scheduling-start");v=a.getAttribute("scheduling-end");y=a.getAttribute("scheduling-days");g=!0;u=b64d(u);F=b64d(v);var V=parseInt(a.getAttribute("scheduling-fallback")),O=parseInt(a.getAttribute("gmt"));if(u.includes("-")||F.includes("-"))P=Y(u)+O,K=Y(F)+O;else var P=Q(u),K=Q(F);P??=0;K??=0;var W=b64d(y).split(","); y=a.getAttribute("scheduling-type");var D=(new Date).getTime()+O;v=new Date(D);var G=v.getDay();0==G?G=6:G--;u.includes("-")||F.includes("-")||(u=(new Date(v.getFullYear(),v.getMonth(),v.getDate())).getTime()+O,D-=u,0>D&&(D+=864E5));scheduling_start_date_ok=D>=P;scheduling_end_date_ok=0==K||D<K;u=scheduling_start_date_ok&&scheduling_end_date_ok&&W.includes(G.toString());switch(y){case "B":u=!u}u||(l=!1);var la=v.toISOString().split(".")[0].replace("T"," ");y=X(a,".ai-debug-bar.ai-debug-scheduling"); 0!=y.length&&y.forEach((f,h)=>{h=f.querySelector(".ai-debug-name.ai-scheduling-info");null!=h&&(h.textContent=la+" "+G+" current_time: "+Math.floor(D.toString()/1E3)+" start_date:"+Math.floor(P/1E3).toString()+"=>"+scheduling_start_date_ok.toString()+" end_date:"+Math.floor(K/1E3).toString()+"=>"+scheduling_end_date_ok.toString()+" days:"+W.toString()+"=>"+W.includes(G.toString()).toString());h=f.querySelector(".ai-debug-name.ai-scheduling-status");null!=h&&(h.textContent=l?ai_front.visible:ai_front.hidden); l||0==V||(f.classList.remove("ai-debug-scheduling"),f.classList.add("ai-debug-fallback"),h=f.querySelector(".ai-debug-name.ai-scheduling-status"),null!=h&&(h.textContent=ai_front.fallback+" = "+V))})}if(n||!l&&N)return!0;a.style.visibility="";a.style.position="";a.style.width="";a.style.height="";a.style.zIndex="";if(l){if(null!=d&&(d.style.visibility="",d.classList.contains("ai-remove-position")&&(d.style.position="")),a.hasAttribute("data-code")){n=b64d(a.dataset.code);u=document.createRange(); g=!0;try{H=u.createContextualFragment(n)}catch(f){g=!1}g&&(null!=a.closest("head")?(a.parentNode.insertBefore(H,a.nextSibling),a.remove()):a.append(H));da(a)}}else if(g&&!u&&0!=V){null!=d&&(d.style.visibility="",d.classList.contains("ai-remove-position")&&d.css({position:""}));n=fa(a,".ai-fallback");0!=n.length&&n.forEach((f,h)=>{f.classList.remove("ai-fallback")});if(a.hasAttribute("data-fallback-code")){n=b64d(a.dataset.fallbackCode);u=document.createRange();g=!0;try{var H=u.createContextualFragment(n)}catch(f){g= !1}g&&a.append(H);da(a)}else a.style.display="none",null!=d&&null==d.querySelector(".ai-debug-block")&&d.hasAttribute("style")&&-1==d.getAttribute("style").indexOf("height:")&&(d.style.display="none");null!=d&&d.hasAttribute("data-ai")&&(d.getAttribute("data-ai"),a.hasAttribute("fallback-tracking")&&(H=a.getAttribute("fallback-tracking"),d.setAttribute("data-ai-"+a.getAttribute("fallback_level"),H)))}else a.style.display="none",null!=d&&(d.removeAttribute("data-ai"),d.classList.remove("ai-track"), null!=d.querySelector(".ai-debug-block")?(d.style.visibility="",d.classList.remove("ai-close"),d.classList.contains("ai-remove-position")&&(d.style.position="")):d.hasAttribute("style")&&-1==d.getAttribute("style").indexOf("height:")&&(d.style.display="none"));a.setAttribute("data-code","");a.setAttribute("data-fallback-code","");null!=d&&d.classList.remove("ai-list-block")})}};function ea(b){b=`; ${document.cookie}`.split(`; ${b}=`);if(2===b.length)return b.pop().split(";").shift()}function ma(b, e,p){ea(b)&&(document.cookie=b+"="+(e?";path="+e:"")+(p?";domain="+p:"")+";expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:01 GMT")}function m(b){ea(b)&&(ma(b,"/",window.location.hostname),document.cookie=b+"=; Path=/; Expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:01 GMT;")}(function(b){"complete"===document.readyState||"loading"!==document.readyState&&!document.documentElement.doScroll?b():document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",b)})(function(){setTimeout(function(){ai_process_lists();setTimeout(function(){Z();if("function"== typeof ai_load_blocks){document.addEventListener("cmplzEnableScripts",e);document.addEventListener("cmplz_event_marketing",e);function e(p){"cmplzEnableScripts"!=p.type&&"all"!==p.consentLevel||ai_load_blocks()}}},50);var b=document.querySelector(".ai-debug-page-type");null!=b&&b.addEventListener("dblclick",e=>{e=document.querySelector("#ai-iab-tcf-status");null!=e&&(e.textContent="CONSENT COOKIES");e=document.querySelector("#ai-iab-tcf-bar");null!=e&&(e.style.display="block")});b=document.querySelector("#ai-iab-tcf-bar"); null!=b&&b.addEventListener("click",e=>{m("euconsent-v2");m("__lxG__consent__v2");m("__lxG__consent__v2_daisybit");m("__lxG__consent__v2_gdaisybit");m("CookieLawInfoConsent");m("cookielawinfo-checkbox-advertisement");m("cookielawinfo-checkbox-analytics");m("cookielawinfo-checkbox-necessary");m("complianz_policy_id");m("complianz_consent_status");m("cmplz_marketing");m("cmplz_consent_status");m("cmplz_preferences");m("cmplz_statistics-anonymous");m("cmplz_choice");m("cmplz_banner-status");m("cmplz_functional"); m("cmplz_policy_id");m("cmplz_statistics");m("moove_gdpr_popup");m("real_cookie_banner-blog:1-tcf");m("real_cookie_banner-blog:1");e=document.querySelector("#ai-iab-tcf-status");null!=e&&(e.textContent="CONSENT COOKIES DELETED")})},5)});function da(b){setTimeout(function(){"function"==typeof ai_process_rotations_in_element&&ai_process_rotations_in_element(b);"function"==typeof ai_process_lists&&ai_process_lists();"function"==typeof ai_process_ip_addresses&&ai_process_ip_addresses();"function"==typeof ai_process_filter_hooks&& ai_process_filter_hooks();"function"==typeof ai_adb_process_blocks&&ai_adb_process_blocks(b);"function"==typeof ai_process_impressions&&1==ai_tracking_finished&&ai_process_impressions();"function"==typeof ai_install_click_trackers&&1==ai_tracking_finished&&ai_install_click_trackers();"function"==typeof ai_install_close_buttons&&ai_install_close_buttons(document)},5)}function ia(b){var e=b?b.split("?")[1]:window.location.search.slice(1);b={};if(e){e=e.split("#")[0];e=e.split("&");for(var p=0;p<e.length;p++){var z= e[p].split("="),C=void 0,x=z[0].replace(/\[\d*\]/,function(L){C=L.slice(1,-1);return""});z="undefined"===typeof z[1]?"":z[1];x=x.toLowerCase();z=z.toLowerCase();b[x]?("string"===typeof b[x]&&(b[x]=[b[x]]),"undefined"===typeof C?b[x].push(z):b[x][C]=z):b[x]=z}}return b}}; var ai_ip=!0,ai_data_id="9363134b7e",ai_ajax_url="https://historiek.net/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php",ai_block_class_def="ablok"; if("undefined"!=typeof ai_ip){function u(b,g){g||(g=window.location.href);b=b.replace(/[\[\]]/g,"\\$&");return(b=(new RegExp("[?&]"+b+"(=([^&#]*)|&|#|$)")).exec(g))?b[2]?decodeURIComponent(b[2].replace(/\+/g," ")):"":null}function y(){return(new Date).getTime()+"-"+Math.round(1E5*Math.random())}function v(b){b.forEach((a,c)=>{a.classList.remove("ai-ip-data")});var g=!1;if(""!=ai_ip_data){try{var l=JSON.parse(ai_ip_data),f=l[0],r=l[1],p=l[2],q=l[3]}catch(a){return}var t=!1;-1!=f.indexOf("#")&&(t=!0, f=f.replace("#",""));var e="";t&&(e="CFP BLOCKED, ");e=e+f+", "+r;null!=p&&null!=q&&(e=e+":"+p+":"+q);null==p&&(p="");null==q&&(q="");null!=l&&b.forEach((a,c)=>{c=a.closest("div."+ai_block_class_def);g=!0;if(a.hasAttribute("ip-addresses")){var h=a.getAttribute("ip-addresses").split(","),m=a.getAttribute("ip-address-list"),k=!1;h.every((d,n)=>{if("*"==d.charAt(0))if("*"==d.charAt(d.length-1)){if(d=d.substr(1,d.length-2),-1!=f.indexOf(d))return k=!0,!1}else{if(d=d.substr(1),f.substr(-d.length)==d)return k= !0,!1}else if("*"==d.charAt(d.length-1)){if(d=d.substr(0,d.length-1),0==f.indexOf(d))return k=!0,!1}else if("#"==d){if(""==f)return k=!0,!1}else if("CFP"==d.toUpperCase()){if(t)return k=!0,!1}else if(d==f)return k=!0,!1;return!0});switch(m){case "B":k&&(g=!1);break;case "W":k||(g=!1)}}if(g&&a.hasAttribute("countries"))switch(h=a.getAttribute("countries").split(","),m=a.getAttribute("country-list"),k=!1,h.every((d,n)=>{n=d.trim().split(":");if(null==n[1]||""==p)n[1]="";if(null==n[2]||""==q)n[2]=""; d=n.join(":").toUpperCase();n=(r+":"+(""==n[1]?"":p)+":"+(""==n[2]?"":q)).toUpperCase();return d==n?(k=!0,!1):!0}),m){case "B":k&&(g=!1);break;case "W":k||(g=!1)}a.style.visibility="";a.style.position="";a.style.width="";a.style.height="";a.style.zIndex="";for(h=a.previousElementSibling;h&&!h.matches(".ai-debug-bar");)h=h.previousElementSibling;null!=h&&(m=h.querySelector(".ai-debug-name.ai-ip-country"),null!=m&&(m.textContent=e),m=h.querySelector(".ai-debug-name.ai-ip-status"),null!=m&&(m.textContent= g?ai_front.visible:ai_front.hidden));if(g){if(null!=c&&(c.style.visibility="",c.classList.contains("ai-remove-position")&&(c.style.position="")),a.hasAttribute("data-code")){h=b64d(a.dataset.code);m=document.createRange();var w=!0;try{var x=m.createContextualFragment(h)}catch(d){w=!1}w&&(null!=a.closest("head")?(a.parentNode.insertBefore(x,a.nextSibling),a.remove()):a.append(x));a.removeAttribute("data-code");z(a)}}else a.style.display="none",null!=c&&(c.removeAttribute("data-ai"),c.classList.remove("ai-track"), null!=c.querySelector(".ai-debug-block")?(c.style.visibility="",c.classList.remove("ai-close"),c.classList.contains("ai-remove-position")&&(c.style.position=""),a.hasAttribute("data-code")&&(c.classList.remove("ai-list-block"),c.classList.remove("ai-list-block-filter"),null!=c.previousElementSibling&&c.previousElementSibling.classList.contains("ai-debug-info")&&c.previousElementSibling.remove())):c.hasAttribute("style")&&-1==c.getAttribute("style").indexOf("height:")&&(c.style.display="none"));null!= c&&c.classList.remove("ai-list-block-ip")})}}ai_process_ip_addresses=function(b){if(null==b)b=document.querySelectorAll("div.ai-ip-data, meta.ai-ip-data");else{window.jQuery&&window.jQuery.fn&&b instanceof jQuery&&(b=Array.prototype.slice.call(b));var g=[];b.forEach((e,a)=>{e.matches(".ai-ip-data")?g.push(e):(e=e.querySelectorAll(".ai-ip-data"),e.length&&e.forEach((c,h)=>{g.push(c)}))});b=g}if(b.length)if("undefined"!=typeof ai_ip_data)v(b);else if("undefined"==typeof ai_ip_data_requested){ai_ip_data_requested= !0;var l=ai_ajax_url+"?action=ai_ajax&ip-data=ip-address-country-city",f=u("ai-debug-ip-address");null!=f&&(l+="&ai-debug-ip-address="+f);f=u("ai-debug-country");null!=f&&(l+="&ai-debug-country="+f);f={ai_check:ai_data_id,version:y()};var r=[],p;for(p in f){var q=encodeURIComponent(p),t=encodeURIComponent(f[p]);r.push(q+"="+t)}r=r.join("&");(async function(){return await (await fetch(l,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8"},body:r})).text()})().then(e=> {ai_ip_data=e;if(""==e){var a="Ajax request returned empty data, geo-targeting disabled";console.error(a);"undefined"!=typeof ai_js_errors&&ai_js_errors.push([a,l,0])}else try{JSON.parse(e)}catch(c){a="Ajax call returned invalid data, geo-targeting disabled",console.error(a,e),"undefined"!=typeof ai_js_errors&&ai_js_errors.push([a,l,0])}b=document.querySelectorAll("div.ai-ip-data, meta.ai-ip-data");b.length&&v(b)}).catch(e=>{document.querySelectorAll("div.ai-ip-data").forEach((a,c)=>{a.style.display= "none";a.style.visibility="";a.style.position="";a.style.width="";a.style.height="";a.style.zIndex="";a.classList.remove("ai-ip-data")})})}};(function(b){"complete"===document.readyState||"loading"!==document.readyState&&!document.documentElement.doScroll?b():document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",b)})(function(){setTimeout(function(){ai_process_ip_addresses()},5)});function z(b){setTimeout(function(){"function"==typeof ai_process_rotations_in_element&&ai_process_rotations_in_element(b);"function"== typeof ai_process_lists&&ai_process_lists();"function"==typeof ai_process_ip_addresses&&ai_process_ip_addresses();"function"==typeof ai_process_filter_hooks&&ai_process_filter_hooks();"function"==typeof ai_adb_process_blocks&&ai_adb_process_blocks(b);"function"==typeof ai_process_impressions&&1==ai_tracking_finished&&ai_process_impressions();"function"==typeof ai_install_click_trackers&&1==ai_tracking_finished&&ai_install_click_trackers();"function"==typeof ai_install_close_buttons&&ai_install_close_buttons(document)}, 5)}}; ai_run_255932755006 = function(){ ai_document_write=document.write;document.write=function(a){"interactive"==document.readyState?(console.error("document.write called after page load: ",a),"undefined"!=typeof ai_js_errors&&ai_js_errors.push(["document.write called after page load",a,0])):ai_document_write.call(document,a)}; ai_insert_viewport_code ('ai-insert-3-80035695'); ai_insert_viewport_code ('ai-insert-13-84719913'); ai_insert_viewport_code ('ai-insert-5-79888549'); ai_insert_viewport_code ('ai-insert-5-57519618'); ai_insert_viewport_code ('ai-insert-5-12835275'); ai_insert_viewport_code ('ai-insert-4-61248791'); ai_insert_viewport_code ('ai-insert-4-53308652'); ai_insert_viewport_code ('ai-insert-4-96128044'); ai_insert_viewport_code ('ai-insert-4-48624199'); ai_insert_viewport_code ('ai-insert-4-47318653'); ai_insert_viewport_code ('ai-insert-4-31852119'); ai_insert_viewport_code ('ai-insert-2-34584050'); ai_insert_viewport_code ('ai-insert-2-15206426'); }; if (document.readyState === 'complete' || (document.readyState !== 'loading' && !document.documentElement.doScroll)) ai_run_255932755006 (); else document.addEventListener ('DOMContentLoaded', ai_run_255932755006); ai_js_code = true;</script> </body></html>