CINXE.COM
| Encyclopedia of Cleveland History | Case Western Reserve University
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <!-- datalayer begin --> <!-- datalayer end --> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-M6NQD8');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://case.edu/ech/media/2268" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://case.edu/ech/media/2268" /> <meta name="referrer" content="no-referrer-when-downgrade" /> <meta name="rights" content="Copyright 漏 2025 Case Western Reserve University. All rights reserved." /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Encyclopedia of Cleveland History | Case Western Reserve University" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://case.edu/ech/media/2268" /> <meta property="og:locality" content="Cleveland" /> <meta property="og:region" content="Ohio" /> <meta property="og:postal_code" content="44106" /> <meta property="og:country_name" content="United States" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <title>| Encyclopedia of Cleveland History | Case Western Reserve University</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/ech/core/modules/system/css/components/align.module.css?srcm6y" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/ech/core/modules/system/css/components/fieldgroup.module.css?srcm6y" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/ech/core/modules/system/css/components/container-inline.module.css?srcm6y" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/ech/core/modules/system/css/components/clearfix.module.css?srcm6y" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/ech/core/modules/system/css/components/details.module.css?srcm6y" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/ech/core/modules/system/css/components/hidden.module.css?srcm6y" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/ech/core/modules/system/css/components/item-list.module.css?srcm6y" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/ech/core/modules/system/css/components/js.module.css?srcm6y" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/ech/core/modules/system/css/components/nowrap.module.css?srcm6y" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/ech/core/modules/system/css/components/position-container.module.css?srcm6y" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/ech/core/modules/system/css/components/reset-appearance.module.css?srcm6y" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/ech/core/modules/system/css/components/resize.module.css?srcm6y" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/ech/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-counter.css?srcm6y" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/ech/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-report-counters.css?srcm6y" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/ech/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-report-general-info.css?srcm6y" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/ech/core/modules/system/css/components/tablesort.module.css?srcm6y" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/ech/core/modules/views/css/views.module.css?srcm6y" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/ech/modules/custom/custom_gin_override/css/gin-custom.css?srcm6y" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/ech/themes/custom/crew/css/style.css?srcm6y" /> <script type="text/javascript"> if (/MSIE \d|Trident.*rv:/.test(navigator.userAgent)) {document.write('<script src="https://dudbm6bcnmy8e.cloudfront.net/cwru-drupal-assets/scripts/ieshim.js"><\/script>')}; </script> </head> <body> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript aria-hidden="true"><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-M6NQD8" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable" role="navigation" aria-label="Jump to content"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <!-- hard code RAVE alert --> <div id="cwruravealert"></div> <script type="text/javascript"> function raveCallback(data) { if (data !== undefined) { if (window['console']) { console.log(data); } var div = document.getElementById('cwruravealert'); div.style.backgroundColor = data.bgcolor; div.style.color = data.fgcolor; div.style.width = '100%'; div.style.fontWeight = '500'; div.style.fontFamily = 'Arizona'; div.style.padding = '5px 1% 5px 1%'; var alert_div = document.createElement('div'); alert_div.style.margin = 'auto'; alert_div.style.maxWidth = '1000px'; alert_div.style.width = '100%'; alert_div.style.fontWeight = '500'; alert_div.style.fontFamily = 'Arizona'; alert_div.style.textAlign = 'center'; var field; for (field of ['header', 'status', 'event', 'headline', 'description', 'instruction', 'note', 'web', 'contact']) { if (data[field]) { var field_div = document.createElement('div'); field_div.innerHTML = data[field]; alert_div.appendChild(field_div); } } div.appendChild(alert_div); } } </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//webapps.case.edu/t4/rave/jsonp.pl?callback=raveCallback"></script> <!-- END RAVE ALERT --> <!-- BEGIN PRINT HEADER --> <header class="visible-print-block" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Print Header" role="presentation"> <img src="https://dudbm6bcnmy8e.cloudfront.net/cwru/img/cwru_logo_primary_black_print.jpeg" alt="Case Western Reserve University" class="logo-default" aria-hidden="true"> </header> <!-- END PRINT HEADER --> <!-- BEGIN SITE HEADER --> <!-- BEGIN HEADER TOP --> <div class="page-header-top" role="banner" aria-label="Case Western Reserve University Logo Banner"> <div class="container"> <!-- BEGIN LOGO --> <div class="page-logo"> <a href="//case.edu/"> <img src="https://dudbm6bcnmy8e.cloudfront.net/cwru/img/cwru_logo_primary_white.svg" onerror="javascript:this.src='https://dudbm6bcnmy8e.cloudfront.net/cwru/img/cwru_logo_primary_white.png';this.style.margin='-12px 0px';this.style.minHeight='55px'" alt="Case Western Reserve University" class="logo-default" title="Case Western Reserve University"> <span class="sr-only">Go to case.edu</span> </a> </div> <!-- END LOGO --> <!-- BEGIN TOP NAVIGATION MENU --> <div class="top-menu hidden-sm hidden-xs"> </div> <!-- END TOP NAVIGATION MENU --> </div> </div> <!-- END HEADER TOP --> <div class="page-head" role="banner" aria-label="School Name Banner"> <div class="container"> <div class="col-md-6"> <a href="https://case.edu/ech/"> <div class="page-title "> <div aria-label="Site title">Encyclopedia of Cleveland History</div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="inputs pull-right hidden-xs hidden-sm "> <form action="//www.case.edu/search-results/" class="navbar__search-form desktop" name="searchForm" role="search" aria-label="desktop search"> <div class="input-group"> <span class="search-icon hidden-md hidden-lg"></span> <input placeholder="Search..." title="searchbox" type="search" class="navbar__search form-control form-search form-control" name="q" maxlength="128" size="15" onfocus="if(!this._haschanged){this.value=''};this._haschanged=true;"> <span class="mobile-search-btn input-group-btn"> <button type="submit" class="button js-form-submit form-submit btn icon-only" aria-label="Submit Search"> <span class="sr-only">Search</span> <span class="fa fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></span> </button> </span> <input type="hidden" name="cx" value="004305171799132815236:ciq4c8b3yv4"> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="UTF-8"> <input class="hidden" role="button" name="sa" type="submit" title="search" alt="search" value="search"> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container"> </div> </div> <div > <header class="navbar navbar-default container" id="navbar" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-crew-main-menu"> <div class="col-xs-12 no-padding"> <div class="navbar-header"> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm region region-navigation"> <nav aria-label="mainmenumenu navigation menu" id="block-crew-main-menu"> <ul block="block-crew-main-menu" class="menu nav navbar-nav" role="menubar"> <li class="hidden-md hidden-lg mobile-search-box" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <form action="//www.case.edu/search-results/" class="navbar__search-form" name="searchForm" role="search" aria-label="main search"> <span class="search-icon hidden-md hidden-lg"></span> <input placeholder="Search CWRU" title="searchbox" type="search" class="navbar__search" name="q" onfocus="if(!this._haschanged){this.value=''};this._haschanged=true;"> <span class="mobile-search-btn"> <button type="submit" class="btn submit" aria-label="Submit Search"> <i class="fa fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="sr-only">Submit Search</span> </button> </span> <input type="hidden" name="cx" value="004305171799132815236:ciq4c8b3yv4"> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="UTF-8"> <input class="hidden" role="button" name="sa" type="submit" title="search" alt="search"> </form> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/ech/about" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/23786">About</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/ech/search-article-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/23816">Search Article by Title</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="https://case.edu/ech/categories">Search by Article Category</a> </li> <li class="expanded dropdown" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="/ech/images">Images <span class="arrow" aria-haspopup="true"></span></a> <ul block="block-crew-main-menu" class="menu dropdown-menu" role="menu" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/ech/images/aerial-views" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/23831">Aerial Views</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/ech/images/d" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/23836">A to D</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/ech/images/e-l" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/23841">E to L</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/ech/images/m-r" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/23846">M to R</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/ech/images/s-z" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/23851">S to Z</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/ech/cleveland-historical-overview" title="The original preface to the 1987 edition." data-drupal-link-system-path="node/25376">Cleveland: An Historical Overview</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/ech/timeline" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/23826">Timeline</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/ech/node/24026" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/24026">Make a Correction</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar-collapse"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <i class="fa fa-bars" aria-hidden="true"></i> Navigation + Search </button> </div> </div> <div id="navbar-collapse" class="navbar-collapse collapse"> <div class="hidden-md hidden-lg row region region-navigation-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="mobilemenu navigation menu" id="block-crew-mobile-nav"> <ul block="block-crew-mobile-nav" class="menu nav navbar-nav" role="menubar"> <li class="hidden-md hidden-lg mobile-search-box" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <form action="//www.case.edu/search-results/" class="navbar__search-form" name="searchForm" role="search" aria-label="mobile search"> <span class="search-icon hidden-md hidden-lg"></span> <input placeholder="Search CWRU" title="searchbox" type="search" class="navbar__search" name="q" onfocus="if(!this._haschanged){this.value=''};this._haschanged=true;"> <span class="mobile-search-btn"> <button type="submit" class="btn submit" aria-label="Submit Search"> <i class="fa fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="sr-only">Submit Search</span> </button> </span> <input type="hidden" name="cx" value="004305171799132815236:ciq4c8b3yv4"> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="UTF-8"> <input class="hidden" role="button" name="sa" type="submit" title="search" alt="search"> </form> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/ech/about" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/23786">About</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/ech/search-article-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/23816">Search Article by Title</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="https://case.edu/ech/categories">Search by Article Category</a> </li> <li class="expanded dropdown" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="/ech/images">Images <span class="arrow" aria-haspopup="true"></span></a> <ul block="block-crew-mobile-nav" class="menu dropdown-menu" role="menu" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/ech/images/aerial-views" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/23831">Aerial Views</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/ech/images/d" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/23836">A to D</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/ech/images/e-l" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/23841">E to L</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/ech/images/m-r" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/23846">M to R</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/ech/images/s-z" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/23851">S to Z</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/ech/cleveland-historical-overview" title="The original preface to the 1987 edition." data-drupal-link-system-path="node/25376">Cleveland: An Historical Overview</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/ech/timeline" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/23826">Timeline</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/ech/node/24026" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/24026">Make a Correction</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </header> </div> <div role="main" class="main-container container js-quickedit-main-content"> <div class="highlighted"> <div class="region region-highlighted"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> </div> <div class="row pre-sidebar"> <section role="region" aria-label="main-content" class="col-xs-12"> <a id="main-content"></a> <div class="region region-content"> <div class="media-image-container"> <div class="field field--name-field-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/ech/sites/default/files/styles/media_crop/public/2024-04/doc20240411105754.jpg?itok=KC7oWT8Z" width="2550" height="3300" alt="A letter from David Van Tassel to John Vacha" class="img-responsive" /> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-photo-caption field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Letter from David Van Tassel to John Vacha, thanking Vacha for his assistance with the second National History Day</div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> <footer aria-label="footer" class="footer container" role="contentinfo"> <div class="region region-footer"> <section role="region" aria-label="footer sections" class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockfooter-block-footer clearfix" id="block-views-block-footer-block-footer"> <div block="block-views-block-footer-block-footer" class="form-group"><div class="footer view view-footer view-id-footer view-display-id-block_footer js-view-dom-id-719c7923aeac76ec1cdf0c1d4b5cebeca0884019c9fbf2c3ccd4589277c5f5e5"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="footer__block footer__block--university"> <img src="https://dudbm6bcnmy8e.cloudfront.net/cwru/img/cwru_acronym_blue.svg" onerror="javascript:this.src='https://dudbm6bcnmy8e.cloudfront.net/cwru/img/cwru_acronym_blue.svg'" alt="Case Western Reserve University Logo with Tagline" class="footer__logo" title="Case Western Reserve University"> <p>© 2025 <a href="//case.edu/">Case Western Reserve University</a></p> <address>10900 Euclid Ave. Cleveland, Ohio 44106</address> <p> <a href="tel:12163682000">216.368.2000</a> <br /> <a href="https://case.edu/utech/departments/information-security/policies/legal-privacy-notice">Legal Notice</a> | <a href="https://case.edu/privacy-statement/index.html">Privacy Policy</a> <br /> <a href="https://case.edu/equity/sexual-harassment-title-ix/title-ix-notice-nondiscrimination" className="mt1">Title IX Notice of Non-Discrimination</a> </p> </div> <div class="footer__block footer__block--department"> <img src="https://dudbm6bcnmy8e.cloudfront.net/cwru-drupal-assets/images/pin-icon.svg" alt="map marker" class="footer__map-icon hidden-sm hidden-xs"> <div class="footer__department-info"> <div class="footer__header h3">Encyclopedia of Cleveland History</div> <strong>Campus Location:</strong> <p> Mather House, Room 308 <br> 11201 Euclid Ave. <br> Cleveland, OH 44106 </p> <strong>Mailing Address:</strong> <p> 10900 Euclid Ave. <br> Cleveland, OH 44106-7107 </p> <p> <strong>Email:</strong> <a href="mailto:jjg4@case.edu">Contact the Editor</a> </p> <p> <a href="mailto:jjg4@case.edu">Site Feedback</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="footer__block footer__block--social"> <div class="footer__header h3">Social Media</div> <div class="footer__social-icons"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/Encycleve/" target="_blank" title="CWRU Facebook" class="footer__social-icon fa fa-facebook"> <span class="sr-only">Facebook</span> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/EncyCle_" target="_blank" title="CWRU Twitter" class="footer__social-icon fa fa-twitter"> <span class="sr-only">Twitter</span> </a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjO99wcdZqPl0lc9KFW5jMg" target="_blank" title="CWRU Youtube" class="footer__social-icon fa fa-youtube"> <span class="sr-only">Youtube</span> </a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/encycle_/?ref=badge" target="_blank" title="CWRU Instagram" class="footer__social-icon fa fa-instagram"> <span class="sr-only">Instagram</span> </a> <a href="https://www.pinterest.com/encycle/" target="_blank" title="CWRU Pinterest" class="footer__social-icon fa fa-pinterest"> <span class="sr-only">Pinterest</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="footer__block footer__block--links"> <div class="footer__header h3" tabindex="0">CWRU Links</div> <ul role="menu" class="footer-links"> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="https://case.edu/admissions/">Apply to CWRU</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="https://case.edu/give/">Give Now</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="https://case.edu/visit/">Visit Campus</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="https://webapps.case.edu/directory/">University Directory</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="scroll-to-top"> <span class="fa-stack fa-lg"> <i class="fa fa-circle fa-stack-2x fa-inverse" aria-hidden="true"></i> <i class="fa fa-arrow-up fa-stack-1x" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> </div> </footer> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/ech\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"media\/2268","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"bootstrap":{"forms_has_error_value_toggle":1,"modal_animation":1,"modal_backdrop":"true","modal_focus_input":1,"modal_keyboard":1,"modal_select_text":1,"modal_show":1,"modal_size":"","popover_enabled":1,"popover_animation":1,"popover_auto_close":1,"popover_container":"body","popover_content":"","popover_delay":"0","popover_html":0,"popover_placement":"right","popover_selector":"","popover_title":"","popover_trigger":"click","tooltip_enabled":1,"tooltip_animation":1,"tooltip_container":"body","tooltip_delay":"0","tooltip_html":0,"tooltip_placement":"auto left","tooltip_selector":"","tooltip_trigger":"hover"},"crew":{"datalayer":{"site_name":"Letter from DVT to JV on second National History Day | Encyclopedia of Cleveland History"},"new_datalayer":{"event":"ga4_site_name","ga4_site_name":"Letter from DVT to JV on second National History Day | Encyclopedia of Cleveland History"}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"883d5578a56ceec5d160e139e620dc364e74f5ba93a5c9cf3adaddf4822c8a69"}}</script> <script src="/ech/core/assets/vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js?v=3.7.1"></script> <script src="/ech/core/assets/vendor/underscore/underscore-min.js?v=1.13.7"></script> <script src="/ech/core/assets/vendor/once/once.min.js?v=1.0.1"></script> <script src="/ech/core/misc/drupalSettingsLoader.js?v=10.4.1"></script> <script src="/ech/core/misc/drupal.js?v=10.4.1"></script> <script src="/ech/core/misc/drupal.init.js?v=10.4.1"></script> <script src="/ech/themes/contrib/bootstrap/js/drupal.bootstrap.js?srcm6y"></script> <script src="/ech/themes/contrib/bootstrap/js/attributes.js?srcm6y"></script> <script src="/ech/themes/contrib/bootstrap/js/theme.js?srcm6y"></script> <script src="/ech/themes/contrib/bootstrap/js/popover.js?srcm6y"></script> <script src="/ech/themes/contrib/bootstrap/js/tooltip.js?srcm6y"></script> <script src="/ech/themes/custom/crew/bootstrap/assets/javascripts/bootstrap/affix.js?srcm6y"></script> <script src="/ech/themes/custom/crew/bootstrap/assets/javascripts/bootstrap/alert.js?srcm6y"></script> <script src="/ech/themes/custom/crew/bootstrap/assets/javascripts/bootstrap/button.js?srcm6y"></script> <script src="/ech/themes/custom/crew/bootstrap/assets/javascripts/bootstrap/carousel.js?srcm6y"></script> <script src="/ech/themes/custom/crew/bootstrap/assets/javascripts/bootstrap/collapse.js?srcm6y"></script> <script src="/ech/themes/custom/crew/bootstrap/assets/javascripts/bootstrap/dropdown.js?srcm6y"></script> <script src="/ech/themes/custom/crew/bootstrap/assets/javascripts/bootstrap/modal.js?srcm6y"></script> <script src="/ech/themes/custom/crew/bootstrap/assets/javascripts/bootstrap/tooltip.js?srcm6y"></script> <script src="/ech/themes/custom/crew/bootstrap/assets/javascripts/bootstrap/popover.js?srcm6y"></script> <script src="/ech/themes/custom/crew/bootstrap/assets/javascripts/bootstrap/scrollspy.js?srcm6y"></script> <script src="/ech/themes/custom/crew/bootstrap/assets/javascripts/bootstrap/tab.js?srcm6y"></script> <script src="/ech/themes/custom/crew/bootstrap/assets/javascripts/bootstrap/transition.js?srcm6y"></script> <script src="/ech/themes/custom/crew/js/datalayer.js?srcm6y"></script> <script src="/ech/themes/custom/crew/js/app.js?v=1.12"></script> <script src="/ech/modules/custom/custom_gin_override/js/overrides.js?srcm6y"></script> </body> </html>