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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coming_of_Age_in_Samoa_(1928)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coming_of_Age_in_Samoa_(1928)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i>Coming of Age in Samoa</i> (1928)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coming_of_Age_in_Samoa_(1928)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism_by_Derek_Freeman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_by_Derek_Freeman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Criticism by Derek Freeman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_by_Derek_Freeman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_and_Temperament_in_Three_Primitive_Societies_(1935)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_and_Temperament_in_Three_Primitive_Societies_(1935)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><span><span><i>Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies</i> (1935)</span></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_and_Temperament_in_Three_Primitive_Societies_(1935)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_research_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_research_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Other research areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_research_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Publications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_a_sole_author" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_sole_author"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>As a sole author</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_sole_author-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_editor_or_coauthor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_editor_or_coauthor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>As editor or coauthor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_editor_or_coauthor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="مارغريت ميد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارغريت ميد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marqarit_Mid" title="Marqarit Mid – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Marqarit Mid" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="مارقارت مید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارقارت مید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Маргарэт Мід – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маргарэт Мід" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Маргарет Мийд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маргарет Мийд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Meadov%C3%A1" title="Margaret Meadová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Margaret Meadová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84_%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Μάργκαρετ Μιντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάργκαρετ Μιντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="مارگارت مید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارگارت مید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EA%B1%B0%EB%A6%BF_%EB%AF%B8%EB%93%9C" title="마거릿 미드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마거릿 미드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BF_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A4" title="Մարգարետ Միդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարգարետ Միդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1" title="मार्गरेट मीड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मार्गरेट मीड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93" title="מרגרט מיד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרגרט מיד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="მარგარეტ მიდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარგარეტ მიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Маргарет Мид – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Маргарет Мид" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarita_Mead" title="Margarita Mead – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Margarita Mead" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81rgarita_M%C4%ABda" title="Mārgarita Mīda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mārgarita Mīda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="മാർഗരറ്റ് മീഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാർഗരറ്റ് മീഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="مرجريت ميد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مرجريت ميد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="マーガレット・ミード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーガレット・ミード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1" title="ਮਾਰਗਰਿਟ ਮੀਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਰਗਰਿਟ ਮੀਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9_%D9%85%D9%90%DB%8C%DA%88" title="مارگریٹ مِیڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مارگریٹ مِیڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="مارګارېت مید – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مارګارېت مید" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B4,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Мид, Маргарет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мид, Маргарет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Meadov%C3%A1" title="Margaret Meadová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Margaret Meadová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Маргарет Мид – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маргарет Мид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="மார்கரெட் மீட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மார்கரெட் மீட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%95_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94" title="มาร์กาเร็ต มีด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาร์กาเร็ต มีด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Маргарет Мід – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маргарет Мід" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Margaret Mead" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E6%A0%BC%E4%B8%BD%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7" title="玛格丽特·米德 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="玛格丽特·米德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E6%A0%BC%E9%BA%97%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7" title="瑪格麗特·米德 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="瑪格麗特·米德" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E6%A0%BC%E9%BA%97%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7" title="瑪格麗特·米德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瑪格麗特·米德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q180099#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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For the British journalist and activist, see <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Heitland" title="Margaret Heitland">Margaret Heitland</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the British anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Read_(anthropologist)" title="Margaret Read (anthropologist)">Margaret Read</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Margaret Mead</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaret_Mead_(1901-1978).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Margaret_Mead_%281901-1978%29.jpg/220px-Margaret_Mead_%281901-1978%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Margaret_Mead_%281901-1978%29.jpg/330px-Margaret_Mead_%281901-1978%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Margaret_Mead_%281901-1978%29.jpg/440px-Margaret_Mead_%281901-1978%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="1756" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Mead in 1948</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1901-12-16</span>)</span>December 16, 1901<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 15, 1978<span style="display:none">(1978-11-15)</span> (aged 76)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">New York City, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DePauw_University" title="DePauw University">DePauw University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">Anthropologist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Luther_Cressman" title="Luther Cressman">Luther Cressman</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1923; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1928)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reo_Fortune" title="Reo Fortune">Reo Fortune</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1928; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1935)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1936; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1950)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Catherine_Bateson" title="Mary Catherine Bateson">Mary Catherine Bateson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Steig" title="Jeremy Steig">Jeremy Steig</a> (nephew)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_Prize" title="Kalinga Prize">Kalinga Prize</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> (1979, posthumous)</li></ul> 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nomobile nowraplinks plainlist template-anthropology-of-kinship"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Kinship_and_descent" title="Category:Kinship and descent">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Anthropology of <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eg-filiation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eg-filiation.svg/100px-Eg-filiation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eg-filiation.svg/150px-Eg-filiation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eg-filiation.svg/200px-Eg-filiation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="283" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Basic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)" title="Lineage (anthropology)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">Consanguinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest_taboo" title="Incest taboo">Incest taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">Endogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">Exogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moiety_(kinship)" title="Moiety (kinship)">Moiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_service" title="Bride service">Bride service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">Dowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_and_cross_cousins" title="Parallel and cross cousins">Parallel / cross cousins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">Cousin marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">Levirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sororate_marriage" title="Sororate marriage">Sororate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage" title="Posthumous marriage">Posthumous marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joking_relationship" title="Joking relationship">Joking relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">Clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fictive_kinship" title="Fictive kinship">Fictive</a> / <a href="/wiki/Milk_kinship" title="Milk kinship">Milk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nurture_kinship" title="Nurture kinship">Nurture kinship</a></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Descent</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognatic_kinship" title="Cognatic kinship">Cognatic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_descent" title="Bilateral descent">Bilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilateral" title="Matrilateral">Matrilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineal_descendant" title="Lineal descendant">Lineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_(kinship)" title="Collateral (kinship)">Collateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_society" title="House society">House society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avunculate" title="Avunculate">Avunculate</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Linealities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambilineality" title="Ambilineality">Ambilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilineality" title="Unilineality">Unilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">Matrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineality</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Household forms and residence</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">Extended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrifocal_family" title="Matrifocal family">Matrifocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilocal_residence" title="Matrilocal residence">Matrilocal</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Neolocal_residence" title="Neolocal residence">Neolocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilocal_residence" title="Patrilocal residence">Patrilocal</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Terminology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">Kinship terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classificatory_kinship" title="Classificatory kinship">Classificatory terminologies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By group</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_kinship" title="Iroquois kinship">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_kinship" title="Crow kinship">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_kinship" title="Omaha kinship">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_kinship" title="Eskimo kinship">Eskimo (Inuit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_kinship" title="Hawaiian kinship">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_kinship" title="Sudanese kinship">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology#Dravidian" title="Kinship terminology">Dravidian <i>(debated)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Case studies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_kinship" title="Burmese kinship">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_kinship" title="Chinese kinship">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_Tibet" title="Polyandry in Tibet">Polyandry in Tibet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_India" title="Polyandry in India">in India</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Feminist</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chambri_people#Marriage_within_the_Chambri" title="Chambri people">Chambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosuo_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosuo women">Mosuo</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Sexuality</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_in_Samoa" title="Coming of Age in Samoa">Coming of Age in Samoa</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Bell_(anthropologist)" title="Diane Bell (anthropologist)">Diane Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Boellstorff" title="Tom Boellstorff">Tom Boellstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goody" title="Jack Goody">Jack Goody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._D._Hamilton" title="W. D. Hamilton">W. D. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Herdt" title="Gilbert Herdt">Gilbert Herdt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Kulick" title="Don Kulick">Don Kulick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Lancaster" title="Roger Lancaster">Roger Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Lamphere" title="Louise Lamphere">Louise Lamphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Leacock" title="Eleanor Leacock">Eleanor Leacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski" title="Bronisław Malinowski">Bronisław Malinowski</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Moore" title="Henrietta Moore">Henrietta Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Morgan" title="Lewis H. Morgan">Lewis H. Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_O._Murray" title="Stephen O. Murray">Stephen O. Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Rosaldo" title="Michelle Rosaldo">Michelle Rosaldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayle_Rubin" title="Gayle Rubin">Gayle Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Schneider" title="David M. Schneider">David M. Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Strathern" title="Marilyn Strathern">Marilyn Strathern</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_theory" title="Alliance theory">Alliance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_matrilineal_or_matrilocal_societies" title="List of matrilineal or matrilocal societies">Matrilineal / matrilocal societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Feminist anthropology</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><i><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_Repression_in_Savage_Society" title="Sex and Repression in Savage Society">Sex and Repression in Savage Society</a></i></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><i><a href="/wiki/Social_Bonding_and_Nurture_Kinship" title="Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship">Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship</a></i></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/The_Traffic_in_Women:_Notes_on_the_Political_Economy_of_Sex" title="The Traffic in Women: Notes on the Political Economy of Sex">"The Traffic in Women"</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social anthropology</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropology_of_kinship" title="Template:Anthropology of kinship"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropology_of_kinship" title="Template talk:Anthropology of kinship"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology_of_kinship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology of kinship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Margaret Mead</b> (December 16, 1901 – November 15, 1978) was an American <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropologist</a>, author and speaker, who appeared frequently in the mass media during the 1960s and the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-libraryofcongress_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libraryofcongress-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She earned her bachelor's degree at <a href="/wiki/Barnard_College" title="Barnard College">Barnard College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> and her M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Columbia. Mead served as president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a> in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mead was a communicator of <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> in modern American and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a> and was often controversial as an academic.<sup id="cite_ref-SciAmeri_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciAmeri-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her reports detailing the attitudes towards sex in South Pacific and Southeast Asian traditional cultures influenced the 1960s <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">sexual revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was a proponent of broadening sexual conventions within the context of Western cultural traditions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Mead&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Margaret Mead, the first of five children, was born in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> but raised in nearby <a href="/wiki/Doylestown,_Pennsylvania" title="Doylestown, Pennsylvania">Doylestown, Pennsylvania</a>. Her father, Edward Sherwood Mead, was a professor of finance at the <a href="/wiki/Wharton_School_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania">Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania</a>, and her mother, Emily (née Fogg) Mead,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a sociologist who studied Italian immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_bio_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco_bio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her sister Katharine (1906–1907) died at the age of nine months. That was a traumatic event for Mead, who had named the girl, and thoughts of her lost sister permeated her daydreams for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her family moved frequently and so her early education was directed by her grandmother until, at age 11, she was enrolled by her family at <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Friends_School" title="Buckingham Friends School">Buckingham Friends School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lahaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahaska">Lahaska</a>, Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her family owned the <a href="/wiki/Longland_(Holicong,_Pennsylvania)" title="Longland (Holicong, Pennsylvania)">Longland</a> farm from 1912 to 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-arch_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arch-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Born into a family of various religious outlooks, she searched for a form of religion that gave an expression of the faith with which she had been formally acquainted, Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Mead_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mead-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In doing so, she found the rituals of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> to fit the expression of religion she was seeking.<sup id="cite_ref-Mead_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mead-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mead studied one year, 1919, at <a href="/wiki/DePauw_University" title="DePauw University">DePauw University</a>, then transferred to <a href="/wiki/Barnard_College" title="Barnard College">Barnard College</a>. </p><p>Mead earned her bachelor's degree from Barnard in 1923, began studying with professors <a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Benedict</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, and earned her master's degree in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mead set out in 1925 to do fieldwork in <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1926, she joined the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a>, New York City, as assistant curator.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She received her Ph.D. from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Mead&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaret_Mead_1951_SLNSW_FL16371554.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Margaret_Mead_1951_SLNSW_FL16371554.jpg/220px-Margaret_Mead_1951_SLNSW_FL16371554.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Margaret_Mead_1951_SLNSW_FL16371554.jpg/330px-Margaret_Mead_1951_SLNSW_FL16371554.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Margaret_Mead_1951_SLNSW_FL16371554.jpg/440px-Margaret_Mead_1951_SLNSW_FL16371554.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3667" data-file-height="4175" /></a><figcaption>Dr Margaret Mead, Australia, September 1951</figcaption></figure> <p>Mead was married three times. After a six-year engagement,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she married her first husband (1923–1928), <a href="/wiki/Luther_Cressman" title="Luther Cressman">Luther Cressman</a>, an American theology student who later became an anthropologist. Before departing for Samoa in 1925, Mead had a short affair with the linguist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a>, a close friend of her instructor <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Benedict</a>. However, Sapir's conservative stances about marriage and <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">women's roles</a> were unacceptable to Mead, and as Mead left to do field work in <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, they separated permanently. Mead received news of Sapir's remarriage while she was living in Samoa. There, she later burned their correspondence on a beach.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1925 and 1926, she was in <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> from where on the return boat she met <a href="/wiki/Reo_Fortune" title="Reo Fortune">Reo Fortune</a>, a New Zealander headed to <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England, to study <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were married in 1928, after Mead's divorce from Cressman. Mead dismissively characterized her union with her first husband as "my student marriage" in her 1972 autobiography <i>Blackberry Winter</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">sobriquet</a> with which Cressman took vigorous issue. Mead's third and longest-lasting marriage (1936–1950) was to the British anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a> with whom she had a daughter, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Catherine_Bateson" title="Mary Catherine Bateson">Mary Catherine Bateson</a>, who would also become an anthropologist. She readily acknowledged that Bateson was the husband she loved the most. She was devastated when he left her and remained his loving friend ever afterward. She kept his photograph by her bedside wherever she traveled, including beside her hospital deathbed.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 428">: 428 </span></sup> </p><p>Mead's <a href="/wiki/Pediatrician" class="mw-redirect" title="Pediatrician">pediatrician</a> was <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Spock" title="Benjamin Spock">Benjamin Spock</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-libraryofcongress_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libraryofcongress-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose subsequent writings on child rearing incorporated some of Mead's own practices and beliefs acquired from her <a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">ethnological</a> field observations which she shared with him; in particular, <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a> on the baby's demand, rather than by a schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaret_Mead_(1972).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Margaret_Mead_%281972%29.jpg/220px-Margaret_Mead_%281972%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Margaret_Mead_%281972%29.jpg/330px-Margaret_Mead_%281972%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Margaret_Mead_%281972%29.jpg/440px-Margaret_Mead_%281972%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1146" data-file-height="1529" /></a><figcaption>Margaret Mead (1972)</figcaption></figure> <p>Mead also had an exceptionally close relationship with <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Benedict</a>, one of her instructors. In her memoir about her parents, <i>With a Daughter's Eye</i>, Mary Catherine Bateson strongly implies that the relationship between Benedict and Mead was partly sexual.<sup id="cite_ref-MCBateson_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCBateson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117–118">: 117–118 </span></sup> Mead never openly identified herself as <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexual</a>. In her writings, she proposed that it is to be expected that an individual's <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> may evolve throughout life.<sup id="cite_ref-MCBateson_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCBateson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She spent her last years in a close personal and professional collaboration with the anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Rhoda_Metraux" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhoda Metraux">Rhoda Metraux</a> with whom she lived from 1955 until her death in 1978. <a href="/wiki/Love_letter" title="Love letter">Letters</a> between the two published in 2006 with the permission of Mead's daughter<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> clearly express a romantic relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mead had two sisters, Elizabeth and Priscilla, and a brother, Richard. Elizabeth Mead (1909–1983), an artist and teacher, married the cartoonist <a href="/wiki/William_Steig" title="William Steig">William Steig</a>, and Priscilla Mead (1911–1959) married the author <a href="/wiki/Leo_Rosten" title="Leo Rosten">Leo Rosten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mead's brother, Richard, was a professor. Mead was also the aunt of <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Steig" title="Jeremy Steig">Jeremy Steig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_and_later_life">Career and later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Mead&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career and later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaret_Mead_(1901-1978)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Margaret_Mead_%281901-1978%29_%282%29.jpg/220px-Margaret_Mead_%281901-1978%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Margaret_Mead_%281901-1978%29_%282%29.jpg/330px-Margaret_Mead_%281901-1978%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Margaret_Mead_%281901-1978%29_%282%29.jpg/440px-Margaret_Mead_%281901-1978%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1575" /></a><figcaption>Mead at New York Academy of Sciences, 1968</figcaption></figure> <p>During World War II, Mead along with other social scientist like Gregory Bateson and Ruth Benedict, took on several different responsibilities. In 1940, Mead joined the Committee for National Morale.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941, she also contributed to an essay that was released in the Applied Anthropology, which created strategies to help produce propaganda with the intent of raising national morale.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1942, Mead served as the executive director of the Committee on Food Habits of the National Research Council, which served to gather data on American citizens ability to get food and their overall diet during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During World War II, Mead also served on the Institute for Intercultural Studies (IIS), whose prime objective was to research the “national character” of the Axis powers to try and foster peace between the two sides.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was curator of <a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">ethnology</a> at the American Museum of Natural History from 1946 to 1969. She was elected a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1948,<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1975,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She taught at <a href="/wiki/The_New_School" title="The New School">The New School</a> and Columbia University, where she was an adjunct professor from 1954 to 1978 and a professor of anthropology and chair of the Division of Social Sciences at <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a>'s Lincoln Center campus from 1968 to 1970, founding their anthropology department. In 1970, she joined the faculty of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rhode_Island" title="University of Rhode Island">University of Rhode Island</a> as a Distinguished Professor of Sociology and Anthropology.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Ruth Benedict's example, Mead focused her research on problems of child rearing, personality, and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She served as president of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Applied_Anthropology" title="Society for Applied Anthropology">Society for Applied Anthropology</a> in 1950<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of the <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association" title="American Anthropological Association">American Anthropological Association</a> in 1960. In the mid-1960s, Mead joined forces with the communications theorist <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Modley" title="Rudolf Modley">Rudolf Modley</a> in jointly establishing an organization called Glyphs Inc., whose goal was to create a universal graphic symbol language to be understood by any members of culture, no matter how "primitive."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s, Mead served as the Vice President of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Academy_of_Sciences" title="New York Academy of Sciences">New York Academy of Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYAS_History_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYAS_History-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She held various positions in the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>, notably president in 1975 and chair of the executive committee of the board of directors in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was a recognizable figure in academia and usually wore a distinctive cape and carried a walking stick.<sup id="cite_ref-libraryofcongress_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libraryofcongress-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mead was a key participant in the <a href="/wiki/Macy_conferences" title="Macy conferences">Macy conferences</a> on <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">cybernetics</a> and an editor of their proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mead's address to the inaugural conference of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Cybernetics" title="American Society for Cybernetics">American Society for Cybernetics</a> was instrumental in the development of <a href="/wiki/Second-order_cybernetics" title="Second-order cybernetics">second-order cybernetics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mead was featured on two record albums published by <a href="/wiki/Folkways_Records" title="Folkways Records">Folkways Records</a>. The first, released in 1959, <i>An Interview With Margaret Mead</i>, explored the topics of morals and anthropology. In 1971, she was included in a compilation of talks by prominent women, <i>But the Women Rose, Vol. 2: Voices of Women in American History</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She is credited with the pluralization of the term "<a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948 Mead was quoted in <a href="/wiki/News_Chronicle" title="News Chronicle"><i>News Chronicle</i></a> as supporting the deployment of <a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a> mercenaries to the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a>, arguing that using Ibans (Dyaks) who enjoyed headhunting was no worse than deploying white troops who had been taught that killing was wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In later life, Mead was a mentor to many young anthropologists and sociologists, including <a href="/wiki/Jean_Houston" title="Jean Houston">Jean Houston</a>, author <a href="/wiki/Gail_Sheehy" title="Gail Sheehy">Gail Sheehy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Langston_Gwaltney" title="John Langston Gwaltney">John Langston Gwaltney</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sandall" title="Roger Sandall">Roger Sandall</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Asch" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy Asch">Timothy Asch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Susan_C._Scrimshaw" title="Susan C. Scrimshaw">Susan C. Scrimshaw</a>, who later received the 1985 <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead_Award" title="Margaret Mead Award">Margaret Mead Award</a> for her research on cultural factors affecting public health delivery.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Howard_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 370–371">: 370–371 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1972, Mead was one of the two rapporteurs from NGOs to the UN Conference on the Human Environment. In 1976, she was a key participant at <a href="/wiki/UN_Habitat_I" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Habitat I">UN Habitat I</a>, the first UN forum on human settlements. </p><p>Mead died of <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</a> on November 15, 1978, and is buried at Trinity Episcopal Church Cemetery, <a href="/wiki/Buckingham,_Pennsylvania" title="Buckingham, Pennsylvania">Buckingham</a>, Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Mead&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coming_of_Age_in_Samoa_(1928)"><span id="Coming_of_Age_in_Samoa_.281928.29"></span><i>Coming of Age in Samoa</i> (1928)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Mead&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Coming of Age in Samoa (1928)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_in_Samoa" title="Coming of Age in Samoa">Coming of Age in Samoa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoan_taupou_girl_1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Samoan_taupou_girl_1896.jpg/220px-Samoan_taupou_girl_1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Samoan_taupou_girl_1896.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Samoan girl, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1896</figcaption></figure> <p>Mead's first ethnographic work described the life of Samoan girls and women on the island of Tau in the Manu'a Archipelago in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book includes analyses of how children were raised and educated, sex relations, dance, development of personality, conflict, and how women matured into old age. Mead explicitly sought to contrast adolescence in Samoa with that in America, which she characterized as difficult, constrained, and awkward. In the foreword to <i>Coming of Age in Samoa</i>, Mead's advisor, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a>, wrote of the book's significance:<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Courtesy, modesty, good manners, conformity to definite ethical standards are universal, but what constitutes courtesy, modesty, very good manners, and definite ethical standards is not universal. It is instructive to know that standards differ in the most unexpected ways.</p></blockquote> <p>In this way, the book tackled the question of nature versus nurture, whether adolescence and its associated developments were a difficult biological transition for all humans or whether they were cultural processes shaped in particular societies. Mead believed childhood, adolescence, gender, and sex relations were largely driven by cultural practices and expressions. </p><p>Mead's findings suggested that the community ignores both boys and girls until they are about 15 or 16. Before then, children have little social standing within the community. Mead also found that marriage is regarded as a social and economic arrangement in which wealth, rank, and job skills of the husband and wife are taken into consideration. Aside from marriage, Mead identified two types of sex relations: love affairs and adultery. The exceptions to these practices include women married to chiefs and young women who hold the title of taupo, a ceremonial princess, whose virginity was required. Mead described Samoan youth as often having free, experimental, and open sexual relationships, including homosexual relationships, which was at odds with mainstream American norms around sexuality. </p><p>In 1970, <a href="/wiki/National_Educational_Television" title="National Educational Television">National Educational Television</a> produced a documentary in commemoration of the 40th anniversary Mead's first expedition to New Guinea. Through the eyes of Mead on her final visit to the village of Peri, the film records how the role of the anthropologist has changed in the forty years since 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaret_Mead_NYWTS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Margaret_Mead_NYWTS.jpg/220px-Margaret_Mead_NYWTS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Margaret_Mead_NYWTS.jpg/330px-Margaret_Mead_NYWTS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Margaret_Mead_NYWTS.jpg/440px-Margaret_Mead_NYWTS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2780" data-file-height="2120" /></a><figcaption>Mead, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1950</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism_by_Derek_Freeman">Criticism by Derek Freeman</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Mead&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Criticism by Derek Freeman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After her death, Mead's Samoan research was criticized by the anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Derek_Freeman" title="Derek Freeman">Derek Freeman</a>, who published a book arguing against many of Mead's conclusions in <i><a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_in_Samoa" title="Coming of Age in Samoa">Coming of Age in Samoa</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freeman argued that Mead had misunderstood Samoan culture when she argued that Samoan culture did not place many restrictions on youths' sexual explorations. Freeman argued instead that Samoan culture prized female chastity and virginity and that Mead had been misled by her female Samoan informants. Freeman found that the Samoan islanders whom Mead had depicted in such utopian terms were intensely competitive and had murder and rape rates higher than those in the United States. Furthermore, the men were intensely sexually jealous, which contrasted sharply with Mead's depiction of "free love" among the Samoans.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Freeman's book was controversial in its turn and was met with considerable backlash and harsh criticism from the anthropology community, but it was received enthusiastically by communities of scientists who believed that sexual mores were more or less universal across cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in 1983, a special session of Mead's supporters in the <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association" title="American Anthropological Association">American Anthropological Association</a> (to which Freeman was not invited) declared it to be "poorly written, unscientific, irresponsible and misleading."<sup id="cite_ref-shawnyt_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shawnyt-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some anthropologists who studied Samoan culture argued in favor of Freeman's findings and contradicted those of Mead, but others argued that Freeman's work did not invalidate Mead's work because Samoan culture had been changed by the integration of Christianity in the decades between Mead's and Freeman's fieldwork periods.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Leacock" title="Eleanor Leacock">Eleanor Leacock</a> traveled to Samoa in 1985 and undertook research among the youth living in <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a>. The research results indicate that the assertions of <a href="/wiki/Derek_Freeman" title="Derek Freeman">Derek Freeman</a> were seriously flawed. Leacock pointed out that Mead's famous Samoan fieldwork was undertaken on an outer island that had not been colonialized. Freeman, meanwhile, had undertaken fieldwork in an urban slum plagued by drug abuse, structural unemployment, and <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">gang</a> violence.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mead was careful to shield the identity of all her subjects for confidentiality, but Freeman found and interviewed one of her original participants, and Freeman reported that she admitted to having willfully misled Mead. She said that she and her friends were having fun with Mead and telling her stories.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996, the author <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Orans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Orans (page does not exist)">Martin Orans</a> examined Mead's notes preserved at the Library of Congress and credits her for leaving all of her recorded data available to the general public. Orans points out that Freeman's basic criticisms, that Mead was duped by ceremonial virgin Fa'apua'a Fa'amu, who later swore to Freeman that she had played a joke on Mead, were equivocal for several reasons. Mead was well aware of the forms and frequency of Samoan joking, she provided a careful account of the sexual restrictions on ceremonial virgins that corresponds to Fa'apua'a Fa'auma'a's account to Freeman, and Mead's notes make clear that she had reached her conclusions about Samoan sexuality before meeting Fa'apua'a Fa'amu. Orans points out that Mead's data support several different conclusions and that Mead's conclusions hinge on an <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_anthropology" title="Symbolic anthropology">interpretive</a>, rather than <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivist</a>, approach to culture. Orans went on to point out concerning Mead's work elsewhere that her own notes do not support her published conclusive claims. Evaluating Mead's work in Samoa from a positivist stance, Orans's assessment of the controversy was that Mead did not formulate her research agenda in scientific terms and that "her work may properly be damned with the harshest scientific criticism of all, that it is '<a href="/wiki/Not_even_wrong" title="Not even wrong">not even wrong</a>'."<sup id="cite_ref-orans_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orans-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On the whole, anthropologists have rejected the notion that Mead's conclusions rested on the validity of a single interview with a single person and find instead that Mead based her conclusions on the sum of her observations and interviews during her time in Samoa and that the status of the single interview did not falsify her work.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others such as Orans maintained that even though Freeman's critique was invalid, Mead's study was not sufficiently scientifically rigorous to support the conclusions she drew.<sup id="cite_ref-orans_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orans-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1999, Freeman published another book, <i>The Fateful Hoaxing of Margaret Mead: A Historical Analysis of Her Samoan Research</i>, including previously unavailable material. In his obituary in <i>The New York Times</i>, John Shaw stated that Freeman's thesis, though upsetting many, had by the time of his death generally gained widespread acceptance.<sup id="cite_ref-shawnyt_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shawnyt-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent work has nonetheless challenged Freeman's critique.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A frequent criticism of Freeman is that he regularly misrepresented Mead's research and views.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2009 evaluation of the debate, anthropologist Paul Shankman concluded:<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>There is now a large body of criticism of Freeman's work from a number of perspectives in which Mead, Samoa, and anthropology appear in a very different light than they do in Freeman's work. Indeed, the immense significance that Freeman gave his critique looks like 'much ado about nothing' to many of his critics.</p></blockquote> <p>While nurture-oriented anthropologists are more inclined to agree with Mead's conclusions, some non-anthropologists who take a nature-oriented approach follow Freeman's lead, such as Harvard psychologist <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a>, biologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>, evolutionary psychologist <a href="/wiki/David_Buss" title="David Buss">David Buss</a>, science writer <a href="/wiki/Matt_Ridley" title="Matt Ridley">Matt Ridley</a>, classicist <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lefkowitz" title="Mary Lefkowitz">Mary Lefkowitz</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>In her 2015 book <i><a href="/wiki/Galileo%27s_Middle_Finger" title="Galileo's Middle Finger">Galileo's Middle Finger</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Dreger" title="Alice Dreger">Alice Dreger</a> argues that Freeman's accusations were unfounded and misleading. A detailed review of the controversy by Paul Shankman, published by the University of Wisconsin Press in 2009, supports the contention that Mead's research was essentially correct and concludes that Freeman cherry-picked his data and misrepresented both Mead and Samoan culture.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A survey of 301 anthropology faculty in the United States in 2016 had two thirds agreeing with a statement that Mead "romanticizes the sexual freedom of Samoan adolescents" and half agreeing that it was ideologically motivated.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex_and_Temperament_in_Three_Primitive_Societies_(1935)"><span id="Sex_and_Temperament_in_Three_Primitive_Societies_.281935.29"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Sex_and_Temperament"></span><span class="vanchor-text"><i>Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies</i> (1935)</span></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Mead&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies (1935)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mead's <i>Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies</i><sup id="cite_ref-Mead_2003_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mead_2003-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became influential within the <a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">feminist movement</a> since it claimed that females are dominant in the Tchambuli (now spelled <a href="/wiki/Chambri_people" title="Chambri people">Chambri</a>) Lake region of the Sepik basin of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> (in the western Pacific) without causing any special problems. The lack of male dominance may have been the result of the Australian administration's outlawing of warfare. According to contemporary research, males are dominant throughout <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>. Others have argued that there is still much cultural variation throughout Melanesia, especially in the large island of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>. Moreover, anthropologists often overlook the significance of networks of political influence among females. The formal male-dominated institutions typical of some areas of high population density were not, for example, present in the same way in <a href="/wiki/Oksapmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Oksapmin">Oksapmin</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Sepik_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="West Sepik Province">West Sepik Province</a>, a more sparsely-populated area. Cultural patterns there were different from, say, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hagen" title="Mount Hagen">Mount Hagen</a>. They were closer to those described by Mead. </p><p>Mead stated that the <a href="/wiki/Arapesh_languages" title="Arapesh languages">Arapesh people</a>, also in the Sepik, were <a href="/wiki/Pacifist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifist">pacifists</a>, but she noted that they on occasion engage in warfare. Her observations about the sharing of garden plots among the Arapesh, the <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a> emphasis in child rearing, and her documentation of predominantly peaceful relations among relatives are very different from the "big man" displays of dominance that were documented in more stratified New Guinea cultures, such as by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Strathern" title="Andrew Strathern">Andrew Strathern</a>. They are a different cultural pattern. </p><p>In brief, her comparative study revealed a full range of contrasting gender roles: </p> <ul><li>"Among the Arapesh, both men and women were peaceful in temperament and neither men nor women made war.</li> <li>"Among the <a href="/wiki/Mundugumor_people" title="Mundugumor people">Mundugumor</a>, the opposite was true: both men and women were warlike in temperament.</li> <li>"And the Tchambuli were different from both. The men 'primped' and spent their time decorating themselves while the women worked and were the practical ones—the opposite of how it seemed in early 20th century America."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Gewertz" title="Deborah Gewertz">Deborah Gewertz</a> (1981) studied the Chambri (called <a href="/wiki/Tchambuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tchambuli">Tchambuli</a> by Mead) in 1974–1975 and found no evidence of such gender roles. Gewertz states that as far back in history as there is evidence (1850s), Chambri men dominated the women, controlled their produce, and made all important political decisions. In later years, there has been a diligent search for societies in which women dominate men or for signs of such past societies, but none has been found (Bamberger 1974).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Bernard" title="Jessie Bernard">Jessie Bernard</a> criticised Mead's interpretations of her findings and argued that Mead's descriptions were subjective. Bernard argues that Mead claimed the Mundugumor women were temperamentally identical to men, but her reports indicate that there were in fact sex differences; Mundugumor women hazed each other less than men hazed each other and made efforts to make themselves physically desirable to others, married women had fewer affairs than married men, women were not taught to use weapons, women were used less as hostages and Mundugumor men engaged in physical fights more often than women. In contrast, the Arapesh were also described as equal in temperament, but Bernard states that Mead's own writings indicate that men physically fought over women, yet women did not fight over men. The Arapesh also seemed to have some conception of sex differences in temperament, as they would sometimes describe a woman as acting like a particularly quarrelsome man. Bernard also questioned if the behaviour of men and women in those societies differed as much from Western behaviour as Mead claimed. Bernard argued that some of her descriptions could be equally descriptive of a Western context.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its feminist roots, Mead's work on women and men was also criticized by <a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a> on the basis that it contributes to infantilizing women.<sup id="cite_ref-friedan_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-friedan-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_research_areas">Other research areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Mead&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other research areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1926, there was much debate about <a href="/wiki/Race_and_intelligence" title="Race and intelligence">race and intelligence</a>. Mead felt the methodologies involved in the experimental psychology research supporting arguments of racial superiority in intelligence were substantially flawed. In "The Methodology of Racial Testing: Its Significance for Sociology," Mead proposes that there are three problems with testing for racial differences in intelligence. First, there are concerns with the ability to validly equate one's test score with what Mead refers to as <i>racial admixture</i> or how much <i>Negro or Indian blood</i> an individual possesses. She also considers whether that information is relevant when interpreting IQ scores. Mead remarks that a genealogical method could be considered valid if it could be "subjected to extensive verification." In addition, the experiment would need a steady control group to establish whether racial admixture was actually affecting intelligence scores. Next, Mead argues that it is difficult to measure the effect that social status has on the results of a person's intelligence test. She meant that environment (family structure, socioeconomic status, and exposure to language, etc.) has too much influence on an individual to attribute inferior scores solely to a physical characteristic such as race. Then, Mead adds that language barriers sometimes create the biggest problem of all. Similarly, Stephen J. Gould finds three main problems with intelligence testing in his 1981 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mismeasure_of_Man" title="The Mismeasure of Man">The Mismeasure of Man</a></i> that relate to Mead's view of the problem of determining whether there are racial differences in intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1929, Mead and Fortune visited <a href="/wiki/Manus_Island" title="Manus Island">Manus</a>, now the northernmost province of Papua New Guinea, and traveled there by boat from <a href="/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Rabaul</a>. She amply describes her stay there in her autobiography, and it is mentioned in her 1984 biography by <a href="/wiki/Jane_Howard_(journalist)" title="Jane Howard (journalist)">Jane Howard</a>. On Manus, she studied the Manus people of the south coast village of Peri. "Over the next five decades Mead would come back oftener to Peri than to any other field site of her career.'<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117">: 117 </span></sup> </p><p>Mead has been credited with persuading the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a> to sponsor a project to study European Jewish villages, <i><a href="/wiki/Shtetl" title="Shtetl">shtetls</a></i>, in which a team of researchers would conduct mass interviews with Jewish immigrants living in New York City. The resulting book, widely cited for decades, allegedly created the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_mother_stereotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish mother stereotype">Jewish mother stereotype</a>, a mother intensely loving but controlling to the point of smothering and engendering guilt in her children through the suffering she professed to undertake for their sakes.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mead worked for the RAND Corporation, a US Air Force military-funded private research organization, from 1948 to 1950 to study Russian culture and attitudes toward authority.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Trance_and_Dance_in_Bali.webm/220px-seek%3D34-Trance_and_Dance_in_Bali.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="1301" data-mwtitle="Trance_and_Dance_in_Bali.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Trance_and_Dance_in_Bali.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/Trance_and_Dance_in_Bali.webm/Trance_and_Dance_in_Bali.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/Trance_and_Dance_in_Bali.webm/Trance_and_Dance_in_Bali.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/Trance_and_Dance_in_Bali.webm/Trance_and_Dance_in_Bali.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Trance_and_Dance_in_Bali.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/Trance_and_Dance_in_Bali.webm/Trance_and_Dance_in_Bali.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/Trance_and_Dance_in_Bali.webm/Trance_and_Dance_in_Bali.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/Trance_and_Dance_in_Bali.webm/Trance_and_Dance_in_Bali.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Trance_and_Dance_in_Bali" title="Trance and Dance in Bali">Trance and Dance in Bali</a></i>, a 1951 documentary by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a> and Margaret Mead</figcaption></figure> <p>As an <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> Christian, Mead played a considerable part in the drafting of the 1979 American <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 347–348">: 347–348 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Mead&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1967 musical <i><a href="/wiki/Hair_(musical)" title="Hair (musical)">Hair</a></i>, her name is given to a transvestite "tourist" disturbing the show with the song "My Conviction."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1976, Mead was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 19, 1979, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> announced that he was awarding the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> posthumously to Mead. UN Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a> presented the award to Mead's daughter at a special program honoring her contributions that was sponsored by the American Museum of Natural History, where she spent many years of her career. The citation read:<sup id="cite_ref-medal_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medal-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Margaret Mead was both a student of civilization and an exemplar of it. To a public of millions, she brought the central insight of cultural anthropology: that varying cultural patterns express an underlying human unity. She mastered her discipline, but she also transcended it. Intrepid, independent, plain spoken, fearless, she remains a model for the young and a teacher from whom all may learn.</p></blockquote> <p>In 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Supersisters" title="Supersisters">Supersisters</a> trading card set was produced and distributed; one of the cards featured Mead's name and picture.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Postal_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Postal Service">U.S. Postal Service</a> issued a stamp of face value 32¢ on May 28, 1998, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Celebrate_the_Century" title="Celebrate the Century">Celebrate the Century</a> stamp sheet series.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead_Award" title="Margaret Mead Award">Margaret Mead Award</a> is awarded in her honor jointly by the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Applied_Anthropology" title="Society for Applied Anthropology">Society for Applied Anthropology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association" title="American Anthropological Association">American Anthropological Association</a>, for significant works in communicating anthropology to the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, there are several schools named after Mead in the United States: a <a href="/wiki/Junior_high_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior high school">junior high school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Elk_Grove_Village,_Illinois" title="Elk Grove Village, Illinois">Elk Grove Village, Illinois</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an elementary school in <a href="/wiki/Sammamish,_Washington" title="Sammamish, Washington">Sammamish, Washington</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another in <a href="/wiki/Sheepshead_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheepshead Bay">Sheepshead Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2014 novel <i>Euphoria</i><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Lily_King" title="Lily King">Lily King</a> is a fictionalized account of Mead's love/marital relationships with fellow anthropologists <a href="/wiki/Reo_Fortune" title="Reo Fortune">Reo Fortune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a> in New Guinea before World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Mead&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Mead&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note: See also <i>Margaret Mead: The Complete Bibliography 1925–1975</i>, Joan Gordan, ed., The Hague: Mouton. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_sole_author">As a sole author</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Mead&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: As a sole author"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_in_Samoa" title="Coming of Age in Samoa">Coming of Age in Samoa</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Growing_Up_in_New_Guinea" title="Growing Up in New Guinea">Growing Up in New Guinea</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i>The Changing Culture of an Indian Tribe</i> (1932)<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies</i> (1935)<sup id="cite_ref-Mead_2003_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mead_2003-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>And Keep Your Powder Dry: An Anthropologist Looks at America</i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Male_and_Female_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Male and Female (book)">Male and Female</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i>New Lives for Old: Cultural Transformation in Manus, 1928–1953</i> (1956)</li> <li><i>People and Places</i> (1959; a book for young readers)</li> <li><i>Continuities in Cultural Evolution</i> (1964)</li> <li><i>Culture and Commitment</i> (1970)</li> <li><i>The Mountain Arapesh: Stream of Events in Alitoa</i> (1971)</li> <li><i>Blackberry Winter: My Earlier Years</i> (1972; autobiography)<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_editor_or_coauthor">As editor or coauthor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Mead&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: As editor or coauthor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Balinese Character: A Photographic Analysis</i>, with Gregory Bateson, 1942, New York Academy of Sciences.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Attitudes_Toward_Authority" title="Soviet Attitudes Toward Authority">Soviet Attitudes Toward Authority</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i>Cultural Patterns and Technical Change</i>, editor (1953)</li> <li><i>Primitive Heritage: An Anthropological Anthology</i>, edited with Nicholas Calas (1953)</li> <li><i>An Anthropologist at Work</i>, editor (1959, reprinted 1966; a volume of <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Benedict</a>'s writings)</li> <li><i>The Study of Culture at a Distance</i>, edited with Rhoda Metraux, 1953</li> <li><i>Themes in French Culture</i>, with Rhoda Metraux, 1954</li> <li><i>The Wagon and the Star: A Study of American Community Initiative</i> co-authored with Muriel Whitbeck Brown, 1966</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Rap_on_Race" title="A Rap on Race">A Rap on Race</a></i>, with <a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Baldwin (writer)">James Baldwin</a>, 1971</li> <li><i>A Way of Seeing</i>, with Rhoda Metraux, 1975</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Mead&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 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.reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-libraryofcongress-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-libraryofcongress_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-libraryofcongress_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-libraryofcongress_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mead/oneworld-comment.html">"Margaret Mead As a Cultural Commentator"</a>. <i>Margaret Mead: Human nature and the power of culture</i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. November 30, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Margaret+Mead%3A+Human+nature+and+the+power+of+culture&rft.atitle=Margaret+Mead+As+a+Cultural+Commentator&rft.date=2001-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fmead%2Foneworld-comment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aaas.org/leadership/presidents">"AAAS Presidents"</a>. <i>aaas.org</i>. American Association for the Advancement of Science<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aaas.org&rft.atitle=AAAS+Presidents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaas.org%2Fleadership%2Fpresidents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SciAmeri-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SciAmeri_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorgan" class="citation web cs1">Horgan, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/2010/10/25/margaret-meads-bashers-owe-her-an-apology/">"Margaret Mead's bashers owe her an apology"</a>. Scientific America.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Margaret+Mead%27s+bashers+owe+her+an+apology&rft.pub=Scientific+America&rft.aulast=Horgan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.scientificamerican.com%2Fcross-check%2F2010%2F10%2F25%2Fmargaret-meads-bashers-owe-her-an-apology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopova2014" class="citation web cs1">Popova, Marie (February 6, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brainpickings.org/2014/02/06/margaret-mead-homosexuality/">"Legendary Anthropologist Magaret Mead on the Fluidity of Human Sexuality in 1933"</a>. <i>brainpickings</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=brainpickings&rft.atitle=Legendary+Anthropologist+Magaret+Mead+on+the+Fluidity+of+Human+Sexuality+in+1933&rft.date=2014-02-06&rft.aulast=Popova&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brainpickings.org%2F2014%2F02%2F06%2Fmargaret-mead-homosexuality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mead/mead-shaping.html">"Shaping Forces – Margaret Mead: Human Nature and the Power of Culture (Library of Congress Exhibition)"</a>. Loc.gov. November 30, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shaping+Forces+%E2%80%93+Margaret+Mead%3A+Human+Nature+and+the+Power+of+Culture+%28Library+of+Congress+Exhibition%29&rft.pub=Loc.gov&rft.date=2001-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fmead%2Fmead-shaping.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco_bio-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unesco_bio_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibe.unesco.org/publications/ThinkersPdf/meade.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Margaret Mead" by Wilton S. Dillon"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Margaret+Mead%22+by+Wilton+S.+Dillon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibe.unesco.org%2Fpublications%2FThinkersPdf%2Fmeade.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Howard_(journalist)" title="Jane Howard (journalist)">Howard, Jane</a>. (1984). <i>Margaret Mead: A Life</i>, New York: Simon and Schuster.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStella2005" class="citation book cs1">Stella, Nicole and Jenifer (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uyGs_qfSMQwC&q=Buckingham%20Friends%20School&pg=PA46"><i>New Hope, Lahaska, and Buckingham (PA) (Images of America)</i></a>. Arcadia Publishing. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-3796-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-3796-2"><bdi>978-0-7385-3796-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Hope%2C+Lahaska%2C+and+Buckingham+%28PA%29+%28Images+of+America%29&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-3796-2&rft.aulast=Stella&rft.aufirst=Nicole+and+Jenifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuyGs_qfSMQwC%26q%3DBuckingham%2520Friends%2520School%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arch-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arch_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050914194407/https://www.dot7.state.pa.us/ce/SelectWelcome.asp">"National Historic Landmarks & National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania"</a>. CRGIS: Cultural Resources Geographic Information System. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dot7.state.pa.us/ce/SelectWelcome.asp">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Searchable database)</span> on September 14, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Historic+Landmarks+%26+National+Register+of+Historic+Places+in+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=CRGIS%3A+Cultural+Resources+Geographic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dot7.state.pa.us%2Fce%2FSelectWelcome.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Note:</i> This includes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_L._Marshall1999" class="citation web cs1">Jeffrey L. Marshall (October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525175524/https://www.dot7.state.pa.us/ce_imagery/phmc_scans/H099089_01H.pdf">"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Longland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dot7.state.pa.us/ce_imagery/phmc_scans/H099089_01H.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 25, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Inventory+Nomination+Form%3A+Longland&rft.date=1999-10&rft.au=Jeffrey+L.+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dot7.state.pa.us%2Fce_imagery%2Fphmc_scans%2FH099089_01H.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mead-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mead_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mead_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMead1972">Mead 1972</a>, pp. 76–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/women/article-9051668">"Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Women's History"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%27s+Guide+to+Women%27s+History&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fwomen%2Farticle-9051668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mead 1977</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000519172229/http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/margaretmead.html">"Margaret Mead"</a>. Webster.edu. December 18, 1901. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/margaretmead.html">the original</a> on May 19, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Margaret+Mead&rft.pub=Webster.edu&rft.date=1901-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webster.edu%2F~woolflm%2Fmargaretmead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiukkonen" class="citation web cs1">Liukkonen, Petri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150210175324/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/mmead.htm">"Margaret Mead"</a>. <i>Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi)</i>. Finland: <a href="/wiki/Kuusankoski" title="Kuusankoski">Kuusankoski</a> Public Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/mmead.htm">the original</a> on February 10, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Books+and+Writers+%28kirjasto.sci.fi%29&rft.atitle=Margaret+Mead&rft.aulast=Liukkonen&rft.aufirst=Petri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirjasto.sci.fi%2Fmmead.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gregbryant.com/grogbrat/steens79/cressmanmead.html">"Luther Cressman on Margaret Mead"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luther+Cressman+on+Margaret+Mead&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gregbryant.com%2Fgrogbrat%2Fsteens79%2Fcressmanmead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarnell1989" class="citation book cs1">Darnell, Regna (1989). <i>Edward Sapir: linguist, anthropologist, humanist</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06678-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06678-6"><bdi>978-0-520-06678-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+Sapir%3A+linguist%2C+anthropologist%2C+humanist&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06678-6&rft.aulast=Darnell&rft.aufirst=Regna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mead/field-manus.html">"Manus: Childhood Thought – Margaret Mead: Human Nature and the Power of Culture | Exhibitions – Library of Congress"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>. November 30, 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Manus%3A+Childhood+Thought+%E2%80%93+Margaret+Mead%3A+Human+Nature+and+the+Power+of+Culture+%26%23124%3B+Exhibitions+%E2%80%93+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2001-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fmead%2Ffield-manus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore 2004: 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCBateson-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MCBateson_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCBateson_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bateson 1984; Lapsley 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caffey and Francis 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2016/03/02/the-greatest-lgbt-love-letters-of-all-time/">"The greatest LGBT love letters of all time"</a>. <i>pinknews.co.uk</i>. March 2, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pinknews.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+greatest+LGBT+love+letters+of+all+time&rft.date=2016-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinknews.co.uk%2F2016%2F03%2F02%2Fthe-greatest-lgbt-love-letters-of-all-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanner2010" class="citation book cs1">Banner, Lois W. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QegaBoxPOrsC&q=leo+rosten+william+steig&pg=PA88"><i>Intertwined Lives: Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, and Their Circle</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-77340-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-77340-1"><bdi>978-0-307-77340-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intertwined+Lives%3A+Margaret+Mead%2C+Ruth+Benedict%2C+and+Their+Circle&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-307-77340-1&rft.aulast=Banner&rft.aufirst=Lois+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQegaBoxPOrsC%26q%3Dleo%2Brosten%2Bwilliam%2Bsteig%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinthauptLipka2002" class="citation book cs1">Brinthaupt, Thomas M.; Lipka, Richard P. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6d4N9PLu2JIC&q=Mary+Catherine+Bateson+jeremy+steig&pg=PA131"><i>Understanding Early Adolescent Self and Identity: Applications and Interventions</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5334-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5334-6"><bdi>978-0-7914-5334-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Early+Adolescent+Self+and+Identity%3A+Applications+and+Interventions&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-5334-6&rft.aulast=Brinthaupt&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rft.au=Lipka%2C+Richard+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6d4N9PLu2JIC%26q%3DMary%2BCatherine%2BBateson%2Bjeremy%2Bsteig%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazard2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hazard, Anthony Q. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24394233">"Wartime Anthropology, Nationalism, and "Race" in Margaret Mead's and Keep Your Powder Dry"</a>. <i>Journal of Anthropological Research</i>. <b>70</b> (3): 365–383. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7710">0091-7710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anthropological+Research&rft.atitle=Wartime+Anthropology%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+%22Race%22+in+Margaret+Mead%27s+and+Keep+Your+Powder+Dry&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=365-383&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0091-7710&rft.aulast=Hazard&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Q.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24394233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterM.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter M"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Members%2C+1780%E2%80%932010%3A+Chapter+M&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20000871.html">"Margaret Mead"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=Margaret+Mead&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F20000871.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Margaret+Mead&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DMargaret%2BMead%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 94 in: Wheaton, J., and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Vangermeersch" title="Richard Vangermeersch">R. Vangermeersch</a>, 1999. University of Rhode Island. Arcadia Publishing Company, Charleston, SC. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-0214-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-0214-4">978-0-7385-0214-4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W2tzqqg7rj8C&dq=University+of+Rhode+Island+Vangermeersch+%27Margaret+Mead%22&pg=PA94">Web version.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Columbia Encyclopedia</i>, Fifth Edition, 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.appliedanthro.org/about">"List of Past Presidents"</a>. 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"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"An Unused Esperanto": Internationalism and Pictographic Design, 1930–70". <i>Design and Culture</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 5–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175470810X12863771378671">10.2752/175470810X12863771378671</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147279431">147279431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Design+and+Culture&rft.atitle=%22An+Unused+Esperanto%22%3A+Internationalism+and+Pictographic+Design%2C+1930%E2%80%9370&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-24&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2752%2F175470810X12863771378671&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147279431%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bresnahan&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYAS_History-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYAS_History_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaatz1990" class="citation journal cs1">Baatz, Simon (1990). "Knowledge, Culture, and Science in the Metropolis: The New York Academy of Sciences, 1817–1970". <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>584</b>: 1–256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnyas.1990.584.issue-1">10.1111/nyas.1990.584.issue-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2200324">2200324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Knowledge%2C+Culture%2C+and+Science+in+the+Metropolis%3A+The+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences%2C+1817%E2%80%931970&rft.volume=584&rft.pages=1-256&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnyas.1990.584.issue-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2200324&rft.aulast=Baatz&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Kolmar" class="citation web cs1">Wendy Kolmar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.depts.drew.edu/wmst/corecourses/wmst111/timeline_bios/MMead.htm">"Margaret Mead"</a>. Depts.drew.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Margaret+Mead&rft.pub=Depts.drew.edu&rft.au=Wendy+Kolmar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.depts.drew.edu%2Fwmst%2Fcorecourses%2Fwmst111%2Ftimeline_bios%2FMMead.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foerster H. von, Mead M. & Teuber H. L. (1953) A note from the editors. In: Cybernetics: Circular causal and feedback mechanisms in biological and social systems, transactions of the eighth conference, March 15–16, 1951. Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, New York: xi–xx. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://cepa.info/2709">https://cepa.info/2709</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mead, M. (1968). The cybernetics of cybernetics. In H. von Foerster, J. D. White, L. J. Peterson, & J. K. Russell (Eds.), Purposive Systems (pp. 1–11). Spartan Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folkways.si.edu/searchresults.aspx?sPhrase=Margaret+Mead&sType=%27phrase%27/">"Smithsonian Folkways – Not found"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Folkways Recordings</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Folkways+Recordings&rft.atitle=Smithsonian+Folkways+%E2%80%93+Not+found&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.folkways.si.edu%2Fsearchresults.aspx%3FsPhrase%3DMargaret%2BMead%26sType%3D%2527phrase%2527%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_A._SebeokAlfred_S._HayesMary_Catherine_Bateson1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Sebeok" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas A. 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(1964). <i>Approaches to Semiotics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Approaches+to+Semiotics&rft.date=1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoole2023" class="citation book cs1">Poole, Dan (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eVHcEAAAQBAJ&q=margaret%20mead"><i>Head Hunters in the Malayan Emergency: The Atrocity and Cover-Up</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PublishersWeekly.com&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+New+Normal&rft.aulast=Schneider+%7C&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2Fpw%2Fby-topic%2Fauthors%2Finterviews%2Farticle%2F21789-exploring-the-new-normal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sharp, Lesley A. (July 24, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://somatosphere.net/2015/the-ethnographic-vision-of-john-l-gwaltney-the-thrice-shy-a-forgotten-gem.html/">"The Ethnographic Vision of John L. Gwaltney: The Thrice Shy, A Forgotten Gem"</a>. <i>Somatosphere</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Somatosphere&rft.atitle=The+Ethnographic+Vision+of+John+L.+Gwaltney%3A+The+Thrice+Shy%2C+A+Forgotten+Gem&rft.date=2015-07-24&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Lesley+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsomatosphere.net%2F2015%2Fthe-ethnographic-vision-of-john-l-gwaltney-the-thrice-shy-a-forgotten-gem.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quadrant.org.au/magazine/2012/10/vale-roger-sandall/">"Vale Roger Sandall – Quadrant Online"</a>. <i>quadrant.org.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quadrant.org.au&rft.atitle=Vale+Roger+Sandall+%E2%80%93+Quadrant+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquadrant.org.au%2Fmagazine%2F2012%2F10%2Fvale-roger-sandall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.usc.edu/1820/ETHNOGRAPHIC-FILMMAKING-PIONEER-TIMOTHY-ASCH-DIES/">"ETHNOGRAPHIC FILMMAKING PIONEER TIMOTHY ASCH DIES"</a>. <i>USC News</i>. October 16, 1994<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USC+News&rft.atitle=ETHNOGRAPHIC+FILMMAKING+PIONEER+TIMOTHY+ASCH+DIES&rft.date=1994-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.usc.edu%2F1820%2FETHNOGRAPHIC-FILMMAKING-PIONEER-TIMOTHY-ASCH-DIES%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magazine.columbia.edu/article/health-and-culture">"Health and Culture"</a>. <i>Columbia Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Magazine&rft.atitle=Health+and+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmagazine.columbia.edu%2Farticle%2Fhealth-and-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, Scott. <i>Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons</i>, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Location 31891). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMead2001" class="citation book cs1">Mead, Margaret (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44550546"><i>Coming of age in Samoa : a psychological study of primitive youth for western civilisation</i></a> (First Perennial Classics ed.). New York: Perennial Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-05033-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-05033-6"><bdi>0-688-05033-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44550546">44550546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coming+of+age+in+Samoa+%3A+a+psychological+study+of+primitive+youth+for+western+civilisation&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First+Perennial+Classics&rft.pub=Perennial+Classics&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44550546&rft.isbn=0-688-05033-6&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F44550546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franz Boas, "Preface" in Margaret Mead, <i>Coming of Age in Samoa</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-75-77sn0b0r"><i>NET Festival; 49; Margaret Mead's New Guinea Journal. Part 1</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NET+Festival%3B+49%3B+Margaret+Mead%27s+New+Guinea+Journal.+Part+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanarchive.org%2Fcatalog%2Fcpb-aacip-75-77sn0b0r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Derek_Freeman" title="Derek Freeman">Derek Freeman</a> (1983). <i>Margaret Mead and Samoa. Cambridge, London: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-54830-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-54830-5">978-0-674-54830-5</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuss2019" class="citation book cs1">Buss, David M. (2019). <i>Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind</i>. Routledge. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-08861-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-08861-0"><bdi>978-1-138-08861-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolutionary+Psychology%3A+The+New+Science+of+the+Mind&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-138-08861-0&rft.aulast=Buss&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Heimans1987" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Frank Heimans (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOCYhmnx6o8"><i>Margaret Mead and Samoa</i></a>. Event occurs at 20:25. <q>Roger Fox, Professor of Anthropology, Rutgers: '[What Freeman did was to] attack the goddess... she couldn't be wrong because if she was wrong then the doctrine was wrong and the whole liberal humanitarian scheme was wrong.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Margaret+Mead+and+Samoa&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Frank+Heimans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DGOCYhmnx6o8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Heimans1987" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Frank Heimans (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOCYhmnx6o8"><i>Margaret Mead and Samoa</i></a>. Event occurs at 21:20. <q>Marc Swartz, Professor of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego: "one of the leading anthropologists came out immediately after Derek's book was out and said I haven't read the book but I know he's wrong."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Margaret+Mead+and+Samoa&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Frank+Heimans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DGOCYhmnx6o8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shawnyt-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shawnyt_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shawnyt_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Shaw2001" class="citation news cs1">John Shaw (August 5, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/05/world/derek-freeman-who-challenged-margaret-mead-on-samoa-dies-at-84.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Derek Freeman, Who Challenged Margaret Mead on Samoa, Dies at 84,'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Derek+Freeman%2C+Who+Challenged+Margaret+Mead+on+Samoa%2C+Dies+at+84%2C%27&rft.date=2001-08-05&rft.au=John+Shaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F08%2F05%2Fworld%2Fderek-freeman-who-challenged-margaret-mead-on-samoa-dies-at-84.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Heimans1987" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Frank Heimans (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOCYhmnx6o8"><i>Margaret Mead and Samoa</i></a>. Event occurs at 26:125. <q>Anthropologists Richard Goodman and Tim Omera talk about their work in Samoa and how it supports Freeman's findings</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Margaret+Mead+and+Samoa&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Frank+Heimans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DGOCYhmnx6o8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_LyonsHarriet_LyonsRobert_J._Gordon2010" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Lyons; Harriet Lyons; Robert J. Gordon, eds. (2010). <i>Fifty Key Anthropologists</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136880124" title="Special:BookSources/9781136880124"><bdi>9781136880124</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifty+Key+Anthropologists&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781136880124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Heimans1987" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Frank Heimans (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOCYhmnx6o8"><i>Margaret Mead and Samoa</i></a>. Event occurs at 41:20. <q>We girls would pinch each other and tell her we were out with the boys. We were only joking but she took it seriously. As you know, Samoan girls are terrific liars and love making fun of people, but Margaret thought it was all true.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Margaret+Mead+and+Samoa&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Frank+Heimans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DGOCYhmnx6o8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orans-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-orans_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orans_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Orans, Martin (1996), <i>Not Even Wrong: Margaret Mead, Derek Freeman, and the Samoans</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShankman2009" class="citation book cs1">Shankman, Paul (December 3, 2009). <i>The Trashing of Margaret Mead</i>. The University of Wisconsin Press. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-23454-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-23454-6"><bdi>978-0-299-23454-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trashing+of+Margaret+Mead&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=The+University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2009-12-03&rft.isbn=978-0-299-23454-6&rft.aulast=Shankman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Shankman,[<i>The Trashing of Margaret Mead: Anatomy of an Anthropological Controversy,</i>] University of Wisconsin Press, 2009 esp. pp. 47–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shankman, Paul 2009 <i>The Trashing of Margaret Mead: Anatomy of an Anthropological Controversy</i>. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Appell 1984, Brady 1991, Feinberg 1988, Leacock 1988, Levy 1984, Marshall 1993, Nardi 1984, Patience and Smith 1986, Paxman 1988, Scheper-Hughes 1984, Shankman 1996, Young and Juan 1985</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unl.edu/rhames/courses/current/readings/Shankman-Trashing%20of%20Margaret%20Mead.pdf">"The Trashing of Margaret Mead – How Derek Freeman Fooled us all on an Alleged Hoax"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Trashing+of+Margaret+Mead+%E2%80%93+How+Derek+Freeman+Fooled+us+all+on+an+Alleged+Hoax&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unl.edu%2Frhames%2Fcourses%2Fcurrent%2Freadings%2FShankman-Trashing%2520of%2520Margaret%2520Mead.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShankman,_Paul2009" class="citation book cs1">Shankman, Paul (2009). <i>The Trashing of Margaret Mead: Anatomy of an Anthropological Controversy</i>. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-23454-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-23454-6"><bdi>978-0-299-23454-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trashing+of+Margaret+Mead%3A+Anatomy+of+an+Anthropological+Controversy&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-299-23454-6&rft.au=Shankman%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_A._Levine2010" class="citation journal cs1">Robert A. Levine (May 28, 2010). "Cutting a Controversy Down to Size". <i>Science</i>. <b>328</b> (5982): 1108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1189202">10.1126/science.1189202</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162343521">162343521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Cutting+a+Controversy+Down+to+Size&rft.volume=328&rft.issue=5982&rft.pages=1108&rft.date=2010-05-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1189202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162343521%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Robert+A.+Levine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://savageminds.org/2010/10/13/the-trashing-of-margaret-mead/">"The Trashing of Margaret Mead"</a>. <i>Savage Minds</i>. October 13, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Savage+Minds&rft.atitle=The+Trashing+of+Margaret+Mead&rft.date=2010-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsavageminds.org%2F2010%2F10%2F13%2Fthe-trashing-of-margaret-mead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitzYaworskyKickham2019" class="citation journal cs1">Horowitz, Mark; Yaworsky, William; Kickham, Kenneth (October 2019). "Anthropology's Science Wars: Insights from a New Survey". <i><a href="/wiki/Current_Anthropology" title="Current Anthropology">Current Anthropology</a></i>. <b>60</b> (5): 674–698. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F705409">10.1086/705409</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203051445">203051445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Anthropology%27s+Science+Wars%3A+Insights+from+a+New+Survey&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=674-698&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F705409&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A203051445%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Yaworsky%2C+William&rft.au=Kickham%2C+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mead_2003-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mead_2003_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mead_2003_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMead2003" class="citation book cs1">Mead, Margaret (2003). <i>Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies</i> (1st Perennial ed.). New York: Perennial an impr. of HarperCollins Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093495-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093495-8"><bdi>978-0-06-093495-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+and+Temperament+in+Three+Primitive+Societies&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+Perennial&rft.pub=Perennial+an+impr.+of+HarperCollins+Publ.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-06-093495-8&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMead2001" class="citation book cs1">Mead, Margaret (May 22, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/culturalanthropology/chapter/margaret-meads-gender-studies/"><i>Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies</i></a> (1st Perennial ed.). HarperCollins Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093495-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093495-8"><bdi>978-0-06-093495-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+and+Temperament+in+Three+Primitive+Societies&rft.edition=1st+Perennial&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publ.&rft.date=2001-05-22&rft.isbn=978-0-06-093495-8&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourses.lumenlearning.com%2Fculturalanthropology%2Fchapter%2Fmargaret-meads-gender-studies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vE85zkFdURQC&pg=PA263">Bamberger, Joan, <i>The Myth of Matriarchy: Why Men Rule in primitive society</i>, in M. Rosaldo & L. Lamphere, <i>Women, Culture, and Society</i> (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press, 1974)</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaplan, David, and Robert Alan Manners. Culture theory. Prentice Hall, 1972, pp. 175–180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-friedan-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-friedan_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedan1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Friedan, Betty</a> (1963). "The Functional Freeze, The Feminine Protest, and Margaret Mead". <i>The Feminine Mystique</i>. W.W.Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32257-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32257-6"><bdi>978-0-393-32257-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Functional+Freeze%2C+The+Feminine+Protest%2C+and+Margaret+Mead&rft.btitle=The+Feminine+Mystique&rft.pub=W.W.Norton&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32257-6&rft.aulast=Friedan&rft.aufirst=Betty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mead, Margaret, "The Methodology of Racial Testing: Its Significance for Sociology" <i>American Journal of Sociology</i> 31, no. 5 (March 1926): 657–667.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gould, Stephen J. <i>The Mismeasure of Man</i>, New York City: W. W. Norton & Company, 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Howard_(journalist)" title="Jane Howard (journalist)">Jane Howard</a>, <i>Margaret Mead: A Life</i> (1984), New York: Simon and Schuster.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2167961/slideshow/2167764/entry/2167761/fs/0/">The Jewish Mother</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110821014159/http://www.slate.com/id/2167961/slideshow/2167764/entry/2167761/fs/0/">Archived</a> August 21, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>Slate</i>, June 13, 2007, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNancy_Lutkehaus2008" class="citation book cs1">Nancy Lutkehaus (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/margaretmeadmaki0000lutk"><i>Margaret Mead: The Making of an American Icon</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/margaretmeadmaki0000lutk/page/321">321</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00941-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00941-4"><bdi>978-0-691-00941-4</bdi></a>. <q>margaret mead RAND corporation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Margaret+Mead%3A+The+Making+of+an+American+Icon&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00941-4&rft.au=Nancy+Lutkehaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmargaretmeadmaki0000lutk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genius.com/Margaret-mead-hair-original-broadway-cast-my-conviction-lyrics">"Margaret Mead [Hair Original Broadway Cast] – My Conviction Lyrics"</a>. <i>Genius Lyrics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genius+Lyrics&rft.atitle=Margaret+Mead+%5BHair+Original+Broadway+Cast%5D+%E2%80%93+My+Conviction+Lyrics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenius.com%2FMargaret-mead-hair-original-broadway-cast-my-conviction-lyrics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/margaret-mead/">National Women's Hall of Fame, Margaret Mead</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-medal-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-medal_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32524">"Jimmy Carter: Presidential Medal of Freedom Announcement of Award to Margaret Mead"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Margaret+Mead+Elementary+%28Washington%29&rft.pub=Lwsd.org&rft.date=2010-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lwsd.org%2Fschool%2Fmead%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://schools.nyc.gov/SchoolPortals/21/K209/default.htm">"P.S. 209 Margaret Mead"</a>. Schools.nyc.gov. April 19, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P.S.+209+Margaret+Mead&rft.pub=Schools.nyc.gov&rft.date=2009-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fschools.nyc.gov%2FSchoolPortals%2F21%2FK209%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2014" class="citation book cs1">King, Lily (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ljiYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7"><i>Euphoria: A Novel</i></a>. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4434-3529-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4434-3529-1"><bdi>978-1-4434-3529-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Euphoria%3A+A+Novel&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4434-3529-1&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Lily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DljiYAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEakin2014" class="citation news cs1">Eakin, Emily (June 6, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/08/books/review/euphoria-by-lily-king.html">"Going Native: 'Euphoria', by Lily King"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Going+Native%3A+%27Euphoria%27%2C+by+Lily+King&rft.date=2014-06-06&rft.aulast=Eakin&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F06%2F08%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Feuphoria-by-lily-king.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The changing culture of an Indian tribe</i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/847822">847822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+changing+culture+of+an+Indian+tribe&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F847822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutkehaus1995" class="citation book cs1">Lutkehaus, Margaret Mead; with a new introduction by Nancy (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackberrywinte000mead"><i>Blackberry Winter: my earlier years</i></a>. New York: Kodansha International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56836-069-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56836-069-0"><bdi>978-1-56836-069-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackberry+Winter%3A+my+earlier+years&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-56836-069-0&rft.aulast=Lutkehaus&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Mead%3B+with+a+new+introduction+by+Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackberrywinte000mead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Mead&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcciaioli,_Gregory1983" class="citation journal cs1">Acciaioli, Gregory, ed. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rtap19/6/1">"Fact and Context in Ethnography: The Samoa Controversy (special edition)"</a>. <i>Canberra Anthropology</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 1–97. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0314-9099">0314-9099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canberra+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Fact+and+Context+in+Ethnography%3A+The+Samoa+Controversy+%28special+edition%29&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-97&rft.date=1983&rft.issn=0314-9099&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Ftoc%2Frtap19%2F6%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppell,_George1984" class="citation journal cs1">Appell, George (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gnappell.org/articles/freeman.htm">"Freeman's Refutation of Mead's <i>Coming of Age in Samoa</i>: The Implications for Anthropological Inquiry"</a>. <i>Eastern Anthropology</i>. <b>37</b>: 183–214.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Freeman%27s+Refutation+of+Mead%27s+Coming+of+Age+in+Samoa%3A+The+Implications+for+Anthropological+Inquiry&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=183-214&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Appell%2C+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgnappell.org%2Farticles%2Ffreeman.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Catherine_Bateson" title="Mary Catherine Bateson">Bateson, Mary Catherine</a>. (1984) <i>With a Daughter's Eye: A Memoir of Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson</i>, New York: William Morrow. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-03962-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-03962-2">978-0-688-03962-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady1991" class="citation journal cs1">Brady, Ivan (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021091917/http://www.oswego.edu/~brady/library%20items/samoa.pdf">"<i>The Samoa Reader</i>: Last Word or Lost Horizon?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>32</b> (4): 263–282. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F203989">10.1086/203989</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2743829">2743829</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146338555">146338555</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oswego.edu/~brady/library%20items/samoa.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Samoa+Reader%3A+Last+Word+or+Lost+Horizon%3F&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=263-282&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146338555%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2743829%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F203989&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oswego.edu%2F~brady%2Flibrary%2520items%2Fsamoa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Caffey, Margaret M., and Patricia A. Francis, eds. (2006). <i>To Cherish the Life of the World: Selected Letters of Margaret Mead</i>. New York: Basic Books.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Caton" title="Hiram Caton">Caton, Hiram</a>, ed. (1990) <i>The Samoa Reader: Anthropologists Take Stock</i>, University Press of America. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-7720-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-7720-9">978-0-8191-7720-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeinberg1988" class="citation journal cs1">Feinberg, Richard (1988). "Margaret Mead and Samoa: <i>Coming of Age</i> in Fact and Fiction". <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>90</b> (3): 656–663. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1988.90.3.02a00080">10.1525/aa.1988.90.3.02a00080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Margaret+Mead+and+Samoa%3A+Coming+of+Age+in+Fact+and+Fiction&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=656-663&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1988.90.3.02a00080&rft.aulast=Feinberg&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Foerstel, Leonora, and Angela Gilliam, eds. (1992). <i>Confronting the Margaret Mead Legacy: Scholarship, Empire and the South Pacific</i>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Freeman" title="Derek Freeman">Freeman, Derek</a>. (1983) <i>Margaret Mead and Samoa</i>, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-54830-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-54830-5">978-0-674-54830-5</a></li> <li>Freeman, Derek. (1999) <i>The Fateful Hoaxing of Margaret Mead: A Historical Analysis of Her Samoan Research</i><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=85907444">[1]</a>, Boulder, CO: Westview Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3693-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3693-0">978-0-8133-3693-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldfrank1983" class="citation journal cs1">Goldfrank, Esther Schiff (1983). "Another View. Margaret and Me". <i>Ethnohistory</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F481499">10.2307/481499</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/481499">481499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnohistory&rft.atitle=Another+View.+Margaret+and+Me&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F481499&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F481499%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Goldfrank&rft.aufirst=Esther+Schiff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Holmes, Lowell D. (1987). <i>Quest for the Real Samoa: the Mead/Freeman Controversy and Beyond</i>. South Hadley, MA: Bergin and Garvey.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Howard_(journalist)" title="Jane Howard (journalist)">Howard, Jane</a>. (1984). <i>Margaret Mead: A Life</i>, New York: Simon and Schuster.</li> <li>Keeley, Lawrence (1996). <i>War Before Civilization: the Myth of the Peaceful Savage</i> (Oxford University Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511912-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511912-1">978-0-19-511912-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Lapsley" title="Hilary Lapsley">Lapsley, Hilary</a>. (1999). <i>Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict: The Kinship of Women</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-181-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-181-6">978-1-55849-181-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeacock,_Eleanor1988" class="citation journal cs1">Leacock, Eleanor (1988). "Anthropologists in Search of a Culture: Margaret Mead, Derek Freeman and All the Rest of Us". <i>Central Issues in Anthropology</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 3–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcia.1988.8.1.3">10.1525/cia.1988.8.1.3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Issues+in+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Anthropologists+in+Search+of+a+Culture%3A+Margaret+Mead%2C+Derek+Freeman+and+All+the+Rest+of+Us&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-20&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fcia.1988.8.1.3&rft.au=Leacock%2C+Eleanor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy,_Robert1984" class="citation journal cs1">Levy, Robert (1984). "Mead, Freeman, and Samoa: The Problem of Seeing Things as They Are". <i>Ethos</i>. <b>12</b>: 85–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Feth.1984.12.1.02a00060">10.1525/eth.1984.12.1.02a00060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethos&rft.atitle=Mead%2C+Freeman%2C+and+Samoa%3A+The+Problem+of+Seeing+Things+as+They+Are&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=85-92&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Feth.1984.12.1.02a00060&rft.au=Levy%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lutkehaus, Nancy C. (2008). <i>Margaret Mead: The Making of an American Icon</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00941-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00941-4">978-0-691-00941-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMageo,_Jeannette1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Mageo" title="Jeannette Mageo">Mageo, Jeannette</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/PacificStudies,860">"<i>Malosi</i>: A Psychological Exploration of Mead's and Freeman's Work and of Samoan Aggression"</a>. <i>Pacific Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 25–65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Studies&rft.atitle=Malosi%3A+A+Psychological+Exploration+of+Mead%27s+and+Freeman%27s+Work+and+of+Samoan+Aggression&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=25-65&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Mageo%2C+Jeannette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fu%3F%2FPacificStudies%2C860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mandler, Peter (2013). <i>Return from the Natives: How Margaret Mead Won the Second World War and Lost the Cold War.</i> New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall,_Mac.1993" class="citation journal cs1">Marshall, Mac. (1993). "The Wizard from Oz Meets the Wicked Witch of the East: Freeman, Mead, and Ethnographic Authority". <i>American Ethnologist</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 604–617. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fae.1993.20.3.02a00080">10.1525/ae.1993.20.3.02a00080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Ethnologist&rft.atitle=The+Wizard+from+Oz+Meets+the+Wicked+Witch+of+the+East%3A+Freeman%2C+Mead%2C+and+Ethnographic+Authority&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=604-617&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fae.1993.20.3.02a00080&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Mac.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="CITEREFMead1972"></span> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMead,_Margaret1972" class="citation book cs1">Mead, Margaret (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackberrywinter00meadrich"><i>Blackberry Winter: My Earlier Years</i></a>. New York: William Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-00051-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-00051-6"><bdi>978-0-688-00051-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackberry+Winter%3A+My+Earlier+Years&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-688-00051-6&rft.au=Mead%2C+Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackberrywinter00meadrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mead, Margaret. 1977. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170110161019/http://www.thegreatlecturelibrary.com/index.php?select=speaker&data=988">The Future as Frame for the Present</a>. Audio recording of a lecture delivered July 11, 1977.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetraux,_Rhoda1980" class="citation journal cs1">Metraux, Rhoda (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1980.82.2.02a00010">"Margaret Mead. A Biographical Sketch"</a>. <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>82</b> (2): 262–269. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1980.82.2.02a00010">10.1525/aa.1980.82.2.02a00010</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/675870">675870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Margaret+Mead.+A+Biographical+Sketch&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=262-269&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1980.82.2.02a00010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F675870%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Metraux%2C+Rhoda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Faa.1980.82.2.02a00010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNardi,_BonnieMeadFreeman1984" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Nardi" title="Bonnie Nardi">Nardi, Bonnie</a>; Mead, Margaret; Freeman, Derek (1984). "The Height of Her Powers: Margaret Mead's Samoa". <i>Feminist Studies</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 323–337. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3177870">10.2307/3177870</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fspo.0499697.0010.211">2027/spo.0499697.0010.211</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3177870">3177870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Height+of+Her+Powers%3A+Margaret+Mead%27s+Samoa&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=323-337&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fspo.0499697.0010.211&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3177870%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3177870&rft.au=Nardi%2C+Bonnie&rft.au=Mead%2C+Margaret&rft.au=Freeman%2C+Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore,_Jerry_D.2004" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Jerry D. (2004). <i>Visions of Culture: An Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists</i>. Rowman Altamira. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0411-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0411-2"><bdi>978-0-7591-0411-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Culture%3A+An+Introduction+to+Anthropological+Theories+and+Theorists&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0411-2&rft.au=Moore%2C+Jerry+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatience,_AllanJosephy_Smith1987" class="citation journal cs1">Patience, Allan; Josephy Smith (1987). "Derek Freeman in Samoa: The Making and Unmaking of a Biobehavioral Myth". <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>88</b>: 157–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1986.88.1.02a00160">10.1525/aa.1986.88.1.02a00160</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162320330">162320330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Derek+Freeman+in+Samoa%3A+The+Making+and+Unmaking+of+a+Biobehavioral+Myth&rft.volume=88&rft.pages=157-162&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1986.88.1.02a00160&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162320330%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Patience%2C+Allan&rft.au=Josephy+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaxman,_David_B.1988" class="citation journal cs1">Paxman, David B. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/PacificStudies,879">"Freeman, Mead, and the Eighteenth-Century Controversy over Polynesian Society"</a>. <i>Pacific Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 1–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Studies&rft.atitle=Freeman%2C+Mead%2C+and+the+Eighteenth-Century+Controversy+over+Polynesian+Society&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Paxman%2C+David+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fu%3F%2FPacificStudies%2C879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pinker, Steven A. (1997). <i>How the Mind Works</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04535-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04535-2">978-0-393-04535-2</a></li> <li>Sandall, Roger. (2001) <i>The Culture Cult: Designer Tribalism and Other Essays</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3863-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3863-7">978-0-8133-3863-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheper-Hughes,_Nancy1984" class="citation journal cs1">Scheper-Hughes, Nancy (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130128220137/http://sfaa.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&issn=0018-7259&volume=43&issue=1&spage=85">"The Margaret Mead Controversy: Culture, Biology, and Anthropological Inquiry"</a>. <i>Human Organization</i>. <b>43</b> (1): 85–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17730%2Fhumo.43.1.362253166r6173m4">10.17730/humo.43.1.362253166r6173m4</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sfaa.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&issn=0018-7259&volume=43&issue=1&spage=85">the original</a> on January 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Organization&rft.atitle=The+Margaret+Mead+Controversy%3A+Culture%2C+Biology%2C+and+Anthropological+Inquiry&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85-93&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17730%2Fhumo.43.1.362253166r6173m4&rft.au=Scheper-Hughes%2C+Nancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsfaa.metapress.com%2Fopenurl.asp%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26issn%3D0018-7259%26volume%3D43%26issue%3D1%26spage%3D85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShankman,_Paul1996" class="citation journal cs1">Shankman, Paul (1996). "The History of Samoan Sexual Conduct and the Mead-Freeman Controversy". <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>98</b> (3): 555–567. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1996.98.3.02a00090">10.1525/aa.1996.98.3.02a00090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Samoan+Sexual+Conduct+and+the+Mead-Freeman+Controversy&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=555-567&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1996.98.3.02a00090&rft.au=Shankman%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShankman,_Paul2009" class="citation book cs1">Shankman, Paul (2009). <i>The Trashing of Margaret Mead: Anatomy of an Anthropological Controversy</i>. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-23454-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-23454-6"><bdi>978-0-299-23454-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trashing+of+Margaret+Mead%3A+Anatomy+of+an+Anthropological+Controversy&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-299-23454-6&rft.au=Shankman%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Shore, Brad. (1982) <i>Sala'ilua: A Samoan Mystery</i>. New York: Columbia University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStassinos,_Elizabeth1998" class="citation journal cs1">Stassinos, Elizabeth (1998). "Response to Visweswaren, 'Race and the culture of anthropology'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>100</b> (4): 981–983. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1998.100.4.981">10.1525/aa.1998.100.4.981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Response+to+Visweswaren%2C+%27Race+and+the+culture+of+anthropology%27&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=981-983&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1998.100.4.981&rft.au=Stassinos%2C+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStassinos2009" class="citation journal cs1">Stassinos, Elizabeth (2009). "An Early Case of Personality: Ruth Benedict's Autobiographical Fragment and the Case of the Biblical "Boaz"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Histories of Anthropology Annual</i>. <b>5</b>: 28–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhaa.0.0063">10.1353/haa.0.0063</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1557-637X">1557-637X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144198222">144198222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histories+of+Anthropology+Annual&rft.atitle=An+Early+Case+of+Personality%3A+Ruth+Benedict%27s+Autobiographical+Fragment+and+the+Case+of+the+Biblical+%22Boaz%22&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=28-51&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144198222%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1557-637X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhaa.0.0063&rft.aulast=Stassinos&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Virginia, Mary E. (2003). Benedict, Ruth (1887–1948). <i>DISCovering U.S. History</i> online edition, Detroit: Gale.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung,_R.E.S._Juan1985" class="citation journal cs1">Young, R.E.; S. Juan (1985). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+and+New+Zealand+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Freeman%27s+Margaret+Mead+Myth%3A+The+Ideological+Virginity+of+Anthropologists&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=64-81&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F144078338502100104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143970272%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Young%2C+R.E.&rft.au=S.+Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Mead&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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.side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Margaret Mead</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Margaret_Mead" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Margaret Mead">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead" class="extiw" title="q:Margaret Mead">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Margaret_Mead" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Margaret Mead">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monoskop.org/Margaret_Mead">Margaret Mead</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monoskop.org/">Monoskop</a></li> <li>Online video: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOCYhmnx6o8"><span class="plainlinks">Margaret Mead and Samoa</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>. Documentary about the <a href="/wiki/Mead-Freeman_controversy#The_Mead-Freeman_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mead-Freeman controversy">Mead-Freeman controversy</a>, including an interview with one of Mead's original informants.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/57628">Works by Margaret Mead</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070621113405/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/audiofiles.html#mead">Creative Intelligence: Female – "The Silent Revolution: Creative Man In Contemporary Society"</a> Talk at UC Berkeley, 1962 (online audio file)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121204155023/http://www.interculturalstudies.org/Mead/biography.html">The Institute for Intercultural Studies</a>– ethnographic institute founded by Mead, with resources relating to Mead's work.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mead/">Library of Congress, Margaret Mead: Human Nature and the Power of Culture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061107221604/http://www.amnh.org/programs/mead/mead2006/index.php">American Museum of Natural History, Margaret Mead Film & Video Festival</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20100119030354/http://www.voanews.com/specialenglish/2010-01-17-voa1.cfm">"Margaret Mead, 1901–1978: A Public Face of Anthropology"</a>: brief biography, <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/mead-margaret.pdf">Clifford Geertz, "Margaret Mead", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (1989)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/059.html">The Dell Paperback Collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> has first edition paperbacks of Mead's works.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_American_Anthropological_Association" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Anthropological_Association_presidents" title="Template:American Anthropological Association presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Anthropological_Association_presidents" title="Template talk:American Anthropological Association presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Anthropological_Association_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Anthropological Association presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Anthropological_Association" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association" title="American Anthropological Association">American Anthropological Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1902–1924</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_John_McGee" title="William John McGee">William John McGee</a> (1902–1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Ward_Putnam" title="Frederic Ward Putnam">Frederic Ward Putnam</a> (1905–1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a> (1907–1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Holmes" title="William Henry Holmes">William Henry Holmes</a> (1909–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Walter_Fewkes" title="Jesse Walter Fewkes">Jesse Walter Fewkes</a> (1911–1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Burrage_Dixon" title="Roland Burrage Dixon">Roland Burrage Dixon</a> (1913–1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Webb_Hodge" title="Frederick Webb Hodge">F. W. Hodge</a> (1915–1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kroeber" title="Alfred Kroeber">Alfred Kroeber</a> (1917–1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clark_Wissler" title="Clark Wissler">Clark Wissler</a> (1919–1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Curtis_Farabee" title="William Curtis Farabee">William Curtis Farabee</a> (1921–1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hough" title="Walter Hough">Walter Hough</a> (1923–1924)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1925–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ale%C5%A1_Hrdli%C4%8Dka" title="Aleš Hrdlička">Aleš Hrdlička</a> (1925–1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Howard_Saville" title="Marshall Howard Saville">Marshall Howard Saville</a> (1927–1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tozzer" title="Alfred Tozzer">Alfred Tozzer</a> (1929–1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Grant_MacCurdy" title="George Grant MacCurdy">George Grant MacCurdy</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_R._Swanton" title="John R. Swanton">John R. Swanton</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fay-Cooper_Cole" title="Fay-Cooper Cole">Fay-Cooper Cole</a> (1933–1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowie" title="Robert Lowie">Robert Lowie</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spinden" title="Herbert Spinden">Herbert Spinden</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nels_C._Nelson" title="Nels C. Nelson">Nels C. Nelson</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jenness" title="Diamond Jenness">Diamond Jenness</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Montgomery_Cooper" title="John Montgomery Cooper">John Montgomery Cooper</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Clews_Parsons" title="Elsie Clews Parsons">Elsie Clews Parsons</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_V._Kidder" title="Alfred V. Kidder">Alfred V. Kidder</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Spier" title="Leslie Spier">Leslie Spier</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Redfield" title="Robert Redfield">Robert Redfield</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Judd" title="Neil Judd">Neil Judd</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Linton" title="Ralph Linton">Ralph Linton</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Benedict</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Kluckhohn" title="Clyde Kluckhohn">Clyde Kluckhohn</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_L._Shapiro" title="Harry L. Shapiro">Harry L. Shapiro</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Irving_Hallowell" title="Alfred Irving Hallowell">Alfred Irving Hallowell</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Beals" title="Ralph Beals">Ralph L. Beals</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_W._Howells" title="William W. Howells">William W. Howells</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_C._Bennett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wendell C. Bennett (page does not exist)">Wendell C. Bennett</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Eggan" title="Fred Eggan">Fred Eggan</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Otis_Brew" title="John Otis Brew">John Otis Brew</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Murdock" title="George Murdock">George Murdock</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Haury" title="Emil Haury">Emil Haury</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E._Adamson_Hoebel" title="E. Adamson Hoebel">E. Adamson Hoebel</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hoijer" title="Harry Hoijer">Harry Hoijer</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sol_Tax" title="Sol Tax">Sol Tax</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Margaret Mead</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Willey" title="Gordon Willey">Gordon Willey</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Washburn" title="Sherwood Washburn">Sherwood Washburn</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Morris_Edward_Opler" title="Morris Edward Opler">Morris Edward Opler</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_White" title="Leslie White">Leslie White</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Spoehr" title="Alexander Spoehr">Alexander Spoehr</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_P._Gillin" title="John P. Gillin">John P. Gillin</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederica_de_Laguna" title="Frederica de Laguna">Frederica de Laguna</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irving_Rouse" title="Irving Rouse">Irving Rouse</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cora_Du_Bois" title="Cora Du Bois">Cora Du Bois</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_M._Foster_(anthropologist)" title="George M. Foster (anthropologist)">George M. Foster</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wagley" title="Charles Wagley">Charles Wagley</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_F._C._Wallace" title="Anthony F. C. Wallace">Anthony F. C. Wallace</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Casagrande" title="Joseph B. Casagrande">Joseph B. Casagrande</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Spicer" title="Edward H. Spicer">Edward H. Spicer</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Friedl" title="Ernestine Friedl">Ernestine Friedl</a> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Goldschmidt" title="Walter Goldschmidt">Walter Goldschmidt</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Newbold_Adams" title="Richard Newbold Adams">Richard N. Adams</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_L._K._Hsu" title="Francis L. K. Hsu">Francis L. K. Hsu</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bohannan" title="Paul Bohannan">Paul Bohannan</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conrad_M._Arensberg" title="Conrad M. Arensberg">Conrad M. Arensberg</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_C._Sturtevant" title="William C. Sturtevant">William C. Sturtevant</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M._Margaret_Clark" title="M. Margaret Clark">M. Margaret Clark</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dell_Hymes" title="Dell Hymes">Dell Hymes</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Oestreich_Lurie" title="Nancy Oestreich Lurie">Nancy Oestreich Lurie</a> (1984–1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Helm" title="June Helm">June Helm</a> (1986–1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Rappaport" title="Roy Rappaport">Roy Rappaport</a> (1988–1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jane_E._Buikstra" title="Jane E. Buikstra">Jane E. Buikstra</a> (1989–1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Annette_Weiner" title="Annette Weiner">Annette Weiner</a> (1991–1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Peacock_(anthropologist)" title="James Peacock (anthropologist)">James Peacock</a> (1993–1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yolanda_T._Moses" title="Yolanda T. Moses">Yolanda T. Moses</a> (1995–1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jane_H._Hill" title="Jane H. Hill">Jane H. Hill</a> (1997–1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louise_Lamphere" title="Louise Lamphere">Louise Lamphere</a> (1999–2001)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Don_Brenneis" title="Don Brenneis">Don Brenneis</a> (2001–2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Brumfiel" title="Elizabeth Brumfiel">Elizabeth Brumfiel</a> (2003–2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_H._Goodman" title="Alan H. Goodman">Alan H. Goodman</a> (2005–2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Setha_Low" title="Setha Low">Setha Low</a> (2007–2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_R._Dom%C3%ADnguez" title="Virginia R. Domínguez">Virginia R. Domínguez</a> (2009–2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leith_Mullings" title="Leith Mullings">Leith Mullings</a> (2011–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Monica_Heller" title="Monica Heller">Monica Heller</a> (2013–2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alisse_Waterston" title="Alisse Waterston">Alisse Waterston</a> (2015–2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alex_Barker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alex Barker (page does not exist)">Alex Barker</a> (2017–2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Gupta" title="Akhil Gupta">Akhil Gupta</a> (2019–2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramona_Perez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramona Perez (page does not exist)">Ramona Perez</a> (2021–23)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Battle-Baptiste" title="Whitney Battle-Baptiste">Whitney Battle-Baptiste</a> (2023- )</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Systems_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Systems_science" title="Template:Systems science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Systems_science" title="Template talk:Systems science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Systems_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Systems science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Systems_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Systems_science" title="Systems science">Systems science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/System" title="System">System</a><br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_system" title="Biological system">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system">Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_human%E2%80%93environment_system" title="Coupled human–environment system">Coupled human–environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-agent_system" title="Multi-agent system">Multi-agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recommender_system" title="Recommender system">Recommender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">Social</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doubling_time" title="Doubling time">Doubling time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_leverage_points" title="Twelve leverage points">Leverage points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limiting_factor" title="Limiting factor">Limiting factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">Negative feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_feedback" title="Positive feedback">Positive feedback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical<br />fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_systems" title="Living systems">Living systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociotechnical_system" title="Sociotechnical system">Sociotechnical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemics" title="Systemics">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_metabolism" title="Urban metabolism">Urban metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_neuroscience" title="Systems neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_pharmacology" title="Systems pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_philosophy" title="Systems philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">Theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">Systems thinking</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_scientists" title="List of systems scientists">Scientists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_L._Ackoff" title="Russell L. Ackoff">Russell L. Ackoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Aladjev" title="Victor Aladjev">Victor Aladjev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ross_Ashby" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ross Ashby">William Ross Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzena_Bajcsy" title="Ruzena Bajcsy">Ruzena Bajcsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_H._B%C3%A1n%C3%A1thy" title="Béla H. Bánáthy">Béla H. Bánáthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stafford_Beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Stafford Beer">Anthony Stafford Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Bellman" title="Richard E. Bellman">Richard E. Bellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy">Ludwig von Bertalanffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Boden" title="Margaret Boden">Margaret Boden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Alexander Bogdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bowen" title="Murray Bowen">Murray Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Carley" title="Kathleen Carley">Kathleen Carley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright">Mary Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._West_Churchman" title="C. West Churchman">C. West Churchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Clynes" title="Manfred Clynes">Manfred Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dantzig" title="George Dantzig">George Dantzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Emery" title="Fred Emery">Fred Emery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_von_Foerster" title="Heinz von Foerster">Heinz von Foerster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Forrest" title="Stephanie Forrest">Stephanie Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Wright_Forrester" title="Jay Wright Forrester">Jay Wright Forrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_J._Grosz" title="Barbara J. Grosz">Barbara Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._S._Hall" title="Charles A. S. Hall">Charles A. S. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Jackson_(systems_scientist)" title="Mike Jackson (systems scientist)">Mike Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Kavraki" title="Lydia Kavraki">Lydia Kavraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Kay" title="James J. Kay">James J. Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faina_Mihajlovna_Kirillova" class="mw-redirect" title="Faina Mihajlovna Kirillova">Faina M. Kirillova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Klir" title="George Klir">George Klir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenna_Leonard" title="Allenna Leonard">Allenna Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Norton_Lorenz" title="Edward Norton Lorenz">Edward Norton Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Niklas Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donella_Meadows" title="Donella Meadows">Donella Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_D._Mesarovic" title="Mihajlo D. Mesarovic">Mihajlo D. Mesarovic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Grier_Miller" title="James Grier Miller">James Grier Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhika_Nagpal" title="Radhika Nagpal">Radhika Nagpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_T._Odum" title="Howard T. Odum">Howard T. Odum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Rapoport" title="Anatol Rapoport">Anatol Rapoport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Seddon" title="John Seddon">John Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Senge" title="Peter Senge">Peter Senge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katia_Sycara" title="Katia Sycara">Katia Sycara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Trist" title="Eric Trist">Eric Trist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuela_M._Veloso" title="Manuela M. Veloso">Manuela M. Veloso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Wilby" title="Jennifer Wilby">Jennifer Wilby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wilden" title="Anthony Wilden">Anthony Wilden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_anthropology" title="Systems theory in anthropology">Systems theory in anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_archaeology" title="Systems theory in archaeology">Systems theory in archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_political_science" title="Systems theory in political science">Systems theory in political science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_sciences_organizations" title="List of systems sciences organizations">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principia_Cybernetica" title="Principia Cybernetica">Principia Cybernetica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Systems_science" title="Category:Systems science">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Systems_science" title="Portal:Systems science">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Systems_theory" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Systems theory">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Society_for_General_Systems_Research_Presidents" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Society_for_General_Systems_Research_Presidents" title="Template:Society for General Systems Research Presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Society_for_General_Systems_Research_Presidents" title="Template talk:Society for General Systems Research Presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Society_for_General_Systems_Research_Presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Society for General Systems Research Presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Society_for_General_Systems_Research_Presidents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Society_for_General_Systems_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for General Systems Research">Society for General Systems Research</a> Presidents</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth Boulding</a> (1957–58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._McClelland" title="Charles A. McClelland">Charles McClelland</a> (1959–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Ross_Ashby" title="W. Ross Ashby">Willam Ashby</a> (1962–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Rapoport" title="Anatol Rapoport">Anatol Rapaport</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Caws" title="Peter Caws">Peter Caws</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milsum" title="John Milsum">John Milsum</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Rubin" title="Milton Rubin">Milton Rubin</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_B._Slobodkin" title="Lawrence B. Slobodkin">Lawrence Slobodkin</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Myron_Gross" title="Bertram Myron Gross">Bertram Gross</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stafford_Beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Stafford Beer">Stafford Beer</a> (1971)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Margaret Mead</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Grier_Miller" title="James Grier Miller">James Grier Miller</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Pask" title="Gordon Pask">Gordon Pask</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjell_Samuelson" title="Kjell Samuelson">Kjell Samuelson</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_von_Foerster" title="Heinz von Foerster">Heinz von Foerster</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Vickers" title="Geoffrey Vickers">Geoffrey Vickers</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Ericson" title="Richard F. Ericson">Richard Ericson</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_R._Gaines" title="Brian R. Gaines">Brian Gaines</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rosen_(theoretical_biologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Rosen (theoretical biologist)">Robert Rosen</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Klir" title="George Klir">George Klir</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Warfield" title="John N. Warfield">John N. Warfield</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Dillon" title="John A. Dillon">John A. Dillon</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Checkland" title="Peter Checkland">Peter Checkland</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_L._Ackoff" title="Russell L. Ackoff">Russell L. Ackoff</a> (1987)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 #d3d3d3;;"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:International_Society_for_the_Systems_Sciences_Presidents" title="Template:International Society for the Systems Sciences Presidents"><b>International Society for the Systems Sciences Presidents</b></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inductees to the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1970–1979" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1970–1979</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1973</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell" title="Elizabeth Blackwell">Elizabeth Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Mary Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Earhart" title="Amelia Earhart">Amelia Earhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Hamilton" title="Alice Hamilton">Alice Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_R._Sabin" title="Florence R. Sabin">Florence Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_B._Taussig" title="Helen B. Taussig">Helen Brooke Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babe_Didrikson_Zaharias" title="Babe Didrikson Zaharias">Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Dix" title="Dorothea Dix">Dorothea Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Gordon_Low" title="Juliette Gordon Low">Juliette Gordon Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Seton" title="Elizabeth Ann Seton">Elizabeth Bayley Seton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1980–1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1980–1989</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belva_Ann_Lockwood" title="Belva Ann Lockwood">Belva Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mary "Mother" Harris Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks" title="Gwendolyn Brooks">Gwendolyn Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Risteau" title="Mary Risteau">Mary Risteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells-Barnett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990–1999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990–1999</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Margaret Bourke-White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_B._Seibert" title="Florence B. Seibert">Florence B. Seibert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude Belle Elion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Percy_Andrus" title="Ethel Percy Andrus">Ethel Percy Andrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell">Antoinette Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Blackwell" title="Emily Blackwell">Emily Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Cochran" title="Jacqueline Cochran">Jacqueline Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Johnson_Colvin" title="Ruth Johnson Colvin">Ruth Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Wright_Edelman" title="Marian Wright Edelman">Marian Wright Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Catherine_Evans" title="Alice Catherine Evans">Alice Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">Martha Wright Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Dolores Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Putnam_Jacobi" title="Mary Putnam Jacobi">Mary Putnam Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Jemison" title="Mae Jemison">Mae Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eliza_Mahoney" title="Mary Eliza Mahoney">Mary Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Mankiller" title="Wilma Mankiller">Wilma Mankiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Peterson" title="Esther Peterson">Esther Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin" title="Jeannette Rankin">Jeannette Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Ellen Swallow Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Roulet" title="Elaine Roulet">Elaine Roulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Siva_Saubel" title="Katherine Siva Saubel">Katherine Siva Saubel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Stephens" title="Helen Stephens">Helen Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madam_C._J._Walker" title="Madam C. J. Walker">Madam C. J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Wattleton" title="Faye Wattleton">Faye Wattleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn S. Yalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Yerkovich" title="Gloria Yerkovich">Gloria Yerkovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Bella Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra_Bradwell" title="Myra Bradwell">Myra Bradwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Jump_Cannon" title="Annie Jump Cannon">Annie Jump Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Cunningham_Croly" title="Jane Cunningham Croly">Jane Cunningham Croly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Shipe_East" title="Catherine Shipe East">Catherine East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_LaKelly_Hunt" title="Helen LaKelly Hunt">Helen LaKelly Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wisebart_Jacobs" title="Frances Wisebart Jacobs">Frances Wisebart Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susette_La_Flesche" title="Susette La Flesche">Susette La Flesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_McManus" title="Louise McManus">Louise McManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Novello" title="Antonia Novello">Antonia Novello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Richards" title="Linda Richards">Linda Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Rudolph" title="Wilma Rudolph">Wilma Rudolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bone_Schiess" title="Betty Bone Schiess">Betty Bone Schiess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Siebert" title="Muriel Siebert">Muriel Siebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nettie_Stevens" title="Nettie Stevens">Nettie Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Winnemucca" title="Sarah Winnemucca">Sarah Winnemucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wright" title="Frances Wright">Fanny Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Apgar" title="Virginia Apgar">Virginia Apgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Bancroft" title="Ann Bancroft">Ann Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Bloomer" title="Amelia Bloomer">Amelia Bloomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Carson_Breckinridge" title="Mary Carson Breckinridge">Mary Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Hanford Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dallas_Dudley" title="Anne Dallas Dudley">Anne Dallas Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth" title="Lillian Moller Gilbreth">Lillian Moller Gilbreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannerl_O._Keohane" title="Nannerl O. Keohane">Nannerl O. Keohane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Kuhn" title="Maggie Kuhn">Maggie Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_St._Pierre_Ruffin" title="Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin">Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Schroeder" title="Pat Schroeder">Pat Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_G._Solomon" title="Hannah G. Solomon">Hannah Greenebaum Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bunch" title="Charlotte Bunch">Charlotte Anne Bunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Xavier_Cabrini" title="Frances Xavier Cabrini">Frances Xavier Cabrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hallaren" title="Mary Hallaren">Mary A. Hallaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby">Oveta Culp Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Holladay" title="Wilhelmina Holladay">Wilhelmina Cole Holladay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Morrow_Lindbergh" title="Anne Morrow Lindbergh">Anne Morrow Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Rose" title="Ernestine Rose">Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tallchief" title="Maria Tallchief">Maria Tallchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Bly" title="Nellie Bly">Nellie Bly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Moss_Bradley" title="Lydia Moss Bradley">Lydia Moss Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Calderone" title="Mary Calderone">Mary Steichen Calderone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Shadd" title="Mary Ann Shadd">Mary Ann Shadd Cary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Ganz_Cooney" title="Joan Ganz Cooney">Joan Ganz Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Moore_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Sarah Moore Grimké">Sarah Grimké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_McCormick" title="Katharine McCormick">Katharine Dexter McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozanne_L._Ridgway" title="Rozanne L. Ridgway">Rozanne L. Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">Edith Nourse Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Schwartz" title="Felice Schwartz">Felice Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Sills" title="Beverly Sills">Beverly Sills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Wald" title="Florence Wald">Florence Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelina_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Angelina Grimké">Angelina Grimké Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000–2009" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000–2009</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Glenn_Abdellah" title="Faye Glenn Abdellah">Faye Glenn Abdellah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Smith_DeVoe" title="Emma Smith DeVoe">Emma Smith DeVoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjory_Stoneman_Douglas" title="Marjory Stoneman Douglas">Marjory Stoneman Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer">Mary Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia A. Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman">Crystal Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_M._Holm" title="Jeanne M. Holm">Jeanne Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontine_T._Kelly" title="Leontine T. Kelly">Leontine T. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Oldham_Kelsey" title="Frances Oldham Kelsey">Frances Oldham Kelsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Mullany" title="Kate Mullany">Kate Mullany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Howard_Shaw" title="Anna Howard Shaw">Anna Howard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Smith_(Smith_College)" title="Sophia Smith (Smith College)">Sophia Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Tarbell" title="Ida Tarbell">Ida Tarbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Vaught" title="Wilma Vaught">Wilma L. Vaught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Edwards_Walker" title="Mary Edwards Walker">Mary Edwards Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Dodge_Wauneka" title="Annie Dodge Wauneka">Annie Dodge Wauneka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances E. Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hansine_Andersen" title="Dorothy Hansine Andersen">Dorothy H. Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child" title="Lydia Maria Child">Lydia Maria Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Coleman" title="Bessie Coleman">Bessie Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_de_Forest" title="Marian de Forest">Marian de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althea_Gibson" title="Althea Gibson">Althea Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Hicks" title="Beatrice Hicks">Beatrice A. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Holdridge" title="Barbara Holdridge">Barbara Holdridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Williams_Russell_Strong" title="Harriet Williams Russell Strong">Harriet Williams Russell Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howell_Warner" title="Emily Howell Warner">Emily Howell Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulina_Kellogg_Wright_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis">Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Holt" title="Bertha Holt">Bertha Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Engle_Pennington" title="Mary Engle Pennington">Mary Engle Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren">Mercy Otis Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_G._Alvarado" title="Linda G. Alvarado">Linda G. Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_de_Varona" title="Donna de Varona">Donna de Varona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Ederle" title="Gertrude Ederle">Gertrude Ederle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Matilda_Harper" title="Martha Matilda Harper">Martha Matilda Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kwolek" title="Stephanie Kwolek">Stephanie L. Kwolek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Robbins_Leet" title="Mildred Robbins Leet">Mildred Robbins Leet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Takemoto Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sullivan" title="Anne Sullivan">Anne Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Widnall" title="Sheila Widnall">Sheila E. Widnall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_E._Allen" title="Florence E. Allen">Florence E. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Fulton Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bumpers" title="Betty Bumpers">Betty Bumpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita Rossi Colwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cope" title="Marianne Cope">Mother Marianne Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Lin" title="Maya Lin">Maya Y. Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Locke" title="Patricia Locke">Patricia A. Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanche Scott">Blanche Stuart Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_K._Baum" title="Eleanor K. Baum">Eleanor K. Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Child" title="Julia Child">Julia Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Coffin_Wright" title="Martha Coffin Wright">Martha Coffin Pelham Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanee_Hunt" title="Swanee Hunt">Swanee Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_K%C3%BCbler-Ross" title="Elisabeth Kübler-Ross">Elisabeth Kübler-Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Pipher" title="Judith Pipher">Judith L. Pipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Filene_Shouse" title="Catherine Filene Shouse">Catherine Filene Shouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Szold" title="Henrietta Szold">Henrietta Szold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_DeCrow" title="Karen DeCrow">Karen DeCrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Kelly-Dreiss" title="Susan Kelly-Dreiss">Susan Kelly-Dreiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allie_B._Latimer" title="Allie B. Latimer">Allie B. Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Lazarus" title="Emma Lazarus">Emma Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Talbot_Perkins" title="Rebecca Talbot Perkins">Rebecca Talbot Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Stoneman" title="Kate Stoneman">Kate Stoneman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010–2019" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010–2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Drexel" title="Katharine Drexel">St. Katharine Drexel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Harrison_Eustis" title="Dorothy Harrison Eustis">Dorothy Harrison Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ford" title="Loretta Ford">Loretta C. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Kelley_Foster" title="Abby Kelley Foster">Abby Kelley Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Murray_Free" title="Helen Murray Free">Helen Murray Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter" title="Lilly Ledbetter">Lilly Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara A. Mikulski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Shalala" title="Donna Shalala">Donna E. Shalala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathrine_Switzer" title="Kathrine Switzer">Kathrine Switzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ina_May_Gaskin" title="Ina May Gaskin">Ina May Gaskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Krone" title="Julie Krone">Julie Krone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Joseph_Rogers" title="Mary Joseph Rogers">Mary Joseph Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Sandler" title="Bernice Sandler">Bernice Sandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Anna Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenley_Albright" title="Tenley Albright">Tenley Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Brinker" title="Nancy Brinker">Nancy Brinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Greenberger" title="Marcia Greenberger">Marcia Greenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Iglewski" title="Barbara Iglewski">Barbara Iglewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kilbourne" title="Jean Kilbourne">Jean Kilbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlotta_Walls_LaNier" title="Carlotta Walls LaNier">Carlotta Walls LaNier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Marrack" title="Philippa Marrack">Philippa Marrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Harriman_Rumsey" title="Mary Harriman Rumsey">Mary Harriman Rumsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Smeal" title="Eleanor Smeal">Eleanor Smeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Cuomo" title="Matilda Cuomo">Matilda Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Hansberry" title="Lorraine Hansberry">Lorraine Hansberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Jackson_(entrepreneur)" title="Victoria Jackson (entrepreneur)">Victoria Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Lansing" title="Sherry Lansing">Sherry Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Clare Boothe Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Mullins" title="Aimee Mullins">Aimee Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Mutter" title="Carol Mutter">Carol Mutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Waters" title="Alice Waters">Alice Waters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Allred" title="Gloria Allred">Gloria Allred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Deer" title="Sarah Deer">Sarah Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Malachowski" title="Nicole Malachowski">Nicole Malachowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_O%27Neill" title="Rose O'Neill">Rose O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">Louise Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossie_Wong-Staal" title="Flossie Wong-Staal">Flossie Wong-Staal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020–2029" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020–2029</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hillary_(adventurer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Hillary (adventurer)">Barbara Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Church_Terrell" title="Mary Church Terrell">Mary Church Terrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler" title="Octavia E. Butler">Octavia E. Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Chicago" title="Judy Chicago">Judy Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_S._Halstead" title="Rebecca S. Halstead">Rebecca S. Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Hamm" title="Mia Hamm">Mia Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Harjo" title="Joy Harjo">Joy Harjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howland" title="Emily Howland">Emily Howland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson" title="Katherine Johnson">Katherine Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Nooyi" title="Indra Nooyi">Indra Nooyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Bath" title="Patricia Bath">Patricia Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elouise_P._Cobell" title="Elouise P. Cobell">Elouise P. Cobell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">Peggy McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Plaskow" title="Judith Plaskow">Judith Plaskow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ross" title="Loretta Ross">Loretta Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Stone_(artist)" title="Sandy Stone (artist)">Sandy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Wessels_Williams" title="Anna Wessels Williams">Anna Wessels Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180099#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121302524">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/44302511">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/28824/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkhJhfrf4jBDggbxH3vpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118579789">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78093416">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119154053">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119154053">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00449616">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mead, Margaret"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV004097">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35150692">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20010602021&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX958207">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/89249">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068675070">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90093228">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000006397&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000451124&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000039556">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=83764">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199635377">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9cgc7h5h1g4z9">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810671077005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265103205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058518459306706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14132933">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00348973?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=23086215600">Scopus</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/e30c257c-e38f-4d94-b6a5-01e56ec45480">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/392478">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/2822ae44-0ffc-4a88-b5e5-2b745384f83c">KulturNav</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/287562">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/843079">Trove</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/514352">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118579789.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118579789">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027020894">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582259">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6kw5d1c">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Mead&oldid=1258776754">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Mead&oldid=1258776754</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1901_births" title="Category:1901 births">1901 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1978_deaths" title="Category:1978 deaths">1978 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_anthropology_writers" 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