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id="toc-Marco_Polo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ibn_Battuta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ibn_Battuta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ibn Battuta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ibn_Battuta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taizong_Shilu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taizong_Shilu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Taizong Shilu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taizong_Shilu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Longjiang_Chuanchang_Zhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longjiang_Chuanchang_Zhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Longjiang Chuanchang Zhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longjiang_Chuanchang_Zhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanbao_Taijian_Xia_Xiyang_Ji_Tongsu_Yanyi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanbao_Taijian_Xia_Xiyang_Ji_Tongsu_Yanyi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Sanbao Taijian Xia Xiyang Ji Tongsu Yanyi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanbao_Taijian_Xia_Xiyang_Ji_Tongsu_Yanyi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dimensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dimensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dimensions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dimensions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dimensions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dimensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary_descriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_descriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Contemporary descriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_descriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-5,000_liao_ship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5,000_liao_ship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>5,000 liao ship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5,000_liao_ship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-44_zhang_ship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#44_zhang_ship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>44 zhang ship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-44_zhang_ship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_Ming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_Ming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>History of Ming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_Ming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Modern estimates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement_conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement_conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Measurement conversion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurement_conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Physical evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Speed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Replica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Replica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schatzschiff" title="Schatzschiff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schatzschiff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%98%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BD_(%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1)" title="Στόλος των Θησαυρών (Κίνα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στόλος των Θησαυρών (Κίνα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barco_del_tesoro" title="Barco del tesoro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Barco del tesoro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateau-tr%C3%A9sor" title="Bateau-trésor – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bateau-trésor" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_khazanah_Tiongkok" title="Kapal khazanah Tiongkok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kapal khazanah Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave_del_tesoro" title="Nave del tesoro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nave del tesoro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kincses_Flotta" title="Kincses Flotta – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kincses Flotta" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schatschip" title="Schatschip – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schatschip" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baochuan" title="Baochuan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Baochuan" 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admiral Zheng He</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Baochuan" redirects here. For the city in Korea, see <a href="/wiki/Pocheon" title="Pocheon">Pocheon</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonque_de_Mer_de_%22A_Propos_des_Voyages_Aventureux_de_Fernand_Mendez_Pinto%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Jonque_de_Mer_de_%22A_Propos_des_Voyages_Aventureux_de_Fernand_Mendez_Pinto%22.jpg/300px-Jonque_de_Mer_de_%22A_Propos_des_Voyages_Aventureux_de_Fernand_Mendez_Pinto%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Jonque_de_Mer_de_%22A_Propos_des_Voyages_Aventureux_de_Fernand_Mendez_Pinto%22.jpg/450px-Jonque_de_Mer_de_%22A_Propos_des_Voyages_Aventureux_de_Fernand_Mendez_Pinto%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Jonque_de_Mer_de_%22A_Propos_des_Voyages_Aventureux_de_Fernand_Mendez_Pinto%22.jpg/600px-Jonque_de_Mer_de_%22A_Propos_des_Voyages_Aventureux_de_Fernand_Mendez_Pinto%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3617" data-file-height="2645" /></a></span><div>Sketch of four-masted Zheng He's ship</div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">History</th></tr> <tr><th height="30" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:left;padding-left:2px;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Ming_dynasty.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Seal_of_Ming_dynasty.svg/28px-Seal_of_Ming_dynasty.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Seal_of_Ming_dynasty.svg/42px-Seal_of_Ming_dynasty.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Seal_of_Ming_dynasty.svg/56px-Seal_of_Ming_dynasty.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="492" /></a></span><span style="padding-left:1em"><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a></span></th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Name</td><td>2,000 <i>liao da bo</i> (lit. large ship), <i>hai po</i>, <i>hai chuan</i> (lit. sea going ship)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Ordered</td><td>1403</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Builder</td><td>Longjiang shipyards, Ming dynasty</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">In service</td><td>1405</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Out of service</td><td>1433</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Notes</td><td>Participated in: <div><ul><li>First voyage of Zheng He (1405–1407)</li><li>Second voyage of Zheng He (1407–1409)</li><li>Third voyage of Zheng He (1409–1411)</li><li>Fourth voyage of Zheng He (1412–1415)</li><li>Fifth voyage of Zheng He (1416–1419)</li><li>Sixth voyage of Zheng He (1421–1422)</li><li>Seventh voyage of Zheng He (1431–1433)</li></ul></div></td></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">General characteristics</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Class and type</td><td>Armed merchant ship<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012114_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012114-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Displacement</td><td>800 tons</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Tons burthen</td><td>500 tons</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Length</td><td>166 ft (50.60 m)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Beam</td><td>24.3 ft (7.41 m)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Draught</td><td>8.1 ft (2.47 m)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Propulsion</td><td>4 masts<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Sail plan</td><td><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk rig</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Complement</td><td>200–300 person<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch200516_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch200516-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Armament</td><td>24 cannons<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevathes199481-82_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevathes199481-82-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Notes</td><td>References: Tonnages,<sup id="cite_ref-Xin_Yuanou_2002,_p.8_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xin_Yuanou_2002,_p.8-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dimensions<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuryadinata2005135_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuryadinata2005135-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ZhengHeShips.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/ZhengHeShips.gif/300px-ZhengHeShips.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/ZhengHeShips.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><div>Early 17th century Chinese <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">woodblock</a> print, thought to represent Zheng He's ships. The ships are depicted with 7 masts, but only 4 sails used.</div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">History</th></tr> <tr><th height="30" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:left;padding-left:2px;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Ming_dynasty.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Seal_of_Ming_dynasty.svg/28px-Seal_of_Ming_dynasty.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Seal_of_Ming_dynasty.svg/42px-Seal_of_Ming_dynasty.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Seal_of_Ming_dynasty.svg/56px-Seal_of_Ming_dynasty.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="492" /></a></span><span style="padding-left:1em"><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a></span></th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Name</td><td>5,000 <i>liao ju bo</i> (lit. giant ship), <i>baochuan</i> (lit. gem ship)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Ordered</td><td>Before 1412</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Builder</td><td>Longjiang shipyards, Ming dynasty</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">In service</td><td>1412</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Out of service</td><td>1433</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Notes</td><td>Participated in: <div><ul><li>Fourth voyage of Zheng He (1412–1415)</li><li>Fifth voyage of Zheng He (1416–1419)</li><li>Sixth voyage of Zheng He (1421–1422)</li><li>Seventh voyage of Zheng He (1431–1433)</li></ul></div></td></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">General characteristics</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Class and type</td><td>Armed merchant ship<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012114_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012114-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Displacement</td><td>3100 tons</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Tons burthen</td><td>1860 tons</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Length</td><td>71.1 m (233.3 ft)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Beam</td><td>14.05 m (46.1 ft)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Draught</td><td>6.1 m (20.0 ft)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Propulsion</td><td>6–7 masts<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Sail plan</td><td><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk rig</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Complement</td><td>500–600 person<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMills19702_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills19702-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinlay1992227_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlay1992227-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Armament</td><td>24 cannons<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevathes199481-82_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevathes199481-82-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Notes</td><td>References: Voyages,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWake200474_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWake200474-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tonnages,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWake200464,_75_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWake200464,_75-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dimensions<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMing201115_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMing201115-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>A <b>Chinese treasure ship</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">宝船</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">寶船</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">bǎochuán</span></i>, literally "gem ship"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWake200475_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWake200475-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a type of large wooden <a href="/wiki/Chinese_junk" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese junk">Chinese junk</a> in the fleet of admiral <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a>, who led <a href="/wiki/Treasure_voyages" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasure voyages">seven voyages</a> during the early 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. The size of the treasure ships, the largest <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ships</a> in Zheng He's fleet, has been a subject of much controversy, with some old Chinese records mentioning the size of 44 <i>zhang</i> or 44.4 <i>zhang</i>, which has been interpreted by some modern scholars as over 100 m (330 ft) in length, while others have stated that Zheng He's largest ship was around 70 m (230 ft) or less.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accounts">Accounts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese">Chinese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chinese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ming-Expeditions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ming-Expeditions.svg/400px-Ming-Expeditions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ming-Expeditions.svg/600px-Ming-Expeditions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ming-Expeditions.svg/800px-Ming-Expeditions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="837" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages" title="Ming treasure voyages">Ming treasure voyages</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Yishiha" title="Yishiha">Yishiha</a>'s expeditions to the northeast and <a href="/wiki/Chen_Cheng_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Chen Cheng (Ming dynasty)">Chen Cheng</a>'s embassy to the <a href="/wiki/Timurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Timurids">Timurids</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guoque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guoque (page does not exist)">Guoque</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%A6%B7" class="extiw" title="zh:國榷">zh</a>]</span></i> (1658), the first voyage consisted of 63 treasure ships crewed by 27,870 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007123_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007123-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a></i> (1739) credits the first voyage with 62 treasure ships crewed by 27,800 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007123_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007123-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Zheng He era inscription in the <a href="/wiki/Jinghai_Temple" title="Jinghai Temple">Jinghai Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> gave the size of Zheng He ships in 1405 as 2,000 liao (500 tons), but did not give the number of ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch200510_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch200510-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alongside the treasures were also another 255 ships according to the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuyu_Zhouzilu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuyu Zhouzilu (page does not exist)">Shuyu Zhouzilu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%8A%E5%9F%9F%E5%91%A8%E5%92%A8%E5%BD%95" class="extiw" title="zh:殊域周咨录">zh</a>]</span></i> (1520), giving the combined fleet of the first voyage a total of 317 ships. However, the addition of 255 ships is a case of double accounting according to <a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Dreyer" title="Edward L. Dreyer">Edward L. Dreyer</a>, who notes that the <i><a href="/wiki/Ming_Veritable_Records" title="Ming Veritable Records">Taizong Shilu</a></i> does not distinguish the order of 250 ships from the treasure ships. As such the first fleet would have been around 250 ships including the treasure ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007123_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007123-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second voyage consisted of 249 ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007124_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007124-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jinghai Temple inscription gave the ship dimensions in 1409 as 1500 liao (375 tons).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007123_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007123-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Xingcha_Shenglan" title="Xingcha Shenglan">Xingcha Shenglan</a></i> (1436), the third voyage consisted of 48 treasure ships, not including other ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007123_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007123-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Xingcha Shenglan</i> states that the fourth voyage consisted of 63 treasure ships crewed by 27,670 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007126_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007126-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are no sources for number of ships or men for the fifth and sixth voyages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007126_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007126-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Liuhe,_Taicang" title="Liuhe, Taicang">Liujiagang</a> and Changle Inscriptions, the seventh voyage had "more than a hundred large ships".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007126_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007126-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yemen">Yemen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Yemen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most contemporary non-Chinese record of the expeditions is an untitled and anonymous annalistic account of the then-ruling <a href="/wiki/Rasulid_dynasty" title="Rasulid dynasty">Rasūlid dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, compiled in the years 1439–1440. It reports the arrival of Chinese ships in 1419, 1423, and 1432, which approximately correspond to Zheng He's fifth, sixth, and seventh voyages. The 1419 arrival is described thus: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Arrival of Dragon-ships [marākib al-zank] in the protected harbour city [of Aden] and with them the messengers of the ruler of China with brilliant gifts for his Majesty, the Sultan al-Malik al-Nāsir in the month of l’Hijja in the year 821 [January 1419]. His Majesty, the Sultan al-Malik al-Nāsiṛ’s in the Protected Dār al-Jund send the victorious al-Mahaṭṭa to accept the brilliant gifts of the ruler of China. It was a splendid present consisting of all manner of rarities [tuhaf], splendid Chinese silk cloth woven with gold [al-thiyāb al-kamkhāt al-mudhahhabah], top quality musk, storax [al-ʾūd al-ratḅ] and many kinds of chinaware vessels, the present being valued at twenty thousand Chinese mithqāl [93.6 kg gold]. It was accompanied by the Qādi Wajīh al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Rahman b. Jumay. And this was on 26 Muharram in the year 822 [March 19, 1419]. His majesty, the Sultan al-Malik al-Nāsir ordered that the Envoy of the ruler of China [rusul sāhib al-Sị̄n] returned with gifts of his own, including many rare, with <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>-wrapped coral trees, wild animals such as <a href="/wiki/Oryx" title="Oryx">oryx</a>, wild ass, thousands of wild lion and tame cheetahs. And they travelled in the company of Qādi Wajīh al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Rahman b. Jumay out of the sheltered harbour of Aden in the month of Safar of the year 822 [March 1419].<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen2016619_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen2016619-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HikoichiYajima_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HikoichiYajima-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The later Yemeni historian, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-Dayba%CA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn al-Daybaʿ (page does not exist)">Ibn al-Daybaʿ</a> (1461–1537), writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[The Chinese arrived at Aden in 1420 on] great vessels containing precious gifts, the value of which was twenty lacs [sic; lakhs] of gold... (The sultan) dispatched to him wild animals and splendid sultanic robes, an abundant quality, and ordered him to be escorted to the city of Aden.<sup id="cite_ref-HikoichiYajima_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HikoichiYajima-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen2016620_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen2016620-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mamluks">Mamluks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mamluks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taghribirdi" title="Ibn Taghribirdi">Ibn Taghribirdi</a> (1411–1470) writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Shawwāl 22 [21 June 1432 CE]. A report came from Mecca the Honored that a number of <a href="/wiki/Junks" class="mw-redirect" title="Junks">junks</a> had come from China to the seaports of India, and two of them had anchored in the port of Aden, but their goods, chinaware, silk, musk, and the like, were not disposed of there because of the disorder of the state of Yemen. The captains of these two junks wrote to the Sharīf Barakāt ibn Hasan ibn ʿAjlān, emir of Mecca, and to Saʾd al-Dīn Ibrāhīm ibn al-Marra, controller of Judda [Jeddah], asking permission to come to Judda. The two wrote to the Sultan about this, and made him eager for the large amount [of money] that would result if they came. The Sultan wrote to them to let them come to Judda, and to show them honor.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niccolò_de'_Conti"><span id="Niccol.C3.B2_de.27_Conti"></span>Niccolò de' Conti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Niccolò de' Conti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_de%27_Conti" title="Niccolò de' Conti">Niccolò de' Conti</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1395</span>–1469), a contemporary of Zheng He, was also an eyewitness of Chinese ships in Southeast Asia, claiming to have seen five-masted junks of about 2000 tons* <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/burthen">burthen</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1971452_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1971452-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They doe make bigger Shippes than wee do, that is to say, of 2000 tons, with five sayles, and so many mastes'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1971468_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1971468-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Niccolò Da Conti</cite></div></blockquote> <ul><li>Other translations of the passage give the size as a 2000 butts,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would be around 1000 tons, a butt being half a ton.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christopher Wake noted that the transcription of the unit is actually <i>vegetes</i>, that is <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a> butt, and estimated a burthen of 1300 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWake199758_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWake199758-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Song_and_Yuan_junks">Song and Yuan junks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Song and Yuan junks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Henry_Yule_illustration_of_Yuan_dynasty_war_junk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Sir_Henry_Yule_illustration_of_Yuan_dynasty_war_junk.jpg/220px-Sir_Henry_Yule_illustration_of_Yuan_dynasty_war_junk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Sir_Henry_Yule_illustration_of_Yuan_dynasty_war_junk.jpg/330px-Sir_Henry_Yule_illustration_of_Yuan_dynasty_war_junk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Sir_Henry_Yule_illustration_of_Yuan_dynasty_war_junk.jpg/440px-Sir_Henry_Yule_illustration_of_Yuan_dynasty_war_junk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption>Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Yule" title="Henry Yule">Henry Yule</a>'s 1871 illustration of <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> war junk used in the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Mongol invasion of Java</a> (1293 CE).</figcaption></figure> <p>Although active prior to the treasure voyages, both <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> (1254–1325) and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> (1304–1369) attest to large multi-masted ships carrying 500 to 1000 passengers in Chinese waters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1971460–470_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1971460–470-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large ships (up to 5,000 <i>liao</i> or 1520–1860 tons burden) would carry 500–600 men, and the second class (1,000–2,000 <i>liao</i>) would carry 200–300 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWake200475_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWake200475-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Ming treasure ships, Song and Yuan great junks were propelled by oars, and had with them smaller junks, probably for help in maneuvering.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWake199757,_67_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWake199757,_67-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest junks (5,000 <i>liao</i>) may have had a hull length twice that of a <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_ship" title="Quanzhou ship">Quanzhou ship</a> (1,000 <i>liao</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWake199766–67_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWake199766–67-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liuhe, Taicang is 68 m (223.1 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWake200475_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWake200475-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the usual Chinese trading junks pre-1500 was around 20–30 m (65.6–98.4 ft) long, with the length of 30 m (98.4 ft) only becoming the norm after 1500 CE. Large size could be a disadvantage for shallow harbors of southern seas, and the presence of numerous reefs exacerbates this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowring2019128-129_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowring2019128-129-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marco_Polo">Marco Polo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Marco Polo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I tell you that they are mostly built of the wood which is called fir or pine.<br /><br />They have one floor, which with us is called a deck, one for each, and on this deck there are commonly in all the greater number quite 60 little rooms or cabins, and in some, more, and in some, fewer, according as the ships are larger and smaller, where, in each, a merchant can stay comfortably.<br /><br />They have one good sweep or helm, which in the vulgar tongue is called a rudder.<br /><br />And four masts and four sails, and they often add to them two masts more, which are raised and put away every time they wish, with two sails, according to the state of the weather.<br /><br />Some ships, namely those which are larger, have besides quite 13 holds, that is, divisions, on the inside, made with strong planks fitted together, so that if by accident that the ship is staved in any place, namely that either it strikes on a rock, or a whale-fish striking against it in search of food staves it in... And then the water entering through the hole runs to the bilge, which never remains occupied with any things. And then the sailors find out where the ship is staved, and then the hold which answers to the break is emptied into others, for the water cannot pass from one hold to another, so strongly are they shut in; and then they repair the ship there, and put back there the goods which had been taken out.<br /><br />They are indeed nailed in such a way; for they are all lined, that is, that they have two boards above the other.<br /><br />And the boards of the ship, inside and outside, are thus fitted together, that is, they are, in the common speech of our sailors, caulked both outside and inside, and they are well nailed inside and outside with iron pins. They are not pitched with pitch, because they have none of it in those regions, but they oil them in such a way as I shall tell you, because they have another thing which seems to them to be better than pitch. For I tell you that they take lime, and hemp chopped small, and they pound it all together, mixed with an oil from a tree. And after they have pounded them well, these three things together, I tell you that it becomes sticky and holds like birdlime. And with this thing they smear their ships, and this is worth quite as much as pitch.<br /><br />Moreover I tell you that these ships want some 300 sailors, some 200, some 150, some more, some fewer, according as the ships are larger and smaller.<br /><br />They also carry a much greater burden than ours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1971466_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1971466-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Marco Polo</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ibn_Battuta">Ibn Battuta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ibn Battuta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WorldShips1460.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/WorldShips1460.jpg/220px-WorldShips1460.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/WorldShips1460.jpg/330px-WorldShips1460.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/WorldShips1460.jpg/440px-WorldShips1460.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Ships of the <a href="/wiki/Fra_Mauro_map" title="Fra Mauro map">Fra Mauro map</a> (1460).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>People sail on the China seas only in Chinese ships, so let us mention the order observed upon them.<br /><br />There are three kinds: the greatest is called 'jonouq', or, in the singular, 'jonq' (certainly chuan); the middling sized is a 'zaw' (probably sao); and the least a 'kakam'.<br /><br />A single one of the greater ships carries 12 sails, and the smaller ones only three. The sails of these vessels are made of strips of bamboo, woven into the form of matting. The sailors never lower them (while sailing, but simply) change the direction of them according to whether the wind is blowing from one side or the other. When the ships cast anchor, the sails are left standing in the wind...<br /><br />These vessels are nowhere made except in the city of Zaytong (Quanzhou) in China, or at Sin-Kilan, which is the same as Sin al-Sin (Guangdong).<br /><br />This is the manner after which they are made; two (parallel) walls of very thick wooden (planking) are raised, and across the space between them are placed very thick planks (the bulkheads) secured longitudinally and transversely by means of large nails, each three ells in length. When these walls have thus been built, the lower deck is fitted in, and the ship is launched before the upper works are finished.<br /><br />The pieces of wood, and those parts of the hull, near the water (-line) serve for the crew to wash and to accomplish their natural necessities.<br /><br />On the sides of these pieces of wood also the oars are found; they are as big as masts, and are worked by 10 to 15 men (each), who row standing up.<br />The vessels have four decks, upon which there are cabins and saloons for merchants. Several of these 'misriya' contain cupboards and other conveniences; they have doors which can be locked, and keys for their occupiers. (The merchants) take with them their wives and concubines. It often happens that a man can be in his cabin without others on board realising it, and they do not see him until the vessel has arrived in some port.<br /><br />The sailors also have their children in such cabins; and (in some parts of the ship) they sow garden herbs, vegetables, and ginger in wooden tubs.<br /><br />The Commander of such a vessel is a great Emir; when he lands, the archers and the Ethiops march before him bearing javelins and swords, with drums beating and trumpets blowing. When he arrives at the guesthouse where he is to stay, they set up their lances on each side of the gate, and mount guard throughout his visit.<br /><br />Among the inhabitants of China there are those who own numerous ships, on which they send their agents to foreign places. For nowhere in the world are there to be found people richer than the Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1971469–470_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1971469–470-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ibn Battuta</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanjing_Treasure_Boat_-_P1070978.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Nanjing_Treasure_Boat_-_P1070978.JPG/220px-Nanjing_Treasure_Boat_-_P1070978.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Nanjing_Treasure_Boat_-_P1070978.JPG/330px-Nanjing_Treasure_Boat_-_P1070978.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Nanjing_Treasure_Boat_-_P1070978.JPG/440px-Nanjing_Treasure_Boat_-_P1070978.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A stationary full-size model of a treasure ship (63.25 m long) at the Treasure Ship Shipyard site in Nanjing. It was built c. 2005 from concrete and wooden planking</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taizong_Shilu">Taizong Shilu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Taizong Shilu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most contemporary accounts of the treasure ships come from the <i><a href="/wiki/Taizong_Shilu" class="mw-redirect" title="Taizong Shilu">Taizong Shilu</a></i>, which contains 24 notices from 1403 to 1419 for the construction of ships at several locations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007104_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007104-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 September 1403, 200 "seagoing transport ships" were ordered from the Capital Guards in Nanjing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007105_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007105-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 March 1404, 50 "seagoing ships" were ordered from the Capital Guards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007105_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007105-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1407, 249 vessels were ordered "to be prepared for embassies to the several countries of the Western Ocean".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007104_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007104-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 February 1408, 48 treasure ships were ordered from the Ministry of Works in Nanjing. This is the only contemporary account containing references to both treasure ships and a specific place of construction. Coincidentally, the only physical evidence of treasure ships comes from Nanjing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007104-105_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007104-105-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 October 1419, 41 treasure ships were ordered without disclosing the specific builders involved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007104_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007104-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longjiang_Chuanchang_Zhi">Longjiang Chuanchang Zhi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Longjiang Chuanchang Zhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Zhaoxiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Zhaoxiang (page does not exist)">Li Zhaoxiang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%98%AD%E7%A5%A5" class="extiw" title="zh:李昭祥">zh</a>]</span>'s <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longjiang_Chuanchang_Zhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Longjiang Chuanchang Zhi (page does not exist)">Longjiang Chuanchang Zhi</a></i> (1553), also known as the <i>Record of the Dragon River Shipyard</i>, notes that the plans for the treasure ships had vanished from the ship yard in which they were built.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007220_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007220-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanbao_Taijian_Xia_Xiyang_Ji_Tongsu_Yanyi">Sanbao Taijian Xia Xiyang Ji Tongsu Yanyi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sanbao Taijian Xia Xiyang Ji Tongsu Yanyi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luo_Maodeng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luo Maodeng (page does not exist)">Luo Maodeng</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%87%8B%E7%99%BB" class="extiw" title="zh:羅懋登">zh</a>]</span>'s 1597 novel <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanbao_Taijian_Xia_Xiyang_Ji_Tongsu_Yanyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanbao Taijian Xia Xiyang Ji Tongsu Yanyi (page does not exist)">Sanbao Taijian Xia Xiyang Ji Tongsu Yanyi</a></i> (<i>Eunuch Sanbao Western Records Popular Romance</i>), the treasure fleet consisted of five distinct classes of ships:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch20056_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch20056-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007104_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007104-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Treasure ships (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">宝船</span></span>, <i>Bǎo Chuán</i>) nine-masted, 44.4 by 18 <i>zhang</i>, about 127 metres (417 feet) long and 52 metres (171 feet) wide.</li> <li>Equine ships (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">馬船</span></span>, <i>Mǎ Chuán</i>), carrying horses and tribute goods and repair material for the fleet, eight-masted, 37 by 15 <i>zhang</i>, about 103 m (338 ft) long and 42 m (138 ft) wide.</li> <li>Supply ships (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">粮船</span></span>, <i>Liáng Chuán</i>), containing staple for the crew, seven-masted, 28 by 12 <i>zhang</i>, about 78 m (256 ft) long and 35 m (115 ft) wide.</li> <li>Transport ships (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">坐船</span></span>, Z<i>uò Chuán</i>), six-masted, 24 by 9.4 <i>zhang</i>, about 67 m (220 ft) long and 25 m (82 ft) wide.</li> <li>Warships (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">战船</span></span>, <i>Zhàn Chuán</i>), five-masted, 18 by 6.8 <i>zhang</i>, about 50 m (160 ft) long.</li></ul> <p>Edward L. Dreyer claims that Luo Maodeng's novel is unsuitable as historical evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007104_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007104-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The novel contains a number of fantasy elements; for example the ships were "constructed with divine help by the immortal Lu Ban".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch20057_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch20057-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have worked, however, to distinguish the fictional elements from those that the author had access to but have subsequently been lost, including both written and oral sources.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_museum_-_anchor_-_P1080045.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_museum_-_anchor_-_P1080045.JPG/220px-Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_museum_-_anchor_-_P1080045.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_museum_-_anchor_-_P1080045.JPG/330px-Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_museum_-_anchor_-_P1080045.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_museum_-_anchor_-_P1080045.JPG/440px-Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_museum_-_anchor_-_P1080045.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>An old anchor discovered at the Treasure Boat Shipyard in 2004.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dimensions">Dimensions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dimensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_descriptions">Contemporary descriptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Contemporary descriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The contemporary inscription of Zheng He's ships in the Jinghai temple (靜海寺—<i>Jìng hǎi sì</i>) inscription in Nanjing gives sizes of 2,000 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liao_(unit)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liao (unit) (page does not exist)">liao</a></i> (500 <a href="/wiki/Displacement_(ship)" title="Displacement (ship)">tons</a>) and 1,500 <i>liao</i> (275 tons),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch200510_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch200510-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are far too low than would be implied by a ship of 444 <i><a href="/wiki/Chi_(unit)" title="Chi (unit)">chi</a></i> (447 ft or 136 m) given by the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a></i>. In addition, in the contemporary account of Zheng He's 7th voyage by Gong Zhen, says it took 200 to 300 men to handle one of Zheng He's ships. Ming minister Song Li indicated a ratio of 1 man per 2.5 tons of cargo, which would imply Zheng He's ships were 500 to 750 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch200516_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch200516-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inscription on the tomb of Hong Bao, an official in Zheng He's fleet, mentions the construction of a 5,000 <i>liao</i> displacement ship.<sup id="cite_ref-tomb_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tomb-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="5,000_liao_ship"><span id="5.2C000_liao_ship"></span>5,000 liao ship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 5,000 liao ship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2010, a new inscription was found in Hong Bao's tomb, confirming the existence of the Ming dynasty's 5,000 <i>liao</i> ship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhengning2015231_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhengning2015231-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tomb_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tomb-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a resident of <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> in 1274, large merchant ships of 5,000 <i>liao</i> could accommodate between 500 to 600 passengers while ships of 1,000 to 2,000 <i>liao</i> could carry 200 to 300 passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012114_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012114-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking the <i>liao</i> to be 500 lb (230 kg) burthen, that would be 1,250 tons burthen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1971481_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1971481-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sleeswyk argued that the term <i>liao</i> refers to the displacement and not cargo weight, one <i>liao</i> would be equivalent to 500 kg (1,100 lb) of displacement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESleeswyk199611-12_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESleeswyk199611-12-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Zheng Ming, the 5,000 <i>liao</i> ship would have a length of 71.1 m (233 ft), a width of 14.05 m (46.1 ft), with 6.1 m (20 ft) draught, and the displacement would reach more than 2,700 tons. The 5,000 <i>liao</i> ship may have been used as the flagship but the number of ships was relatively small.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMing201115_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMing201115-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wake argued that the 5,000 <i>liao</i> ships were not used until after the 3rd voyage, when the voyages were extended beyond India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWake200474_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWake200474-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judging from the three images from the Ming era, the largest ships had 3–4 main masts and 2–3 auxiliary masts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMing201114_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMing201114-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="44_zhang_ship">44 zhang ship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 44 zhang ship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_of_Ming">History of Ming</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History of Ming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zheng_He%27s_Treasure_Ship_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Zheng_He%27s_Treasure_Ship_3.jpg/220px-Zheng_He%27s_Treasure_Ship_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Zheng_He%27s_Treasure_Ship_3.jpg/330px-Zheng_He%27s_Treasure_Ship_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Zheng_He%27s_Treasure_Ship_3.jpg/440px-Zheng_He%27s_Treasure_Ship_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A model of one of Zheng He's giant treasure ships based on the disputed dimensions in the <i>History of Ming</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a></i> (<i>Ming shi</i>—明史), completed in 1739, the treasure ships were 44 <i><a href="/wiki/Zhang_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang (unit)">zhang</a></i>, 4 <i><a href="/wiki/Chi_(unit)" title="Chi (unit)">chi</a></i>, i.e. 444 <i>chi</i> in length, and had a beam of 18 <i>zhang</i>. The dimensions of ships are no coincidence. The number "4" has numerological significance as a symbol of the 4 cardinal directions, 4 seasons, and 4 virtues. The number 4 was an auspicious association for treasure ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevathes199480_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevathes199480-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These dimensions first appeared in a novel published in 1597, more than a century and a half after Zheng He's voyages. The 3 contemporary accounts of Zheng He's voyages do not have the ship dimensions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch20055_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch20055-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>zhang</i> was fixed at 141 inches (3.6 m) in the 19th century, making the <i>chi</i> 14.1 inches (0.36 m). However the common Ming value for <i>chi</i> was 12.2 inches (0.31 m) and the value fluctuated depending on region. The Ministry of Works used a <i>chi</i> of 12.1 inches while the <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> builders used a <i>chi</i> of 13.3 inches. Some of the ships in the treasure fleet, but not the treasure ships, were built in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, where the <i>chi</i> was 10.4–11 inches (0.26–0.28 m). Assuming a range of 10.5–12 inches (0.27–0.30 m) for each <i>chi</i>, the dimensions of the treasure ships as recorded by the <i>History of Ming</i> would have been between 385 by 157.5 feet and 440 by 180 feet (117.5 by 48 metres, and 134 by 55 metres).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007102_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007102-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louise Levathes estimates that it had a maximum size of 110–124 m (390 to 408 feet) long and 49–51 m (160 to 166 feet) wide instead, taking 1 <i>chi</i> as 10.53–11.037 inches (0.2675–0.2803 m).<sup>(This figure is <a href="/wiki/False_precision" title="False precision">unduly precise</a>)</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevathes199480_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevathes199480-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to British scientist, historian and <a href="/wiki/Sinologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinologist">sinologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Joseph Needham</a>, the dimensions of the largest of these ships were 135 metres (440 ft) by 55 metres (180 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1971480_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1971480-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American historian <a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Dreyer" title="Edward L. Dreyer">Edward L. Dreyer</a> is in broad agreement with Needham's views.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_estimates">Modern estimates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Modern estimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern scholars have argued on engineering grounds that it is highly unlikely that Zheng He's ship was 450 feet (137 m) in length. Guan Jincheng (1947) proposed a much more modest size of 20 <i>zhang</i> long by 2.4 <i>zhang</i> wide (204 ft by 25.5 ft or 62.2 m by 7.8 m).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xin Yuan'ou, a shipbuilding engineer and professor of the history of science at <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Jiao_Tong_University" title="Shanghai Jiao Tong University">Jiao Tong University</a>, argues that Zheng He's treasure ships could not have been 450 ft long, and suggests that they were probably closer to 200–250 ft (61–76 m) in length.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch20051–2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch20051–2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Xin_Yuanou_2002,_p.8_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xin_Yuanou_2002,_p.8-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hsu Yun-Ts'iao does not agree with Xin Yuan'ou: Estimating the size of a 2,000 <i>liao</i> ship with the <i>Treatise of the Longjiang shipyard</i> (龙江船厂志—<i>lóng jiāng chuánchǎng zhì</i>) at Nanjing, the size is as follows: LOA 166 ft (50.60 m), bottom's hull length 102.6 ft (31.27 m), overhanging "tail" length 23.4 ft (7.13 m), front depth 6.9 ft (2.10 m), front width 19.5 ft (5.94 m), mid-hull depth 8.1 ft (2.47 m), mid-hull width 24.3 ft (7.41 m), tail depth 12 ft (3.66 m), tail width 21.6 ft (6.58 m), and the length to width ratio is 7:1.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuryadinata2005135_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuryadinata2005135-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arabic Studies and Islamic Material Culture researcher <a href="/wiki/Dionisius_A._Agius" title="Dionisius A. Agius">Dionisius A. Agius</a> estimated a size of 200–250 feet (61–76 m) and maximum weight of 700 tons for the escort ships based on his observation of Arabic and Asian shipwrights,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgius2008250_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgius2008250-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while for the flag ship, Agius estimates 447 ft (136 m) at very most, based on the with information about the ship's weight in literature and possible dimensions of the 15th century technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgius2008223_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgius2008223-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tang Zhiba, Xin Yuan'ou, and Zheng Ming have calculated the dimensions of the 2,000 <i>liao</i> ship, obtaining a length of 61.2 m (200.79 ft), width of 13.8 m (45.28 ft), and draught of 3.9 m (12.80 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMing201114_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMing201114-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zheng Ming believes that the "Heavenly Princess Classics" depict 2,000 <i>liao</i> ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMing201115_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMing201115-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longjiang_junk_ship.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Longjiang_junk_ship.JPG/220px-Longjiang_junk_ship.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Longjiang_junk_ship.JPG/330px-Longjiang_junk_ship.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Longjiang_junk_ship.JPG/440px-Longjiang_junk_ship.JPG 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption>A four masted junk from the <i>Treatise of the Longjiang shipyard</i>, 1553</figcaption></figure> <p>André Wegener Sleeswyk extrapolated the size of <i>liao</i> (料 — material) by deducing the data from mid-16th century Chinese river junks. He suggested that the 2,000 <i>liao</i> ships were <i>bao chuan</i> (treasure ship), while the 1,500 <i>liao</i> ships were <i>ma chuan</i> (horse ship). In his calculations, the treasure ships would have had a length of 52.5 m (172 ft), a width of 9.89 m (32.4 ft), and a height of 4.71 m (15.5 ft). The horse ships would have a length of 46.63 m (153.0 ft), a width of 8.8 m (29 ft), and a height of 4.19 m (13.7 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESleeswyk2004305,_307_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESleeswyk2004305,_307-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard Barker estimated that the treasure ships would have a length of 230 ft (70.10 m), a width of 65 ft (19.81 m), and a draught of 20 ft (6.10 m). He estimated it using an assumed displacement of 3100 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zheng_He%27s_visits_to_the_West_on_the_book_%22Heavenly_Princess_Classics%22_1420.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Zheng_He%27s_visits_to_the_West_on_the_book_%22Heavenly_Princess_Classics%22_1420.jpg/250px-Zheng_He%27s_visits_to_the_West_on_the_book_%22Heavenly_Princess_Classics%22_1420.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Zheng_He%27s_visits_to_the_West_on_the_book_%22Heavenly_Princess_Classics%22_1420.jpg/375px-Zheng_He%27s_visits_to_the_West_on_the_book_%22Heavenly_Princess_Classics%22_1420.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Zheng_He%27s_visits_to_the_West_on_the_book_%22Heavenly_Princess_Classics%22_1420.jpg/500px-Zheng_He%27s_visits_to_the_West_on_the_book_%22Heavenly_Princess_Classics%22_1420.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption>A restored copy of the illustration of Zheng He's visits to the West on the flyleaf of the book "Heavenly Princess Classics" in 1420. This invaluable picture is the earliest pictorial record of Zheng He treasure-ships. The ships are depicted with 6 masts, but only 3 sails used.</figcaption></figure> <p>Naval engineer and historian Xin Yuan'ou has argued that Zheng He's ships could not have been as large as recorded in the <i>History of Ming</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch20051–2_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch20051–2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the following reasons: </p> <ol><li>Ships of the dimensions given in the Ming shi would have been 15,000–20,000 tons according to his calculations, exceeding a natural limit to the size of a wooden ocean-going ship of about 7,000 tons displacement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch20053_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch20053-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>With the benefit of modern technology it would be difficult to manufacture a wooden ship of 10,000 tons, let alone one that was 1.5 to 2 times that size. It was only when ships began to be built of iron in the 1860s that they could exceed 10,000 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch20053_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch20053-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Watertight compartments characteristic of traditional Chinese ships tended to make the vessels transversely strong but longitudinally weak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch20053_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch20053-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgius2008223_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgius2008223-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A ship of these dimensions would need masts that were 100 metres (330 ft) tall. Several timbers would have to be joined vertically. As a single tree trunk would not be large enough in diameter to support such a mast, multiple timbers would need to be combined at the base as well. There is no evidence that China had the type of joining materials necessary to accomplish these tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgius2008223_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgius2008223-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch20053_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch20053-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A ship with 9 masts would be unable to resist the combined strength and force of such huge sails; she would not be able to cope with strong wind and would break.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgius2008222_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgius2008222-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It took four centuries (from the Renaissance to the modern era) for Western ships to increase in size from 1,500 to 5,000 tons displacement. For Chinese ships to have reached three or four times this size in just two years (from Emperor Yongle's accession in 1403 to the launch of the first expedition in 1405) was unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch20053_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch20053-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 200 to 300 sailors as mentioned by Gong Zhen could not have managed a 20,000 ton ship. According to Xin, a ship of such size would have had to have a complement of 8,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch200523_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch200523-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>From the comments of modern scholars on Medieval Chinese accounts and reports, it is apparent that a wooden ship had a natural limit to her size, which going beyond would have made her structurally unsafe as well as causing a considerable loss of maneuverability, something the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> ships famously experienced.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond a certain size (about 300 feet or 91 metres in length) a wooden ship is structurally unsafe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch200536_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch200536-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until the mid to late 19th century that the length of the largest western wooden ship began to exceed 100 metres (330 ft), even this was done using modern industrial tools and iron parts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1979229–232_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1979229–232-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch20053,_37_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch20053,_37-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray2014173_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray2014173-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One suggestion for the 44 <i>zhang</i> size treasure ships, if they were built, was that they were used only for a display of imperial power by the emperor and imperial bureaucrats on the Yangtze River when on court business, including when reviewing Zheng He's actual expedition fleet. The Yangtze River, with its calmer waters, may have been navigable for such large but unseaworthy ships. Zheng He would not have had the privilege in rank to command the largest of these ships. Some of the largest ships of Zheng He's fleet were the 6 masted 2,000-<i>liao</i> ships. This would give <a href="/wiki/Builder%27s_Old_Measurement" title="Builder's Old Measurement">burthen</a> of 500 tons and a displacement tonnage of about 800 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-Xin_Yuanou_2002,_p.8_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xin_Yuanou_2002,_p.8-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1971481_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1971481-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because they were built and based in Nanjing, and repeatedly sailed along the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze river">Yangtze river</a> (including in winter, when the water is low), their draught cannot exceed 7–7.5 metres (23–25 ft). It is also known that Zheng He's fleet visited <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a> in Sumatra, where they needed to cross the <a href="/wiki/Musi_River_(Indonesia)" title="Musi River (Indonesia)">Musi river</a>. It is unknown whether Zheng He's ships sailed as far as Palembang, or whether they waited on the shore in the <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Strait" title="Bangka Strait">Bangka Strait</a> while the smaller ships sailed at Musi; but at least the draught of the ship that reached Palembang could not have been more than 6 metres (20 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007111_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007111-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Measurement_conversion">Measurement conversion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Measurement conversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is also possible that the measure of <i>zhang</i> (丈) used in the conversions was mistaken. Seventeenth-century Ming records state that the European <a href="/wiki/East_Indiaman" title="East Indiaman">East Indiamen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">galleons</a> were 30, 40, 50, and 60 <i>zhang</i> (90, 120, 150, and 180 meters) in length.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaiming201656-57_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaiming201656-57-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The length of a Dutch ship recorded in the <i>History of Ming</i> was 30 <i>zhang</i>. If the <i>zhang</i> is taken to be 3.2 meters, the Dutch ship would be 96 metres (315 ft) long, an enormous increase over the largest Dutch ships of the time. The Dutch <a href="/wiki/Hongyipao" title="Hongyipao"><i>Hongyi</i> cannon</a> was recorded to be more than 2 <i>zhang</i> (6.4 m or 21 ft) long. A comparative study by Hu Xiaowei (2018) concluded that 1 <i>zhang</i> would be equal to between 1.5 meters and 1.6 meters; this means the Dutch ship would be 45–48 m (147–157 ft) long and the cannon would be 3–3.2 m (9.8–10.5 ft) long.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiaowei2018111-112_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiaowei2018111-112-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking the upper limit of 1.6 meters for 1 <i>zhang</i>, Zheng He's 44 <i>zhang</i> treasure ship would be 70.4 m (230.97 ft) long and 28.8 m (94.49 ft) wide, or 22 <i>zhang</i> long and 9 <i>zhang</i> wide if the <i>zhang</i> is taken to be 3.2 m.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiaowei2018113_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiaowei2018113-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known that the measuring unit during the Ming era was not unified: A measurement of East and West Pagoda in Quanzhou resulted in a <i>zhang</i> unit of 2.5–2.56 m.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiaowei2018110_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiaowei2018110-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Chen Cunren, one <i>zhang</i> in the Ming Dynasty is only half a <i>zhang</i> in modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunren200860_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunren200860-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Section_of_the_Zheng_He%27s_treasure_ship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Section_of_the_Zheng_He%27s_treasure_ship.jpg/220px-Section_of_the_Zheng_He%27s_treasure_ship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Section_of_the_Zheng_He%27s_treasure_ship.jpg/330px-Section_of_the_Zheng_He%27s_treasure_ship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Section_of_the_Zheng_He%27s_treasure_ship.jpg/440px-Section_of_the_Zheng_He%27s_treasure_ship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Section of the Zheng He's treasure ship (mock-up in <a href="/wiki/The_Maritime_Experiential_Museum" title="The Maritime Experiential Museum">the Maritime Experiential Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sentosa" title="Sentosa">Sentosa</a> island, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanjing_Treasure_Ship_model_-_interior_-_P1070992.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nanjing_Treasure_Ship_model_-_interior_-_P1070992.JPG/220px-Nanjing_Treasure_Ship_model_-_interior_-_P1070992.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nanjing_Treasure_Ship_model_-_interior_-_P1070992.JPG/330px-Nanjing_Treasure_Ship_model_-_interior_-_P1070992.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nanjing_Treasure_Ship_model_-_interior_-_P1070992.JPG/440px-Nanjing_Treasure_Ship_model_-_interior_-_P1070992.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Inside the display ship in Nanjing</figcaption></figure> <p>The keel consisted of wooden beams bound together with iron hoops. In stormy weather, holes in the <a href="/wiki/Prow" class="mw-redirect" title="Prow">prow</a> would partially fill with water when the ship pitched forward, thus lessening the violent turbulence caused by waves. Treasure ships also used floating anchors cast off the sides of the ship in order to increase stability. The <a href="/wiki/Stern" title="Stern">stern</a> had two 2.5 m (8 foot) iron <a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">anchors</a> weighing over a thousand pounds each, used for mooring offshore. Like many Chinese anchors, these had four flukes set at a sharp angle against the main shaft. Watertight compartments were also used to add strength to the treasure ships. The ships also had a balanced rudder which could be raised and lowered, creating additional stability like an extra keel. The balanced rudder placed as much of the rudder forward of the stern post as behind it, making such large ships easier to steer. Unlike a typical <a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)#Expedition_of_Zheng_He" title="Junk (ship)">fuchuan warship</a>, the treasure ships had nine staggered masts and twelve square sails, increasing its speed. Treasure ships also had 24 cast-bronze cannons with a maximum range of 240 to 275 m (800–900 feet). However, treasure ships were considered luxury ships rather than warships. As such, they lacked the fuchuan's raised platforms or extended planks used for battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevathes199481-82_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevathes199481-82-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-gunpowder weapons on Zheng He's vessels seems to be bows. For gunpowder weapons, they carried <a href="/wiki/Bombard_(weapon)" title="Bombard (weapon)">bombards</a> (albeit shorter than <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> bombards) and various kind of <a href="/wiki/Hand_cannon" title="Hand cannon">hand cannons</a>, such as can be found on early 15th century Bakau shipwreck.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPapelitzky2019217-219_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapelitzky2019217-219-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksic20191642_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksic20191642-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comparing with Penglai wrecks, the fleet may have carried <a href="/wiki/Huochong" title="Huochong">cannons with bowl-shaped muzzle</a> (which dates back to late Yuan dynasty), and iron cannons with several rings on their muzzle (in the wrecks they are 76 and 73 cm long, weighing 110 and 74 kg), which according to Tang Zhiba, a typical of early Ming iron cannon. They may also carry incendiary bombs (<a href="/wiki/Quicklime" class="mw-redirect" title="Quicklime">quicklime</a> bottles).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPapelitzky2019212-213_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapelitzky2019212-213-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Girolamo Sernigi (1499) gives an account of the armament of what are possibly the Chinese vessels: </p> <blockquote><p>It is now about 80 years since there arrived in this city of Chalicut certain vessels of white Christians, who wore their hair long like Germans, and had no beards except around the mouth, such as are worn at Constantinople by cavaliers and courtiers. They landed, wearing a cuirass, helmet, and visor, and carrying a certain weapon [sword] attached to a spear. Their vessels are armed with bombards, shorter than those in use with us. Once every two years they return with 20 or 25 vessels. They are unable to tell what people they are, nor what merchandise they bring to this city, save that it includes very fine linen-cloth and brass-ware. They load spices. Their vessels have four masts like those of Spain. If they were Germans it seems to me that we should have had some notice about them; possibly they may be Russians if they have a port there. On the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">captain</a> we may learn who these people are, for the <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_da_Gama" title="Gaspar da Gama">Italian-speaking pilot</a>, who was given him by the Moorish king, and whom he took away contrary to his inclinations, is with him, and may be able to tell.<br />— <i>Girolamo Sernigi (1499) about the then-unknown Chinese visitors</i> <sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_evidence">Physical evidence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Physical evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_-_stele_pavilion_-_P1080088.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_-_stele_pavilion_-_P1080088.JPG/220px-Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_-_stele_pavilion_-_P1080088.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_-_stele_pavilion_-_P1080088.JPG/330px-Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_-_stele_pavilion_-_P1080088.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_-_stele_pavilion_-_P1080088.JPG/440px-Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_-_stele_pavilion_-_P1080088.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bixi_(tortoise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bixi (tortoise)">stone tortoise</a> overlooking the former 4th working pool of the Longjiang Shipyard (now a park), where treasure ships were built 600 years ago</figcaption></figure> <p>From 2003 to 2004, the Treasure Shipyard was excavated in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> (the former capital of the Ming Dynasty), near the Yangtze River. Despite the site being referred to as the "Longjiang Treasure Shipyard" (龍江寶船廠—<i>lóng jiāng bǎo chuánchǎng</i>) in the official names, the site is distinct from the actual Longjiang Shipyard, which was located on a different site and produced different types of ships. The Treasure Shipyard, where Zheng He's fleet were believed to have been built in the Ming Dynasty, once consisted of thirteen basins (based on a 1944 map), most of which have now been covered by the construction of buildings in the 20th century. The basins are believed to have been connected to the Yangtze via a series of gates. Three long basins survive, each with wooden structures inside them that were interpreted to be frames for the ships to be built on. The largest basin extends for a length of 421 metres (1,381 ft). While they were long enough to accommodate the largest claimed Zheng He treasure ship, they were not wide enough to fit even a ship half the claimed size. The basin was only 41 metres (135 ft) wide at most, with only a 10 metres (33 ft) width area of it showing evidence of structures. They were also not deep enough, being only 4 metres (13 ft) deep. Other remains of ships in the site indicate that the ships were only slightly larger than the frames that supported them. Moreover, the basin structures were grouped into clusters with large gaps between them, if each cluster was interpreted as a ship framework, then the largest ship would not exceed 75 metres (246 ft) at most, probably less.<sup id="cite_ref-church2010_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-church2010-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1957, a large 11-meter-long rudder shaft was discovered during excavations at the Treasure shipyards. The rudder blade, which did not survive, was attached to a 6-meter section of the axis. According to Chinese archaeologists, the area of the rudder was approximately 42.5 m², and the length of the ship to which it belonged was estimated at 149–166 meters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWake200465–66_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWake200465–66-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch200529_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch200529-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, such use of this piece of archeological evidence rests upon supposing proportions between the rudder and the length of the ship, which have also been the object of intense contestation: That length was estimated using steel, engine-driven ship as the reference. By comparing the rudder shaft to the <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_ship" title="Quanzhou ship">Quanzhou ship</a>, Church estimated that the ship was 150 ft (45.72 m) long.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch200530_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch200530-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_museum_-_great_tiller_-_P1080070.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_museum_-_great_tiller_-_P1080070.JPG/220px-Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_museum_-_great_tiller_-_P1080070.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_museum_-_great_tiller_-_P1080070.JPG/330px-Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_museum_-_great_tiller_-_P1080070.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_museum_-_great_tiller_-_P1080070.JPG/440px-Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_museum_-_great_tiller_-_P1080070.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A large tiller discovered at the Treasure Boat Shipyard in 2004.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speed">Speed</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Speed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The treasure ships were different in size, but not in speed. Under favorable conditions, such as sailing with the winter monsoon from Fujian to Southeast Asia, Zheng He's fleet developed an average speed of about 2.5 knots (4.63 km/h); on many other segments of his route, a significantly lower average speed was recorded, of the order of 1.4–1.8 knots (2.59–3.33 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007152-153_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007152-153-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As historians note, these speeds were relatively low by the standards of later European sailing fleets, even in comparison with <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">ships of the line</a>, which were built with an emphasis on armament rather than speed. For example, in 1809, <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Admiral Nelson</a>'s squadron, consisting of 10 ships of the line, crossed the Atlantic Ocean at an average speed of 4.9 knots (9.07 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007162_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007162-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Replica">Replica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Replica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 71.1-metre (233.3 ft) copy of a treasure ship was announced in 2006 to be completed in time for the <a href="/wiki/2008_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Olympic Games">2008 Olympic Games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the copy was still under construction in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new date of completion was set for 2013;<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when this dateline failed to be met in 2014, reportedly due to funding issues, the project was put on hold.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world%27s_largest_wooden_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="List of world's largest wooden ships">List of world's largest wooden ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Dieu_(ship)" title="Grace Dieu (ship)">Grace Dieu (ship)</a>, English flagship of <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a>, about the same size as <i>baochuan</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_wooden_architecture" title="Ancient Chinese wooden architecture">Ancient Chinese wooden architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda_of_Fogong_Temple" title="Pagoda of Fogong Temple">Pagoda of Fogong Temple</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See definition of butt <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://gizmodo.com/butt-is-an-actual-unit-of-measurement-1622427091">https://gizmodo.com/butt-is-an-actual-unit-of-measurement-1622427091</a>. Until the 17th century, ton referred to both the unit of weight and the unit of volume. A tun is 252 gallons, which weighs 2092 lbs, which is around a ton.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dreyer estimated the length of between 538 and 600 feet (163.98 and 182.88 m) for the ship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007103-104_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007103-104-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2012114-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012114_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012114_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2012114_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLo2012">Lo 2012</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wake, June 2004: 63, quoting Guan Jincheng, 15 January 1947: 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch200516-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch200516_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch200516_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurch2005">Church 2005</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevathes199481-82-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevathes199481-82_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevathes199481-82_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevathes199481-82_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevathes1994">Levathes 1994</a>, p. 81-82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xin_Yuanou_2002,_p.8-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Xin_Yuanou_2002,_p.8_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xin_Yuanou_2002,_p.8_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xin_Yuanou_2002,_p.8_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFXin_Yuan'ou2002" class="citation book cs1">Xin Yuan'ou (2002). <i>Guanyu Zheng He baochuan chidu de jishu fenxi</i> [<i>A Technical Analysis of the Size of Zheng He's Ships</i>]. Shanghai. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guanyu+Zheng+He+baochuan+chidu+de+jishu+fenxi&rft.place=Shanghai&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Xin+Yuan%27ou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+treasure+ship" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuryadinata2005135-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuryadinata2005135_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuryadinata2005135_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuryadinata2005">Suryadinata 2005</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Depiction on the 天妃经 (<i>Tian Fei Jing</i>) or "Heavenly Princess Classics" from ca. 1420, which depicted ships with six masts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Depiction on the 17th century woodblock print</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills19702-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMills19702_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMills1970">Mills 1970</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlay1992227-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinlay1992227_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinlay1992">Finlay 1992</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWake200474-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWake200474_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWake200474_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWake2004">Wake 2004</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWake200464,_75-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWake200464,_75_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWake2004">Wake 2004</a>, p. 64, 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMing201115-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMing201115_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMing201115_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMing201115_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMing2011">Ming 2011</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWake200475-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWake200475_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWake200475_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWake200475_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWake2004">Wake 2004</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLing2022" class="citation news cs1">Ling, Xue (July 12, 2022). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Life+of+Guangzhou&rft.atitle=Old+tomb+sheds+light+on+Ming+dynasty%27s+voyages&rft.date=2018-10-19&rft.au=Sophia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifeofguangzhou.com%2FcityGuide%2Fcontent.do%3FcontextId%3D8421%26frontParentCatalogId%3D187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+treasure+ship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhengning2015231-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhengning2015231_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhengning2015">Zhengning 2015</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1971481-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1971481_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1971481_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1971">Needham 1971</a>, p. 481.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESleeswyk199611-12-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESleeswyk199611-12_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSleeswyk1996">Sleeswyk 1996</a>, p. 11-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMing201114-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMing201114_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMing201114_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMing2011">Ming 2011</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevathes199480-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevathes199480_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevathes199480_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevathes1994">Levathes 1994</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch20055-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch20055_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurch2005">Church 2005</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007102-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007102_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDreyer2007">Dreyer 2007</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1971480-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1971480_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1971">Needham 1971</a>, p. 480.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDreyer2007">Dreyer 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>Zheng He xia Xiyang de chuan</i>” ["The Ships with which Zheng He Went to the Western Ocean"] 鄭和下西洋的船, Dongfang zazhi 東方雜誌 43 (15 January 1947) 1, pp. 47-51, reprinted in <i>Zheng He yanjiu ziliao huibian</i> 鄭和研究資料匯編 (1985), pp. 268-272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch20051–2-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch20051–2_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch20051–2_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurch2005">Church 2005</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgius2008250-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgius2008250_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgius2008">Agius 2008</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgius2008223-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgius2008223_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgius2008223_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgius2008223_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgius2008">Agius 2008</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESleeswyk2004305,_307-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESleeswyk2004305,_307_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSleeswyk2004">Sleeswyk 2004</a>, p. 305, 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker1989" class="citation journal cs1">Barker, Richard (1989). "The size of the 'treasure ships' and other Chinese vessels". <i>Mariner's Mirror</i>. <b>75</b> (3): 273–275.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mariner%27s+Mirror&rft.atitle=The+size+of+the+%27treasure+ships%27+and+other+Chinese+vessels&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=273-275&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+treasure+ship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch20053-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch20053_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch20053_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch20053_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch20053_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch20053_59-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurch2005">Church 2005</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgius2008222-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgius2008222_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgius2008">Agius 2008</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch200523-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch200523_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurch2005">Church 2005</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Howarth_(author)" title="David Howarth (author)">Howarth, David</a> (1981). <i>The Voyage of the Armada: The Spanish Story</i>. New York, NY: The Viking Press. Page 209–10; he asserts that the Spanish ships were “over-masted for Atlantic weather and had rigging which was too light”.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch200536-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch200536_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurch2005">Church 2005</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1979229–232-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1979229–232_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1979">Howard 1979</a>, pp. 229–232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch20053,_37-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch20053,_37_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurch2005">Church 2005</a>, p. 3, 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray2014173-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray2014173_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurray2014">Murray 2014</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007111-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007111_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDreyer2007">Dreyer 2007</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaiming201656-57-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaiming201656-57_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaiming2016">Naiming 2016</a>, p. 56-57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiaowei2018111-112-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiaowei2018111-112_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXiaowei2018">Xiaowei 2018</a>, p. 111-112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiaowei2018113-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiaowei2018113_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXiaowei2018">Xiaowei 2018</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiaowei2018110-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiaowei2018110_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXiaowei2018">Xiaowei 2018</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunren200860-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunren200860_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunren2008">Cunren 2008</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapelitzky2019217-219-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPapelitzky2019217-219_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPapelitzky2019">Papelitzky 2019</a>, p. 217-219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksic20191642-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksic20191642_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiksic2019">Miksic 2019</a>, p. 1642.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapelitzky2019212-213-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPapelitzky2019212-213_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPapelitzky2019">Papelitzky 2019</a>, p. 212-213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sernigi, Girolamo (1499). Translation in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavenstein1898" class="citation book cs1">Ravenstein, E. G., ed. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/worksissuedbyha00unkngoog#page/n175/mode/2up"><i>A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama, 1497–1499</i></a>. London: Hakluyt Society. p. 131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Journal+of+the+First+Voyage+of+Vasco+da+Gama%2C+1497%E2%80%931499&rft.place=London&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fworksissuedbyha00unkngoog%23page%2Fn175%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+treasure+ship" class="Z3988"></span> See also <a href="#CITEREFFinlay1992">Finlay (1992)</a>, 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-church2010-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-church2010_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSally_K.2010" class="citation book cs1">Sally K., Church (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shipwreckasia.org/wp-content/uploads/Chapter3.pdf">"Two Ming Dynasty Shipyards in Nanjing and their Infrastructure"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Kimura, Jun (ed.). <i>Shipwreck ASIA: Thematic Studies in East Asian Maritime Archaeology</i>. Adelaide: Maritime Archaeology Program, Flinders University. pp. 32–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780646548265" title="Special:BookSources/9780646548265"><bdi>9780646548265</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Two+Ming+Dynasty+Shipyards+in+Nanjing+and+their+Infrastructure&rft.btitle=Shipwreck+ASIA%3A+Thematic+Studies+in+East+Asian+Maritime+Archaeology&rft.place=Adelaide&rft.pages=32-49&rft.pub=Maritime+Archaeology+Program%2C+Flinders+University&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780646548265&rft.aulast=Sally+K.&rft.aufirst=Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shipwreckasia.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FChapter3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+treasure+ship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWake200465–66-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWake200465–66_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWake2004">Wake 2004</a>, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch200529-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch200529_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurch2005">Church 2005</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007103-104-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007103-104_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDreyer2007">Dreyer 2007</a>, p. 103-104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch200530-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch200530_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurch2005">Church 2005</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007152-153-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007152-153_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDreyer2007">Dreyer 2007</a>, p. 152-153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007162-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007162_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDreyer2007">Dreyer 2007</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/180033.htm">"China To Revive Zheng He's Legend"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a></i>. September 4, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171428/http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/180033.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=China+To+Revive+Zheng+He%27s+Legend&rft.date=2006-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2Fculture%2F180033.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+treasure+ship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314232155/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?cid=1802&MainCatID=18&id=20101024000001">"East China to Rebuild Ship from Ancient Navigator Zheng He"</a>. <i>Want China Times</i>. October 24, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?cid=1802&MainCatID=18&id=20101024000001">the original</a> on 2012-03-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Want+China+Times&rft.atitle=East+China+to+Rebuild+Ship+from+Ancient+Navigator+Zheng+He&rft.date=2010-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wantchinatimes.com%2Fnews-subclass-cnt.aspx%3Fcid%3D1802%26MainCatID%3D18%26id%3D20101024000001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+treasure+ship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.163.com/photoview/00AP0001/11407.html"><i>南京复建"郑和宝船" 2013年再下西洋</i></a> [<i>Nanking is building a "Treasure ship" again; to sail again to the Western Ocean in 2013</i>] (in Chinese), October 21, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%8D%E5%BB%BA%22%E9%83%91%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%9D%E8%88%B9%22+2013%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%8D%E4%B8%8B%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B&rft.date=2010-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.163.com%2Fphotoview%2F00AP0001%2F11407.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+treasure+ship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCangSong2014" class="citation news cs1">Cang, Wei; Song, Wenwei (June 16, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2014-06/16/content_17589187.htm">"Construction of ship replica put on hold"</a>. <i>China Daily</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407012226/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2014-06/16/content_17589187.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=Construction+of+ship+replica+put+on+hold&rft.date=2014-06-16&rft.aulast=Cang&rft.aufirst=Wei&rft.au=Song%2C+Wenwei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fchina%2F2014-06%2F16%2Fcontent_17589187.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+treasure+ship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgius2008" class="citation cs2">Agius, Dionisius A. (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RP2uHT06zYgC"><i>Classic Ships of Islam: From Mesopotamia to the Indian Ocean</i></a>, Leiden: Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15863-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15863-4"><bdi>978-90-04-15863-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classic+Ships+of+Islam%3A+From+Mesopotamia+to+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15863-4&rft.aulast=Agius&rft.aufirst=Dionisius+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRP2uHT06zYgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+treasure+ship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowring2019" class="citation cs2">Bowring, Philip (2019), <i>Empire of the Winds: The Global Role of Asia's Great Archipelago</i>, London, New York: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781788314466" title="Special:BookSources/9781788314466"><bdi>9781788314466</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+the+Winds%3A+The+Global+Role+of+Asia%27s+Great+Archipelago&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris+%26+Co.+Ltd&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781788314466&rft.aulast=Bowring&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+treasure+ship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurch2005" class="citation cs2">Church, Sally K. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contacthistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/monumenta_serica.pdf">"Zheng He: An Investigation into the Plausibility of 450-ft Treasure Ships"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Monumenta Serica</i>, <b>53</b>: 1–43, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fmon.2005.53.1.001">10.1179/mon.2005.53.1.001</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161434221">161434221</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monumenta+Serica&rft.atitle=Zheng+He%3A+An+Investigation+into+the+Plausibility+of+450-ft+Treasure+Ships&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=1-43&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Fmon.2005.53.1.001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161434221%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Church&rft.aufirst=Sally+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontacthistory.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F12%2Fmonumenta_serica.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+treasure+ship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunren2008" class="citation cs2">Cunren, Chen (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=viFKAQAAIAAJ"><i>被误读的远行: 郑和下西洋与马哥孛罗来华考 (The Misunderstood Journey: Zheng He's Voyages to the West and Marco Polo's Visit to China)</i></a>, 广西师范大学出版社 (Guangxi Normal University Press), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787563370764" title="Special:BookSources/9787563370764"><bdi>9787563370764</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%A2%AB%E8%AF%AF%E8%AF%BB%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%9C%E8%A1%8C%3A+%E9%83%91%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%8B%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E4%B8%8E%E9%A9%AC%E5%93%A5%E5%AD%9B%E7%BD%97%E6%9D%A5%E5%8D%8E%E8%80%83+%28The+Misunderstood+Journey%3A+Zheng+He%27s+Voyages+to+the+West+and+Marco+Polo%27s+Visit+to+China%29&rft.pub=%E5%B9%BF%E8%A5%BF%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE+%28Guangxi+Normal+University+Press%29&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9787563370764&rft.aulast=Cunren&rft.aufirst=Chen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DviFKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+treasure+ship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreyer2007" class="citation cs2">Dreyer, Edward L. (2007), <i>Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405-1433</i>, New York: Pearson Longman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-08443-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-08443-9"><bdi>978-0-321-08443-9</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64592164">64592164</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zheng+He%3A+China+and+the+Oceans+in+the+Early+Ming+Dynasty%2C+1405-1433&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F64592164&rft.isbn=978-0-321-08443-9&rft.aulast=Dreyer&rft.aufirst=Edward+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+treasure+ship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinlay1992" class="citation journal cs1">Finlay, Robert (1992). "Portuguese and Chinese Maritime Imperialism: Camoes's Lusiads and Luo Maodeng's Voyage of the San Bao Eunuch". <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 225–241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500017667">10.1017/S0010417500017667</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/178944">178944</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144362957">144362957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Portuguese+and+Chinese+Maritime+Imperialism%3A+Camoes%27s+Lusiads+and+Luo+Maodeng%27s+Voyage+of+the+San+Bao+Eunuch&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=225-241&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144362957%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F178944%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417500017667&rft.aulast=Finlay&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+treasure+ship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJincheng1947" class="citation cs2">Jincheng, Guan (January 15, 1947), "鄭和下西洋的船 <i>Zheng He xia Xiyang de chuan</i> (The Ships with which Zheng He Went to the Western Ocean)", <i>東方雜誌 (Dong Fang Za Zhi)</i>, <b>43</b>: 47–51</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C+%28Dong+Fang+Za+Zhi%29&rft.atitle=%E9%84%AD%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%8B%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%88%B9+Zheng+He+xia+Xiyang+de+chuan+%28The+Ships+with+which+Zheng+He+Went+to+the+Western+Ocean%29&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=47-51&rft.date=1947-01-15&rft.aulast=Jincheng&rft.aufirst=Guan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+treasure+ship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward1979" class="citation cs2">Howard, Frank (1979), <i>Sailing ships of war, 1400-1860</i>, Conway Maritime Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sailing+ships+of+war%2C+1400-1860&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+treasure+ship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevathes1994" class="citation cs2">Levathes, Louise (1994), <i>When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne 1405-1433</i>, Simon & Schuster</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+China+Ruled+the+Seas%3A+The+Treasure+Fleet+of+the+Dragon+Throne+1405-1433&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Levathes&rft.aufirst=Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+treasure+ship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1973" class="citation cs2">Lewis, Archibald (December 1973), "Maritime Skills in the Indian Ocean 1368-1500", <i>Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient</i>, <b>16</b> (2/3): 238–264, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3596216">10.2307/3596216</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3596216">3596216</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Orient&rft.atitle=Maritime+Skills+in+the+Indian+Ocean+1368-1500&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=238-264&rft.date=1973-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3596216&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3596216%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Archibald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+treasure+ship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLo2012" class="citation cs2">Lo, Jung-pang (2012) [1957], Elleman, Bruce A. 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_treasure_ship&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" 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longest wooden ships">Largest wooden ships</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caligula%27s_Giant_Ship" title="Caligula's Giant Ship">Caligula's Giant Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatshepsut%27s_barge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hatshepsut's barge (page does not exist)">Hatshepsut's barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis_(ship)" title="Isis (ship)"><i>Isis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu_ship" title="Khufu ship">Khufu ship</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leontophoros" title="Leontophoros">Leontophoros</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsala Ship">Marsala Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_ships" title="Nemi ships">Nemi ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_ship" title="Obelisk ship">Obelisk ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_ship_of_Marausa" title="Roman ship of Marausa">Roman ship of Marausa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syracusia" title="Syracusia">Syracusia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thalamegos" title="Thalamegos">Thalamegos</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Medieval and modern<br />oar-powered ships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cakra_Dunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cakra Dunia (page does not exist)">Cakra Dunia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_(galley)" title="Real (galley)"><i>Galera Real</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Reale_(1694)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Reale (1694)"><i>Galère Réale</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">Wind-powered only</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adler_von_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Adler von Lübeck">Adler von Lübeck</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_of_Renfrew_(ship)" title="Baron of Renfrew (ship)"><i>Baron of Renfrew</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese treasure ship</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cinco_Chagas" title="Cinco Chagas">Cinco Chagas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(1824_ship)" title="Columbus (1824 ship)"><i>Columbus</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flor_de_la_Mar" title="Flor de la Mar">Flor de la Mar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Ganj-i-Sawai</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurab" title="Ghurab">Ghurab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6theborg_(ship)" title="Götheborg (ship)"><i>Götheborg</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Dieu_(ship)" title="Grace Dieu (ship)"><i>Grace Dieu</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Grace_%C3%A0_Dieu" title="Henry Grace à Dieu"><i>Great Harry</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Michael" title="Great Michael">Great Michael</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Republic">Great Republic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jong_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jong (ship)">Javanese <i>jong</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kronan_(ship)" title="Kronan (ship)">Kronan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madre_de_Deus" title="Madre de Deus">Madre de Deus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_ship_Mahmudiye" title="Ottoman ship Mahmudiye">Mahmudiye</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_warship_Mars" title="Swedish warship Mars"><i>Mars</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Orient_(1791)" title="French ship Orient (1791)"><i>Orient</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Oc%C3%A9an-class_ship_of_the_line" title="Océan-class ship of the line">Océan class</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pomegranate" title="Peter Pomegranate">Peter Pomegranate</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Danzig_(ship)" title="Peter von Danzig (ship)"><i>Peter von Danzig</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_(ship)" title="Pretoria (ship)"><i>Pretoria</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rah%C4%ABm%C4%AB" title="Rahīmī">Rahīmī</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke_(ship)" title="Roanoke (ship)"><i>Roanoke</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Anna_(1522_ship)" title="Santa Anna (1522 ship)"><i>Santa Anna</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Sant%C3%ADsima_Trinidad" title="Spanish ship Nuestra Señora de la Santísima Trinidad">Santisima Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_(galleon)" title="São João Baptista (galleon)"><i>São João Baptista</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shenandoah_(1890)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shenandoah (1890) (page does not exist)"><i>Shenandoah</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Soleil_Royal_(1669)" title="French ship Soleil Royal (1669)"><i>Soleil Royal</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Sovereign_of_the_Seas" title="HMS Sovereign of the Seas"><i>Sovereign of the Seas</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susquehanna_(1891)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susquehanna (1891) (page does not exist)"><i>Susquehanna</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SV_Tenacious" title="SV Tenacious"><i>Tenacious</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasa_(ship)" title="Vasa (ship)"><i>Vasa</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Victoria_(1859)" title="HMS Victoria (1859)"><i>Victoria (1859)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory"><i>Victory</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Lawrence_(ship)" title="William D. Lawrence (ship)"><i>William D. Lawrence</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_(schooner)" title="Wyoming (schooner)"><i>Wyoming</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">Steam-powered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Appomattox" title="SS Appomattox"><i>Appomattox</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Australasia" title="SS Australasia"><i>Australasia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Continental" title="SS Continental"><i>Continental</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Dunderberg" title="USS Dunderberg"><i>Dunderberg</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_(ferryboat)" title="Eureka (ferryboat)"><i>Eureka</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_O%27Connor_(bulk_carrier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank O'Connor (bulk carrier)"><i>Frank O'Connor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_George_Spencer" title="SS George Spencer"><i>George Spencer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Western" title="SS Great Western"><i>Great Western</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Iosco" title="SS Iosco"><i>Iosco</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_steam_frigate_Jylland" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish steam frigate Jylland"><i>Jylland</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Bretagne_(1855)" title="French ship Bretagne (1855)"><i>La Bretagne</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.R._Doty" class="mw-redirect" title="L.R. Doty"><i>L.R. Doty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Mersey_(1858)" title="HMS Mersey (1858)"><i>Mersey</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Orlando_(1858)" title="HMS Orlando (1858)"><i>Orlando</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immobile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hashemi-II" title="Al-Hashemi-II">Al-Hashemi-II</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belyana" title="Belyana">Belyana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_sailing_vessels_and_rigs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sailing_vessels_and_rigs" title="Template:Sailing vessels and rigs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sailing_vessels_and_rigs" title="Template talk:Sailing vessels and rigs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sailing_vessels_and_rigs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sailing vessels and rigs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_sailing_vessels_and_rigs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sailing</a> vessels and <a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">rigs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sailing rigs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_rig" title="Bermuda rig">Bermuda rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaff_rig" title="Gaff rig">Gaff rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter_rig" title="Gunter rig">Gunter rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljungstr%C3%B6m_rig" title="Ljungström rig">Ljungström rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lug_sail" title="Lug sail">Lug rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_aft_rig" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast aft rig">Mast aft rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinisi" title="Pinisi">Pinisi rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja rig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Sailing_rigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailing rigs">sailing rigs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barque" title="Barque">Barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barquentine" title="Barquentine">Barquentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">Brig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigantine" title="Brigantine">Brigantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catboat" title="Catboat">Catboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutter_(boat)" title="Cutter (boat)">Cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-rigged_ship" title="Full-rigged ship">Full-rigged ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackass-barque" title="Jackass-barque">Jackass-barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketch" title="Ketch">Ketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistico_(boat)" title="Mistico (boat)">Mistico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">Schooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloop" title="Sloop">Sloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_(ship)" title="Snow (ship)">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawl" title="Yawl">Yawl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a> vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBalia" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻalia">ʻalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatasi" title="Amatasi">Amatasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baurua" title="Baurua">Baurua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigiw" title="Bigiw">Bigiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camakau" title="Camakau">Camakau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drua" title="Drua">Drua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilalo" title="Guilalo">Guilalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukung" title="Jukung">Jukung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaep" title="Kaep">Kaep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalia_(watercraft)" title="Kalia (watercraft)">Kalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoa" title="Karakoa">Karakoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kora_kora" title="Kora kora">Kora kora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakatoi" title="Lakatoi">Lakatoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanong" title="Lanong">Lanong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">Outrigger canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahi_(ship)" title="Pahi (ship)">Pahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">Paraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentamaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentamaran">Pentamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">Proa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrimaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrimaran">Quadrimaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takia_(watercraft)" title="Takia (watercraft)">Takia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepukei" title="Tepukei">Tepukei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipairua" title="Tipairua">Tipairua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongiaki" title="Tongiaki">Tongiaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungalawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ungalawa">Ungalawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%27a-tele" title="Va'a-tele">Va'a-tele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaka_katea" title="Vaka katea">Vaka katea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">Vinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_(watercraft)" title="Wa (watercraft)">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naval and merchant<br /><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">sailing ships</a><br />and other vessels <br />(by origin date)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boita" title="Boita">Boita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borobudur_ship" title="Borobudur ship">Borobudur ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penteconter" title="Penteconter">Penteconter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">Bireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Trireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadriremes" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriremes">Quadriremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon">Dromon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27un-lun_po" title="K'un-lun po">K'un-lun po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa_(ship)" title="Lepa (ship)">Lepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mtepe" title="Mtepe">Mtepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru_(boat)" title="Uru (boat)">Uru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinger" title="Balinger">Balinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benawa" title="Benawa">Benawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birlinn" title="Birlinn">Birlinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_vessel" title="Bomb vessel">Bomb vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cog_(ship)" title="Cog (ship)">Cog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulk_(medieval_ship_type)" title="Hulk (medieval ship type)">Hulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jong_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jong (ship)">Jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knarr" title="Knarr">Knarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondura_(ship)" title="Kondura (ship)">Kondura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malangbang" title="Malangbang">Malangbang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitik" title="Shitik">Shitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongkang" title="Tongkang">Tongkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabra" title="Zabra">Zabra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">Carrack</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese treasure ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">Caravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurab" title="Ghurab">Ghurab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaran_(ship)" title="Lancaran (ship)">Lancaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoy_(boat)" title="Hoy (boat)">Hoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabaccolo" title="Trabaccolo">Trabaccolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crommesteven" title="Crommesteven">Crommesteven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galiot" title="Galiot">Galiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">Galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleass" title="Galleass">Galleass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghali_(ship)" title="Ghali (ship)">Ghali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flyboat" title="Flyboat">Flyboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluyt" title="Fluyt">Fluyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-rigged_pinnace" title="Full-rigged pinnace">Full-rigged pinnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorcha_(boat)" title="Lorcha (boat)">Lorcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-of-war" title="Man-of-war">Man-of-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchua" title="Manchua">Manchua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patache" title="Patache">Patache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speronara" title="Speronara">Speronara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square-rigged_caravel" title="Square-rigged caravel">Square-rigged caravel (<i>round</i> or <i>de armada</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xebec" title="Xebec">Xebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_sloop" title="Bermuda sloop">Bermuda sloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">Corvette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indiaman" title="East Indiaman">East Indiaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">Frigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeas" title="Galeas">Galeas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koff_(ship_type)" title="Koff (ship type)">Koff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_(ship)" title="Pink (ship)">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polacca" title="Polacca">Polacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">Ship of the line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilander" title="Bilander">Bilander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chialoup" title="Chialoup">Chialoup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipper" title="Clipper">Clipper</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Clipper" title="Baltimore Clipper">Baltimore Clipper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallivat" title="Gallivat">Gallivat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_(ship)" title="Garay (ship)">Garay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grab_(ship)" title="Grab (ship)">Grab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundalow" title="Gundalow">Gundalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanong" title="Lanong">Lanong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padewakang" title="Padewakang">Padewakang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_ship" title="Post ship">Post ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy-four_(ship)" title="Seventy-four (ship)">74-gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">Ship of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">Sloop-of-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toop_(boat)" title="Toop (boat)">Toop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincadour" title="Trincadour">Trincadour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackwall_frigate" title="Blackwall frigate">Blackwall frigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Easter_(ship)" title="Down Easter (ship)">Down Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golekan" title="Golekan">Golekan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron-hulled_sailing_ship" title="Iron-hulled sailing ship">Iron-hulled sailing ship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">Warship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janggolan" title="Janggolan">Janggolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambo_(boat)" title="Lambo (boat)">Lambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leti_leti" title="Leti leti">Leti leti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palari_(boat)" title="Palari (boat)">Palari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamar_barge" title="Tamar barge">Tamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_Ketch" class="mw-redirect" title="West Country Ketch">West Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windjammer" title="Windjammer">Windjammer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montagu_whaler" title="Montagu whaler">Montagu whaler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fishing vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagan_(fishing)" title="Bagan (fishing)">Bagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bago_(boat)" title="Bago (boat)">Bago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca-longa" title="Barca-longa">Barca-longa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falku%C5%A1a" title="Falkuša">Falkuša</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felucca" title="Felucca">Felucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifie" title="Fifie">Fifie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gableboat" title="Gableboat">Gableboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_buss" title="Herring buss">Herring buss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangada" title="Jangada">Jangada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukung" title="Jukung">Jukung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugger" title="Lugger">Lugger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masula_boat" title="Masula boat">Masula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayang_(boat)" title="Mayang (boat)">Mayang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patorani" title="Patorani">Patorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordland_(boat)" title="Nordland (boat)">Nordland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixareen" title="Sixareen">Sixareen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sgoth_Niseach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sgoth Niseach">Sgoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smack_(ship)" title="Smack (ship)">Smack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartane" title="Tartane">Tartane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_smack" title="Well smack">Well smack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoal" title="Yoal">Yoal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreational vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinghy" title="Dinghy">Dinghy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljungstr%C3%B6m_sailboat" title="Ljungström sailboat">Ljungström sailboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_aft_rig" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast aft rig">Mast aft rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_cruiser" title="Pocket cruiser">Pocket cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_hydrofoil" title="Sailing hydrofoil">Sailing hydrofoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_yacht" title="Sailing yacht">Sailing yacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsboat" title="Sportsboat">Sportsboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailer_sailer" title="Trailer sailer">Trailer sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wharram" title="James Wharram">Wharrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">Windsurfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacht" title="Yacht">Yacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inflatable_boat" title="Inflatable boat">Inflatable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed lug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razee" title="Razee">Razee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_ship" title="Tall ship">Tall ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treenailed_boat" title="Treenailed boat">Treenailed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_light_displacement_boat" title="Ultra light displacement boat">ULDB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel_pilot_cutter" title="Bristol Channel pilot cutter">Bristol Channel pilot cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_restaurant" title="Floating restaurant">Floating restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">Fusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersey_flat" title="Mersey flat">Mersey flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_punt" title="Norfolk punt">Norfolk punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_wherry" title="Norfolk wherry">Norfolk wherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausik" class="mw-redirect" title="Pausik">Pausik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinnace_(ship%27s_boat)" title="Pinnace (ship's boat)">Pinnace (ship's boat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pram_(ship)" title="Pram (ship)">Pram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scow" title="Scow">Scow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_sailing_barge" title="Thames sailing barge">Thames sailing barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wherry" title="Wherry">Wherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_operations" title="Nautical operations">Nautical operations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_and_dynastic_Chinese_military_history" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_and_dynastic_Chinese_military_history" title="Template:Ancient and dynastic Chinese military history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_and_dynastic_Chinese_military_history" title="Template talk:Ancient and dynastic Chinese military history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_and_dynastic_Chinese_military_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient and dynastic Chinese military history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_and_dynastic_Chinese_military_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ancient and dynastic <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Military history of China before 1912">Chinese military history</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Chinese Army">Armies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Shang_dynasty" title="Military of the Shang dynasty">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Zhou_dynasty" title="Military of the Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Warring_States" title="Military of the Warring States">Warring States</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Military of the Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Military history of the Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)_and_the_Sixteen_Kingdoms_(304%E2%80%93439)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the Jin dynasty (266–420) and the Sixteen Kingdoms (304–439)">Jin & Sixteen Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Military history of the Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern & Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Sui_dynasty" title="Military history of the Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Military history of the Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms" title="Military history of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms">Five Dynasties & Ten Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty#Military" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Military history of the Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Military of the Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jurchen Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Military of the Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Military of the Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Military of the Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_China" title="Naval history of China">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages" title="Ming treasure voyages">Ming treasure voyages</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">treasure ships</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_Navy" title="Imperial Chinese Navy">Late Qing Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Traditional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariots_in_ancient_China" title="Chariots in ancient China">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_armour" title="Chinese armour">Armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_sword" title="Chinese sword">Swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_polearm" title="Chinese polearm">Polearms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephants_in_ancient_China" title="Elephants in ancient China">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_crossbows" title="History of crossbows">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeating_crossbow" title="Repeating crossbow">Repeating crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_siege_weapons" title="Chinese siege weapons">Siege equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirrup" title="Stirrup">Stirrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_wagon" title="War wagon">War cart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_gunpowder" title="History of gunpowder">Gunpowder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_arrow" title="Fire arrow">Fire arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fierce-fire_Oil_Cabinet" title="Fierce-fire Oil Cabinet">Flamethrower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meng_Huo_You" title="Meng Huo You">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_artillery_in_the_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunpowder artillery in the Song dynasty">Song gunpowder weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_crash_bomb" title="Thunder crash bomb">Thunder crash bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lance" title="Fire lance">Fire lance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_cannon" title="Hand cannon">Hand cannon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huochong" title="Huochong">Huochong</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hu_dun_pao" title="Hu dun pao">Hu dun pao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huolongchushui" title="Huolongchushui">Huolongchushui</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_weapons_in_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Gunpowder weapons in the Ming dynasty">Ming gunpowder weapons</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huo_Che" title="Huo Che">Huo Che</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/San_yan_chong" title="San yan chong">San yan chong</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Dian_Chong" title="Che Dian Chong">Breechloading musket</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xun_Lei_Chong" title="Xun Lei Chong">Xun Lei Chong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hongyipao" title="Hongyipao">Hongyipao</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_Strengthening_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Self Strengthening Movement">Self Strengthening Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" 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